Zitatform

Mendoza, Cristóbal (2020): Southern Europe skilled migration into Mexico. The impact of the economic crisis. In: Regional Studies. Journal of the Regional Studies Association, Jg. 54, H. 4, S. 495-504. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2018.1447101

Abstract

"The paper analyses the reasons why highly skilled immigrants from Italy and Spain migrate to Mexico and their patterns of incorporation into the country's workforce. Specifically, it explores the dynamics of local labour markets, possible niches for qualified workers, and the mechanisms granting immigrants access to technical and managerial posts in Mexico. Based on a comparative approach, it analyzes the similarities and differences between Italians and Spaniards in Mexico and compares flows before and during/after the 2008 economic crisis to see how relevant the crisis is to an understanding of current migration flows." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2020): Should I Stay or Should I Go? Auswanderung aus Deutschland von Personen mit und ohne deutsche Staatsangehörigkeit. (Working paper / IQ-Fachstelle Einwanderung 2020,03), Berlin, 41 S.

Abstract

"Mit kleinen aktuellen Konjunkturdämpfern erlebt Deutschland momentan die längste Aufschwungsphase seit 1991 (Statistisches Bundesamt 2018a). Der Aufschwung der letzten Jahre geht mit steigenden Zahlen sozialversicherungspflichtig beschäftigter Personen und einer sinkenden Arbeitslosigkeit bzw. Unterbeschäftigung einher (Agentur für Arbeit 2019). In den kommenden Jahrzehnten wird zudem die Bevölkerungsalterung eine starke Auswirkung auf den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt haben. Berechnungen der UN zufolge wird der Altenquotient in Deutschland von 32,1 % 2015 auf 54,5 % 2050 ansteigen (UNDESA 2017). Unabhängig von den positiven wirtschaftlichen Eckdaten und der Stabilität des Arbeitsmarktes verzeichnet Deutschland in den letzten zehn Jahren bei Personen mit deutscher Staatsangehörigkeit einen negativen Wanderungssaldo. Im vorliegenden Arbeitspapier wird die Abwanderung aus Deutschland untersucht, um wichtige Trends der letzten Jahre zu identifizieren. Dabei werden nationale und internationale Statistiken analysiert und erläutert. In den ersten Abschnitten werden die Abwanderungszahlen aus Deutschland und die Bestandszahlen Ausgewanderter analysiert. Im Anschluss werden die Aufenthaltsdauer und der Erwerbsstatus Ausgewanderter untersucht. Letztlich wird in den letzten beiden Abschnitten zunächst explizit auf die Altersverteilung und Berufsgruppen hochqualifizierter Ausgewanderter eingegangen, bevor im letzten Schritt die Migrationstrends unter Ärzt*innen exemplarisch dargestellt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Anelli, Massimo, Gaetano Basso, Giuseppe Ippedico & Giovanni Peri (2019): Youth drain, entrepreneurship and innovation. (NBER working paper 26055), Cambrige, Mass., 64 S. DOI:10.3386/w26055

Abstract

"Migration outflows, especially of young people, may deprive an economy of entrepreneurial energy and innovative ideas. We exploit exogenous variation in emigration from Italian local labor markets to show that between 2008 and 2015 larger emigration flows reduced firm creation. The decline affected firms owned by young people and innovative industries. We estimate that for every 1,000 emigrants, 10 fewer young-owned firms were created over the whole period. A simple accounting exercise shows that about 60 percent of the effect is generated simply by the loss of young people; the remaining 40 percent is due to a combination of selection of emigrants among highly entrepreneurial people, negative spillovers on the entrepreneurship rate of locals, and negative local firm multiplier effect." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brezis, Elise S. (2019): Should individuals migrate before acquiring education or after? A new model of brain waste vs. brain drain. In: The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 1-11. DOI:10.1515/bejm-2019-0015

Abstract

"Should individuals migrate before acquiring education or after? In order to analyze the optimality of the timing of migration, I develop a model of migration, which combines the two migration decisions into a unique model - the decisions about where to get an education and about where to work. The main reason for having a unified model is that investment in human capital cannot be disjoined from the decision about work. This paper shows that brain drain is usually an optimal solution. But, when we incorporate 'brain waste' and 'return migration', then it is optimal to migrate when young." (Author's abstract, © De Gruyter) ((en))

Zitatform

Brücker, Herbert, Johann Fuchs, Eric Schuss, Doris Söhnlein, Parvati Trübswetter & Enzo Weber (2019): Kurzexpertise Zuwanderung. Nürnberg, 58 S.

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Kurzexpertise untersucht, ob und inwieweit die jüngste Einwanderung seit 2005 einen Beitrag dazu leisten kann, das deutsche Rentensystem zu entlasten und den Beitragssatz in der GRV zu stabilisieren. Zur Analyse wird auf die IAB-SOEP-Migrationsstichprobe und den Mikrozensus zurückgegriffen - die nach der Beschreibung des Forschungsvorhabens in Kapitel 1 - in Kapitel 2 zunächst beschrieben werden. In einem ersten Schritt werden in Kapitel 3 die individuellen Merkmale und der Bildungshintergrund der im Ausland geborenen Einwanderinnen und Einwanderer betrachtet. Anschließend wird in Kapital 4 die aktuelle Arbeitsmarktintegration der Zuzüge und ihre Beschäftigungssituation in Abhängigkeit von der Aufenthaltsdauer analysiert. Dabei wird auch erläutert, inwiefern das Rück- und Auswanderungsverhalten der Einwanderinnen und Einwanderer Einfluss auf die Beurteilung des Beitrages von Einwanderung für die Deutsche Rentenversicherung hat. Deshalb schließt sich mit Kapitel 5 eine Prognose an, die auf der Basis eines stochastischen Modells die künftige Bedeutung der in Deutschland lebenden Bevölkerung mit ausländischer Nationalität, insbesondere für den Arbeitsmarkt, darstellt. Abschließend werde die Ergebnisse der einzelnen Kapitel zusammengefasst und diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Gunadi, Christian (2019): An inquiry on the impact of highly-skilled STEM immigration on the U.S. economy. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 61, S. 101751. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.101751

