Zitatform

Schmölz, Alexander, Karin Gugitscher, David Österle, Alexander Petanovitsch, Veronika Litschel & Roland Löffler (2022): Berufswahl in der Adoleszenz. Projektbericht des Österreichischen Instituts für Berufsbildungsforschung (öibf), Wien. (AMS-Report / Arbeitsmarktservice Österreich 164), Wien, 82 S.

Abstract

"Aus dem einleitenden Teil: "Diese Studie präsentiert die Lebensrealitäten von Jugendlichen in Wien am Übergang von der Schule in den Beruf. Es werden unterschiedliche Aspekte aufgezeigt, die bei der Wahl eines Berufes für diese Jugendlichen ausschlaggebend sind. Dabei wird das Augenmerk vor allem auf chancenbenachteiligte Jugendliche und deren besonderen Herausforderungen und Lebensumstände gelegt. Vorgestellt werden spezifische Ressourcen, die bereitgestellt werden müssen, damit diesen Jugendlichen eine gelingende Berufswahl möglich ist. Auf Basis der im empirischen Teil gewonnenen Ergebnisse werden Ansätze zur Stärkung und zum Empowerment der Jugendlichen entwickelt und zusammengefasst. Neben dem Ziel, eine Ausbildung erfolgreich abzuschließen, zeigt sich, dass es arbeitsmarktpolitisch sinnvoll ist, dass diese Jugendlichen: 1. eine aktiv erworbene berufliche Identität entwickeln; 2. eine aktive Positionierung »Ich will« gegenüber Arbeit einnehmen; 3. eine reflektierte Berufswahl treffen. Um diese Ziele zu erreichen, erweisen sich vor allem humanistische Ansätze der Berufsorientierung, Bildungsberatung und Übergangsbegleitung als wirkmächtig, da sie neben der Begleitung der Berufswahl auch zur Stärkung des Selbstbewusstseins, des Selbstwirkungsgefühls und der Handlungskompetenz des Einzelnen beitragen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Vals, Ona, Franz Astleithner, Brigitte Schels, Susanne Vogl & Raphaela Kogler (2022): Educational and Occupational Aspirations: A Longitudinal Study of Vienna Youth. In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 10, H. 2, S. 226-239., 2022-02-01. DOI:10.17645/si.v10i2.5105

Abstract

"During their transition from lower to upper secondary education, young people make educational and occupational choices driven by their aspirations. Such aspirations are shaped by the individuals’ social environment, their idea of what seems achievable and desirable, and their experiences. Therefore, aspirations can change during the transitional phase. In this article, we explore the development of educational and occupational aspirations of young people over three years. At the start of the study period, the students were attending the lower track in lower secondary education, the so‐called Neue Mittelschule (8th grade), in the city of Vienna in the 2017–2018 academic year. Drawing on the panel survey data (2018–2020) of the Pathways to the Future project, we simultaneously explore stability and change of educational and occupational aspirations. We describe different patterns of change in aspirations and analyse the influence of sociodemographic characteristics and prior achievement on these patterns. Using latent transition analysis, we identify 11 patterns of aspirations with important differences depending on social background. Most of the students have stable aspirations. However, the results show that school performance, migration background, and the level of parental education play important roles in explaining different levels and patterns of aspirations over time. These longitudinal analyses of educational and occupational aspirations provide important insights into the transition process." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © COGITATIO Press) ((en))

Zitatform

(2022): Suchstrategien & Informationsverhalten zum Thema Beruf, Bildung und Arbeitsmarkt - Befragung Jugend (12 bis 24 Jahre). Eine Studie von IPSOS im Auftrag des AMS 2022. (AMS-Arbeitsmarktstrukturbericht), Wien, 90 S.

Abstract

"Jugendliche gelten aus Sicht des AMS als besonders wichtige KundInnengruppe. Ziel/Inhalt: Erhebung von Daten über AMS und BIZ Bekanntheitsgrad, Bekanntheitsgrad der AMS Online Infos, Daten zur Arbeitsmarktsituation aus Sicht der Jugendlichen. Zweck: Informationstransfer in Richtung Aus- und Weiterbildung von BIZ MitarbeiterInnen. Auch bei internen Weiterbildungsveranstaltungen für AMS BeraterInnen werden jene Themenbereiche vorgestellt, die für den Aufbau eines gut funktionierenden Service für jugendliche KundInnen bedeutsam sind. Die Daten werden im jährlichen BIZ Bericht veröffentlicht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bergmann, Nadja, Norbert Lachmayr, Martin Mayerl & Nicolas Pretterhofer (2021): Frauen in technischen Ausbildungen und Berufen. Fokus auf förderliche Ansätze. (AMS-Report / Arbeitsmarktservice Österreich 157/158), Wien, 224 S.

Abstract

"Der ungleiche Anteil an Frauen und Männern in handwerklichen/technischen Berufen ist ein beharrliches Phänomen. Geschlechterstereotype, die geschlechtsbezogene Konnotation von Berufen und Berufsgruppen sowie durch Inszenierung von Geschlechtszugehörigkeit geprägte Arbeitsumfelder stellen immer noch wirkmächtige Barrieren dar, die einem Eintritt in eine Ausbildung oder einen Beruf im handwerklich-technischen Feld von Frauen im Wege stehen. Diese Barrieren haben sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten zwar etwas verschoben, hielten jedoch im Großen und Ganzen den Bemühungen unterschiedlichster AkteurInnen, die um deren Abbau bemüht waren, stand. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat das AMS Oberösterreich eine Studie zur Wirksamkeit bestehender Maßnahmen und Programme zur Förderung von Frauen und Mädchen in technischen Berufen in Auftrag gegeben. Diese Auftragsvergabe hat die vorliegende Studie zum Ergebnis, mit der dem AMS Oberösterreich – und allen anderen interessierten AkteurInnen – eine wissenschaftliche Grundlage zur Bewertung bestehender sowie Entwicklung neuer arbeitsmarktpolitischer Projekte mit dem Ziel der Begeisterung (junger) Frauen für den handwerklichen/technischen Bereich an die Hand gegeben wird. Bei der Erstellung der Studie wurden, im Sinne einer ganzheitlichen Bearbeitung des Themas, möglichst viele AkteurInnengruppen in die Erhebung miteinbezogen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Boar, Corina & Danial Lashkari (2021): Occupational Choice and the Intergenerational Mobility of Welfare. (NBER working paper 29381), Cambridge, Mass, 48 S. DOI:10.3386/w2938

Abstract

"Based on responses in the General Social Survey, we construct an index that captures non-monetary qualities of occupations, such as respect, learning, and work hazards, relevant to the well-being of workers. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, we document that the children of richer US parents are more likely to select into occupations that rank higher in terms of this index. We rationalize this fact by introducing occupational choice with preferences over the intrinsic qualities of occupations into a standard theory of intergenerational mobility. Estimating the model allows us to infer the equivalent monetary compensation each worker receives from the intrinsic qualities of their chosen occupation. Earnings adjusted to reflect this additional compensation show substantially larger persistence of income from parents to children. Our model further predicts that the trends in the composition of labor demand in the US over the past three decades decreased intergenerational persistence, and also led to higher growth in the welfare of the average worker than that implied by observed earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Clark, Andrew E., Maria Cotofan & Richard Layard (2021): The true returns to the choice of occupation and education. (CEP discussion paper 1746), London, 50 S.

