Female breadwinner – Erwerbsentscheidungen von Frauen im Haushaltskontext
Nach wie vor ist die ungleiche Verteilung von Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit zwischen den Partnern der Regelfall. Traditionelle familiäre Arrangements werden dabei durch institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen bevorzugt. Die Folge ist, dass Frauen immer noch beruflich zurückstecken - auch wenn sie den Hauptteil des Haushaltseinkommens erarbeiten und damit die Rolle der Familienernährerin übernehmen.
Dieses Themendossier widmet sich den Bedingungen und Auswirkungen der Erwerbsentscheidung von Frauen sowie empirischen Studien, die sich mit der Arbeitsteilung der Partner im Haushaltskontext befassen.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
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Literaturhinweis
Understanding the added worker effect: a multiple methods interpretation (2015)
Zitatform
Laurie, Heather, Karon Gush, James Scott, Mark Bryan & Simonetta Longhi (2015): Understanding the added worker effect. A multiple methods interpretation. (ISER working paper 2015-04), Colchester, 17 S.
Abstract
"This paper provides an integrated interpretation of qualitative and quantitative data examining how couples respond when one partner loses their job. According to economic theory there may be an 'Added Worker Effect' where, when one partner loses their job, their spouse enters the labour market or takes on additional hours to compensate. The paper uses a multiple methods approach to gain a fuller understanding of couples' responses pre and post the UK Great Recession and to explore the factors influencing couples' decision-making process when experiencing a job loss. The paper is therefore a synthesis of findings produced by quantitative and qualitative elements of the same project and aims to explore where the findings from each methodological strand of the research can contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of household decision making and couple's labour supply responses to job loss." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Sharing the load? Partners' relative earnings and the division of domestic labour (2015)
Zitatform
Lyonette, Clare & Rosemary Crompton (2015): Sharing the load? Partners' relative earnings and the division of domestic labour. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 29, H. 1, S. 23-40. DOI:10.1177/0950017014523661
Abstract
"One of the most pressing issues contributing to the persistence of gender inequality is the gendered division of domestic labour. Despite their entry into paid employment, women still carry out more domestic work than men, limiting their ability to act on an equal footing within the workplace. This qualitative research adds to the ongoing debate concerning the reasons for the persistence of the gendered nature of domestic work, by comparing working women who earn more, those who earn around the same and those who earn less than their male partners, as well as examining women's absolute incomes. On average, men whose partners earn more than they do carry out more housework than other men, although women in these partnerships still do more. However, these women actively contest their male partner's lack of input, simultaneously 'doing' and 'undoing' gender. The article also identifies class differences in the 'sharing' of domestic work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Mums the word! Cross-national effects of maternal employment on gender inequalities at work and at home (2015)
Zitatform
McGinn, Kathleen L., Elizabeth Long Lingo & Mayra Ruiz Castro (2015): Mums the word! Cross-national effects of maternal employment on gender inequalities at work and at home. (Harvard Business School. Working paper 094), Boston, Mass., 43 S.
Abstract
"Our research considers how inequalities in public and the private spheres are affected by childhood exposure to non-traditional gender role models at home. We test the association between being raised by an employed mother and adult men's and women's outcomes at work and at home. Our analyses rely on national level archival data from multiple sources and individual level survey data collected as part of the International Social Survey Programme in 2002 and 2012 from nationally representative samples of men and women in 24 countries. Adult daughters of employed mothers are more likely to be employed, more likely to hold supervisory responsibility if employed, work more hours, and earn marginally higher wages than women whose mothers stayed home fulltime. The effects on labor market outcomes are non-significant for men. Maternal employment is also associated with adult outcomes at home. Sons raised by an employed mother spend more time caring for family members than men whose mothers stayed home fulltime, and daughters raised by an employed mother spend less time on housework than women whose mothers stayed home fulltime. Our findings reveal the potential for non-traditional gender role models to gradually erode gender inequality in homes and labor markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Income inequality and educational assortative mating: evidence from the Luxembourg income study (2015)
Zitatform
Monaghan, David (2015): Income inequality and educational assortative mating. Evidence from the Luxembourg income study. In: Social science research, Jg. 52, H. July, S. 253-269. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.02.001
Abstract
"Though extensive research has explored the prevalence of educational assortative mating, what causes its variation across countries and over time is not well understood. Using data from the Luxembourg Income Study Database, I investigate the hypothesis that assortative mating by income is influenced by income inequality between educational strata. I find that in countries with greater returns to education, the odds of any sort of union that crosses educational boundaries is substantially reduced. However, I do not find substantial evidence of an effect of changes in returns to education on marital sorting within countries. Educational and labor market parity between males and females appear to be negatively related to marital sorting." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Compromising conventions: attitudes of dissonance and indifference towards full-time maternal employment in Denmark, Spain, Poland and the UK (2014)
Zitatform
O¿Reilly, Jacqueline, Tiziana Nazio & José Manuel Roche (2014): Compromising conventions: attitudes of dissonance and indifference towards full-time maternal employment in Denmark, Spain, Poland and the UK. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 28, H. 2, S. 168-188. DOI:10.1177/0950017013491307
