Female breadwinner – Erwerbsentscheidungen von Frauen im Haushaltskontext
Nach wie vor ist die ungleiche Verteilung von Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit zwischen den Partnern der Regelfall. Traditionelle familiäre Arrangements werden dabei durch institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen bevorzugt. Die Folge ist, dass Frauen immer noch beruflich zurückstecken - auch wenn sie den Hauptteil des Haushaltseinkommens erarbeiten und damit die Rolle der Familienernährerin übernehmen.
Dieses Themendossier widmet sich den Bedingungen und Auswirkungen der Erwerbsentscheidung von Frauen sowie empirischen Studien, die sich mit der Arbeitsteilung der Partner im Haushaltskontext befassen.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
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Literaturhinweis
Geschlechter(un)gerechtigkeit: Zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf (2017)
Zitatform
Bernhardt, Janine (2017): Geschlechter(un)gerechtigkeit: Zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. In: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, Jg. 67, H. 30/31, S. 28-33.
Abstract
"Während sich viele Mütter mehr Teilhabe am Erwerbsleben wünschen, wollen viele Väter mehr Zeit für Familie haben. Die geschlechts-spezifische Aufteilung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit hat gravierende Folgen für Geschlechterungleichheiten im Lebensverlauf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Motherhood postponement and wages in Europe (2017)
Zitatform
Bratti, Massimiliano, Elena Claudia Meroni & Chiara Pronzato (2017): Motherhood postponement and wages in Europe. In: ifo DICE report, Jg. 15, H. 2, S. S, 31-37.
Abstract
Heutzutage ist es nicht ungewöhnlich, dass Frauen ihr erstes Kind erst mit 30 Jahren oder später bekommen. Auf der Grundlage von Daten des Europäischen Haushaltspanels untersuchen die Autoren die Auswirkungen einer späten Mutterschaft auf das Einkommen der Mütter im europäischen Vergleich. Dabei werden auch sozioökonomische, kulturelle und institutionelle Faktoren berücksichtigt. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich eine große Varianz bei den positiven Einkommenseffekten einer aufgeschobenen Mutterschaft. In einigen Ländern führt das Aufschieben der Mutterschaft um ein Jahr zu einem Lohnanstieg von 2,5 Prozent (Deutschland und Polen), während sich in anderen Ländern ein negativer Effekt ergibt. Einkommensgewinne durch eine spätere Mutterschaft sind größer in Ländern mit einer wenig ausgeprägten Familienpolitik und in Gesellschaften mit traditionellen Werten. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of wealth on individual and household labor supply: evidence from Swedish lotteries (2017)
Zitatform
Cesarini, David, Erik Lindqvist, Matthew J. Notowidigdo & Robert Östling (2017): The effect of wealth on individual and household labor supply: evidence from Swedish lotteries. In: The American economic review, Jg. 107, H. 12, S. 3917-3946. DOI:10.1257/aer.20151589
Abstract
"We study the effect of wealth on labor supply using the randomized assignment of monetary prizes in a large sample of Swedish lottery players. Winning a lottery prize modestly reduces earnings, with the reduction being immediate, persistent, and quite similar by age, education, and sex. A calibrated dynamic model implies lifetime marginal propensities to earn out of unearned income from -0.17 at age 20 to -0.04 at age 60, and labor supply elasticities in the lower range of previously reported estimates. The earnings response is stronger for winners than their spouses, which is inconsistent with unitary household labor supply models." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Families and social security (2017)
Fehr, Hans; Kallweit, Manuel; Kindermann, Fabian;Zitatform
Fehr, Hans, Manuel Kallweit & Fabian Kindermann (2017): Families and social security. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 91, H. January, S. 30-56. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.09.007
Abstract
"The present paper quantifies the importance of family insurance for the analysis of social security. We therefore augment the standard overlapping generations model with idiosyncratic labor productivity and longevity risk in that we account for gender and marital status.
We simulate the abolition of pay-as-you-go pension payments, calculate the resulting intergenerational welfare changes and isolate aggregate efficiency effects for singles and families by means of compensating transfers. We find that abolishing social security creates significant efficiency losses which are substantially higher for singles compared to married couples. A decomposition of the efficiency loss reveals that this difference can be almost exclusively attributed to the insurance role of the family with respect to longevity risk. Neglecting differences in family structure when studying the privatization of social security, one overestimates the long run change in the capital stock by about 40 percent, the decline in labor supply by about 30 percent and the aggregate efficiency loss by even 36 percent. Given rising divorce rates and less stable marriages in almost all Western societies, our results also indicate that social security should not be reduced but strengthened in the future." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Household production and consumption over the lifecycle: National Time Transfer Accounts in 14 European countries (2017)
Zitatform
Vargha, Lili, Róbert Iván Gál & Michelle O. Crosby-Nagy (2017): Household production and consumption over the lifecycle. National Time Transfer Accounts in 14 European countries. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 36, S. 905-944. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2017.36.32
Abstract
"Background: While the importance of unpaid household labour is recognised in total economic output, little is known about the demographics of household production and consumption.