Abstract

"Which occupations are best for wellbeing? There is a large literature on earnings differentials, but less attention has been paid to occupational differences in non-pecuniary rewards. However, information on both types of rewards is needed to understand the dispersion of wellbeing across occupations. We analyse subjective wellbeing in a large representative sample of UK workers to construct a measure of "full earnings", the sum of earnings and the value of non-pecuniary rewards, in 90 different occupations. We first find that the dispersion of earnings underestimates the extent of inequality in the labour market: the dispersion of full earnings is one-third larger than the dispersion of earnings. Equally, the gender and ethnic gaps in the labour market are larger than data on earnings alone would suggest, and the true returns to completed secondary education (though not to a degree) are underestimated by earnings differences on their own. Finally, we show that our main results are similar, and stronger, for a representative sample of US workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Covacevich, Catalina, Anthony Mann, Filippo Besa, Jonathan Diaz & Cristina Santos (2021): Thinking about the future. (OECD education working papers 248), Paris, 87 S. DOI:10.1787/02a419de-en

Abstract

"This paper explores how teenage thinking about jobs and careers relates to adulthood labour market outcomes. The OECD working paper Career Ready? How schools can better prepare young people for working life in the era of COVID-19 identifies career certainty, alignment and ambition as relevant indicators related to career thinking. This paper extends analysis of these indicators to new longitudinal datasets from Australia, Denmark, and Switzerland, and incorporates two new indicators, instrumental motivation and career concentration. The findings provide further evidence that teenage career ambition, certainty, alignment, instrumental motivation and broad occupational expectations relate to positive employment outcomes, including in periods of economic turbulence. However, this is not always the case and on some occasions, this association is found only in specific subgroups. Finally, the paper presents evidence from the academic literature, analysis of OECD PISA data and accounts from practitioners, which focus on ways in which schools can foster students’ career thinking." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Yu, Wei-hsin & Janet Chen-Lan Kuo (2021): Gender-Atypical Occupations and Instability of Intimate Unions: Examining the Relationship and Mechanisms. In: Socius, Jg. 7, S. 1-18. DOI:10.1177/23780231211000177

Abstract

"Although social scientists have long been interested in the effects of occupational gender composition on workers, previous research has rarely examined how working in a gender-atypical occupation affects people’s private lives. This study draws on 17 rounds of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to investigate how individuals in occupations with varying gender ratios differ in the stability of their intimate unions. The authors also consider various mechanisms that may explain the link between working in a gender-atypical occupation and union instability. Results from random-effects event-history models show that both men and women in gender-atypical occupations experience faster paces of union dissolution than their counterparts in gender-balanced or gender-typical occupations. Female-dominant occupations’ lower pay accounts for a modest portion of the effect of working in female-typed occupations on men’s union instability. By contrast, the more irregular work schedules of male-typed occupations explain a substantial part of why women in such occupations have lower union stability. The remaining associations between occupational gender composition and union instability, we suggest, reflect the tendency for men and women in gender-atypical occupations to undergo greater psychological strain, which in turn increases the difficulty of maintaining intimate relationships." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Arcidiacono, Peter, V. Joseph Hotz, Arnaud Maurel & Teresa Romano (2020): Ex Ante Returns and Occupational Choice. In: Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 128, H. 12, S. 4475-4522. DOI:10.1086/710559

Abstract

"Using data from Duke undergraduates, we make three main contributions to the literature. First, we show data on earnings beliefs and probabilities of choosing particular occupations are highly informative of future earnings and occupations. Second, we show how beliefs data can be used to recover ex ante treatment effects and their relationship with individual choices. We find large differences in expected earnings across occupations, and provide evidence of sorting on expected gains. Finally, non-pecuniary factors play an important role, with a sizable share of individuals willing to give up substantial amounts of earnings by not choosing their highest paying occupation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Burbano, Vanessa, Nicolas Padilla & Stephan Meier (2020): Gender Differences in Preferences for Meaning at Work. (IZA discussion paper 13053), Bonn, 49 S.

Abstract

"In an effort to better understand occupational segregation by gender, scholars have begun to examine gender differences in preferences for job characteristics. We contend that a critical job characteristic has been overlooked to date: meaning at work; and in particular, meaning at work induced by job mission. We provide empirical evidence of the importance of gender differences in preferences for meaning at work using mixed methods. First, we demonstrate the universality of gender differences in preferences for meaning at work using a cross-country survey covering individuals in 47 countries. We show that these differences become more pronounced with greater levels of education and economic development, suggesting that their importance is likely to increase over time. To address potential social desirability bias in responses about job preferences and to examine whether differences in preferences translate into differences in important behavioral outcomes, we next conduct a conjoint analysis of a cohort of MBA students at a top US university and track their behavior over two years. We show show that preferences for meaning at work, particularly meaning induced by job mission, explain gender differences in not only types of courses taken, but also job industry placement during and after the MBA, thus helping to explain the under-representation of females in higher-paying industries. Overall, this research establishes that men and women differ in their preferences for meaning at work, with important implications for our understanding of the drivers of occupational segregation and of the consequences of corporate mission and purpose." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gicheva, Dora (2020): Occupational social value and returns to long hours. In: Economica, Jg. 87, H. 347, S. 682-712. DOI:10.1111/ecca.12322

Abstract

"This paper examines the phenomenon of uncompensated long hours in jobs with pro-social characteristics and presents evidence that long-hour wage premiums and occupational social value are substitutes in compensating salaried workers who supply hours exceeding the standard working week. I show that the social value of an occupation - in particular the degree to which jobs involve helping or providing service to others - is inversely related to long-hour pay. Allowing for heterogeneity in the degree to which workers value their job's helping orientation lets me explore how gender differences in employees' attitudes toward pro-social behaviour can explain some of the observed occupational sorting trends and gender differences in long-hour compensation. Women tend to be more strongly drawn to 'helping' occupations and at the same time receive lower long-hour premiums in these jobs relative to men. I offer a theoretical framework to rationalize the empirical trends." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Lesner, Rune V. (2020): Labor market sorting on personality traits and the gender wage gap. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 27, H. 11, S. 940-944. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2019.1646867