Abstract

"This article estimates the potential economic benefits of STEM immigration and examines the impact of highly skilled STEM immigration on the wage structure in the United States. Considering that foreign-born share of STEM workers has been increasing rapidly in recent years, there are new interests in examining the extent to which labor market outcomes of natives – and immigrants alike – are affected by this supply inflow. The analysis yields a few main findings. First, U.S. and foreign-born STEM workers with similar skills have a high but finite elasticity of substitution ( ∼ 18), implying that the adverse impact of STEM immigration would be more concentrated among immigrant STEM workers themselves. Second, 2000–2015 foreign STEM labor supply shock increases the average wage of preexisting U.S.-born STEM workers by 4.67%. This finding, however, masks a distributional consequence of the shock as native STEM workers with higher educational attainment experience lower wage gains. Finally, the economic benefit for native workers from 2000–2015 foreign STEM supply shock is approximately 103 billion USD or 1.03% of U.S. GDP in 1999. Almost all of this benefit comes from the productivity spillovers associated with high-skilled STEM immigration that increase the productivity and wages of U.S.-born workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

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Kennedy, Andrew (2019): The Politics of Skilled Immigration: Explaining the Ups and Downs of the US H-1B Visa Program. In: International migration review, Jg. 53, H. 2, S. 346-370. DOI:10.1177/0197918318769312

Abstract

"The United States has long been a magnet for skilled immigrants, but its openness to these immigrants has varied considerably over time. Focusing on the H-1B visa program, this article explains why the program's annual cap has risen and fallen from the mid-1990s to the present. Whereas recent studies of skilled immigration policy have focused on struggles between capital and labor, this article contends that US policy also reflects a struggle between capital and citizen groups' one that has changed considerably over the past two decades. The findings challenge recent work on skilled immigration and US immigration policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Liwiński, Jacek (2019): Does it pay to study abroad? Evidence from Poland. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 40, H. 3, S. 525-555. DOI:10.1108/IJM-11-2017-0305

Abstract

"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify the impact of international student mobility (ISM) on the first wages of tertiary education graduates in Poland.
Design/methodology/approach: The author uses data from the nationwide tracer survey of Polish graduates (2007 Graduate Tracer Study) and regresses the hourly net wage rate of salaried workers in their first job after graduating from a higher education institution on a rich set of individual characteristics. In order to reduce the bias due to selection to ISM, the author includes a set of variables representing abilities and skills, characteristics of studies, and international experience as control variables. The author addresses the possible selection to employment bias by using the Heckman correction.
Findings: After controlling for observed heterogeneity, the author finds that Polish graduates who studied abroad for at least one month earn on average 22 per cent more in their first job than those who studied in Poland only. However, the author also finds that this wage premium is explained by international economic migration after graduation. Studying abroad brings a wage premium only if it is followed by working abroad. Those who perform their first job in Poland do not obtain any wage premium from ISM.
Originality/value: The main contribution of the paper is that it identifies international economic migration after graduation as another mechanism explaining why those who studied abroad earn more." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

Zitatform

(2019): International migration outlook 2019. (International migration outlook 43), Paris, 407 S. DOI:10.1787/c3e35eec-en

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Bertoli, Simone & Ilse Ruyssen (2018): Networks and migrants' intended destination. In: Journal of economic geography, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 705-728. DOI:10.1093/jeg/lby012

Abstract

"Social networks are known to influence migration decisions, but connections between individuals remain usually unobserved. Surveys conducted by Gallup in 147 countries provide information on migration intentions and on distance-one connections in each destination. The distribution of distance-one connections mirrors the one of migrant stocks, and intentions are informative about actual decisions. The estimation of origin-specific conditional logit models reveals that distance-one connections can alter the ranking of most pairs of destinations. We test the validity of the distributional assumptions that underlie identification and perform extensive robustness checks, thus mitigating the concerns about the threats to identification posed by unobservables." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Biavaschi, Constanza, Giovanni Facchini, Anna Maria Mayda & Mariapia Mendola (2018): South-South migration and the labor market. Evidence from South Africa. In: Journal of economic geography, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 823-853. DOI:10.1093/jeg/lby010

Abstract

"Using census data for 1996, 2001 and 2007, we study the labor market effect of immigration to South Africa. We exploit the variation - both at the district and at the national level - in the share of foreign-born male workers across schooling and experience groups over time. In addition, we use an instrumental variable empirical strategy to estimate the causal effect of immigration on the local labor market. At the district level, we show that increased immigration has a negative and significant effect on natives' employment rates but not on total income. At the national level, we find that increased immigration has a negative and significant effect on natives' total income but not on employment rates. Our results are consistent with outflows of natives to other districts as a consequence of migration, as in Borjas (2006)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Burzyński, Michał, Frédéric Docquier & Hillel Rapoport (2018): The changing structure of immigration to the OECD. What welfare effects on member countries? (CESifo working paper 6992), München, 38 S.

Abstract

"We investigate the welfare implications of two pre-crisis immigration waves (1991-2000 and 2001-2010) and of the post-crisis wave (2011-2015) for OECD native citizens. To do so, we develop a general equilibrium model that accounts for the main channels of transmission of immigration shocks - the employment and wage effects, the fiscal effect, and the market size effect - and for the interactions between them. We parameterize our model for 20 selected OECD member states. We find that the three waves induce positive effects on the real income of natives, however the size of these gains varies considerably across countries and across skill groups. In relative terms, the post-crisis wave induces smaller welfare gains compared to the previous ones. This is due to the changing origin mix of immigrants, which translates into lower levels of human capital and smaller fiscal gains. However, differences across cohorts explain a tiny fraction of the highly persistent, cross-country heterogeneity in the economic benefits from immigration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Casarico, Alessandra & Silke Uebelmesser (2018): Migration policies and the highly skilled. In: ifo DICE report, Jg. 16, H. 1, S. 28-33.

Abstract

"Europe faces a skill shortage challenge. Beside policies targeting the domestic population, attracting foreign skilled workers is another option. This article provided an assessment of various migration policies geared towards this goal. At the EU level, the introduction of the EU Blue Card was a step in this direction, as this card eases immigration by highly skilled from outside the EU, provided that they fulfil certain conditions. These conditions comprise of higher professional qualifications, an employment contract or a binding job offer with a high salary compared to the average of the EU country in which the job is offered. EU countries 4 There is evidence that high-wage earners and those with high non-wage income are sensitive to the tax systems. For an interesting study on the effect of the preferential tax scheme in Denmark on foreign top earners' mobility, see Kleven et al. (2014). Akcigit, Baslandze, and Stantcheva (2016) study the effect of top tax rates on the international mobility of 'superstar' inventors. determine the details; they can also set an upper limit on the number of non-EU citizens who can enter for highly-qualified work.5 At the moment, a new directive to attract highly skilled workers to the European Union is under discussion by the European Parliament and Council, with the goal of easing entry conditions and further harmonising the regulatory framework (European Commission 2016). On a country level, EU countries are mostly continuing to facilitate admission of highly skilled workers, for example, the Czech Republic and Italy, while some other EU and non-EU countries, like New Zealand, Denmark and the United Kingdom, have made their skilled migration policy more selective (OECD 2017). There is, however, one important caveat: a selective migration policy only allows selection among those individuals who have an interest in coming to a country. To influence highly skilled workers' location decisions location decisions, in addition to a well-designed migration policy, the institutional framework of the destination country is also important. This comprises of labour market institutions, the transfer system, as well as the quality of the education sector and the design of family policy. In addition, a welcome culture is needed. Only in such cases can the destination country achieve its goals and benefit from the new ideas, skills and contacts that migrants bring with them." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Duleep, Harriet Orcutt & Mark Regets (2018): Family unification, siblings, and skills. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 271), Maastricht, 38 S.

