Atypische Beschäftigung
Der deutsche Arbeitsmarkt wird zunehmend heterogener. Teilzeitbeschäftigung und Minijobs boomen. Ebenso haben befristete Beschäftigung und Leiharbeit an Bedeutung gewonnen und die Verbreitung von Flächentarifverträgen ist rückläufig. Diese atypischen Erwerbsformen geben Unternehmen mehr Flexibilität.
Was sind die Konsequenzen der zunehmenden Bedeutung atypischer Beschäftigungsformen für Erwerbstätige, Arbeitslose und Betriebe? Welche Bedeutung haben sie für die sozialen Sicherungssysteme, das Beschäftigungsniveau und die Durchlässigkeit des Arbeitsmarktes? Die IAB-Themendossier bietet Informationen zum Forschungsstand.
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
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Atypische Beschäftigung insgesamt
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Erosion des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses
- Prekäre Beschäftigung
- Politik, Arbeitslosigkeitsbekämpfung
- Arbeits- und Lebenssituation atypisch Beschäftigter
- Betriebliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Rechtliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Gesundheitliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Beschäftigungsformen
- Qualifikationsniveau
- Alter
- geographischer Bezug
- Geschlecht
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Literaturhinweis
Involuntary non-standard employment in Europe (2015)
Zitatform
Green, Anne & Ilias Livanos (2015): Involuntary non-standard employment in Europe. In: European Urban and Regional Studies, Jg. 24, H. 2, S. 175-192. DOI:10.1177/0969776415622257
Abstract
"In some countries in Europe the economic crisis starting in 2008 was marked not only by a rise in unemployment, but also by increases in individuals in part-time and temporary working, so emphasising the need to examine employment composition as well as non-employment. The promotion of non-standard forms of employment - such as part-time and temporary working - has been part of Europe's employment agenda, but directives have also focused on raising the quality of such work. Using European Union Labour Force Survey data, an indicator of involuntary non-standard (part-time and temporary) employment (INE) is constructed, depicting a negative working condition. Descriptive analyses show important differences between countries in the incidence of INE, which is highest in Spain, Portugal and Poland, and also in the composition of INE. By contrast, INE tends to be lower in countries with Anglo-Saxon and Nordic welfare state models. Econometric analyses reveal that young workers, older workers, women, non-nationals, those with low education and those who were unemployed a year ago are at greatest risk of INE." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Institutions and the prevalence of nonstandard employment (2015)
Zitatform
Hipp, Lena, Janine Bernhardt & Jutta Allmendinger (2015): Institutions and the prevalence of nonstandard employment. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 13, H. 2, S. 351-377. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwv002
Abstract
"How can we explain differences in nonstandard employment across countries? This article provides an overview of the multifaceted relationships between national-level institutions and the three dominant forms of nonstandard employment, that is, temporary, part-time and solo self-employment. The article highlights the great heterogeneity that exists among the different forms of nonstandard work, both within and between countries. Neither welfare regime approaches nor dualization and precarization theories sufficiently capture the ongoing diversification of employment relationships across countries. However, the institution-specific analyses reviewed here are also not without challenges: high-quality macro- and microlevel data are scarce; institutions interact in complex ways with their environment and exert distinct effects on different groups of workers; moreover, the demographic composition of the workforce and the role of cultural characteristics make it difficult for researchers to correctly specify such macro-to-micro links in their empirical work. In addition to outlining several avenues for future research, the article informs ongoing debates on the relevance of nonstandard work for the study of social inequality and research in comparative political analysis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Low-skilled jobs and student jobs: employers' preferences in Slovakia and the Czech Republic (2015)
Zitatform
Kureková, Lucia Mýtna & Zuzana Zilincíková (2015): Low-skilled jobs and student jobs. Employers' preferences in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. (IZA discussion paper 9145), Bonn, 39 S.
Abstract
"Massification of tertiary education, growing share of student workers on labour market and consequently increased competition for low-skilled jobs gave rise to the theory of crowding out of the less educated workers. This paper contributes to better understanding of temporary skills-qualifications mismatch typical for student workers by analysing the preferences of employers in low-skilled jobs and student jobs. We take labour market demand perspective and carry out exploratory analysis of job offers posted online in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The results show that the student labour market is quite diverse as student job offers can be found in low-skilled, but also medium-skilled positions. We also find that although student vacancies require, on average, fewer skills than non-student positions, there is strong correlation between formal sophistication of a job vacancy and the required minimum educational level, as well as required skills for both student and non-student positions. It appears that low-educated workers and student workers do not compete for the limited number of positions, but rather fill employers' demands for different types of hard (e.g. language skills) and soft (e.g. flexibility, adaptability) skills. These results support the complementarity view of the coexistence of student employment and low-skilled employment rather than the crowding out theory." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Neue Beschäftigungsformen in Europa (2015)
Mandl, Irene;Zitatform
Mandl, Irene (2015): Neue Beschäftigungsformen in Europa. In: Wiso. Wirtschafts- und sozialpolitische Zeitschrift des ISW, Jg. 38, H. 3, S. 123-136.