Abstract

"Gender sorting in the labor market can explain a major part of the gender wage gap. This paper documents the association between the gender wage gap and labor market sorting into jobs characterized by their requirements to personality traits. Two thirds of the Danish gender wage gap from 2008 to 2015 explained by occupational sorting can be explained by characterizing occupations by their requirements to personality traits. This amounts to around a quarter of the gender wage gap explained by these nonpecuniary occupational characteristics. In particular, men are awarded for working in jobs that require higher levels of disagreeableness" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Päßler, Katja & Benedikt Hell (2020): Stability and change in vocational interests from late childhood to early adolescence. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 121. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103462

Abstract

"This study examines the age and gender specific development of vocational interest across a three-year span with a sample of 541 students. At time of the first measurement, students were in fourth to sixth grade (mean age = 10.8 years; SD = 1.00) and 48.8% were girls. Results from the multilevel growth curve models showed that Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, and Social interests declined over time, while Enterprising and Conventional interests remained stable. Thus, our findings suggest that the disruption hypothesis, which assumes that the fundamental biological, psychological and social changes in the transition from childhood to adolescence are associated with a temporary decline in certain personality traits, can be extended to vocational interests. Although our analyses revealed gender differences on initial status for all RIASEC scales, there was no significant evidence for gender differences in interest development over time. Gender based differences in children were found to be smaller than those found in adolescents and adults. Contrary to our expectations, girls reported higher Investigative interests than boys. Analyses of profile elevation and differentiation revealed a decline of profile elevation but no concurrent increase in profile differentiation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

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Todd, Petra E. & Weilong Zhang (2020): A dynamic model of personality, schooling, and occupational choice. In: Quantitative Economics, Jg. 11, H. 1, S. 231-275. DOI:10.3982/QE890

Abstract

"This paper develops a dynamic model of schooling and occupational choices that incorporates personality traits, as measured by the "big Five" traits. The model is estimated using the HILDA dataset from Australia. Personality traits are found to play an important role in explaining education and occupation choices over the lifecycle. Results show that individuals with a comparative advantage in schooling and white-collar work have, on average, higher cognitive skills and higher personality trait scores. Allowing personality traits to evolve with age and with schooling proves to be important to capturing the heterogeneity in how people respond to educational policies. The estimated model is used to evaluate two education policies: compulsory senior secondary school and a 50% college tuition subsidy. Both policies increase educational attainment and also affect personality traits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Blair, Peter Q. & Bobby W. Chung (2019): How much of barrier to entry is occupational licensing? In: BJIR, Jg. 57, H. 4, S. 919-943. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12470

Abstract

"We exploit state variation in licensing laws to study the effect of licensing on occupational choice using a boundary discontinuity design. We find that licensing reduces equilibrium labour supply by an average of 17-27 per cent." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Bol, Thijs, Christina Ciocca Eller, Herman G. van de Werfhorst & Thomas A. DiPrete (2019): School-to-work linkages, educational mismatches, and labor market outcomes. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 84, H. 2, S. 275-307. DOI:10.1177/0003122419836081

Abstract

"A recurring question in public and scientific debates is whether occupation-specific skills enhance labor market outcomes. Is it beneficial to have an educational degree that is linked to only one or a small set of occupations? To answer this question, we generalize existing models of the effects of (mis)match between education and occupation on labor market outcomes. Specifically, we incorporate the structural effects of linkage strength between school and work, which vary considerably across industrialized countries. In an analysis of France, Germany, and the United States, we find that workers have higher earnings when they are in occupations that match their educational level and field of study, but the size of this earnings boost depends on the clarity and strength of the pathway between their educational credential and the labor market. The earnings premium associated with a good occupational match is larger in countries where the credential has a stronger link to the labor market, but the penalty for a mismatch is also greater in such countries. Moreover, strong linkage reduces unemployment risk. These findings add nuance to often-made arguments that countries with loosely structured educational systems have more flexible labor markets and produce better labor market outcomes for workers. An institutional environment that promotes strong school-to-work pathways appears to be an effective strategy for providing workers with secure, well-paying jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chen, Liwen, John Gordanier & Orgul Ozturk (2019): Task followers and labor market outcomes. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 181-201. DOI:10.1007/s12122-019-9282-6

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Dreisiebner, Gernot (2019): Berufsfindungsprozesse von Jugendlichen. Eine qualitativ-rekonstruktive Studie. (Economics Education und Human Resource Management), Wiesbaden: Springer, 459 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-27283-8

Abstract

"Im Mittelpunkt des in diesem Band dargestellten Forschungsvorhabens steht die leitende Fragestellung, welche Orientierungsmuster den Berufsfindungsprozessen von angehenden Lehrlingen mit geschlechts(un)typischen Berufswünschen zugrunde liegen. Unter Rückgriff auf ein qualitativ-rekonstruktives Forschungsdesign werden vier Typen von Berufsfindungsprozessen abgeleitet, welche sich hinsichtlich der Berufswerte, des Ausmaßes an Selbst- und Fremdbestimmung sowie der handlungsleitenden Intention der Jugendlichen unterscheiden. Lediglich Jugendliche vom Typ I (u.a. durch ein hohes Maß an Selbstbestimmung charakterisiert) waren in der Lage, einen geschlechtsuntypischen Berufswunsch zu verwirklichen." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Harris, Matthew C. (2019): The impact of body weight on occupational mobility and career development. In: International Economic Review, Jg. 60, H. 2, S. 631-660. DOI:10.1111/iere.12364

Abstract

"This article examines the relationship between individuals' weight and employment decisions over the life cycle. I estimate a dynamic stochastic model of individuals' annual choices of occupation, hours worked, and schooling. Evidence suggests that heavier individuals face higher switching costs when transitioning into white-collar occupations, earn lower returns to experience in white-collar occupations, and earn lower wages in socially intensive jobs. I simulate a hypothetical antidiscrimination policy treating obese workers as a protected class. Although such a policy would reduce gaps in occupational attainment, it would have little effect on the observed divergence in wages between obese and nonobese workers." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Keller, Elisa (2019): Labor supply and gender differences in occupational choice. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 115, H. June, S. 221-241. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2019.03.002

Abstract

"This paper uses data on the task content of occupations to study the role of labor supply in occupational choice. In 1970, married women were less likely to choose occupations characterized by analytically intensive tasks than were men. By 2010, gender differences in occupational choice had narrowed significantly. I use the Dictionary of Occupational Titles to measure the value of skill in an occupation and find an increase in this value with the analytical intensity of occupational tasks. I argue that, as a significant part of skill is accumulated on the job, sources that encourage women to commit to market work contributed to the gender convergence in occupational choice. A quantitative exercise measures that labor-saving technical change in the household sector, occupation-biased technical change in final good production, declining gender gaps in wages and schooling account for 58% of the gender convergence in occupational choice, via the labor supply channel." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))

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Marciniak, Julian, Rebekka Steiner & Andreas Hirschi (2019): Berufswahlbereitschaft bei Jugendlichen - Welche Faktoren sind für eine erfolgreiche Berufswahl wichtig? In: Berufsbildung in Wissenschaft und Praxis, Jg. 48, H. 1, S. 6-9.