Objective: Our goal is to give a comprehensive estimation on the value of household production and its consumption by age and gender and analyse nonmarket economic transfers in 14 European countries based on publicly available harmonised data.
Methods: We introduce a novel imputation method of harmonised European time use (HETUS) data to the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) in order to assign time spent on home production to consumers in households and estimate time transfers. Moreover, monetary values are attributed to household production activities using data on earnings from the Structure of Earnings Survey (SES).
Results: We show that the nonmarket economic life cycle of men differs from that of women. The gender gap in household production is not evenly distributed over the life cycle. Women of working age contribute the most in net terms, while the main beneficiaries of household goods and services are children and to a lesser extent adult men. These patterns are similar across countries, with variations in the gender- and age-specific levels of home production and consumption.
Conclusions: In Europe, in the national economy, intergenerational flows are important in sustaining both childhood and old age. In contrast, in the household economy, intergenerational transfers flow mostly towards children.
Contribution: We add a new focus to the research on household production: While keeping the gender aspect, we demonstrate the importance of the life cycle component in household production." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
A cross-country comparison of gender differences in job-related training: the role of working hours and the household context (2016)
Zitatform
Boll, Christina & Elisabeth Bublitz (2016): A cross-country comparison of gender differences in job-related training. The role of working hours and the household context. (HWWI research paper 172), Hamburg, 54 S.
Abstract
"Regarding gender differences, theory suggests that in a partnership the individual with the lower working hours and earnings position should exhibit lower training participation rates. Since women are more likely to match this description, we investigate whether systematic group differences explain gender variation. Across all countries, male workers are not affected by their earnings position. For female workers in Germany, but not Italy or the Netherlands, working part-time instead of full-time corresponds with a decrease in course length by 5.5 hours. Also, regarding German part-time employed women, single earners train 5.6 hours more than secondary earners. The findings of our study hold at the extensive and the intensive margin, suggesting that Germany faces particular household-related obstacles regarding gender differences in job-related training." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen in: BJIR, online first (2018) -
Literaturhinweis
Work - family policy trade-offs for mothers?: Unpacking the cross-national variation in motherhood earnings penalties (2016)
Zitatform
Budig, Michelle J., Joya Misra & Irene Boeckmann (2016): Work - family policy trade-offs for mothers? Unpacking the cross-national variation in motherhood earnings penalties. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 43, H. 2, S. 119-177. DOI:10.1177/0730888415615385
Abstract
"Recent scholarship suggests welfare state interventions, as measured by policy indices, create gendered trade-offs wherein reduced work - family conflict corresponds to greater gender wage inequality. The authors reconsider these trade-offs by unpacking these indices and examining specific policy relationships with motherhood-based wage inequality to consider how different policies have different effects. Using original policy data and Luxembourg Income Study microdata, multilevel models across 22 countries examine the relationships among country-level family policies, tax policies, and the motherhood wage penalty. The authors find policies that maintain maternal labor market attachment through moderate-length leaves, publicly funded childcare, lower marginal tax rates on second earners, and paternity leave are correlated with smaller motherhood wage penalties." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A stalled revolution? What can we learn from women's drop-out to part-time jobs: a comparative analysis of Germany and the UK (2016)
Zitatform
Dieckhoff, Martina, Vanessa Gash, Antje Mertens & Laura Romeu Gordo (2016): A stalled revolution? What can we learn from women's drop-out to part-time jobs. A comparative analysis of Germany and the UK. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 46, H. December/Pt. B, S. 129-140. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2016.09.001
Abstract
"This study examines how within-couple inequalities, that is power differences between men and women in a partnership, act as predictors of transitions from full-time to part-time employment applying Heckman corrected probit models in three different institutional and cultural contexts; Eastern Germany, Western Germany and the United Kingdom. The analyses show that when women are in a weaker position within their relationships they are more likely to drop-out of full-time work, but that this propensity varies by context. The authors also find an increased tendency over time for women to leave full-time for part-time employment in both Eastern and Western Germany, but observe no such trend in the UK. This is suggestive of ongoing incompatibilities in the institutional support for equality in dual-earning in Germany. The study uses longitudinal data covering the period 1992 until 2012 from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for Germany and from the British Household Panel (BHPS) and the 'Understanding Society' data for the UK." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Who buffers income losses after job displacement?: the role of alternative income sources, the family, and the state (2016)
Fackler, Daniel; Hank, Eva;Zitatform
Fackler, Daniel & Eva Hank (2016): Who buffers income losses after job displacement? The role of alternative income sources, the family, and the state. (IWH-Diskussionspapiere 2016,28), Halle, 34 S.