Abstract
"The article examines cross-national variations in attitudes towards gender roles and the extent to which they map onto regime types. It explores intra-national variation in attitudes to non-traditional gendered behaviour drawing on the theoretical approach of the 'economy of conventions', informed by feminist perspectives from comparative research. Data from the European Social Survey are used to map where there is a strong degree of resonance or dissonance between societal and individual attitudes and how these are attenuated by sex and employment status. The results expose unexpected national and intra-national similarities and differences. Societies characterized by a traditional male breadwinner model, such as Spain, indicate a higher degree of permissive values than expected; more liberal countries like the UK show high degrees of indifference, as well as a strong element of traditionalism. Dissonance and indifference compromise traditional gendered conventions and illustrate underlying tensions at the individual and societal level in resolving gender conflicts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dimensions of financial autonomy in low-/moderate-income couples from a gender perspective and implications for welfare reform (2013)
Zitatform
Bennett, Fran & Sirin Sung (2013): Dimensions of financial autonomy in low-/moderate-income couples from a gender perspective and implications for welfare reform. In: Journal of social policy, Jg. 42, H. 4, S. 701-719. DOI:10.1017/S0047279413000330
Abstract
"The 'unitary household' lives on in policymakers' assumptions about couples sharing their finances. Yet financial autonomy is seen as a key issue in gender relations, particularly for women. This article draws on evidence from semi-structured individual interviews with men and women in thirty low-/moderate-income couples in Britain. The interviews explored whether financial autonomy had any meaning to these individuals; and, if so, to what extent this was gendered in the sense of there being differences in men's and women's understanding of it. We develop a framework for the investigation of financial autonomy, involving several dimensions: achieving economic independence, having privacy in one's financial affairs and exercising agency in relation to household and/or personal spending. We argue that financial autonomy is a relevant issue for low-/moderate-income couples, and that women are more conscious of tensions between financial togetherness and autonomy due to their greater responsibility for managing togetherness and lower likelihood of achieving financial independence. Policymakers should therefore not discount the aspirations of women in particular for financial autonomy, even in low-/moderate-income couples where there remain significant obstacles to achieving this. Yet plans for welfare reform that rely on means testing and ignore intra-household dynamics in relation to family finances threaten to exacerbate these obstacles and reinforce a unitary family model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Couple specialization in multiple equilibria (2013)
Zitatform
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta, Diederik Boertien, Jens Bonke & Pablo Gracia (2013): Couple specialization in multiple equilibria. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 29, H. 6, S. 1280-1294. DOI:10.1093/esr/jct004
Abstract
"We address the issue of men's lagged adaptation to the ongoing revolution of women's roles. This article proposes a multiple equilibrium approach and shows how modes of couple specialization cluster around qualitatively distinct logics. We identify a traditional, egalitarian, and 'unstable' equilibrium. Theory posits that stable equilibria rest on strong normative abidance, and yield more equitable outcomes. In contrast, unstable equilibria are likely to exhibit inequitable behaviour. The latter, we believe, are a transitional feature in the historical shift away from traditional gender roles. Our exploration is based on time-use data for three countries that represent different stages in the revolution of women's roles: Britain, Denmark, and Spain. Our findings suggest that the consolidation of an egalitarian equilibrium, as is the case for Denmark, is associated with more homogeneity and gender equity in the division of labour. In Spain, the traditional equilibrium is still predominant. In Britain, the erosion of traditional specialization has not yet been met with a strong egalitarian alternative, as is manifested in the prevalence of 'unstable equilibrium' behaviour." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The parenthood effect on gender inequality: explaining the change in paid and domestic work when British couples become parents (2013)
Zitatform
Schober, Pia S. (2013): The parenthood effect on gender inequality. Explaining the change in paid and domestic work when British couples become parents. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 29, H. 1, S. 74-85. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcr041
Abstract
"This study examines the importance of prenatal characteristics of men and women in couples for how they change their time spent on housework and paid work after the transition to parenthood. We focus on both partners' earnings and gender role attitudes as explanatory factors. Previous research explored the importance of women's relative income and both partners' gender role attitudes for the extent to which the division of labour becomes more traditional among new parents. We extend this literature by including women's absolute earnings, which may be crucial given the very high costs of formal childcare in Britain. The statistical analysis of 310 couples is based on 16 waves of the British Household Panel Survey (1992 - 2007) and applies OLS models with Heckman selection correction. The findings suggest that higher absolute wages and more egalitarian attitudes of women before motherhood reduce the shift towards a more traditional division of labour after couples have their first child. In the British context, higher relative wages of women compared to their partners are not significant." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Is men's share of housework reduced by 'gender deviance neutralization'?: evidence from seven countries (2013)
Simister, John;Zitatform
Simister, John (2013): Is men's share of housework reduced by 'gender deviance neutralization'? Evidence from seven countries. In: Journal of comparative family studies, Jg. 44, H. 3, S. 311-325.