Abstract

"Zur Frage, welche Faktoren für eine gelingende Berufswahl wichtig sind, sind zahlreiche wissenschaftliche Konstrukte entwickelt worden. Der Beitrag gibt aus Sicht der Laufbahnforschung eine Übersicht über diese Konstrukte sowie das integrative Konstrukt 'Berufswahlbereitschaft', das die Kernelemente der bisherigen Konstrukte verbindet. Zur Messung wird der Karriere-Ressourcen-Fragebogen für Jugendliche präsentiert, der es ermöglicht, alle Kernbereiche der Berufswahlbereitschaft effizient zu erfassen. Weiterhin wird erläutert, wie das vorgestellte Messinstrument in der Praxis verwendet werden kann. Abschließend werden erste Befunde aus einem größeren Forschungsprojekt in der Schweiz zur Entwicklung der Berufswahlbereitschaft vorgestellt." (Autorenreferat)

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Baker, Rachel, Eric Bettinger, Brian Jacob & Ioana Marinescu (2018): The effect of labor market information on community college students' major choice. In: Economics of education review, Jg. 65, H. August, S. 18-30. DOI:10.1016/j.econedurev.2018.05.005

Abstract

"An important goal of community colleges is to prepare students for the labor market. But are students aware of the labor market outcomes in different majors? And how much do students weigh labor market outcomes when choosing a major? In this study we find that less than 15% of a sample of community college students in California rank broad categories of majors accurately in terms of labor market outcomes. Students believe that salaries are 13% higher than they actually are, on average, and students underestimate the probability of being employed by almost 25%. We find that the main determinants of major choice are beliefs about course enjoyment and grades, but expected labor market outcomes also matter. Experimental estimates of the impact of expected labor market outcomes are larger than OLS estimates and show that a 10% increase in salary is associated with a 14 to 18% increase in the probability of choosing a specific category of majors." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Belzil, Christian & François Poinas (2018): Estimating a model of qualitative and quantitative education choices in France. (IZA discussion paper 11433), Bonn, 42 S.

Abstract

"We estimate a structural model of education choices in which individuals choose between a professional (or technical) and a general track at both high school and university levels using French panel data (Génération 98). The average per-period utility of attending general high school (about 10,000 euros per year) is 20% higher than that of professional high school (about 8000 euros per year). About 64% of total higher education enrollments are explained by this differential. At the same time, professional high school graduates would earn 5% to 6% more than general high school graduates if they both entered the labor market around age 18. The return to post-high school general education is highly convex (as in the US) and is reaped mostly toward the end of the higher education curriculum. Public policies targeting an increase in professional high school enrollments of 10 percentage points would require a subsidy of 300 euros per year of professional high school." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Blair, Peter Q. & Bobby W. Chung (2018): How much of barrier to entry is occupational licensing? (NBER working paper 25262), Cambrige, Mass., 35 S. DOI:10.3386/w25262

Abstract

"We exploit state variation in licensing laws to study the effect of licensing on occupational choice using a boundary discontinuity design. We find that licensing reduces equilibrium labor supply by an average of 17%-27%. The negative labor supply effects of licensing appear to be strongest for white workers and comparatively weaker for black workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brenøe, Anne Ardila (2018): Origins of gender norms. Sibling gender composition and women's choice of occupation and partner. (IZA discussion paper 11692), Bonn, 65 S.

Abstract

"I examine how one central aspect of the childhood family environment - sibling gender composition - affects women's gender conformity, measured through their choice of occupation and partner. Using Danish administrative data, I causally estimate the effect of having a second-born brother relative to a sister for first-born women. The results show that women with a brother acquire more traditional gender norms with negative consequences for their labor earnings. I provide evidence of increased gender-specialized parenting in families with mixed-sex children, suggesting a stronger transmission of traditional gender norms. Finally, I find indications of persistent effects to the next generation of girls." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cook, Julia Anne (2018): Gendered expectations of the biographical and social future. Young adults' approaches to short and long-term thinking. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 21, H. 10, S. 1376-1391. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2018.1468875

Abstract

"Numerous studies have found that although young adults are arguably less constrained by gendered norms and expectations than previous generations, they have nevertheless continued to imagine their biographical futures in highly gendered ways. In this paper I draw on an analysis of 28 in-depth interviews in which 16 women and 12 men (aged 18-34) were asked to discuss their expectations for both the biographical and social future. The results of this study largely confirm the findings of previous scholarship, with young women often viewing childbearing and caring responsibilities as compulsory, while young men largely viewed these commitments as complementary to their chosen careers. This paper extends existing findings in this area by examining, firstly, whether these perceptions of the biographical future are mirrored in the participants' views of the long-term, social future, and secondly, what implications such views may have when they are extended into this register. In so doing it ultimately finds that the gender norms that shape young adults' expectations for their own futures are echoed in their outlooks upon the social future." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dell'Era, Michele, Luca David Opromolla & Luís Santos-Pinto (2018): A general equilibrium theory of occupational choice under optimistic beliefs about entrepreneurial ability. (CESifo working paper 7300), München, 43 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the impact of optimism on occupational choice using a general equilibrium framework. The model shows that optimism has four main qualitative effects: it leads to a misallocation of talent, drives up input prices, raises the number of entrepreneurs, and makes entrepreneurs worse off. We calibrate the model to match U.S. manufacturing data. This allows us to make quantitative predictions regarding the impact of optimism on occupational choice, input prices, the returns to entrepreneurship, and output. The calibration shows that optimism can explain the empirical puzzle of the low mean returns to entrepreneurship compared to average wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gaspani, Fabio (2018): Young-adults NEET in Italy. Orientations and strategies toward the future. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 38, H. 1/2, S. 150-164. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-04-2017-0038