Abstract

"Recently proposed immigration reforms would constitute a major break in the 40-year-old U.S. admissions policy favoring family members. Although emphasizing the importance of the nuclear family, the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform and a house subcommittee on immigration recommend eliminating immigration preferences to other close relatives, including the brothers, sisters, and adult children of U.S. citizens. Under the proposed system, those relatives could not obtain U.S. visas unless they qualified because of specific job skills. Using Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) data on admissions criteria matched to 1990 Census data, we examine the effect of family admissions on immigrant education, self-employment, and earnings. Of particular relevance to the current debate, we also examine the effect of one of the family-based admission categories recommended for elimination -- the preference category that admits the siblings of U.S. citizens. We find that family-based immigrants, in general, have low initial earnings but high earnings growth relative to immigrants admitted on the basis of occupational skills. The earnings growth of immigrants is particularly high in cohorts with relatively high sibling admissions. Furthermore, sibling admissions are positively associated with immigrant self-employment. We also find that immigrant education levels are positively associated with sibling admissions and that the flows of occupation-based immigrants and immigrants admitted under the sibling category are intimately connected, particularly for immigrants from regions of the world where economic opportunities are limited for highly educated individuals. The results on earnings growth, self-employment, and education suggest that eliminating the sibling category may be counterproductive. More generally, the paper adds to our basic knowledge about the complex interactions of admission categories, human capital investment, and earnings growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lee, Rennie (2018): Immigrant entry visa categories and their effects on the children of immigrants' education. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 44, H. 9, S. 1560-1583. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1362976

Abstract

"As the U.S. continues to debate how to reform the current immigration system, there has been an increased emphasis on increasing skilled migration via employment sponsorship and subsequently decreasing other forms of migration, such as family reunification or refugees and asylees. Employment migration is viewed favourably because immigrants tend to arrive with greater education and language skills. However, it is unclear whether the descendants of immigrants admitted via employment categories have greater integration outcomes than the descendants of immigrants admitted via other categories. This study examines whether an immigrant's entry visa (e.g. temporary work, refugee, student, etc.) affects their children's education. Using data from the 2004 Immigration and Intergenerational Mobility in Metropolitan Los Angeles, this study finds that children whose fathers arrived via student/tourist visas have greater odds of college attainment. Related, this study identifies a possible mechanism, advanced/honors courses in high school, that may explain why father's student/tourist visa exerts a positive effect on student's pathway to college completion. However, there are no significant effects for fathers arriving under temporary work visas or as legal permanent residents." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lissoni, Francesco (2018): International migration and innovation diffusion. An eclectic survey. In: Regional Studies. Journal of the Regional Studies Association, Jg. 52, H. 5, S. 702-714. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2017.1346370

Abstract

"Im neuen Zeitalter der internationalen Massenmigration hat die Rolle von hochqualifizierten Personen bei der Verbreitung von Innovation erhebliche Beachtung gefunden. Unter Nutzung von wirtschaftsgeschichtlichen Studien als Vorlage werden in diesem Beitrag verschiedene Gruppen von Untersuchungen nach drei Hauptthemen geordnet: der Unterscheidung zwischen Mobilität und Migration, den Richtungen der Ströme und ihrer Inhalte. Die Migration fördert eine Diffusion von Ursprungs- zu Aufnahmeländern, aber auch in die umgekehrte Richtung sowie innerhalb von und zwischen Zielorten. Der Beitrag enthält einen Vorschlag für ein Forschungsprogramm unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Wichtigkeit von sozialen Bindungen zwischen Migranten sowie der Unterscheidung zwischen dem Zugriff auf allgemeine Informationen einerseits und Wissenstausch andererseits." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Lubbers, Marcel, Claudia Diehl, Theresa Kuhn & Christian Albrekt Larsen (2018): Migrants' support for welfare state spending in Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 52, H. 4, S. 895-913. DOI:10.1111/spol.12404

Abstract

"This contribution describes differences between 10 migrant groups and natives in their attitudes towards government spending in three residence countries: Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. Previous research provided evidence that 'migrants' as a catch-all category of people from different origins are in favor of more government spending on social welfare. We study to what extent support for government spending can be explained by self-interest explanations of welfare state attitudes as well as by differences in ideological position. The contribution employs data from the Migrants' Welfare State Attitudes project, including migrant groups from similar origins in Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. The study moves beyond the larger migrant groups of Turks and Poles that received attention in previous research as well, and includes a greater variety of groups that differ in terms of their skill levels. The overall finding is that migrants' welfare state spending preferences are, as in the case of natives, significantly related to socio-demographic differences and standard ideology measures of attitudes to regulation of the economy and family values. However, even with these standard variables included, spending preferences differ strongly between migrant groups, residence countries, and welfare spending domain. A comparison between country of origin and residence country provisions seems to be a promising path for further understanding migrant group differences in welfare state spending attitudes. The study challenges the idea that all migrants are supportive of extended welfare state arrangements." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Ruiz, Isabel & Carlos Vargas-Silva (2018): Differences in labour market outcomes between natives, refugees and other migrants in the UK. In: Journal of economic geography, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 855-885. DOI:10.1093/jeg/lby027

Abstract

"Using 2010-2017 data we compare the labour market outcomes of refugees (those who migrated to seek asylum), natives (UK-born) and other migrants in the UK (work, study and family migrants). The results indicate that refugees are less likely to be employed and earn less than natives and other migrants. The evidence suggests that differences in health status (particularly mental health) may be one of the factors that partly explain these gaps. Employment growth of refugees between 2010 and 2016 was significantly higher than that of other migrants, but this was not the case for earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Salvatori, Andrea (2018): The anatomy of job polarisation in the UK. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 52, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1186/s12651-018-0242-z

Abstract

"This paper studies the contribution of different skill groups to the polarisation of the UK labour market. We show that the large increase in graduate numbers contributed to the substantial reallocation of employment from middling to top occupations which is the main feature of the polarisation process in the UK over the past three decades. The increase in the number of immigrants, on the other hand, does not account for any particular aspect of the polarisation in the UK. Changes in the skill mix of the workforce account for most of the decline in routine employment across the occupational distribution, but within-group changes account for most of the decline in routine occupations in middling occupations. In addition, there is no clear indication of polarisation within all skill groups - a fact that previous literature has cited as evidence that technology drives the decline of middling occupations. These findings differ substantially from previous evidence on the US and cast doubts on the role of technology as the main driver of polarisation in the UK." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Schiff, Maurice (2018): Beneficial brain drain and non-migrants' welfare. (IZA discussion paper 11483), Bonn, 18 S.