Abstract
"This paper investigates a theory regarding the amount of housework carried out by men, called the 'gender deviance neutralization' hypothesis: men seem more resistant to doing housework, and women seem to do more housework than expected, if the wife earns more than her husband. It appears that attitudes to gender roles influence the behaviour of women and men, as regards housework. This paper studies time spent on housework by husbands and wives, using household surveys in seven countries: Cameroon, Chad, Egypt, India, Kenya, Nigeria, and UK. Previous evidence of a 'curvilinear' pattern is confirmed, which can be interpreted as support for the gender deviance neutralization hypothesis. An aspect of this paper is that 'gender deviance neutralization' seems more common in countries where it is rare for a woman to be the main earner - such as Egypt and India. In such traditional (gender-asymmetric) countries, men appear even more resistant to doing housework than in more modern (more gender-symmetrical) countries such as UK and Kenya. Domestic violence between husband and wife seems to be relevant to housework and women's earnings. In some households, Gender-Based Violence (GBV) may be a response by a husband to his reduction in control over household decisions. There is some evidence that a husband's alcohol consumption is related to the likelihood of GBV occurring in that household. Interactions between alcohol, domestic violence, and gender roles all seem to be inter-related with the distribution of housework between husband and wife." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of job loss on family dissolution (2012)
Zitatform
Doiron, Denise & Silvia Mendolia (2012): The impact of job loss on family dissolution. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 367-398. DOI:10.1007/s00148-010-0353-5
Abstract
"The impact of involuntary job displacements on the probability of divorce is analysed using discrete duration models. The analysis uses the sample of couples from the British Household Panel Survey and distinguishes between types of displacements. Results show that couples in which the husband experiences a job loss are more likely to divorce. Redundancies have small, positive, often insignificant and short-lived effects while dismissals and temporary job endings have larger positive impacts. This is consistent with the interpretation of redundancies as capturing negative income shocks while other types of job loss also convey new information about potential future earnings and match quality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The influence of changing hours of work on women's life satisfaction (2012)
Zitatform
Gash, Vanessa, Antje Mertens & Laura Romeu Gordo (2012): The influence of changing hours of work on women's life satisfaction. In: The Manchester School, Jg. 80, H. 1, S. 51-74. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9957.2011.02255.x
Abstract
"This paper asks whether moving to part-time work makes women happy. Previous research on labour supply has assumed that as workers freely choose their optimal working hours on the basis of their innate preferences and the hourly wage rate, outcome reflects preference. This paper tests this assumption by measuring the impact of changes in working hours on life satisfaction in two countries (the UK and Germany using the German Socio-Economic Panel and the British Household Panel Survey). We find decreases in working hours bring about positive and significant improvement on well-being for women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Economic uncertainty and family dynamics in Europe: introduction (2012)
Zitatform
Kreyenfeld, Michaela, Gunnar Andersson & Ariane Pailhe (2012): Economic uncertainty and family dynamics in Europe. Introduction. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 27, S. 835-852. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2012.27.28
Abstract
"Background - Economic uncertainty has become an increasingly important factor in explanations of declining fertility and postponed family formation across Europe. Yet the micro-level evidence on this topic is still limited.
Objective - This special collection of Demographic Research focuses on the issue of how economic and employment uncertainties relate to fertility and family dynamics in Europe.
Methods - The collection is comprised of studies that explore how various dimensions of employment uncertainty, such as temporary working contracts and individual and aggregate unemployment, are related to the fertility and family formation of women and men across Europe. The studies cover Germany, the UK, France, Russia, Estonia, Sweden, Italy, Spain, and Israel.
Results - The various micro-level studies that are assembled in this special collection do not provide a simple answer to the question of whether and how economic uncertainty suppresses (or stimulates) fertility. However, some systematic variation by welfare state regime is discernable.
Conclusions - Given the recent economic volatility in Europe, we expect that labor market uncertainties will remain an important component of explanations of fertility developments in the 21st century." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Fathers' childcare: the difference between participation and amount of time (2012)
Reich, Nora;Zitatform
Reich, Nora (2012): Fathers' childcare. The difference between participation and amount of time. (HWWI research paper 116), Hamburg, 34 S.
Abstract
"The main research question of this article is whether and how predictors of fathers' participation in childcare, defined as zero versus more than zero minutes of childcare, differ from predictors of participating fathers' amount of time on childcare, measured as minutes on the survey day. The sample is drawn from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) and covers surveys from ten industrialised countries from 1987 to 2005. Results show that there are remarkable differences between factors influencing participation in childcare and factors associated with participating fathers' time spent with children. For example, the educational level has a strong impact on fathers' participation, but not on the amount of time spent on childcare. In contrast, work hours and whether data refer to a weekday or a weekend day hardly affect participation, but strongly affect fathers' time for childcare. There are also noticeable differences between the countries and between different points in time regarding factors influencing childcare participation and time. Results call for caution regarding findings from existing studies not distinguishing participation from participating fathers' childcare minutes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fathers' childcare and parental leave policies: evidence from western European countries and Canada (2012)
Zitatform
Reich, Nora, Christina Boll & Julian Sebastian Leppin (2012): Fathers' childcare and parental leave policies. Evidence from western European countries and Canada. (HWWI research paper 115), Hamburg, 21 S.