Abstract

"Purpose
The article examines the relation with the future of young-adults NEET (Not in Education, Employment or Training) in Italy. The study of temporal experiences allows to understand how subjects represent their own condition and construct their biographies in an age of uncertainty.
Design/methodology/approach
The study follows a qualitative approach to allow participants to express their own experiences and representations through narratives. The twelve cases considered are illustrative of the different orientations detected in the group of thirty-six young people involved in the research.
Findings
Young-adults NEET have problems in acquiring a recognised social status and in designing future orientations. The difficulties to project themselves in time hinder the attainment of a sense of biographical continuity as well as the process of identity construction, which tends to be increasingly detached from the planning sphere.
Originality/value
The study adds to the literature on the issue of young people NEET, contributing to differentiate the social conditions of this group by referring to their experiences, social belongings and resources. The analysis sheds new light on the agency of young people, that conceive biographical strategies in relation to the scenarios they envisage." (Author's abstract, 䗏 Emerald Group) ((en))

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Lang, Kevin & Maria Dolores Palacios (2018): The determinants of teachers' occupational choice. (NBER working paper 24883), Cambrige, Mass., 36 S. DOI:10.3386/w24883

Abstract

"Among college graduates, teachers have both low average AFQT and high average risk aversion, perhaps because the compression of earnings within teaching attracts relatively risk-averse individuals. Using a dynamic optimization model with unobserved heterogeneity, we show that were it possible to make teacher compensation mimic the return to skills and riskiness of the non-teaching sector, overall compensation in teaching would increase. Moreover, this would make many current teachers substantially worse off, making reform challenging. Importantly, our conclusions are sensitive to the degree of heterogeneity for which we allow. Since even a model with no unobserved heterogeneity fits well within sample, one could easily conclude that allowing for two or three types fits the data adequately. Formal methods reject this conclusion. The BIC favors seven types. Ranking models using cross-validation, nine types is better although the improvements of going from six to seven, from seven to eight and from eight to nine types are noticeably smaller than those from adding an additional type to a lower base." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lawson, Katie M. (2018): Mechanisms underlying parent-child occupational consistency. A critical review. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 272-291. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2017.1284761

Abstract

"Parents' and children's occupations are often similar on a variety of dimensions, including income, gender typicality, and Holland's job types [Whiston, S. C., & Keller, B. K. (2004). The influences of the family of origin on career development: A review and analysis. The Counseling Psychologist, 32, 493 - 568]. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not well understood, limiting both research and application to real-world contexts such as career counseling settings. The present article has three main goals: (1) To critically examine individual mechanisms underlying parent - child occupational consistency; (2) To propose a multiple mechanisms model that accounts for the limitations and assumptions of individual mechanisms; and (3) To propose future research directions while critically examining implicit assumptions of past research and research methodology. By addressing these goals, this paper has the potential to inform future research on parent - child occupational consistency and vocational intervention efforts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lee, Jing Young (2018): The upward trend in women's college-going. The role of teenagers' anticipated future labour force attachment. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 50, H. 30, S. 3271-3284. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2017.1420888

Abstract

"This article focuses on the role of teenagers' anticipated labour force participation in explaining the upward trend in U.S. women's college-going. A simple conceptual model implies that individuals with more anticipated lifetime hours of work are more likely to invest in college education. My analysis using data from three National Longitudinal Surveys supports the theoretical implication. This finding, combined with the trend towards higher work expectations of young women across birth cohorts, may account in part for the upward trends in women's college attendance and completion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Magnusson, Charlotta & Magnus Nermo (2018): From childhood to young adulthood. The importance of self-esteem during childhood for occupational achievements among young men and women. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 21, H. 10, S. 1392-1410. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2018.1468876

Abstract

"This study investigates the impact of self-esteem during childhood on men's and women's occupational prestige in young adulthood. By combining first-hand information from parents in the Swedish Level-of-Living surveys (LNU) 2000 and their children in the Child-LNU in 2000 and the follow-up study in LNU-2010, we are able to assess how self-esteem during adolescence is related to occupational prestige in adulthood. Multivariate analyses were used to determine whether associations between self-esteem (global and domain-specific) in childhood (aged 10 - 18 years) and occupational prestige in young adulthood (aged 20 - 28) exist and, if so, what the magnitudes of these associations are for each respective gender.
For women, there is a positive association between confidence in mathematics and prestige, even when accounting for actual math grades. Global self-esteem is positively related to later occupational prestige as well. For men, self-esteem is unrelated to occupational prestige. Only actual performance in mathematics is important for men's occupational achievements.
These results indicate the importance of taking gender differences into account when investigating how self-esteem is related to outcomes in young adulthood. A possible implication is the importance of focusing on the development of self-esteem among children, particularly girls, in school." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Oinonen, Eriikka (2018): Under pressure to become: from a student to entrepreneurial self. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 21, H. 10, S. 1344-1360. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2018.1468022

Abstract

"This paper discusses how entrepreneurial discourse and the idea of the entrepreneurial self are internalised by university students, and how this affects thoughts about the education-work transition, as well as students' ideas and feelings about their future. The data was gathered through visual and narrative methods, composed of reflection texts attached to pictures and empathy-based-stories written by students about to graduate from BA and MA programmes in the social sciences, humanities, business, and administration at the University of Tampere (Finland) and University of Barcelona (Spain). The data-driven analysis reveals that university students have internalised the entrepreneurial ethos but not uncritically. They question the economy-based, work-oriented entrepreneurial self -discourse. Work and income are no longer trusted as grounds for a good life. Although students wish for steady income from a permanent job, they are very aware of the erratic reality. Consequently, they aspire for a balance between work and life. They emphasise rootedness to a place and physically close social relationships as the resources to cope with the uncertainties in working life and society, and as the most important components for a good life. Perhaps the students are in the process of updating the components for a good life to better match with the current reality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Plug, Erik, Bas van der Klaauw & Lennart Ziegler (2018): Do parental networks pay off? Linking children's labor-market outcomes to their parents' friends. In: The Scandinavian journal of economics, Jg. 120, H. 1, S. 268-295. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12227

Abstract

"In this paper, we examine whether children are better off if their parents have more elaborate social networks. Using data on high-school friendships of parents, we analyze whether the number and characteristics of friends affect the labor-market outcomes of children. While parental friendships formed in high school appear long lasting, we find no significant impact on their children's occupational choices and earnings prospects. These results do not change when we account for network endogeneity, network persistency, and network measurement error. Only when children enter the labor market do friends of parents have a marginally significant but small influence on their occupational choice." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Rönnlund, Maria, Per-Åke Rosvall & Monica Johansson (2018): Vocational or academic track? Study and career plans among Swedish students living in rural areas. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 360-375. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2017.1380303