Abstract
"Auf den europäischen Arbeitsmärkten lässt sich eine steigende Heterogenität von Beschäftigungsformen beobachten. Diese unterscheiden sich von den traditionellen Modellen durch eine veränderte Beziehung zwischen Arbeitergeber und Arbeitnehmerinnen und/oder durch veränderte Arbeitsorganisation und -prozesse und haben unterschiedliche Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitsbedingungen der Arbeitnehmerinnen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Flexiblework and immigration in Europe (2015)
Zitatform
Raess, Damian & Brian Burgoon (2015): Flexiblework and immigration in Europe. In: BJIR, Jg. 53, H. 1, S. 94-111. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12022
Abstract
"Immigration has risen substantially in many European economies, with farreaching if still uncertain implications for labour markets and industrial relations. This article investigates such implications, focusing on employment flexibility, involving both 'external flexibility' (fixed-term or temporary agency and/or involuntary part-time work) and 'internal flexibility' (overtime and/or balancing-time accounts). The article identifies reasons why immigration should generally increase the incidence of such flexibility, and why external flexibility should rise more than internal flexibility. The article supports these claims using a dataset of establishments in 16 European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Non-standard contracts, flexibility and employment adjustment: empirical evidence from Russian establishment data (2015)
Zitatform
Smirnykh, Larisa & Andreas Wörgötter (2015): Non-standard contracts, flexibility and employment adjustment. Empirical evidence from Russian establishment data. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1253), Paris, 34 S. DOI:10.1787/5jrw7j0mdlnt-en
Abstract
"This paper examines the use of two forms of non-standard work contracts in Russia with data from an enterprise survey for the years 2009 to 2011. Non-standard work contracts are less costly and more flexible for employers. Internal adjustment in form of wage cuts or unpaid leave is not covered by the Labour Code and earlier practices to impose such measures are less tolerated. Therefore more firms use non-standard work contracts for external flexibility. Statistical analysis shows that companies using non-standard work contracts have similar unobserved characteristics and consider fixed-term contracts and agency work as complements. The main concern for policy is the growing danger of duality following the asymmetric distribution of adjustment costs for workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unsichere Beschäftigung und sozialer Zusammenhalt in Europa (2015)
Valdés Cifuentes, Isabel; Böhnke, Petra;Zitatform
Valdés Cifuentes, Isabel & Petra Böhnke (2015): Unsichere Beschäftigung und sozialer Zusammenhalt in Europa. In: S. Lessenich (Hrsg.) (2015): Routinen der Krise - Krise der Routinen : Verhandlungen des 37. Kongresses der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie in Trier 2014 (Verhandlungen der Kongresse der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie, Bd. 37), S. 683-693.
Abstract
"Zunehmende Deregulierung und Flexibilisierung auf Europas Arbeitsmärkten führen zu einem Anstieg atypischer Beschäftigungsverhältnisse wie Teilzeit, Befristung, Leiharbeit und geringfügige Beschäftigung. Diese Art der Arbeitsmarktanbindung geht häufig mit einem Planungs-, Anerkennungs- und Sicherheitsverlust einher, der sich auf andere Lebensbereiche wie soziale Beziehungen und die Qualität des sozialen Lebens auswirken kann. Der Beitrag untersucht, inwiefern prekäre Beschäftigung mit der subjektiven Wahrnehmung sozialer Integration in Europa in Verbindung steht und fragt dabei insbesondere nach der Rolle institutioneller Kontexte wie wohlfahrtsstaatliche Maßnahmen und die Ausgestaltung der Arbeitsmarktpolitik." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
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Literaturhinweis
Non-standard employment in Europe: paradigms, prevalence and policy responses (2013)
Koch, Max ; Ibanez Rojo, Rafel; Holst, Hajo; Horemans, Jeroen; Fritz, Martin ; Rodríguez, Carlos J. Fernández; Barbier, Jean-Claude; Koch, Max ; Dörre, Klaus; Kretsos, Lefteris ; Furäker, Bengt; Lancker Van, Wim; Alonso, Luis Enrique; Martinez Lucio, Miguel; Fritz, Martin ; Marx, Ive ; Buchner-Jeziorska, Anna; Matkovic, Teo; Sola, Jorge; O'Connor, Julia S.;Zitatform
Koch, Max & Martin Fritz (Hrsg.) (2013): Non-standard employment in Europe. Paradigms, prevalence and policy responses. (Work and welfare in Europe), Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 246 S.