Abstract
"Using survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), this paper analyses to what extent alternative income sources, reactions within the household context, and redistribution by the state attenuate earnings losses after job displacement. Applying propensity score matching and fixed effects estimations, we find high individual earnings losses after job displacement and only limited convergence. Income from self-employment slightly reduces the earnings gap and severance payments buffer losses in the short run. On the household level, we find substantial and rather persistent losses in per capita labour income. We do not find that increased labour supply by other household members contributes to the compensation of the income losses. Most importantly, our results show that redistribution within the tax and transfer system substantially mitigates income losses of displaced workers both in the short and the long run whereas other channels contribute only little." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Household formation, female labor supply, and savings (2016)
Fehr, Hans; Kallweit, Manuel; Kindermann, Fabian;Zitatform
Fehr, Hans, Manuel Kallweit & Fabian Kindermann (2016): Household formation, female labor supply, and savings. In: The Scandinavian journal of economics, Jg. 118, H. 4, S. 868-911. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12154
Abstract
"In this paper, we aim to quantify the impact of changing family structures on labor supply and savings in Western societies. Our dynamic general equilibrium model features both genders, and it takes into account changes in marital status as a stochastic process. The numerical results indicate that changes in household formation can partly explain the reallocation of male and female labor supply observed during the last decades in Germany. We also find a negative impact on capital accumulation, and we show that a combination of higher marital risk and a narrowing gender wage gap can explain the changes in hours ratios between single and married men and women." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dynamic effects of educational assortative mating on labor supply (2016)
Zitatform
Gihleb, Rania & Osnat Lifshitz (2016): Dynamic effects of educational assortative mating on labor supply. (IZA discussion paper 9958), Bonn, 88 S.
Abstract
"In 30% of young American couples the wife is more educated than the husband. Those women are characterized by a substantially higher employment (all else equal), which in turn amplifies income inequality across couples. Using NLSY79, we formulate and structurally estimate a dynamic life-cycle model of endogenous marriage and labor supply decisions in a collective framework. We establish that the education gap at the time of marriage, produces dynamic effects due to human capital accumulation and implied wage growth. Inequality between couples is largely driven by the persistence in labor supply choices and only slightly affected by assortative matching." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Technology and the changing family: a unified model of marriage, divorce, educational attainment and married female labor-force participation (2016)
Zitatform
Greenwood, Jeremy, Nezih Guner, Georgi Kocharkov & Cezar Santos (2016): Technology and the changing family. A unified model of marriage, divorce, educational attainment and married female labor-force participation. In: American Economic Journal. Macroeconomics, Jg. 8, H. 1, S. 1-41. DOI:10.1257/mac.20130156
Abstract
"Marriage has declined since 1960, with the drop being more significant for noncollege-educated individuals versus college-educated ones. Divorce has increased, more so for the noncollege-educated. Additionally, positive assortative mating has risen. Income inequality among households has also widened. A unified model of marriage, divorce, educational attainment, and married female labor-force participation is developed and estimated to fit the postwar US data. Two underlying driving forces are considered: technological progress in the household sector and shifts in the wage structure. The analysis emphasizes the joint role that educational attainment, married female labor-force participation, and marital structure play in determining income inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A structural analysis of the effects of the Great Recession on retirement and working longer by members of two-earner households (2016)
Gustman, Alan L.; Tabatabai, Nahid; Steinmeier, Thomas L.;Zitatform
Gustman, Alan L., Thomas L. Steinmeier & Nahid Tabatabai (2016): A structural analysis of the effects of the Great Recession on retirement and working longer by members of two-earner households. (NBER working paper 22984), Cambrige, Mass., 71 S. DOI:10.3386/w22984
Abstract
"This paper uses data from the Health and Retirement Study to estimate a structural model of household retirement and saving. It applies that model to analyze the effects of the Great Recession on the work and retirement of older couples who were both employed full-time at the beginning of the recession. We analyze the effects of job loss, changes in wealth and changes in expectations.
The largest overall effects of the Great Recession are observed for 2009 and 2010. In 2009, an additional 2.5 percent of all 55 to 59 year old husbands were not working full-time as result of the Great Recession, amounting to a reduction of 3.2 percent in full-time work. In 2010, 2.8 percent of 55 to 59 year old husbands were not working full-time as a result of the Great Recession, amounting to a 3.8 percent reduction in full-time work. For wives the reductions in full-time work due to the Great Recession were 1.7 percent and 2.2 percent of those who initially held a job, or reductions of full-time work of 2.3 and 3.0 percent respectively. For those 60 to 64, the reductions were 1.2 percent of men and 0.9 percent of women. Having been laid off in the last three years reduces full-time work by 30 percent. There also are lingering effects of layoff on the probability of working longer. Having been laid off three or more years in the past reduces full-time employment in the current year by about 12 percent. This reflects the reduced work incentives for full-time work arising from lower earnings due to the loss of job tenure with a layoff as well as the additional earnings penalty from a layoff.