Abstract

"This ethnographic study explores how rural lower secondary school students reflect on study and career choices, focusing on the choice between vocational and academic upper secondary programs. Applying a spatial perspective, we analyze individual students' reflections about study and career choices within a variety of rural regions, and compare patterns in the regions. The results indicate complex interactions between structural factors and individual dispositions. In places where education levels were low and the local labor market predominantly offered unskilled manual and service work, there was a stronger tendency to choose vocational programs than in places with higher education levels and access to a more varied labor market. Likewise, there was an association between strongly gendered labor markets and gender-typical choices. However, individual students positioned themselves actively in relation to the local place, its local labor market and social relations; their choices were place-bound to varying degrees, and chose upper secondary programs and presented ideas about prospective careers that were harmonious with the local labor market in some cases, but discordant in other cases. The results are discussed in the framework of individuals' horizon for actions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Charles, Maria (2017): Venus, Mars, and Math: Gender, Societal Affluence, and Eighth Graders' Aspirations for STEM. In: Socius, Jg. 3, S. 1-16. DOI:10.1177/2378023117697179

Abstract

"The author explores how the gender gap in aspirations for scientific, technical, engineering, and mathematical (STEM) work changes with societal affluence. Over-time data on cohorts of eighth graders in 32 countries reveal that aspirations for mathematically related work become more gender differentiated as societal affluence grows. This relationship holds controlling for students' social class backgrounds, mathematical achievement, and affinity for school, and it is not explained by cross-national differences in the economic integration of women, gender stereotyping of science, or Internet access. Observed patterns of gender segregation reflect more than just women's greater freedom to indulge tastes for non-STEM work in affluent societies; tastes are themselves more gendered in these contexts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Konon, Alexander & Alexander Kritikos (2017): Media and occupational choice. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1683), Berlin, 46 S.

Abstract

"We address the question of whether media influences occupational choices. To theoretically examine media effects, we construct a dynamic Bayesian occupational choice model with sequential decisions under ambiguity due to imperfect information. We show that sufficiently intensive positive media articles and reports about entrepreneurship increase the probability of self-employment and decrease the probability of wage work. To test our model, we use an instrumental variable approach to identify causal media effects using US micro data and a country-level macro panel with two different media variables. We find that an increase in positive media articles and reports about entrepreneurs generates effects on choice probabilities that are consistent with our model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mansour, Fady (2017): Does employment during adolescence reduce adult welfare participation? In: Australian Journal of Labour Economics, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 199-227.

Abstract

"This study is the first to use welfare participation to investigate the impact of working during adolescence on outcomes later in life. I use National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1979 data to investigate the impact of early-life employment on both the welfare payment and probability of welfare participation in the respondents' 20s and 30s. I use a variety of model specifications, including random effect and Heckman selection models, to check the robustness of the results. The study shows that the impact is generated mainly from the hours worked during the ages of 17, 18 and 19. Working one extra full-time week per year between the ages of 17 and 19 reduces the probability of receiving welfare in the 20s by 8.2 per cent (2.5 percentage points) for females and 10.9 per cent (2 percentage points) for males." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sinche, Melanie, Rebekah L. Layton, Patrick D. Brandt, Anna B. O'Connell, Joshua D. Hall, Ashalla M. Freeman, Jessica R. Harrell, Jeanette Gowen Cook & Patrick J. Brennwald (2017): An evidence-based evaluation of transferrable skills and job satisfaction for science PhDs. In: PLoS one, Jg. 12, H. 9, S. 1-16. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0185023

Abstract

"PhD recipients acquire discipline-specific knowledge and a range of relevant skills during their training in the life sciences, physical sciences, computational sciences, social sciences, and engineering. Empirically testing the applicability of these skills to various careers held by graduates will help assess the value of current training models. This report details results of an Internet survey of science PhDs (n = 8099) who provided ratings for fifteen transferrable skills. Indeed, analyses indicated that doctoral training develops these transferrable skills, crucial to success in a wide range of careers including research-intensive (RI) and non-research-intensive (NRI) careers. Notably, the vast majority of skills were transferrable across both RI and NRI careers, with the exception of three skills that favored RI careers (creativity/innovative thinking, career planning and awareness skills, and ability to work with people outside the organization) and three skills that favored NRI careers (time management, ability to learn quickly, ability to manage a project). High overall rankings suggested that graduate training imparted transferrable skills broadly. Nonetheless, we identified gaps between career skills needed and skills developed in PhD training that suggest potential areas for improvement in graduate training. Therefore, we suggest that a two-pronged approach is crucial to maximizing existing career opportunities for PhDs and developing a career-conscious training model: 1) encouraging trainees to recognize their existing individual skill sets, and 2) increasing resources and programmatic interventions at the institutional level to address skill gaps. Lastly, comparison of job satisfaction ratings between PhD-trained employees in both career categories indicated that those in NRI career paths were just as satisfied in their work as their RI counterparts. We conclude that PhD training prepares graduates for a broad range of satisfying careers, potentially more than trainees and program leaders currently appreciate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hunter, Alison & Raewyn Boersen (2016): Attracting girls to a career in programming. A New Zealand investigation. In: International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, Jg. 8, H. 3, S. 338-359.

Abstract

"Various interventions to attract girls into computing careers have been instigated around the world in recent years. There have also been many efforts to understand factors influencing girls' career choices, and several career choice models have been developed.
This pilot study investigated the career preferences of teenage girls who participated in a New Zealand-based intervention: the Programming Challenge 4 Girls. Results revealed three sociability needs as the girls' primary factors influencing career choice. The girls wanted a career that will allow them to engage socially, with a sense of fun, and in a 'cool' environment.
The study also investigated sources of information about programming careers. Most girls did not know where to seek programming career information and their parents and career advisors were found to need more knowledge about IT careers. A government careers website was unsatisfactory with respect to teenage girls' preferences, whereas an industry-based programme partially addressed girls' needs. The paper distinguishes between formal and informal sources of programming career information and proposes a modification to a widely-cited model of girls' career choices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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McDaniel, Anne (2016): The role of cultural contexts in explaining cross-national gender gaps in stem expectations. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 32, H. 1, S. 122-133. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcv078

Abstract

"In recent decades, women have made impressive inroads in education and the labour market in most countries; yet, they often remain under-represented in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) professions. One way to understand women's under-representation in STEM is to examine how boys and girls develop their career expectations during adolescence, as this is a critical time when individuals begin to plan their futures. Prior cross-national research finds that gender stratification in education, work, and politics in a country affects the size of male-favourable gender gaps on math and science achievement tests for adolescents. Countries with more gender equality have smaller gender gaps in math and science. But, it is unknown how gender stratification or cultural ideologies impact the development of boys' and girls' STEM career expectations. Do countries with less gender equality have smaller male-favourable gender gaps in STEM career expectations? Do countries with less gender egalitarian have larger male-favourable gender gaps in STEM career expectations? Using data on student's occupational expectations from the 2006 Program for International Student Assessment and data on country-level gender stratification and genderegalitarian ideologies from the World Bank and European Values Survey, I study the gender gap in 15-year- olds' expectations to enter a STEM career across 24 countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dobbie, Will & Roland G. Fryer Jr. (2015): The impact of voluntary youth service on future outcomes. Evidence from teach for America. In: The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, Jg. 15, H. 3, S. 1031-1065.