Abstract
"The study at hand pursues the following question: How are national parental leave arrangements related to fathers' participation in and time used for childcare? To answer this question, we merge data from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) with national parental leave characteristics. Specifically, we are using 30 surveys from eight industrialised countries from 1971 to 2005. Applying a selection model, we are estimating fathers' participation in childcare and the minutes per day spent on childcare. We control for the following parental leave characteristics: duration of leave, amount of benefits and the number of weeks reserved for the father. The main results are that duration of parental leave, exclusive weeks for the father and any benefit compared to no benefit have a positive impact on fathers' childcare participation. Parental leave weeks reserved for the father and parental leave benefits affect fathers' minutes of childcare positively. It is concluded that parental leave characteristics have effects on fathers' childcare participation and time spent on childcare, but that parental leave policies have to be evaluated within the framework of each country's family policy package." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The interplay of employment uncertainty and education in explaining second births in Europe (2011)
Adsera, Alicia;Zitatform
Adsera, Alicia (2011): The interplay of employment uncertainty and education in explaining second births in Europe. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 25, S. 513-544. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2011.25.16
Abstract
"Periods of high and persistent unemployment since the late 1980s as well as an upward trend in the share of temporary employment characterize recent labor market instability in Europe. This paper analyzes the associations between timing to a second birth and changing economic environment. In particular, it focuses in understanding what dimensions of economic uncertainty affect women with different educational background. First it employs time varying measures of aggregate market conditions for women in twelve European countries as well as micro-measures of each woman's labor market history in a proportional hazard model of second births. Both individual and aggregate unemployment as well as temporary employment are coupled with later second births. Unemployment slows down childbearing plans, particularly for the least educated, whereas holding a very short contract deters the most educated. Second, I use the 2006 Spanish Fertility Survey to show how education and the economic conditions - provincial unemployment and share of temporary employment- faced by women as they enter the labor market in their early twenties are connected with their timing to second births." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Anatomy of welfare reform evaluation: announcement and implementation effects (2011)
Zitatform
Blundell, Richard, Marco Francesconi & Wilbert van der Klaauw (2011): Anatomy of welfare reform evaluation. Announcement and implementation effects. (IZA discussion paper 6050), Bonn, 60 S.
Abstract
"This paper formulates a simple model of female labor force decisions which embeds an in-work benefit reform and explicitly allows for announcement and implementation effects. We explore several mechanisms through which women can respond to the announcement of a reform that increases in-work benefits, including sources of intertemporal substitution, human capital accumulation, and labor market frictions. Using the model's insights and information of the precise timing of the announcement and implementation of a major UK in-work benefit reform, we estimate its effects on single mothers' behavior. We find important announcement effects on employment decisions. We show that this finding is consistent with the presence of short-run frictions in the labor market. Evaluations of this reform which ignore such effects produce impact effect estimates that are biased downwards by 15 to 35 percent." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Einfluss der Elternzeit von Vätern auf die familiale Arbeitsteilung im internationalen Vergleich (2011)
Zitatform
Boll, Christina, Julian Leppin & Nora Reich (2011): Einfluss der Elternzeit von Vätern auf die familiale Arbeitsteilung im internationalen Vergleich. (HWWI policy paper 59), Hamburg, 136 S.
Abstract
"Die Arbeitsteilung von Müttern und Vätern in Familie und Beruf hat sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten in den meisten Ländern verschoben. Mütter gehen zunehmend einer bezahlten Erwerbstätigkeit nach, und immer mehr Väter wollen Verantwortung für Familienaufgaben übernehmen. Es stellt sich daher die Frage, inwiefern diese Trends in der Zeitverwendung die traditionelle geschlechtsspezifische Rollenteilung verändert haben und ob Metavariablen auf der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Ebene wie die Frauenerwerbsquote oder aber auch familienpolitische Faktoren wie Regelungen zum Elterngeld die individuelle Zeitverwendung der Eltern beeinflusst haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Kurzfassung -
Literaturhinweis
Does housework lower wages?: evidence for Britain (2011)
Zitatform
Bryan, Mark L. & Almudena Sevilla-Sanz (2011): Does housework lower wages? Evidence for Britain. In: Oxford economic papers, Jg. 63, H. 1, S. 187-210. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpq011
Abstract
"This paper uses the British Household Panel Survey to present the first estimates of the housework-wage relationship in Britain. Controlling for permanent unobserved heterogeneity, we find that housework has a negative impact on the wages of men and women, both married and single, who work full-time. Among women working part-time, only single women suffer a housework penalty. The housework penalty is uniform across occupations within full-time jobs but some part-time jobs appear to be more compatible with housework than others. We find tentative evidence that the housework penalty is larger when there are children present." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The employment effects of recession on couples in the UK: women's and household employment prospects and partners' job loss (2011)
Zitatform
Harkness, Susan & Martin Evans (2011): The employment effects of recession on couples in the UK. Women's and household employment prospects and partners' job loss. In: Journal of social policy, Jg. 40, H. 4, S. 675-693. DOI:10.1017/S0047279411000201
Abstract
"The effect that the 2008/09 recession has had on unemployment and, in particular, on the distribution of job losses across households is of key concern to policymakers. During the 1991 recession rising male unemployment was associated with a sharp increase in the number of workless households, with this polarisation of work between 'work-rich' and 'work-poor' persisting many years later. Part of the reason for this polarisation was that the design of the tax and benefit system produced weak work incentives for women partnered to unemployed men, particularly if the jobs open to them were either part time or low paid. Since 1999, the United Kingdom has undertaken reform of employment and transfer programmes, with a particular focus on boosting incomes and work incentives for families with children. The resulting literature focussed on the impact that these reforms had on women'smovements into employment. Since the economy entered recession in 2008, an increasingly important question is how have these reforms affected women's decisions to remain in employment (or enter into work) if their partner becomes unemployed. This paper uses Labour Force Survey data to assess the effect of male job loss on their partners' employment and to examine the implications for the distribution of jobs across households. Results suggest that working women whose partners lost their jobs in the 2008/09 recession were more likely to remain in work than before and this has helped to mediate the growth in workless couple households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