Abstract

"Though a net brain gain has tended to be seen as a benefit and referred to as a 'beneficial brain drain' in the literature, its welfare impact for source country residents - or nonmigrants - is at best ambiguous. Increased educational investment in response to a brain drain is equivalent to a bet where migrants (M) win and where the impact on residents (R) - whose well-being is a concern for the government - is ambiguous or negative. I compare residents' welfare a) for an open vs. a closed economy, b) under the presence or absence of education externality, c) with vs. without government intervention, and d) with government's concern equal for R and M (R = M) or greater for R (R > M). Main findings are: i) residents lose under an open economy in four of the five scenarios considered, with an ambiguous result under an externality and no intervention; ii) optimal education policy has a positive or ambiguous impact on residents' welfare (and a positive impact under a closed economy); and iii) welfare is higher under intervention when R > M than when R = M. It is worth noting that, though the standard developing country policy of subsidizing higher education is optimal under an education externality in the case of a closed economy, this result need not hold under an open economy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schrader, Klaus (2018): Brexit und Ausländerbeschäftigung in Großbritannien. Vom Musterland zum Bollwerk? In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 98, H. 8, S. 558-564. DOI:10.1007/s10273-018-2331-6

Abstract

"Im Zuge der EU-Osterweiterung war Großbritannien eines der wenigen EU15-Länder, das von Anfang an die Möglichkeiten der Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit nutzte und mit dieser Strategie durchaus erfolgreich war. Wie die empirische Analyse zeigt, war die Arbeitsmigration aus den Beitrittsländern kein entscheidender Faktor für das Brexit-Votum. Es war eher eine Angst vor dem Statusverlust der weniger gebildeten Wähler, die die Vertiefung und Erweiterung der EU als Bedrohung für ihren sozialen Status und ihre nationale Identität ansehen. Eine politische Diskussion über eine EU mit unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten erweist sich als ratsam." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Simula, Laurent & Alain Trannoy (2018): Is high-skilled migration harmful to tax systems' progressivity? Understanding how migration responds to tax changes will aid in setting the progressivity of a tax system. (IZA world of labor 423), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.423

Abstract

"In welchem Ausmaß Hochqualifizierte auf steuerpolitische Korrekturen mit Ein- oder Auswanderung reagieren, wird üblicherweise anhand so genannter Migrationselastizitäten im Zusammenhang mit Nettoeinkommensveränderungen analysiert. Dieses Verfahren beruht jedoch auf einem falschen Maß der Elastizität - die empirische Forschung benötigt an dieser Stelle dringend eine neue Richtung. Von politischer Seite sollte einzelstaatliches Steuer-'Tagging', das hochqualifizierte ausländische Arbeitskräfte gezielt anlocken soll, vermieden werden und stattdessen die internationale Zusammenarbeit und Harmonisierung auf dem Gebiet der Unternehmens- und Einkommensbesteuerung intensiviert werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Sparber, Chad (2018): Choosing skilled foreign-born workers: evaluating alternative methods for allocating H-1B work permits. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 57, H. 1, S. 3-34. DOI:10.1111/irel.12203

Abstract

"The H-1B program allows highly educated foreign-born labor to temporarily work in the United States. Quotas restrict the number of H-1B recipients. In many years, all available work permits were allocated by random lottery. This paper argues that an alternative distribution method based upon ability would increase output, output per worker, and wages paid to less-educated workers. Baseline estimates suggest that a change in allocation policy could result in a $26.5 billion gain for the economy over a 6-year period. This estimate grows when H-1B demand rises." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Abstract

"What are the main patterns of 'brain flow' in Europe? Are particular countries or economic sectors affected? And what measures do Member States take to retain or attract skilled labour? An independent study on the movement of skilled labour has been looking into these questions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Die Themen Migration, Integration und Asyl bilden das Fundament der Arbeit des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge.
Mit der nun vorliegenden achten Ausgabe des 'Atlas über Migration, Integration und Asyl' (Minas) werden diese Themenfelder in kartographischen und informatorischen Grafiken anschaulich gemacht und geben einen Überblick über das Migrationsgeschehen in Deutschland, Europa und der Welt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bartolini, Laura, Ruby Gropas & Anna Triandafyllidou (2017): Drivers of highly skilled mobility from Southern Europe. Escaping the crisis and emancipating oneself. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 43, H. 4, S. 652-673. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2016.1249048

Abstract

"Since the outbreak of the crisis in Southern Europe, young highly educated Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese and Greeks have been taking their talents and expertise to other countries in search of a better quality of life and career prospects. This paper explores the characteristics of these new emigrants, the reasons for which they are leaving, and whether these reasons are shaped by the economic crisis, by pre-crisis grievances, or by other factors. We analyse original data from 6377 questionnaires collected in 4 countries through an e-survey we ran in 2013. We refer to the existing literature on the drivers of highly skilled emigration and the (un)employment situation in the four aforementioned Southern European countries which have been hardest hit by the economic crisis. We suggest that while gender is not important, age, marital status, education and satisfaction with current employment (both income related and with regard to future prospects) are important factors predicting emigration. Non-economic factors, notably career opportunities, quality of life and future prospects supersede all other considerations in the decision to emigrate for these highly educated Europeans." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bertrand-Cloodt, Danielle, Frank Cörvers & Hans Heijke (2017): Ability, academic climate, and going abroad for work or pursuing a PhD. In: CESIfo Economic Studies, Jg. 63, H. 1, S. 119-140. DOI:10.1093/cesifo/ifw015

Abstract

"We investigate whether highly able students are being creamed off from Dutch universities. Therefore, we examine the relation between ability and the destination of recent graduates of Dutch universities. Students can choose to continue their academic career by investing in a PhD degree instead of working, taking into account that both options can be realized in the Netherlands as well as abroad. Using a data set of workers and PhD students who recently graduated from Dutch universities, we simultaneously estimate two probit equations, one for the migration decision and one for the choice between working and pursuing a PhD. We take into account that both decisions can be affected by the climates in certain fields of study and universities to promote going abroad and starting a PhD. Our findings indicate that highly able graduates are significantly more likely than average graduates to go abroad. They also invest more often in a PhD programme, which is positively correlated with their likelihood to go abroad. The odds of going abroad and participating in a PhD programme are shown to be associated with control variables indexing the climates promoting going abroad and starting PhD study" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Eichhorst, Werner, Tommaso Colussi, Martin Guzi, Martin Kahanec, Andreas Lichter, Milena Nikolova & Eric Sommer (2017): People to jobs, jobs to people. Global mobility and labor migration. (IZA research report 74), Bonn, 193 S.