The effect on own work of a spouse having been laid off is much smaller. The reason is that, as found in the estimation of our structural model, having one spouse not working increases the value of leisure for the other. In contrast, when one member of the household loses their job, the value of consumption increases relative to leisure. For recent layoffs, these effects are roughly offsetting.
All told, the effects of the Great Recession on retirement seem relatively modest. These findings are consistent with our earlier descriptive analyses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Zukunftsreport Familie 2030 (2016)
Heimer, Andreas; Juncke, David; Moog, Stephan; Haumann, Wilhelm; Braukmann, Jan; Ristau, Malte; Knittel, Tilmann;Zitatform
Heimer, Andreas, David Juncke, Jan Braukmann, Tilmann Knittel, Stephan Moog, Malte Ristau & Wilhelm Haumann (2016): Zukunftsreport Familie 2030. Berlin, 66 S.
Abstract
"Gelingt es, mit einer forcierten Familienpolitik den Wünschen der Mütter und Väter nach einer partnerschaftlichen Aufteilung von Familie und Beruf zu entsprechen, wird sich die sozioökonomische Situation von Familien im Jahr 2030 deutlich verbessern.
Das Haushaltseinkommen von Familien kann um durchschnittlich 1.400 Euro steigen. Die Zahl der Eltern und Kinder, die armutsgefährdet sind, kann um rund 470 Tsd. Personen zurückgehen. Die Zahl der Personen in Haushalten mit SGB-II Bezügen kann sogar um rund 670 Tsd. Personen sinken. Bis 2030 können rund 790 Tsd. Mütter mehr sozialversicherungspflichtig beschäftigt sein.
Das Gutachten, das verschiedene Szenarien betrachtet, zeigt: Eine Weiterentwicklung der Familienpolitik hat positive Auswirkungen auf die Gesamtwirtschaft. Der Anstieg der Erwerbstätigenquote sowie der Erwerbsumfänge führen zu einem Anstieg des Arbeitsvolumens um 3,2 PP. Das führt im Chancen-Szenario bis 2030 zu einer spürbaren Erhöhung des Bruttoinlandprodukts um rund 70 Mrd. Euro." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)Weiterführende Informationen
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Literaturhinweis
The rise of the added worker effect (2016)
Mankarta, Jochen; Oikonomou, Rigas;Zitatform
Mankarta, Jochen & Rigas Oikonomou (2016): The rise of the added worker effect. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 143, H. June, S. 48-51. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2016.03.019
Abstract
"We document that the added worker effect (AWE) has increased over the last three decades. We develop a search model with two earner households and we illustrate that the increase in the AWE from the 1980s to the 2000s can be explained through the narrowing of the gender pay gap, changes in the frictions in the labor market and changes in the labor force participation costs of married women." (Author's abstract, © 2016 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Child care and labour market participation in France: do monetary incentives matter? (2015)
Allègre, Guillaume; Simonnet, Véronique; Sofer, Catherine;Zitatform
Allègre, Guillaume, Véronique Simonnet & Catherine Sofer (2015): Child care and labour market participation in France. Do monetary incentives matter? In: Annals of economics and statistics H. 117/118, S. 115-139. DOI:10.15609/annaeconstat2009.117-118.115
Abstract
"This paper presents a model of the child care arrangements and labour supply of mothers with young children (under three). We use French data to estimate simultaneously mothers' labour force participation and type of child care chosen. The independent variables include estimated child care costs and mothers' potential incomes obtained by simulating the benefits and taxes associated with different participation choices (working full-time, part-time or out of the labour market). Availability of free child care (from family and relatives) is also taken into account. We show that monetary incentives do play a role. Child care costs have a direct effect on mothers' labour market participation but not on the type of child care chosen. Household disposable income and potential wages explain participation and type of child care whereas the marginal tax rate was found to have a significant effect only on the full-time versus part-time decision." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Women's working hours: the interplay between gender role attitudes, motherhood, and public childcare support in 23 European countries (2015)
Zitatform
Andringa, Wouter, Rense Nieuwenhuis & Minna van Gerven (2015): Women's working hours. The interplay between gender role attitudes, motherhood, and public childcare support in 23 European countries. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 35, H. 9/10, S. 582-599. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-10-2014-0073
Abstract
"The purpose of this paper is to show how the interplay between individual women's gender role attitudes, having young children at home, as well as the country-context characterized by gender egalitarianism and public childcare support, relates to women's working hours in 23 European countries.
This study presents results of multilevel regression analyses of data from the European Social Survey (Round 2). These micro-level data on 23 European countries were combined with country-level measures on gender traditionalism and childcare expenditure.
The authors found that the negative association between having young children at home and women's working hours is stronger for women with traditional gender role attitudes compared to women with egalitarian attitudes. The gap in working hours between women with and without young children at home was smaller in countries in which the population holds egalitarian gender role attitudes and in countries with extensive public childcare support. Furthermore, it was found that the gap in employment hours between mothers with traditional or egalitarian attitudes was largest in countries with limited public childcare support.