Abstract

"This paper provides causal estimates of the impact of service programs on those who serve, using data from a web-based survey of former Teach For America (TFA) applicants. We estimate the effect of voluntary youth service using a discontinuity in the TFA application process. Participating in TFA increases racial tolerance, makes individuals more optimistic about the life prospects of poor children, and makes them more likely to work in education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Faulstich-Wieland, Hannelore (Hrsg.) (2015): Berufsorientierung und Geschlecht. (Veröffentlichungen der Max-Traeger-Stiftung 50), Weinheim: Beltz Juventa, 188 S.

Abstract

"Die Beiträge des Bandes beleuchten geschlechtsuntypische Berufs- und Studienwahlen aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven und bieten empirische Erkenntnisse sowie praktische Hinweise für die Genderrelevanz des Berufsorientierungsprozesses.
Hinsichtlich der seit Jahrzehnten erfolgenden Anstrengungen in Bezug auf eine Erweiterung des geschlechterstereotyp eingeschränkten Berufswahlspektrums sind bislang nur geringe Erfolge zu erkennen. Koordinierte Forschungsanstrengungen sind erforderlich, um die Frage zu beantworten, wie eine Verbreiterung der Interessen und die Öffnung des Berufswahlspektrums für Mädchen und Jungen nachhaltig(er) als bisher erfolgen kann. Im vorliegenden Band werden Ergebnisse von Studien aus der Schweiz und aus Deutschland vorgestellt, die Erkenntnisse und damit zugleich Bausteine für eine geschlechtersensible Berufsorientierung liefern können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Inhalt:
Hannelore Faulstich-Wieland: Berufsorientierung und Geschlecht. Eine Einleitung (7-22);
Nina Wehner, Karin Schwiter, Sandra Hupka-Brunner, Andrea Maihofer: Geschlechterungleichheiten in Ausbildungs- und Berufsverläufen junger Erwachsener in der Schweiz. Ergebnisse aus einer Mixed-Methods-Studie ( 23-38);
Elena Makarova, Belinda Aeschlimann, Walter Herzog: Wenn Frauen in MINT-Studiengängen fehlen: Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlicher Unterricht und die Studienwahl junger Frauen ( 39-57);
Barbara Scholand unter Mitarbeit von Vanessa Carroccia: Undoing Circumscription? Berufsbezogene Interessen und Kenntnisse von Schülerinnen und Schülern im 8. Jahrgang (58-84);
Hannelore Faulstich-Wieland: Auszubildende in geschlechtsuntypischen Berufen (85-114);
Sylvia Rahn, Emanuel Hartkopf: Geschlechtsuntypische Berufswahlen. Beobachtungen aus dem Berufsorientierungspanel (115-132);
Hannelore Faulstich-Wieland, Barbara Scholand: Rahmenbedingungen und Umsetzung der schulischen Berufsorientierung in Hamburg. Welche Rolle spielt "Geschlecht"? (133-146);
Tatjana Beer: Filme über Berufe mit ausgewogenem Geschlechterverhältnis. Präsentationen von vielfältigen Geschlechterbildern? (147-163);
Bärbel Kracke, Katja Driesel-Lange: Gendersensibilität in der Berufsorientierung durch Individualisierung (164-185).

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Gerhards, Jürgen & Boróka Németh (2015): Ökonomisches Kapital der Eltern und Medizinstudium im Ausland. Wie Europäisierungs- und Globalisierungsprozesse die Reproduktion sozialer Ungleichheiten verändern. In: Berliner Journal für Soziologie, Jg. 25, H. 3, S. 283-301. DOI:10.1007/s11609-015-0290-y

Abstract

"Die europaweite Anerkennung von Studienabschlüssen hat zur Gründung von medizinischen Fakultäten vor allem in Mittel- und Osteuropa geführt, die ein Studium in Deutsch oder Englisch anbieten und Studierende aus den wohlhabenden Ländern der EU und vor allem aus Deutschland anziehen. Im Unterschied zu einem Studium der Medizin in Deutschland ist der Zugang zu diesen Universitäten nicht von der Abiturnote abhängig, sondern von der Fähigkeit, hohe Studiengebühren bezahlen zu können. Der Artikel vergleicht den sozialen Hintergrund von deutschen Medizinstudierenden in Deutschland mit dem von deutschen Studierenden in Ungarn. Der Vergleich zeigt, dass der Studierendenanteil aus höheren sozialen Klassen in Ungarn deutlich größer ist als in Deutschland. Das Studium in Ungarn dient vor allem der unmittelbaren Reproduktion des Berufes der Eltern, da viele der Eltern der deutschen Studierenden in Ungarn selbst den Arztberuf ausüben. Das Beispiel illustriert, wie Europäisierungs- und Globalisierungsprozesse die Möglichkeiten der Reproduktion sozialer Ungleichheit verändern. Es sind vor allem die oberen Klassen, die von der nationalstaatlichen Öffnung profitieren." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Häfeli, Kurt, Markus P. Neuenschwander & Stephan Schumann (Hrsg.) (2015): Berufliche Passagen im Lebenslauf. Berufsbildungs- und Transitionsforschung in der Schweiz. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 339 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-10094-0

Abstract

"Am Übergang von der Schule in den Beruf werden wichtige Weichen gestellt, die den weiteren Lebenslauf eines Menschen vorbereiten. Dazu werden in diesem Band neue Ergebnisse der vielfältigen Transitionsforschung aus der ganzen Schweiz vorgestellt, die sich an verschiedenen Disziplinen wie der Psychologie, Soziologie, Erziehungswissenschaften oder Bildungsökonomie orientieren. Dafür werden theoretische Grundlagen und empirische Evidenzen für die Analyse und Steuerung bedeutsamer Passagen im Lebenslauf entwickelt. Soweit möglich werden auch Handlungsempfehlungen für die Akteure der Berufsbildung in der Schweiz diskutiert, die zugleich auch in anderen Ländern von Interesse sein dürften." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Lawson, Katie M., Ann C. Crouter & Susan M. McHale (2015): Links between family gender socialization experiences in childhood and gendered occupational attainment in young adulthood. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 90, H. October, S. 26-35. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2015.07.003