Abstract

Vor dem Hintergrund des demografischen Wandels und der aktuellen Flüchtlingskrise werden Fragen nach den wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Folgen internationaler Arbeitsmigration in Europa und anderen Industrieländern laut. Befürworter sehen in den Einwanderern potenzielle Arbeitskräfte, die die Folgen der demografischen Alterung und den Fachkräftemangel abschwächen können. Gegner befürchten vor allem negative Konsequenzen für die sozialen Systeme in den Einwanderungsländern sowie die Verdrängung einheimischer Arbeitskräfte. Die vorliegende Untersuchung stellt zunächst die potenziellen Determinanten der Mobilität von Arbeitskräften als auch von Arbeitsplätzen dar, sowohl auf individueller Ebene als auch aus Ländersicht. Im zweiten Kapitel wird das erwartete Erwerbspersonenpotenzial aus zukünftigen Wanderungsströmen bis zum Jahr 2030 prognostiziert. Anschließend wird die Entscheidung zur Produktionsverlagerung ins Ausland von Unternehmen als Reaktion auf den einheimischen Fachkräftemangel diskutiert. Abschließend wird für eine gezielte Einwanderungspolitik zur Rekrutierung ausländischer Fachkräfte plädiert, um die Verlagerung inländischer Arbeitsplätze ins Ausland zu verhindern. (IAB)

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Faggian, Alessandra, Isha Rajbhandari & Kathryn R. Dotzel (2017): The interregional migration of human capital and its regional consequences. A review. In: Regional Studies. Journal of the Regional Studies Association, Jg. 51, H. 1, S. 128-143. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2016.1263388

Abstract

"In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir die Literatur über die interregionale Migration von hohem Humankapital unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Auswirkungen von Zu- und Abströmen auf lokale Ökonomien. Es gibt zwar auch andere Untersuchungen über die Determinanten von hochqualifizierten interregionalen Migrationsströmen, doch bei diesem Beitrag handelt es sich um den ersten Versuch, die umfangreiche Literatur über die Auswirkungen dieser Ströme auf die Ökonomien der Empfänger- und Senderegionen sowie auf das gesamte System zu ordnen und zu untersuchen. Wir stellen fest, dass sich die Mehrheit der bisherigen Beiträge auf die wirtschaftlichen Konsequenzen für die Zielregionen konzentriert und den starken Bedarf an weiteren Studien zur Untersuchung der Auswirkungen auf die Ursprungsregionen verdeutlicht. In einer kritischen Bewertung der aktuellen Lage wird festgestellt, dass Fortschritte in der Erforschung von hochqualifizierter Migration durch einen Mangel an verfügbaren geeigneten Daten über die Merkmale der Migration und Migranten behindert werden. Ebenso wird in der Untersuchung die Notwendigkeit einer Berücksichtigung der Innovation, der Zusammensetzung von Qualifikationen und des Geschlechts in künftigen Analysen der Auswirkungen von hochqualifizierter Migration betont. Wir schließen mit Vorschlägen für neue Methoden, die von Wissenschaftlern bei künftigen Studien über die Auswirkungen der interregionalen Migration von hohem Humankapital genutzt werden können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Föbker, Stefanie & Daniela Imani (2017): The role of language skills in the settling-in process. Experiences of highly skilled migrants' accompanying partners in Germany and the UK. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 43, H. 16, S. 2720-2737. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1314596

Abstract

"The role of the family in the international migration of highly skilled migrants has often been disregarded. Highly skilled labour migrants follow a concrete job offer abroad and are structurally integrated into the new environment through the work place. On the contrary, the migration of family members is subject to different conditions since most accompanying partners initially do not work. However, accompanying partners are described as managers of the settling-in process of the whole family [Yeoh, Brenda, and Katie Willis. 2004. 'Constructing Masculinities in Transnational Space: Singapore Men on the 'Regional Beat'.' In Transnational Spaces, edited by Peter Jackson, Philip Crang, and Claire Dwyer, 147 - 163. London: Routledge] and their experiences can be crucial for the duration of their stay. Our paper explores the experiences of mobility of highly skilled migrants' accompanying partners in Germany and in the UK with regard to their strategies and practices during the settling-in process. The main focus is on the role of language, the establishment of new social networks and labour market participation. The paper draws on the concept of capital accumulation and conversion [Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. 'The Forms of Capital.' In Education: Culture, Economy, and Society, edited by Albert Henry Halsey, 46 - 58. New York: Oxford University Press] and asks how partners make use of their cultural capital language after migration. Our paper is based on empirical studies in Germany and in the UK, which focus on the migration and settling-in processes of highly skilled professionals and their families." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Giesing, Yvonne & Nadzeya Laurentsyeva (2017): Firms left behind: Emigration and firm productivity. (CESifo working paper 6815), München, 44 S.

Abstract

"This paper establishes a causal link between the emigration of skilled workers and firm performance in source countries. Using firm-level panel data from ten Eastern European countries, we show that the emigration of skilled workers lowers firm total factor productivity. We exploit time, country, and industry differences in the opening of EU labor markets from 2004 to 2014 as a source of exogenous variation in the emigration rates from new EU member states. We argue that a potential channel behind this effect relates to the reduction in firmspecific human capital due to a higher worker turnover." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Grigoleit-Richter, Grit (2017): Highly skilled and highly mobile? Examining gendered and ethnicised labour market conditions for migrant women in STEM-professions in Germany. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 43, H. 16, S. 2738-2755. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1314597

Abstract

"For the past decades, most Western countries have curtailed low-skilled immigration and adopted policies encouraging highly skilled migration. Accordingly, the German government began in 2000 to initiate changes in policy and legislation to encourage skilled professionals particularly in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)-professions to take up employment in Germany. Although highly skilled migrants are privileged with regard to education, competencies, and abilities, the article argues that highly skilled migrant women's transition into the labour market and their work performance are determined by the gendered and ethnicised conditions still prevalent in STEM fields. The paper thereby draws on qualitative interviews with highly skilled migrant women who migrated to the second largest city in Germany: Hamburg. The findings show that migrant women face a traditionally highly gender-segregated sector. Furthermore, they are confronted with ethnicised ascriptions that contribute to 'othering' processes, which impact their professional identity and slow down the transferral of their cultural capital. Yet, the majority of the interviewed women developed a strong local attachment and sense of belonging that fostered their social integration and counteracted experienced discrimination in the workplace. As a result they were less willing to uproot themselves again and thus contrast the popular image of being 'birds of passage'." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Horton, John, William R. Kerr & Christopher Stanton (2017): Digital labor markets and global talent flows. (NBER working paper 23398), Cambrige, Mass., 42 S. DOI:10.3386/w23398