Policy makers should take note that women's employment decisions are not dependent on human capital and household-composition factors alone, but that gender role attitudes matter as well. The authors could not find evidence of the inequality in employment between women with different gender role attitudes being exacerbated in association with childcare support.
The originality of this study lies in the combined (rather than separate) analysis of how countries' social policies (childcare services) and countries' attitudes (gender traditionalism) interact with individual gender role attitudes to shape cross-national variation in women's working hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Working women and fertility: the role of grandmothers' labor force participation (2015)
Aparicio-Fenoll, Ainhoa; Vidal-Fernandez, Marian;Zitatform
Aparicio-Fenoll, Ainhoa & Marian Vidal-Fernandez (2015): Working women and fertility. The role of grandmothers' labor force participation. In: CESIfo Economic Studies, Jg. 61, H. 1, S. 123-147. DOI:10.1093/cesifo/ifu030
Abstract
"Grandmothers' availability for childcare has been shown to increase the labor force participation (LFP) and fertility of daughters. However, grandmothers' childcare availability depends highly on their LFP. When grandmothers work, intergenerational income transfers to their daughters may increase at the expense of time transfers (through childcare). Using a Two-stage Two-steps Least Squares estimation, we exploit changes in legal retirement ages in Italy to explore the relationship between mothers' LFP and daughters' LFP and fertility choices. We show that even though grandmothers who participate in the labor force provide less childcare, their daughters are more likely to have children and less likely to participate in the labor force. This can be explained by the increase in family income as a result of mothers' LFP offsetting the influence of the reduction in childcare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Evidence of added worker effect from the 2008 economic crisis (2015)
Ayhan, Sinem H.;Zitatform
Ayhan, Sinem H. (2015): Evidence of added worker effect from the 2008 economic crisis. (IZA discussion paper 8937), Bonn, 33 S.
Abstract
"This paper contributes to the research on interdependencies in spousal labor supply by analyzing labor supply response of married women to their husbands' job losses ('added worker effect'). It empirically tests the hypothesis of added worker effect relying on a case study on Turkey during the global economic crisis of 2008. Identification is achieved by exploiting the exogenous variation in the output of male-dominated sectors that were hit hard by the crisis and the high degree of gender segmentation that characterizes the Turkish labor market. Findings based on the instrumental variable approach suggest that the probability of entering the labor force for a woman increases by up to 29% in response to her husband's unemployment. However the effect is not contemporaneous; it appears with a quarter of lag and remains existent only for two quarters." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Life-cycle incidence of family policy measures in Germany: evidence from a dynamic microsimulation model (2015)
Zitatform
Bonin, Holger, Karsten Reuss & Holger Stichnoth (2015): Life-cycle incidence of family policy measures in Germany. Evidence from a dynamic microsimulation model. (ZEW discussion paper 2015-036), Mannheim, 25 S.
Abstract
"This paper quantifies the life-cycle incidence of key family policy measures in Germany. The analysis is based on a novel dynamic microsimulation model that combines simulated family life-cycles for a base population from the 2009 wave of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) with a comprehensive tax-benefit model. The results indicate that households in Germany benefit considerably from family- and marriage-related transfers, yet also reveal substantial variation behind the population average. Moreover, it is shown that some measures, such as income tax splitting, may make individuals in fact worse off, in financial terms, over the long course, as a result of negative labour supply incentives which are rein-forced through detrimental effects on human capital accumulation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Getting back into work after job loss: the role of partner effects (2015)
Zitatform
Bryan, Mark L. & Simonetta Longhi (2015): Getting back into work after job loss. The role of partner effects. (ISER working paper 2015-11), Colchester, 33 S.
Abstract
"We investigate the reaction of couples to a job loss during periods of growth and recession in the UK focussing on re-employment of the spouse who lost their job. Re-employment was faster for those with a partner in work, but was not generally affected by other measures of the partner's labour market attachment or resources. For men, the strongest partner effects were for entry into high quality jobs; and having a working partner substantially mitigated the negative impact of the recession on entry into these jobs. For women, an employed partner was associated with a greater likelihood of re-entry into any type of job. Hence, while dual earner families may be able to restore the pre-job loss income level, single earner families are more likely to be trapped in cycles of low-quality jobs and no jobs leading to a decrease in household income over time. The difference in outcomes between single and dual earner couples is likely to increase during recessions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Headwind or tailwind: do partners' resources support or restrict promotion to a leadership position in Germany? (2015)
Zitatform
Bröckel, Miriam, Anne Busch-Heizmann & Katrin Golsch (2015): Headwind or tailwind: do partners' resources support or restrict promotion to a leadership position in Germany? In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 31, H. 5, S. 533-545. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcv054
Abstract
"In Germany, as in other modern societies, a low representation of women in top positions remains a stable form of gender inequality in the labour market. This article examines the extent to which a partner's labour market and financial resources influence gender-specific probabilities of obtaining a leadership position. Well-established theories are examined that provide different assumptions as to how partners' resources can affect occupational careers. This article adds to the existing body of research by applying a relational perspective on couples' resources. To resolve the research question, data from the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) study (waves 1984 - 2010) are used in a longitudinal design employing event history analysis (N?=?11,050 men and N?=?8,988 women). The results show that partners' relative resources play a significant role in the promotion to the top: Whereas for women their own comparative advantage is particularly important, especially for men higher resources of the partner are beneficial. The results can be explained by negotiation processes as well as with a transfer of social capital. Additionally, both genders profit from homogamous partnership constellations. Overall, women's chances of gaining a leadership position appear to be more determined by partners' relative resources than it is the case for men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Household bargaining and the design of couples' income taxation (2015)
Zitatform
Cremer, Helmuth, Jean-Marie Lozachmeur, Dario Maldonado & Kerstin Roeder (2015): Household bargaining and the design of couples' income taxation. (CESifo working paper 5205), München, 33 S.