'We both need to work': maternal employment, childcare and health care in Britain and the USA (2011)
Zitatform
Lyonette, Clare, Gayle Kaufman & Rosemary Crompton (2011): 'We both need to work': maternal employment, childcare and health care in Britain and the USA. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 34-50. DOI:10.1177/0950017010389243
Abstract
"Both Britain and the USA are described as market-oriented or 'liberal' welfare regimes. However, there are important variations within these two countries: although both have high rates of maternal employment, part-time work is much more common in the UK than in the USA, where dual-earner (full-time) couples are the norm. Part-time employment can help to ease work-family conflict for women, while simultaneously contributing to the household income. However, part-time work is limited in its economic benefits, is also career limiting, and, in the USA, it generally comes without health insurance. While most of the current research regarding maternal employment decisions focuses on women, this research involves interviews with 83 British and American fathers, to better understand the complexity of such decision-making. Men's attitudes and experiences are examined in detail, focusing on the need for two incomes, the importance of paid health care and childcare costs and the potential role of part-time work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Choice and welfare reform: lone parents' decision making around paid work and family life (2011)
Zitatform
Rafferty, Anthony & Jay Wiggan (2011): Choice and welfare reform. Lone parents' decision making around paid work and family life. In: Journal of social policy, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 275-293. DOI:10.1017/S004727941100002X
Abstract
"Welfare-to-work policy in the UK sees 'choice' regarding lone parents' employment decisions increasingly defined in terms of powers of selection between options within active labour market programmes, with constraints on the option of non-market activity progressively tightened. In this paper, we examine the wider choice agenda in public services in relation to lone-parent employment, focusing on the period following the 2007 Freud Review of welfare provision. (Freud, 2007) Survey data are used to estimate the extent to which recent policies promoting compulsory job search by youngest dependent child age map onto lone parents' own stated decision-making regarding if and when to enter the labour market. The findings indicate a substantial proportion of lone parents targeted by policy reform currently do not want a job and that their main reported reason is that they are looking after their children. Economically inactive lone mothers also remain more likely to have other chronic employment barriers, which traverse dependent child age categories. Some problems, such as poor health, sickness or disability, are particularly acute among those with older dependent children who are the target of recent activation policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A semiparametric analysis of the rising breadwinner role of women in the UK (2011)
Soobedar, Zeenat;Zitatform
Soobedar, Zeenat (2011): A semiparametric analysis of the rising breadwinner role of women in the UK. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 9, H. 3, S. 415-428.
Abstract
"This paper describes the changes in the relative position of women in the family - as measured by their share of household labour income - in the UK between 1994 and 2004. Using a methodology that borrows from DiNardo et al., it assesses the contribution of changes in men's and women's characteristics, the market returns to these characteristics and the role of assortative mating. The main factor which accounts for the increase in the relative female earnings share is the rising female labour force participation across the whole distribution of the female breadwinner index. Changes in assortative mating have a modest positive impact on the index at the mean, 25th and 75th percentiles of the distribution. This is explained by increasing positive assortative mating between 1994 and 2004." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of internal migration on married couples' earnings in Britain (2010)
Zitatform
Blackburn, McKinley L. (2010): The impact of internal migration on married couples' earnings in Britain. In: Economica, Jg. 77, H. 307, S. 584-603. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0335.2008.00772.x
Abstract
"Previous studies have often suggested that wives experience a decline in labour market fortunes after an internal migration of a married couple. This evidence is consistent with wives being 'tied movers' on average. I use the British Household Panel Survey to consider the extent to which wives' annual earnings change systematically in the year following an internal migration event for married couples within Britain. The earnings of working husbands appear to be little impacted by migration. Wives' earnings do fall, though this affect is short-lived and concentrated in a decline in the weeks of work for the wife." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of the tax and benefit system on second earners (2010)
Zitatform
Evans, Martin & Susan Harkness (2010): The impact of the tax and benefit system on second earners. In: The journal of poverty and social justice, Jg. 18, H. 1, S. 35-51. DOI:10.1332/175982710790795139
Abstract
"This article analyses the theoretical and applied aspects of employment disincentives for second earners that exist in the British tax benefit system. The shortcomings of existing tax-benefit income profiles are examined, together with the underlying role of tax credits in disincentives compared with other factors. The potential of such disincentives to worsen employment of second earners in a recession is addressed. Conclusions suggest that a more sophisticated applied approach is required by social policy analysts, together with improved ways to profile incentives in the tax benefit system." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender equality in time: low-paid mothers' paid and unpaid work in the UK (2010)
Zitatform
Warren, Tracey, Gillian Pascall & Elizabeth Fox (2010): Gender equality in time. Low-paid mothers' paid and unpaid work in the UK. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 16, H. 3, S. 193-219. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2010.499997
Abstract
"Policies concerning time use are crucial to parents' experiences of paid and unpaid work and the reconciliation of work and family life. In heterosexual-couple households, gender inequalities in the distribution of paid work and care, working hours, and responsibility for children's schedules mean that mothers experience pressure on time and their ability to work, care, and manage households. Via qualitative interviews conducted in 2005-6, this contribution explores the time strategies of a sample of low-waged mothers in England whose choices around unpaid and paid work are most constrained as a result of the UK's limited policies. The authors discuss alternative policy scenarios, finding that respondents supported policies that challenge gender inequalities in work time, enhancing their time in paid employment and their partners' time for unpaid work. Higher-quality part-time work, shorter full-time hours, and parental leave for fathers would begin to address time inequalities in the UK and elsewhere." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Welche familienpolitischen Maßnahmen fördern die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation von Müttern? (2009)