Abstract

"Digital labor markets are rapidly expanding and connecting companies and contractors on a global basis. We review the environment in which these markets take root, the micro- and macro-level studies of their operations, their ongoing evolution and recent trends, and perspectives for undertaking research with micro-data from these labor platforms. We undertake new empirical analyses of Upwork data regarding 1) the alignment of micro- and macro-level approaches to disproportionate ethnic-connected exchanges on digital platforms, 2) gravity model analyses of global outsourcing contract flows and their determinants for digital labor markets, and 3) quantification of own- and cross-country elasticities for contract work by wage rate. Digital labor markets are an exciting frontier for global talent flows and growing rapidly in importance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kirk, Kate, Ellen Bal & Sarah Renee Janssen (2017): Migrants in liminal time and space: an exploration of the experiences of highly skilled Indian bachelors in Amsterdam. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 43, H. 16, S. 2771-2787. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1314600

Abstract

"This paper sheds light on the relationship between individual agency, transnational social relations, geographic place, and cultural constructions of life phase and gender among highly skilled Indian migrants to the Netherlands. Amsterdam is attracting an increasing number of Indian migrants who work primarily in the fields of information technology, engineering and business management. The nature of this highly skilled work requires mobile, flexible workers, and therefore mainly attracts single men between 25 and 34. Their migrant experiences and choices are marked by a 'performance of liminality': migration is part of a coming of age ritual that both structures their lives and is structured by circumstances and agency. The experience of bachelors in particular can be understood as a 'double liminality' in that it is both temporary and spatial. Many of our bachelor informants felt they were 'betwixt and between' the socio-cultural expectations they grew up with and what they perceive to be Dutch or Western culture, and between those that pertain to childhood and to adulthood. They live on a metaphorical threshold, shaped by their masculine ideals, beliefs about 'Indian culture', their expected life trajectories, and their experiences in and expectations of the Netherlands and the city of Amsterdam." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Meierrieks, Daniel & Laura Renner (2017): Stymied ambition. Does a lack of economic freedom lead to migration? In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 977-1005. DOI:10.1007/s00148-017-0633-4

Abstract

"We investigate the relationship between economic freedom and international migration for the 1980 - 2010 period using a dataset on migration from 91 emerging countries to the 20 most attractive OECD destination countries. We find that more economic freedom at home discourages high-skilled migration, but not low-skilled migration. The negative association between economic freedom and high-skilled emigration also holds when we estimate (dynamic) panel models that allow for endogeneity in the economic freedom-migration nexus. In sum, our findings suggest that high-skilled migration is especially responsive to the economic incentives resulting from economic freedom." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Parey, Matthias, Jens Ruhose, Fabian Waldinger & Nicolai Netz (2017): The selection of high-skilled emigrants. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 99, H. 5, S. 776-792. DOI:10.1162/REST_a_00687

Abstract

"We measure selection among high-skilled emigrants from Germany using predicted earnings. Migrants to less equal countries are positively selected relative to nonmigrants, while migrants to more equal countries are negatively selected, consistent with the prediction in Borjas (1987). Positive selection to less equal countries reflects university quality and grades, and negative selection to more equal countries reflects university subject and gender. Migrants to the United States are highly positively selected and concentrated in STEM fields. Our results highlight the relevance of the Borjas model for high-skilled individuals when credit constraints and other migration barriers are unlikely to be binding." (Author's abstract, © MIT Press Journals) ((en))

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Sbalchiero, Stefano & Arjuna Tuzzi (2017): Italian scientists abroad in Europe's scientific research scenario. High skill migration as a resource for development in Italy. In: International migration, Jg. 55, H. 4, S. 171-187. DOI:10.1111/imig.12340

Abstract

"In recent years, the brain drain issue has gained such momentum that it has become necessary to adopt tools and methods to take a picture of a phenomenon that is, by its very nature, dynamic and changeable (Portes, 1976; Meyer, 2001; Ackers, 2005 Scott, 2015). This particular study focuses on clarifying the reasons why Italian scientists choose to look elsewhere for the best place to conduct their scientific research, and in what way their scientific experience abroad shapes the image of the Italian scientific system. A first exploratory analysis involving 83 in-depth interviews with Italian scientists (mathematicians, engineers and physicists) working in Europe was conducted based on qualitative and quantitative analytical methods, and the content emerging from these interviews was used for a systematic mapping of the situation that provided the foundations for our preparation of a second tool - a questionnaire - that was subsequently used to conduct a much more broad-based survey that involved 602 respondents. While our findings add complexity to existing theories on the brain drain and brain circulation, they also confirm the potential of highly skilled migration to improve the national development of Italian academic system." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Stielike, Laura (2017): The migration&development apparatus. Contradictions between international discourse, institutional practices, and migrants' perspectives. (International Migration Institute. Working papers 136), Oxford, 24 S.

Abstract

"In this paper I focus on the contradictions between the international discourse on migration and development, the institutional practices of states and NGOs, and the perspectives of migrants themselves. I argue that taking a closer look at contradictions enables us to question seemingly secure knowledge on migration and development. Drawing on Michel Foucault's concept of apparatus, I analyse the migration and development paradigm as a network of discourses, practices, and modes of subjectivation. Using the example of Cameroonian migration to Germany, I argue that the migration&development apparatus is characterised by four major contradictory binaries: inclusion and exclusion, competence and incompetence, politicisation and depoliticisation, as well as dependency and independency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ariu, Andrea, Frédéric Docquier & Mara P. Squicciarini (2016): Governance quality and net migration flows. In: Regional science and urban economics, Jg. 60, H. September, S. 238-248. DOI:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2016.07.006

Abstract

Die Autoren untersuchen den Einfluss institutioneller Faktoren auf die Ein- und Auswanderung von Migranten nach Qualifikationsniveau. Hierzu erfolgt eine Analyse von Daten über bilaterale Migrationsströme zwischen OECD-Staaten und Staaten außerhalb der OECD für die Jahre 1990 und 2000. Für die Bewertung der Governance wurden u.a. folgende Indikatoren herangezogen: Meinungsfreiheit, politische Stabilität, Mitbestimmung, Rechtsordnung und Korruptionsbekämpfung. Es zeigt sich, dass die Qualität der Institutionen vor allem für die Zuwanderung von Hochqualifizierten von Bedeutung ist. (IAB)