Abstract
"This paper studies the design of couples' income taxation. Consumption and labor supply decisions within the couple are made by maximizing a weighted sum of the spouses' utilities; bargaining weights are given but specific to each couple. The information structure and labor supply decisions follow the Mirrleesian tradition. However, while the household's total consumption is publicly observable, the consumption levels of the individual spouses are not observable. With a utilitarian social welfare function we show that the expression for a spouses' marginal income tax rate includes a 'Pigouvian' (paternalistic) and an incentive term. The Pigouvian term favors a marginal subsidy (tax) for the high-weight (low-weight) spouse, whose labor supply otherwise tends to be too low (high). The sign and the magnitude of the incentive term depends on the weight structure across couples. In some cases both terms have the same sign and imply a positive marginal tax for the low-weight spouse (who may be female) and a negative one for the high-weight spouse (possibly the male). This is at odds with the traditional Boskin and Sheshinski results. Our conclusions can easily be generalized to more egalitarian welfare functions. Finally, we present numerical simulations based on a calibrated specification of our model. The calculations confirm that the male spouse may well have the lower (and possibly even negative) marginal tax rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Couples' strategies after job loss in West Germany and the United States: the Added Worker Effect and linked life courses (2015)
Ehlert, Martin;Zitatform
Ehlert, Martin (2015): Couples' strategies after job loss in West Germany and the United States. The Added Worker Effect and linked life courses. In: Schmollers Jahrbuch, Jg. 135, H. 1, S. 55-66. DOI:10.3790/schm.135.1.55
Abstract
"In couple households, income losses due to men's displacements may be offset by an increase in women's earnings, the so called 'Added Worker Effect' (AWE). I argue that previous research largely neglected the variation of the AWE due to intra-household characteristics. Following the idea of 'linked life courses', intra-household processes have an influence on the AWE and that this influence is structured by gender norms. I test the implications of this perspective using panel data from West Germany (GSOEP) and the United States (PSID). Results support my expectation that male breadwinner couples have lower AWE than modern and semi-modernized couples." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Distributional and behavioral effects of the gender wage gap (2015)
Zitatform
Gallego-Granados, Patricia & Johannes Geyer (2015): Distributional and behavioral effects of the gender wage gap. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 753), Berlin, 42 S.
Abstract
"The gender wage gap is a persistent labor market phenomenon. Most research focuses on the determinants of these wage differences. We contribute to this literature by exploring a different research question: if wages of women are systematically lower than male wages, what are the distributional consequences (disposable income) and what are the labor market effects (labor supply) of the wage gap? We demonstrate how the gender gap in gross hourly wages shows up in the distribution of disposable income of households. This requires taking into account the distribution of working hours as well as the tax-benefit system and other sources of household income. We present a methodological framework for deriving the gender wage gap in terms of disposable income which combines quantile decomposition, simulation techniques and structural labor supply estimation. This allows us to examine the implications of the gender wage gap for income inequality and working incentives. We illustrate our approach with an application to German data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: DIW-Diskussionspapiere , 1469 -
Literaturhinweis
Technology and the changing family: a unified model of marriage, divorce, educational attainment and married female labor-force participation (2015)
Zitatform
Greenwood, Jeremy, Nezih Guner, Georgi Kocharkov & Cezar Santos (2015): Technology and the changing family. A unified model of marriage, divorce, educational attainment and married female labor-force participation. (IZA discussion paper 8831), Bonn, 63 S.
Abstract
"Marriage has declined since 1960, with the drop being bigger for non-college educated individuals versus college educated ones. Divorce has increased, more so for the non-college educated. Additionally, positive assortative mating has risen. Income inequality among households has also widened. A unified model of marriage, divorce, educational attainment and married female labor-force participation is developed and estimated to fit the post-war U.S. data. Two underlying driving forces are considered: technological progress in the household sector and shifts in the wage structure. The analysis emphasizes the joint role that educational attainment, married female labor-force participation, and assortative mating play in determining income inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Optimal social assistance and unemployment insurance in a life-cycle model of family labor supply and savings (2015)
Haan, Peter; Prowse, Victoria;Zitatform
Haan, Peter & Victoria Prowse (2015): Optimal social assistance and unemployment insurance in a life-cycle model of family labor supply and savings. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1468), Berlin, 54 S.