Berninger, Ina;Zitatform
Berninger, Ina (2009): Welche familienpolitischen Maßnahmen fördern die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation von Müttern? In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Jg. 61, H. 3, S. 355-385. DOI:10.1007/s11577-009-0070-9
Abstract
"Im Beitrag wird untersucht, welche familienpolitischen Maßnahmen (Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit, Transferleistungen) die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation von Müttern fördern. Im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Studien wird weiter evaluiert, inwiefern ein Zusammenhang zwischen erwerbsfördernden Maßnahmen und kulturellem Mutterbild besteht und ob letzteres die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation beeinflusst. Im Rahmen einer Mehrebenenanalyse werden 21 europäische Staaten anhand der Daten der zweiten Welle des European Social Survey (ESS) aus den Jahren 2004/2005 in Kombination mit Makrovariablen der Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (OECD) untersucht. Den theoretischen Rahmen der Studie bildet ein rationales Entscheidungsmodell: die mikroökonomische Theorie des Arbeitsangebotes. Zentrales Ergebnis der Analyse ist, dass einzig ein hohes Betreuungsangebot für unter dreijährige Kinder die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation, insbesondere jene von Müttern sehr junger Kinder, fördert. Diese familienpolitische Maßnahme weist einen engen Zusammenhang mit der nationalen Kultur auf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Making decisions about work in one-earner couple households (2009)
Collard, Sharon; Atkinson, Adele;Zitatform
Collard, Sharon & Adele Atkinson (2009): Making decisions about work in one-earner couple households. (Department for Work and Pensions. Research report 560), London, 100 S.
Abstract
"This report provides findings from a qualitative study to understand the attitudes and behaviours of non-working partnered parents living in low-income households where neither partner is in receipt of out-of-work benefits from DWP, and to explore the factors that might influence decisions about work within their household. The project had three main objectives: to explore the labour market choices, constraints and aspirations of non-working partnered parents in low-income households, particularly in terms of any longer-term trade-offs between income through paid work and child caring responsibilities; to explore the type of support non-working partnered parents might require in order to make paid employment a realistic option; to identify how best to help this group move into work with information, advice and support. The research involved conducting 50 in-depth interviews with non-working partnered parents living in low-income households in three areas of the country." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Women and retirement pensions: a research review (2009)
Zitatform
Jefferson, Therese (2009): Women and retirement pensions. A research review. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 15, H. 4, S. 115-145. DOI:10.1080/13545700903153963
Abstract
"The links between women's caring work and access to economic resources are particularly critical in the context of widespread public policy debates about retirement and pensions, many of which neglect care as a key issue for analysis. However, among feminist economists it is widely recognized that women's patterns of care provision have adverse implications for their access to economic resources in later life. The feminist economics literature examines many of the interactions between women's caring roles and their access to resources, particularly women's capacity to access economic resources through publicly mandated or regulated pension schemes. This article reviews research that places women's patterns of work and care at the center of analyses of retirement pension policy in an effort to provide a summary of research on gender and pensions policy and to contrast the extent to which differing institutional and policy frameworks accommodate women's caring roles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Der zögernde Abschied vom Patriarchat: der Wandel von Geschlechterrollen im internationalen Vergleich (2009)
Lück, Detlev;Zitatform
Lück, Detlev (2009): Der zögernde Abschied vom Patriarchat. Der Wandel von Geschlechterrollen im internationalen Vergleich. Berlin: Edition Sigma, 360 S.
Abstract
"In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurden große Schritte in Richtung Gleichberechtigung der Geschlechter getan, etwa bei der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Müttern. Doch in anderen Bereichen halten sich patriarchale Strukturen erstaunlich zäh, etwa bei der Frage, wer sich um Haushalt und Kinder kümmert. Unterschiede gibt es auch im internationalen Vergleich: Skandinavien hat sich früh und weit entwickelt, Süd-Europa spät und verhalten; in Ost-Europa sind Frauen gut in das Erwerbsleben integriert, aber sonst eher schlecht gestellt. Der Autor trägt in diesem Buch Daten und Fakten zum Wandel der Geschlechterrollen in verschiedenen Lebensbereichen für 40 Länder und über einen Zeitraum von 14 Jahren zusammen. Diese beträchtliche empirische Basis erlaubt es ihm auch, die ambivalente Entwicklung der Geschlechterrollen in ein neues theoretisches Licht zu rücken: Während Rational-Choice-Ansätze Wandel plausibel machen und durch den Doing-Gender-Ansatz Kontinuität begreiflich wird, setzt Lück auf differenzierte Deutungen durch die Verknüpfung verschiedener Theorieansätze. Er fragt, wie sich strukturelle und kulturelle Einflüsse auf der Mikro- und der Makro-Ebene für statistische Analysen operationalisieren lassen, um die Unterschiede zu erklären." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Male worklessness and the rise of lone parenthood in Great Britain (2008)
Zitatform
Rowthorn, Robert & David Webster (2008): Male worklessness and the rise of lone parenthood in Great Britain. In: Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, Jg. 1, H. 1, S. 69-88. DOI:10.1093/cjres/rsm004
Abstract
"Deindustrialization has eliminated many traditionally male jobs in Great Britain. Using geographical comparisons based on Census data, this paper estimates that the resulting fall in male employment explains between 38% and 59% of the 1.16m increase in lone parent families over the period 1971-2001. The impact was greatest in the areas which suffered most from industrial decline. Higher male employment would help to contain, and maybe reverse, the growth of lone parenthood, by reducing inflows into lone parenthood and increasing outflows through re-partnering and consequent stepfamily formation. Female employment is found to have no consistent net effect on lone parenthood." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender-specific effects of unemployment on family formation: a cross-national perspective (2008)
Zitatform
Schmitt, Christian (2008): Gender-specific effects of unemployment on family formation. A cross-national perspective. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 841), Berlin, 75 S.