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Barcevicius, Egidijus (2016): How successful are highly qualified return migrants in the Lithuanian labour market? In: International migration, Jg. 54, H. 3, S. 35-47. DOI:10.1111/imig.12224

Abstract

"This article analyses whether the human capital gained abroad helps returning migrants to integrate into the Lithuanian labour market. The analysis focuses on highly qualified migrants, defined narrowly as people with higher education who held qualified jobs when working abroad. The article found that for this group of returnees professional aims were important when taking a decision to return, together with other motives such as family reasons and home-sickness. Most of the returnees were able to find employment and pursue their careers without major difficulties, although a significant minority signalled an intention to emigrate again. The article examines the key factors that sometimes helped and sometimes hindered integration of the returnees and discusses the role of the public policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Biavaschi, Costanza, Michał Burzyński, Benjamin Elsner & Joël Machado (2016): The gain from the drain. Skill-biased migration and global welfare. (CReAM discussion paper 2016,24), London, 57 S.

Abstract

"High-skilled workers are four times more likely to migrate than low-skilled workers. This skill bias in migration - often called brain drain - has been at the center of a heated debate about the welfare consequences of emigration from developing countries. In this paper, we provide a global perspective on the brain drain by jointly quantifying its impact on the sending and receiving countries. In a calibrated multi-country model, we compare the current world to a counterfactual with the same number of migrants, but those migrants are randomly selected from their country of origin. We find that the skill bias in migration significantly increases welfare in most receiving countries. Moreover, due to a more efficient global allocation of talent, the global welfare effect is positive, albeit some sending countries lose. Overall, our findings suggest that more - not less - high-skilled migration would increase world welfare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cerna, Lucie (2016): The crisis as an opportunity for change? High-skilled immigration policies across Europe. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 42, H. 10, S. 1610-1630. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2016.1162355

Abstract

"The recent economic crisis provided a shock to the system, and led governments to scramble for solutions to problems of falling economic growth, high unemployment and weak job creation. Many European governments responded to protectionist calls by restricting immigration policies, even towards the highly skilled. Yet countries have faced different challenges and thus the cross-national variation in the demand for policy closure or openness is remarkable. Some seized the opportunity to restrict their high-skilled immigration policies, while others took advantage of the crisis for further liberalisation. The article explores different reasons for this variation, ranging from socio-economic conditions, the inflow of labour migrants to the role of labour market institutions and political actors. Countries badly affected by the crisis and with a recent influx of labour migrants were more likely to respond to mobilised groups lobbying for restrictive policies than those countries weathering the crisis relatively better but suffering from continuing labour shortages. The article examines the changing conditions and the role of mobilised stakeholders to explain policy change in selected European countries. It also presents an updated index on states' openness to high-skilled immigrants to measure change over time. The findings are based on position statements of stakeholders, official documents and media coverage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Clemens, Michael A. (2016): Losing our minds? New research directions on skilled migration and development. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 37, H. 7, S. 1227-1247. DOI:10.1108/IJM-07-2015-0112

Abstract

"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to critique the last decade of research on the effects of high-skill emigration from developing countries, and proposes six new directions for fruitful research.
Design/methodology/approach: The study singles out a core assumption underlying much of the recent literature, calling it the 'Lump of Learning model' of human capital and development, and describes five ways that research has come to challenge that assumption. It assesses the usefulness of that model in the face of accumulating evidence.
Findings: The axioms of the Lump of Learning model have shaped research priorities in this literature, but many of those axioms do not have a clear empirical basis. Future research proceeding from established facts would set different priorities, and would devote more attention to measuring the effects of migration on skilled migrant households, rigorously estimating human capital externalities, gathering microdata beyond censuses, and carefully considering optimal policy - among others.
Originality/value: The recent literature has pursued a series of extensions to the Lump of Learning model. This study urges instead discarding that model, pointing toward a new paradigm for research on skilled migration and development." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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David, Anda & Jean-Noël Senne (2016): A descriptive analysis of immigration to and emigration from the EU. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 184), Paris, 65 S. DOI:10.1787/5jlwxbxvb35j-en

Abstract

"This paper is part of the joint project between the Directorate General for Migration and Home Affairs of the European Commission and the OECD's Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs on 'Review of Labour Migration Policy in Europe'. This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Grant: HOME/2013/EIFX/CA/002 / 30-CE-0615920/00-38 (DI130895) A previous version of this paper was presented and discussed at the OECD Working Party on Migration in June 2015. The paper examines immigration to, and emigration from, the European Union, and compares them with migrant inflows and outflows to other OECD destinations. It investigates how the migrants are distributed in terms of gender, age, education and labour force status, depending on their country of origin as well as of destination. Drawing upon the Database on Immigrants in the OECD countries (DIOC), changes in migration rates and stock are analysed over time, focusing on whether the EU is facing a net gain or loss of skills." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Farchy, Emily (2016): The impact of intra-EU mobility on immigration by third-country foreign workers. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 179), Paris, 49 S. DOI:10.1787/5jlwxbzzbzr5-en

Abstract

"This paper is part of the joint project between the Directorate General for Migration and Home Affairs of the European Commission and the OECD's Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs on 'Review of Labour Migration Policy in Europe'. This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Grant: HOME/2013/EIFX/CA/002 / 30-CE-0615920/00-38 (DI130895) A previous version of this paper (DELSA/ELSA/MI(2015)10) was presented and discussed at the OECD working party on migration in June 2015 This paper examines the impact of the free flow of migrants within the EU on the prospects of labour migrants from third countries - the extent to which free movement migrants and third country migrants are substitutes or complements on the labour market. The first section of this paper looks at the recent trends in migration to the European Union, with a particular focus on trends in the 'big five' recipient countries. The analysis is supplemented by the use of micro data from the EU Labour Force Survey, to examine the extent to which the socio-economic and job characteristics suggest that EU migrants and third country migrants provide a similar labour input. Aggregate migrant flows, however, are driven by both supply and demand factors; a comparison of aggregate trends is therefore insufficient to disentangle the disparate drivers of these trends. A booming economy, for example, will attract labour migrants from both EU and third countries, yet the positive relation between these flows cannot be attributed to a complementarity between these labour inputs but rather to the demand side factors that drive them both. To overcome this endogeneity the second section of this paper utilizes the natural experiment of EU enlargement to isolate the impact of the increased supply of free movement migrants on third country migrant populations. Abstracting in this manner from the economic factors that have played such an important role in determining labour demand in recent years the empirical analysis of this paper identifies a negative impact on the arrivals of third country migrants when labour supply from new EU migrants increases. Furthermore, the lack of identifiable impact on the employment rate of third country migrants is dependent on assumptions regarding the counterfactual employment outcomes of these displaced third country migrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Glorius, Birgit (2016): Gekommen, um zu bleiben? Der Verbleib internationaler Studierender in Deutschland aus einer Lebenslaufperspektive. In: Raumforschung und Raumordnung, Jg. 74, H. 4, S. 361-371. DOI:10.1007/s13147-016-0410-y