Abstract
"'Non-standard' employment is becoming more common. Fewer people are working full-time and/or have permanent employment contracts; more are working part-time, have fixed-term contracts or are self-employed. Many scholars have pointed to the negative consequences of this development, including 'precarious' forms of employment and in-work poverty. This volume provides a thorough theoretical and empirical analysis of these processes by understanding the 'destandardization' of employment in Europe and the associated modifications in socio-economic regulation both at national and EU level. The book provides country studies of the UK, Spain, Germany, Poland, Croatia, and the Nordic countries and offers comparative European analyses of part-time and fixed-term employment in relation to in-work poverty, exclusion and anomie. Emphasis is on 'best practice' in the governance of non-standard employment. Is there evidence for a new and socially inclusive European employment standard?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Informal employment in Russia: definitions, incidence, determinants and labour market segmentation (2013)
Zitatform
Lehmann, Hartmut & Anzelika Zaiceva (2013): Informal employment in Russia. Definitions, incidence, determinants and labour market segmentation. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1098), Paris, 46 S. DOI:10.1787/5k3v1tqzmzg7-en
Abstract
"This paper takes stock of informal employment in Russia analysing its incidence and determinants. Using the regular 2003-11 waves and an informality supplement of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) it develops several measures of informal employment and demonstrates that the incidence varies widely across the different definitions. We also show that the determinants of informal employment are roughly stable across the different measures: workers who are males, relatively young, unskilled and employed in construction and trade and related services have a higher likelihood to have an informal job. We also take a look at the issue of labour market segmentation along the informal-formal divide by estimating an informal-formal wage gap at the means and across the entire wage distributions. We find only weak evidence for labour market segmentation in Russia when estimating an informal-formal wage gap for salaried workers at the mean. The results of quantile regressions show a wage penalty in the lower half of the distribution and no gap in the upper half for informal employees. In contrast, informal self-employed and entrepreneurs have conditional mean wages that are higher than the mean wages for the formally employed. Across the entire wage distribution, however, we find a negative wage gap in the lowest quartile and a strongly positive wage gap in the highest quartile, pointing to a segmented informal sector with a lower free entry tier and an upper rationed tier. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the Russian Federation (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/russia)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Young people and temporary employment in Europe (2013)
Zitatform
Matsaganis, Manos, Nirina Rabemiafara & Terry Ward (2013): Young people and temporary employment in Europe. Dublin, 43 S.
Abstract
"Young people in Europe have been particularly affected by the recession: by mid-2013, the unemployment rate among people aged 24 and under was over 23%. A large proportion of workers in this age group are employed on temporary rather than permanent contracts (42% compared to just 10% of workers aged 25 - 64). While temporary or fixed-term contracts can be a stepping stone in the transition from education into work, they can also trap young people in insecure jobs. This report from the European Restructuring Monitor is based on data from correspondents in 28 EU Member States and Norway. It examines the reasons for the growth in temporary employment contracts across the EU and explores the situation regarding access to social protection for young people on such contracts. It reviews the measures put in place in various countries to regulate the use of these contracts - often with a view to encouraging the transition to standard contracts - and finally presents the opinions of the social partners on the issue." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
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Literaturhinweis
Why do Russian firms use fixed-term and agency work contracts? (2013)
Zitatform
Smirnykh, Larisa & Andreas Wörgötter (2013): Why do Russian firms use fixed-term and agency work contracts? (OECD Economics Department working papers 1014), Paris, 34 S. DOI:10.1787/5k4dlf1ctsbv-en
Abstract
"This study looks into the use of fixed term contracts and agency work in Russia during and shortly after the crisis 2009-10 with the help of an enterprise survey. The results of variance analysis show that the use of fixed-term or agency work contracts is not uniform across sectors, size and skill requirements. Probit analysis reveals that the use of fixed term contracts also increases the likelihood of using agency work, but not the other way around. The increase of temporary and agency work contracts increases the turnover on the labour market and contributes to an increase in dualisation, but may also help to prevent a larger increase in unemployment during crisis periods." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Leiharbeit in Europa: zwischen Flexibilität und Sicherheit (2013)