Abstract

"Gendered occupational segregation remains prevalent across the world. Although research has examined factors contributing to the low number of women in male-typed occupations - namely science, technology, engineering, and math - little longitudinal research has examined the role of childhood experiences in both young women's and men's later gendered occupational attainment. This study addressed this gap in the literature by examining family gender socialization experiences in middle childhood - namely parents' attitudes and work and family life - as contributors to the gender typicality of occupational attainment in young adulthood. Using data collected from mothers, fathers, and children over approximately 15 years, the results revealed that the associations between childhood socialization experiences (~ 10 years old) and occupational attainment (~ 26 years old) depended on the sex of the child. For sons but not daughters, mothers' more traditional attitudes toward women's roles predicted attaining more gender-typed occupations. In addition, spending more time with fathers in childhood predicted daughters attaining less and sons acquiring more gender-typed occupations in young adulthood. Overall, evidence supports the idea that childhood socialization experiences help to shape individuals' career attainment and thus contribute to gender segregation in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lee, Bora, Katie M. Lawson & Susan M. McHale (2015): Longitudinal associations between gender-typed skills and interests and their links to occupational outcomes. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 88, H. June, S. 121-130. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2015.02.011

Abstract

"Although gender-based occupational segregation has declined in past decades, the world of work remains segregated by gender. Grounded in research showing that individuals tend to choose jobs that match their interests and skills, this study examined the longitudinal associations between gendered activity interests and skills from middle childhood through adolescence and tested gendered interests and skills, measured in adolescence, as predictors of occupational outcomes in young adulthood. Data were collected from 402 participants at four time points - when they averaged 10, 12, 16, and 25 years old. Results revealed that the longitudinal linkages between male-typed interests and skills were bidirectional, that both male-typed interests and skills in adolescence predicted working in male-typed occupations in young adulthood, and that skills, but not interests, predicted income. In contrast, female-typed interests predicted female-typed skills, but not the reverse, adolescent female-typed skills (but not interests) predicted working in female-typed occupations in young adulthood, and there were no links between female-typed interests or skills and income. Discussion focuses on the differential meanings and developmental implications of male- versus female-typed interests and skills." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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herausgegeben von R. Sturm (Hrsg.); Putz, Sabine & Hilde Stockhammer Ruth Kasper, Petra Ziegler, Ulrike Huemer, Elisabeth Schappelwein, Thomas Horvath, Ulrike Papouschek, Petra Gregoritsch, Doris Kaucic-Rieger, Ulrike Famira-Mühlberger, Elli Scambor, Julia Bock-Schappelwein, Roswita Tschenett & Ingrid Mairhuber (sonst. bet. Pers.) (2015): Geschlecht, Berufswahl und Arbeitsmarkt. Eine aktuelle Projektschau der Abt. Arbeitsmarktforschung und Berufsinformation und der Abt. Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen des AMS Österreich. (AMS report 113), Wien, 72 S.

Abstract

Aktuelle Projektschau der Abteilung Arbeitsmarktforschung und Berufsinformation und der Abteilung Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen des AMS (Arbeitsmarktservice) Österreich.
Inhalt:
Doris Kaucic-Rieger: Ganzheitliche Mädchenförderung auf dem Weg in das Ausbildungs- und Berufsleben (7-10);
Roswitha Tschenett: Zur Minimierung von Gender Gaps bei der Ausbildungs- und Berufswahl (11-23);
Elli Scambor: Burschen und Care-Berufe: Geschlechtersegregation, Barrieren und bewährte Praktiken (24-39);
Petra Gregoritsch: Das Geschlecht macht einen Unterschied am Arbeitsmarkt. Veränderung der Erwerbspositionen von Frauen und Männern 15 Jahre nach ihrem Erwerbseinstieg: Ein Monitoring im Auftrag des AMS Österreich (40-46);
Julia Bock-Schappelwein, Ulrike Famira-Mühlberger, Thomas Horvath, Ulrike Huemer, Elisabeth Schappelwein: Der ╗Gleichstellungsindex Arbeitsmarkt½: Eine Analyse des Geschlechterverhältnisses in der österreichischen Arbeitswelt. Zentrale Ergebnisse einer Studie im Auftrag des AMS Österreich (47-53);
Petra Ziegler: Frauen und Männer im fortgeschrittenen Erwerbsalter am österreichischen Arbeitsmarkt. Aktuelle Situation und Rahmenbedingungen für einen längeren Verbleib von Personen 50+ im Erwerbsprozess (54-63);
Ulrike Papouschek, Ingrid Mairhuber, Ruth Kasper: Evaluierung des Arbeitsmarkterfolges von Frauen im Anschluss des AMS-Programmes FiT ┐ Arbeiten die Absolventinnen ausbildungsadäquat? Zentrale Ergebnisse einer Studie im Auftrag des AMS Österreich (64-70);
Petra Gregoritsch u.a.: Forschungsnotiz: Gleichstellungswirkung von AMS-Maßnahmen AMS-Monitoring Österreich zum Myndex 2012/2014 (71-72).

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Rocheleau, Gregory C. (2015): Pathways to work: social structural differences in the relationships between college expectations, planfulness, and intense adolescent work. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 42, H. 1, S. 103-131. DOI:10.1177/0730888414554237

Abstract

"This research examines variation in the relationships between college expectations, planfulness, and intense adolescent work by socioeconomic factors using data from Add Health (n 1/48,836). Results show that higher college expectations are related to higher odds of intense school-year work among lower social class youth, but lower odds of intense work among youth from higher social class backgrounds. Moreover, planful adolescents are more likely to work intensely during the school year among youth from disadvantaged neighborhoods, but less likely to work intensely among those from advantaged neighborhoods. Results also show less variability in these relationships when considering summer work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schweri, Jürg & Joop Hartog (2015): Do wage expectations influence the decision to enroll in nursing college? (IZA discussion paper 9120), Bonn, 35 S.

Abstract

"As Switzerland experiences a severe shortage of nurses, this paper investigates the impact of students' ex ante wage expectations on their choice to pursue a nursing college education. This analysis contributes to a small yet rapidly developing body of literature that uses subjective expectation data to predict educational choices. We surveyed a full cohort of healthcare trainees in their third year of training. The main result is that those trainees (in upper-secondary education) who expected a greater return from nursing college (tertiary education) were more likely to enroll in nursing college later on. This suggests that policies that increase returns from studying nursing can attract students to nursing. In addition, the results confirm that subjective wage expectation data are useful in modeling individual choice." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))