Abstract
"This paper investigates the impact of unemployment on the propensity to start a family. Unemployment is accompanied by bad occupational prospects and impending economic deprivation, placing the well-being of a future family at risk. I analyze unemployment at the intersection of state-dependence and the reduced opportunity costs of parenthood, distinguishing between men and women across a set of welfare states. Using micro-data from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP), I apply event history methods to analyze longitudinal samples of first-birth transitions in France, Finland, Germany, and the UK (1994-2001). The results highlight spurious negative effects of unemployment on family formation among men, which can be attributed to the lack of breadwinner capabilities in the inability to financially support a family. Women, in contrast, show positive effects of unemployment on the propensity to have a first child in all countries except France. These effects prevail even after ontrolling for labour market and income-related factors. The findings are pronounced in Germany and the UK where work-family conflicts are the cause of high opportunity costs of motherhood, and the gender-specific division of labour is still highly traditional. Particularly among women with a moderate and low level of education, unemployment clearly increases the likelihood to have a first child." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Zeitverwendung und Vereinbarung von Beruf und Familie: Endbericht (2006)
Bauer, Frank; Groß, Hermann; Smith, Mark J.; Oliver, Gwen; Sieglen, Georg;Zitatform
Bauer, Frank, Hermann Groß, Gwen Oliver, Georg Sieglen & Mark J. Smith (2006): Zeitverwendung und Vereinbarung von Beruf und Familie. Endbericht. Düsseldorf, 77 S.
Abstract
"Gegenüber dem traditionellen Haushaltstyp der 'Ernährerehe', derzufolge der Mann hauptsächlich für die Erwerbsarbeit und die Frau weitestgehend für die Familienarbeit zuständig ist, gewinnen in Deutschland und Großbritannien die 'Doppelverdiener-Haushalte' an Bedeutung. Für diese stellt sich das Problem, Beruf und Familie zu vereinbaren, verschärft. Wie die nach Arbeitszeitarrangements der Partner und Intensität der Kinderbetreuung differenzierten Erwerbstätigenhaushalte dieses Problem bewältigen, ist zentrales Untersuchungsziel. Die Einbeziehung von zwei Nationen mit unterschiedlichen Wohlfahrtsregimen hilft dabei die Frage zu klären, ob die Vereinbarung von Beruf und Familie eher von externen Faktoren wie den nationenspezifischen Rahmenbedingungen (System der industriellen Beziehungen, Regulierung der Arbeitszeit, Entwicklung des Dienstleistungsbereichs) oder eher von internen Faktoren wie den Arbeitszeitarrangements der Partner oder der Intensität der Kinderbetreuung bestimmt ist.
Die zentralen Fragestellungen der Untersuchung waren:
- Welchen Umfang hat in beiden Untersuchungsländern das Gesamtvolumen gesellschaftlicher Arbeit in Erwerbstätigenhaushalten? Welche Prägekraft haben dabei externe und interne Faktoren? Welche Auswirkungen haben die Anforderungen der Kinderbetreuung auf die Zeitallokation?
- In welchem Ausmaß ist Arbeitszeit und Freizeit in den Erwerbstätigenhaushalten beider Untersuchungsländer entgrenzt?
- In welchem Ausmaß sind in den Erwerbstätigenhaushalten beider Untersuchungsländer Arbeitszeiten und Familienzeiten synchronisiert?
- In welchem Ausmaß werden in den Erwerbstätigenhaushalten beider Untersuchungsländer bezahlte und unbezahlte Hilfen für Kinderbetreuung und haushaltsbezogene Tätigkeiten in Anspruch genommen? Korrespondiert dies mit den nationen-spezifischen Entwicklungen des Dienstleistungsbereichs?
- Welcher Zusammenhang besteht zwischen den Mustern der Zeitverwendung und den Wohlfahrtregimen in beiden Untersuchungsländern?
Das methodische Vorgehen bestand wesentlich in sekundäranalytischen Auswertungen der in den Jahren 2000 und 2001 in Großbritannien und in den Jahren 2001 und 2002 in Deutschland durchgeführten Zeitbudgeterhebungen. Die Datensätze bestehen aus Tagebüchern zur Zeitverwendung und den Antworten auf Fragebögen von rund 5000 Haushalten in Deutschland und rund 6400 Haushalten in Großbritannien. Wegen einheitlicher Kodierungen der Zeitverwendungsaktivitäten sind die Daten der Tagebücher beider Untersuchungsländer miteinander vergleichbar.