Voss, Eckhard; Vitols, Katrin;Zitatform
Voss, Eckhard & Katrin Vitols (2013): Leiharbeit in Europa. Zwischen Flexibilität und Sicherheit. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 66, H. 8, S. 580-587. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2013-8-580
Abstract
"Aufgrund gewerkschaftlicher Kampagnen, aber auch infolge des Handlungsdrucks durch die EU-Leiharbeitsrichtlinie und ihres Equal-Pay-Grundsatzes, sind Probleme wie die Einkommensungerechtigkeit und die fehlende Beschäftigungssicherheit in der Leiharbeit wieder in den Fokus beschäftigungs- und verteilungspolitischer Debatten gerückt. Der Beitrag untersucht, ausgehend von Erfahrungen in anderen europäischen Ländern, inwieweit es dort besser als in Deutschland gelungen ist, Leiharbeit weitergehender zu regulieren. Dabei wird deutlich, dass es in anderen EU-Ländern tarifpolitische Regelungen gibt, die erfolgreich darauf zielen, durch die Förderung der Weiterbildung Leiharbeitsbeschäftigte in den Arbeitsmarkt zu integrieren und auch Nachteile in der sozialen Sicherung zumindest abzumildern. Angesichts derartiger Erfahrungen kommen die Autoren zu dem Schluss, dass Deutschland auf ein verlorenes Jahrzehnt hinsichtlich der Einkommensungerechtigkeit in der Leiharbeit zurückblickt und dass die Sozialpartner ihre Gestaltungsfunktion noch zu wenig wahrgenommen haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Mehr Jobs oder nur mehr schlechte Jobs?: die Entwicklung atypischer Beschäftigung in Europa (2012)
Zitatform
Allmendinger, Jutta, Johannes Giesecke, Lena Hipp, Kathrin Leuze & Stefan Stuth (2012): Mehr Jobs oder nur mehr schlechte Jobs? Die Entwicklung atypischer Beschäftigung in Europa. (WZBrief Arbeit 13), Berlin, 7 S.
Abstract
"- Die Zunahme atypischer Beschäftigung in Europa geht nicht überall auf Kosten von Vollzeitjobs.
- Atypische Beschäftigung variiert stark zwischen den Ländern und Bevölkerungsgruppen.
- In Deutschland arbeiten vor allem junge und geringqualifizierte Menschen in atypischen Beschäftigungsverhältnissen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
Who's got the balance? A study of satisfaction with the work-family balance among part-time service sector employees in five western European countries (2012)
Zitatform
Beham, Barbara, Patrick Präg & Sonja Drobnic (2012): Who's got the balance? A study of satisfaction with the work-family balance among part-time service sector employees in five western European countries. In: The international journal of human resource management, Jg. 23, H. 18, S. 3725-3741. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2012.654808
Abstract
"Working part-time is frequently considered a viable strategy for employees to better combine work and non-work responsibilities. The present study examines differences in satisfaction with work-family balance (SWFB) among professional and non-professional part-time service sector employees in five western European countries. Part-time employees were found to be more SWFB than full-time employees even after taking varying demands and resources into account. However, there are important differences among the part-timers. Employees in marginal part-time employment with considerably reduced working hours were the most satisfied. Professionals were found to profit less from reduced working hours and experienced lower levels of SWFB than non-professionals. No significant differences in SWFB were found between male and female part-time workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Are temporary workers discriminated against?: evidence from Europe (2012)
Zitatform
Comi, Simona & Mara Grasseni (2012): Are temporary workers discriminated against? Evidence from Europe. In: The Manchester School, Jg. 80, H. 1, S. 28-50. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9957.2011.02231.x
Abstract
"We analyse the wage gap between temporary and permanent jobs in nine European countries using a semiparametric approach and evaluate the wage gap across the entire wage distribution. We show that in some countries the fixed-term wage gap decreases as higher quantiles are considered, and that having a fixed-term contract penalizes more workers located at the bottom of the earnings distribution. We find also that workers with the same characteristics as temporary workers would receive higher wages if they worked on permanent contracts in almost all the countries considered, and that this finding is stable across the entire wage distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do firms demand temporary workers when they face workload fluctuation?: cross-country firm-level evidence on the conditioning effect of employment protection (2012)
Zitatform
Dräger, Vanessa & Paul Marx (2012): Do firms demand temporary workers when they face workload fluctuation? Cross-country firm-level evidence on the conditioning effect of employment protection. (IZA discussion paper 6894), Bonn, 28 S.