Abstract

"Vor dem Hintergrund des demographischen Wandels in Deutschland werden von der Politik seit geraumer Zeit Bemühungen unternommen, den anhaltenden Fachkräftebedarf durch die Attrahierung hochqualifizierter Zuwanderer zu decken. In diesem Kontext wächst auch das Interesse an internationalen Studierenden als potenziellem Fachkräftenachwuchs für den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt. Deutschland ist ein bedeutendes Zielland für internationale Studierende, und die formalen Rahmenbedingungen für einen Verbleib und Arbeitsmarktzugang nach Studienabschluss wurden in den vergangenen Jahren erheblich liberalisiert. Umfrageergebnisse belegen ein großes Interesse internationaler Studierender an einem Verbleib in Deutschland nach dem Studium, doch die verfügbaren Zahlen zeigen, dass die Bleibeintentionen nur teilweise umgesetzt werden. Dieser Diskrepanz wird in dem vorliegenden Beitrag nachgegangen. Anhand einer qualitativen Fallstudie analysiert der Beitrag die Einstellungen, Erfahrungen und Zukunftsvisionen von internationalen Studierenden in Deutschland unter der Perspektive eines möglichen Verbleibs. Eine besondere Konzentration liegt auf der Frage, wie sich die Verbleibs- oder Wanderungsentscheidung als Teil einer biographischen Statuspassage konstituiert, die am Übergang zwischen Studium und Beruf auftritt. Es zeigt sich, dass lebenslaufbezogene Erwägungen und Standortentscheidungen stark ineinander verwoben sind und auf der Basis eines transnationalen Aktionsraums angestellt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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González Pandiella, Alberto (2016): Migration in Ireland. Challenges, opportunities and policies. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1292), Paris, 32 S. DOI:10.1787/5jm0s94jzx5j-en

Abstract

"The Irish labour market is exceptionally open to international migration flows, thus making labour supply highly responsive to changes in cyclical conditions. Immigration provides the skills that the Irish economy needs. The crisis triggered a sharp reversal in migration flows, with immigration suddenly halting and emigration increasing. A large proportion of emigration is highly qualified, as is a high proportion of immigration. This pattern of 'brain exchange' can contribute to reducing skills mismatches, but also raises the challenge of remaining attractive for skilled workers. This paper examines how the crisis has affected migration, how related policies have evolved and proposes avenues to spread the benefits of migration beyond the scope of multinational enterprises, in particular to Irish SMEs. The proportion of Irish-born population living abroad is very large and the paper also analyses what role return migration could play, what policies are in place to maintain links with emigrant's communities abroad and how they can be strengthened. Ireland has recently experienced, for the first time in its history, large-scale immigration. As a result, it currently hosts a large and very heterogeneous immigrant community, with diverging challenges and needs. Getting integration policies right is therefore a complex, but crucial task. The paper identifies what are the key challenges in this area and proposes some avenues to foster the labour market integration of immigrants. Ireland is also starting to experience challenges associated with the integration of second generation immigrants. To respond to those challenges, the paper recommends early action in education and social domains." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Netz, Nicolai & Hendrik Schirmer (2016): Internationale Mobilität von wissenschaftlichem Nachwuchs (Begleitstudie B6). Studien im Rahmen des Bundesberichts Wissenschaftlicher Nachwuchs (BuWiN) 2017. Hannover, 83 S.

Abstract

"Um internationale Mobilität wirkungsvoll und nachhaltig fördern zu können, bedarf es zunächst eines detaillierten Wissens über den Nutzen internationaler Mobilität und die kritischen Mobilitätshindernisse. Außerdem müssen die typischen Formen sowie das Ausmaß internationaler Mobilität und die Ziel- beziehungsweise Herkunftsländer der mobilen Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler untersucht werden. Eine Einschätzung der Attraktivität des deutschen Wissenschaftsstandorts erfordert neben der Betrachtung von Strömen mobiler Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler auch eine Analyse der Motive, die diese zur Abwanderung aus Deutschland beziehungsweise zur Zuwanderung nach Deutschland veranlassen. Schließlich müssen die existierenden Finanzierungsmodelle und Instrumente zur Förderung von internationaler Mobilität untersucht werden.
Durch zahlreiche breit angelegte Monitoring-Studien und fokussierte, theoriegeleitete Studien wurde in den vergangenen Jahren weitreichendes Wissen zur internationalen Mobilität von Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern generiert. Die vorhandenen Erkenntnisse liegen jedoch aktuell nur in fragmentierter Form vor. Vor diesem Hintergrund verfolgt die vorliegende Studie das Ziel, existierende Datenquellen und Studien zu systematisieren, zu beschreiben beziehungsweise zusammenzufassen und zu evaluieren." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Oesingmann, Katrin (2016): Arbeitsmigration aus Drittstaaten nach Deutschland. Ein Überblick über das aktuelle System, Einwandererzahlen und Hauptherkunftsländer. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 69, H. 13, S. 44-48.

Abstract

"Die Förderung der Zuwanderung qualifizierter Arbeitskräfte aus dem Ausland gehört zu den Maßnahmen der westlichen Industrienationen zur Sicherung des Fachkräftebestandes. Bisher zeigt sich jedoch, dass sowohl Deutschland als auch die EU im Vergleich zu anderen Industrienationen insgesamt nicht sehr erfolgreich bei der Anwerbung von (hoch-)qualifizierten Migranten sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Pekkala, Sari, William Kerr, Caglar Özden & Christopher Parsons (2016): Global talent flows. (IZA discussion paper 10328), Bonn, 25 S.

Abstract

"The global distribution of talent is highly skewed and the resources available to countries to develop and utilize their best and brightest vary substantially. The migration of skilled workers across countries tilts the deck even further. Using newly available data, we first review the landscape of global talent mobility, which is both asymmetric and rising in importance. We next consider the determinants of global talent flows at the individual and firm levels and sketch some important implications. Third, we review the national gatekeepers for skilled migration and broad differences in approaches used to select migrants for admission. Looking forward, the capacity of people, firms, and countries to successfully navigate this tangled web of global talent will be critical to their success." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))