Ergebnisse:
- Hinsichtlich des Volumens gesellschaftlicher Arbeit sind große Unterschiede zwischen den Untersuchungsländern feststellbar, die in unterschiedlichen 'Arbeitszeitkulturen' und Erwerbsquoten von Männern und Frauen begründet liegen. Jedoch existieren auch bemerkenswerte Ähnlichkeiten. In beiden Ländern geht ein steigender Umfang der Erwerbsarbeit mit einem abnehmenden Umfang der Kinderbetreuung einher.
- Der Anteil der Beschäftigten, die während der 'Kernzeit' (die Zeit, in der mehr als die Hälfte der Beschäftigten tätig ist) arbeiten, ist in Großbritannien größer als in Deutschland. Allerdings sind die 'Kernzeiten' in Großbritannien deutlich länger. Die geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede sind ähnlich: Frauen sind in Deutschland dreimal so häufig, in Großbritannien doppelt so häufig während der 'Kernzeit' tätig wie die Männer.
- Insgesamt weist Großbritannien höhere Niveaus von 'Doppelverdienerhaushalten', längere Zeitspannen der Erwerbstätigkeit beider Partner und weniger Zeit, die beide Partner zu Hause gemeinsam verbringen, auf. Entsprechend nehmen die britischen Erwerbstätigenhaushalte häufiger bezahlte Hilfen für Kinderbetreuung und haushaltsbezogene Tätigkeiten in Anspruch." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
Household employment patterns in an enlarged European Union (2006)
Zitatform
Haas, Barbara, Nadia Steiber, Margit Hartel & Claire Wallace (2006): Household employment patterns in an enlarged European Union. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. 751-771. DOI:10.1177/0950017006069813
Abstract
"Our aim is to contribute to better understanding of why different practices relating to the division of paid labour by sex in couple households are still to be found in different parts of Europe. We analyse data on the distribution of dominant household employment patterns in eight countries: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Netherlands, Romania, Slovenia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Using comparative survey evidence for a large total sample (N = 10,123), we examine how national differences in terms of the gender division of paid work correspond with predictions drawn from well-established structuralist and culturalist theories of the determinants of cross-country variations.The findings call for a further elaboration of conventional approaches to explaining gendered employment patterns in an enlarged Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Perceptions of risk in intimate relationships: the implications for social provision (2006)
Lewis, Jane;Zitatform
Lewis, Jane (2006): Perceptions of risk in intimate relationships. The implications for social provision. In: Journal of social policy, Jg. 35, H. 1, S. 39-57. DOI:10.1017/S0047279405009347
Abstract
"The erosion of the traditional, male breadwinner model family - both normatively and in social reality - has opened up the possibility of more choice in terms of both partnering and the nature of the contributions that men and women make to households, but processes of 'individualisation' have also given rise to greater uncertainty. We know relatively little about how people perceive their options for partnering, re-production and employment at the level of the household, and in particular what they are prepared to 'take a chance on', and what kind of security they seek. Yet this is important for policy purposes, particularly in view of the rapid pace of family and labour market change. This article first addresses the kind of considerations that are necessary for a better understanding of the nature of risks and uncertainty arising from processes of individualisation. The substantive sections that follow draw on in-depth interviews with a heterogeneous sample of 21 cohabiting and married men and women, drawn from an Omnibus representative sample survey. The extent to which individuals regard partnering and childbearing as risks, and how they seek to manage them are explored and the implications for policy assessed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The decline of the male breadwinner model: implications for work and care (2001)
Lewis, Jane;Zitatform
Lewis, Jane (2001): The decline of the male breadwinner model. Implications for work and care. In: Social Politics, Jg. 8, H. 2, S. 152-169. DOI:10.1093/sp/8.2.152
Abstract
Entscheidende Konstruktionsmerkmale der meisten staatlichen Wohlfahrtssysteme sind die beiden Faktoren soziale Fürsorge und Erwerbsarbeit. Dabei bildet die Entlohnung der Erwerbsarbeit den Maßstab für die sozialen Leistungen. Das Konstrukt der Erwerbsarbeit wird weitgehend bestimmt vom Familienmodell des männlichen Ernährers, wobei der Frau die Rolle der Sorge für Kinder und Familie zukommt und ihr Sozialleistungen nur im Rahmen des Einkommens männlichen Partners (meist in Form von Freibeträgen) zukommen. Dieses klassische Familienmodell, das besonders in Großbritannien, Irland, Deutschland und den Niederlanden gepflegt wurde, ist von der gesellschaftlichen Wirklichkeit überholt. Der Beitrag zeigt am Beispiel Großbritanniens und der Niederlande, dass die Entwicklung hin zu einem Familienmodell geht, in der alle erwachsenen Familienmitglieder dem Arbeitsmarkt zur Verfügung stehen (adult-worker model family). Zur Zeit bestehen die meisten Familien noch aus 'anderthalb Ernährern', wobei den Frauen die - oft schlecht bezahlte - Teilzeitarbeit obliegt. Um die Rolle der Frauen wirklich gleichberechtigt zu gestalten, muss von der Politik die Gleichwertigkeit von Erwerbsarbeit und unbezahlter Familienarbeit anerkannt werden, die Übergänge im Lebenslauf müssen gefördert werden, und geringe Einkommen müssen aufgestockt werden. Dies gilt insbesondere im Hinblick darauf, dass es in vielen nord- und westeuropäischen Ländern immer mehr alleinerziehende Müttern gibt, deren Zugang zu bezahlter Arbeit verbessert werden muss. (IAB)