Abstract
"We analyze empirically the optimal design of social insurance and assistance programs when families obtain insurance by making labor supply choices for both spouses. For this purpose, we specify a structural life-cycle model of the labor supply and savings decisions of singles and married couples. Partial insurance against wage and employment shocks is provided by social programs, savings and the labor supplies of all adult household members. The optimal policy mix focuses mainly on Social Assistance, which provides a permanent universal household income floor with a minor role for temporary earnings-related Unemployment Insurance. Reflecting that married couples obtain intra-household insurance by making labor supply choices for both spouses, the optimal generosity of Social Assistance decreases in the proportion of married individuals in the population. The link between optimal program design and the family context is strongest in low-educated populations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Ausweitung der in der Rentenversicherung anrechenbaren Kindererziehungszeiten: Mütter pausieren nicht länger vom Job (2015)
Haan, Peter; Thiemann, Andreas;Zitatform
Haan, Peter & Andreas Thiemann (2015): Ausweitung der in der Rentenversicherung anrechenbaren Kindererziehungszeiten. Mütter pausieren nicht länger vom Job. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 82, H. 47, S. 1119-1125.
Abstract
"Einer der Gründe, weshalb Frauen meist geringere Rentenansprüche haben als Männer, sind familienbedingte Auszeiten vom Beruf. Um dies abzumildern, rechnet die Gesetzliche Rentenversicherung Kindererziehungszeiten an, während derer Frauen Rentenanwartschaften erwerben, obwohl sie nicht in die Rentenversicherung einzahlen. Dies soll den Müttern eine weitgehend eigenständige Alterssicherung garantieren. Die zusätzlichen Entgeltpunkte aufgrund der Kindererziehungszeiten könnten Mütter jedoch auch dazu veranlassen, längere Erwerbsunterbrechungen nach der Geburt einzulegen oder früher in Rente zu gehen. Auf diese Weise würden die Rentenansprüche für Mütter dann wieder reduziert. Wie genau wirkt sich eine großzügigere Berücksichtigung von Kindererziehungszeiten also auf die Erwerbsunterbrechung von Frauen nach der Geburt aus? Das DIW Berlin hat dies in der vorliegenden Studie anhand der Rentenreform des Jahres 1992 auf Basis kombinierter Daten der Deutschen Rentenversicherung und der Bundesagentur für Arbeit untersucht. Damals wurde die Kindererziehungszeit von einem Jahr auf drei Jahre ausgeweitet. Das zentrale Ergebnis: Die Reform hat nicht dazu geführt, dass Frauen die Dauer ihrer Erwerbsunterbrechung nennenswert verändert haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Earnings and first birth probability among Norwegian men and women 1995-2010 (2015)
Zitatform
Hart, Rannveig Kaldager (2015): Earnings and first birth probability among Norwegian men and women 1995-2010. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 33, S. 1067-1104. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2015.33.38
Abstract
"Background: The relationship between earnings and fertility and how it varies with context are among the core investigations of demography. Cross-country comparisons show that when parenting and employment are in conflict, this relationship is less positive for women. We lack knowledge of how this relationship is shaped by context for men and how it varies with contextual changes over time rather than between countries.
Objective: I investigate how the relationship between earnings and first-birth probability changes over time for men and women, in a period when efforts in parenting and paid work become increasingly similar across sex.
Methods: Discrete-time hazard regressions are applied to highly accurate data from Norwegian population registers. Through estimation of separate models for each of the years 1995 through 2010, I assess whether the correlation between yearly earnings and the first birth probabilities changed over period time. The correlation is estimated net of observable confounders, such as educational enrolment and attainment and region of birth.
Results: The correlation between earnings and fertility has become substantially more positive over time for women, and also somewhat more positive among men.
Conclusions: Though the potential opportunity cost of fathering increases, there is no evidence of a weaker correlation between earnings and first birth probability for men. I suggest that decreasing opportunity costs of motherhood as well as strategic timing of fertility are both plausible explanations for the increasingly positive correlation among women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Understanding the added worker effect: a multiple methods interpretation (2015)
Zitatform
Laurie, Heather, Karon Gush, James Scott, Mark Bryan & Simonetta Longhi (2015): Understanding the added worker effect. A multiple methods interpretation. (ISER working paper 2015-04), Colchester, 17 S.