Abstract
"Although the negative economic effects of temporary employment are widely discussed, cross-country research on firms' demand for temporary employment is rare. National studies indicate that workload fluctuations are one major motive for firms to employ temporary workers. By studying a novel data set of 18,500 firms from 20 countries, we show that workload fluctuations increase the probability of hiring temporary workers by eight percentage points in rigid labour markets, but no such effect is observed in flexible labour markets. This conditioning effect of employment protection is in line with a recently developed search-and-matching model. Our results are robust to subgroups, subsamples and alternative estimation strategies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Capacities and vulnerabilities in precarious work: the perspective of employees in European low wage work. Synthesis report on employees' experiences and work trajectories for Workpackage 7 of the walqing project (2012)
Hohnen, Pernille;Zitatform
Hohnen, Pernille (2012): Capacities and vulnerabilities in precarious work. The perspective of employees in European low wage work. Synthesis report on employees' experiences and work trajectories for Workpackage 7 of the walqing project. Wien, 174 S.
Abstract
"The report discusses work and life quality in new and growing jobs from an individual perspective. The empirical data on which the analysis is based consists of 22 country reports investigating elderly care, cleaning, catering, waste collection and construction in 11 different countries (4-5 countries per sector, see the matrix table below). Each country report is based on 20-25 individual semi-structured interviews with employees working in the selected sector and business functions.
The report consists of this introduction, five chapters, each focusing on one sector, and a conclusion. The chapters follow the same structure by starting with a brief introduction of the main characteristics of work in the sector. The remaining part of each chapter is organized into four sections. The first concentrates on workers' perceptions of the main quality of work and life issues. Then follows a section on agency, career trajectories and career options. The next section examines vulnerability in work and processes of vulnerabilization in the sector. Finally, the last section discusses workers' aspirations and capacities to aspire, followed by a summary and conclusion. The last concluding chapter discusses cross-sector findings in terms of the impact of new and growing jobs on individual lives, and highlights some trends in the present labour market and their possible implications for vulnerability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Flexible forms of employment: boon and bane (2012)
Zitatform
Jahn, Elke, Regina T. Riphahn & Claus Schnabel (2012): Flexible forms of employment. Boon and bane. (LASER discussion papers 62), Erlangen, 11 S.
Abstract
"In recent decades, economic policy makers across Europe have sought to increase labour market flexibility by promoting the use of temporary employment. Four articles in a Feature forthcoming in the Economic Journal (which is based on a IAB/LASER workshop) provide new results on how fixed-term and agency work contracts affect firm productivity and how the segments of two-tier labour markets interact. This paper points to a possible trade-off between efficiency and equity when deregulating labour markets. Taken together, the evidence presented in this Feature suggests that flexible forms of employment can be both a boon and a bane for labour markets and for society as a whole." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Temporary jobs and job search effort in Europe (2012)
Zitatform
Kahn, Lawrence M. (2012): Temporary jobs and job search effort in Europe. In: Labour economics, Jg. 19, H. 1, S. 113-128. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2011.09.001
Abstract
"Using longitudinal data on individuals from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) for eleven countries during 1995 - 2001, I investigate temporary job contract duration and job search effort. The countries are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. I construct a search model for workers in temporary jobs which predicts that shorter duration raises search intensity. Calibration of the model to the ECHP data implies that at least 75% of the increase in search intensity over the life of a 2+ year temporary contract occurs in the last six months of the contract. I then estimate regression models for search effort that control for human capital, pay, local unemployment, and individual and time fixed effects. I find that workers on temporary jobs indeed search harder than those on permanent jobs. Moreover, search intensity increases as temporary job duration falls, and roughly 84% of this increase occurs on average in the shortest duration jobs. These results are robust to disaggregation by gender and by country. These empirical results are noteworthy, since it is not necessary to assume myopia or hyperbolic discounting in order to explain them, although the data clearly also do not rule out such explanations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Temporary employment in Russia: why mostly men? (2012)
Zitatform
Karabchuk, Tatiana (2012): Temporary employment in Russia: why mostly men? In: European Journal of Comparative Economics, Jg. 9, H. 2, S. 279-303.
Abstract
"The paper deals with temporary employment in the Russian labour market. The main focus is the gender difference regarding determinants of temporary employment. Unlike most European countries, where women are more likely to have temporary work, in Russia men predominantly have this status, comparable to the situation in many developing countries. This paper seeks to understand why this is the case. The household survey of NOBUS (held in 2003 by State Statistical Centre with World Bank participation) is used to answer this question: the results suggest that gender differences in temporary employment do exist, and that the main factors that explain these differences are education, and marital status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
-
Atypische Beschäftigung insgesamt
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Erosion des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses
- Prekäre Beschäftigung
- Politik, Arbeitslosigkeitsbekämpfung
- Arbeits- und Lebenssituation atypisch Beschäftigter
- Betriebliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Rechtliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Gesundheitliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Beschäftigungsformen
- Qualifikationsniveau
- Alter
- geographischer Bezug
- Geschlecht