Abstract
"This paper provides an integrated interpretation of qualitative and quantitative data examining how couples respond when one partner loses their job. According to economic theory there may be an 'Added Worker Effect' where, when one partner loses their job, their spouse enters the labour market or takes on additional hours to compensate. The paper uses a multiple methods approach to gain a fuller understanding of couples' responses pre and post the UK Great Recession and to explore the factors influencing couples' decision-making process when experiencing a job loss. The paper is therefore a synthesis of findings produced by quantitative and qualitative elements of the same project and aims to explore where the findings from each methodological strand of the research can contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of household decision making and couple's labour supply responses to job loss." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Sharing the load? Partners' relative earnings and the division of domestic labour (2015)
Zitatform
Lyonette, Clare & Rosemary Crompton (2015): Sharing the load? Partners' relative earnings and the division of domestic labour. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 29, H. 1, S. 23-40. DOI:10.1177/0950017014523661
Abstract
"One of the most pressing issues contributing to the persistence of gender inequality is the gendered division of domestic labour. Despite their entry into paid employment, women still carry out more domestic work than men, limiting their ability to act on an equal footing within the workplace. This qualitative research adds to the ongoing debate concerning the reasons for the persistence of the gendered nature of domestic work, by comparing working women who earn more, those who earn around the same and those who earn less than their male partners, as well as examining women's absolute incomes. On average, men whose partners earn more than they do carry out more housework than other men, although women in these partnerships still do more. However, these women actively contest their male partner's lack of input, simultaneously 'doing' and 'undoing' gender. The article also identifies class differences in the 'sharing' of domestic work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Mums the word! Cross-national effects of maternal employment on gender inequalities at work and at home (2015)
Zitatform
McGinn, Kathleen L., Elizabeth Long Lingo & Mayra Ruiz Castro (2015): Mums the word! Cross-national effects of maternal employment on gender inequalities at work and at home. (Harvard Business School. Working paper 094), Boston, Mass., 43 S.
Abstract
"Our research considers how inequalities in public and the private spheres are affected by childhood exposure to non-traditional gender role models at home. We test the association between being raised by an employed mother and adult men's and women's outcomes at work and at home. Our analyses rely on national level archival data from multiple sources and individual level survey data collected as part of the International Social Survey Programme in 2002 and 2012 from nationally representative samples of men and women in 24 countries. Adult daughters of employed mothers are more likely to be employed, more likely to hold supervisory responsibility if employed, work more hours, and earn marginally higher wages than women whose mothers stayed home fulltime. The effects on labor market outcomes are non-significant for men. Maternal employment is also associated with adult outcomes at home. Sons raised by an employed mother spend more time caring for family members than men whose mothers stayed home fulltime, and daughters raised by an employed mother spend less time on housework than women whose mothers stayed home fulltime. Our findings reveal the potential for non-traditional gender role models to gradually erode gender inequality in homes and labor markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Marital sorting, inequality and the role of female labor supply: evidence from East and West Germany (2015)
Zitatform
Pestel, Nico (2015): Marital sorting, inequality and the role of female labor supply. Evidence from East and West Germany. (ZEW discussion paper 2015-047), Mannheim, 43 S.
Abstract
"This paper examines to what extent marital sorting affects cross-sectional earnings inequality in Germany over the past three decades, while explicitly taking into account labor supply choices. Using rich micro data, the observed distribution of couples' earnings is compared to a counterfactual of randomly matched spouses. Hypothetical earnings are predicted based on a structural model of household labor supply. For West Germany, a positive effect of marital sorting on inequality is found after adjusting for labor supply behavior, while the effect is limited when earnings are taken as given. This means that there is positive sorting in earnings potential which is veiled by relatively low female labor force participation. In East Germany, the impact of marital sorting on inequality is highly disequalizing irrespective of adjusting for labor supply choices. This is mainly due to the fact that East German women are much more attached to the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wie verbreitet sind Betriebskindergärten? (2015)
Zitatform
Seils, Eric & Judith Kaschowitz (2015): Wie verbreitet sind Betriebskindergärten? (WSI-Report 21), Düsseldorf, 16 S.
Abstract
"Die Verbesserung der außerhäuslichen Kinderbetreuung gilt als ein wichtiges Instrument gegen den sogenannten Fachkräftemangel. Dabei spielen laut einigen aktuellen Studien Betriebskindergärten eine zunehmende Rolle. Insbesondere die Arbeitgeberverbände stellen heraus, dass die Aktivitäten der Wirtschaft auf diesem Feld zu einer Verbesserung der Betreuungssituation beigetragen habe. Die vorliegenden Daten gehen jedoch weit auseinander. Untersuchungen des Deutschen Industrie- und Handelskammertages (DIHK) und des Instituts der deutschen Wirtschaft (IW) schätzen den Anteil der Unternehmen mit betrieblicher Kinderbetreuung auf 16 bzw. 3,4 Prozent. Nach Angaben des Statistischen Bundesamtes gibt es hingegen nur 668 Betriebskindergärten, was den Schluss zulässt, dass der Anteil der Unternehmen mit betrieblicher Kinderbetreuung weit unter einem Prozent liegt. Die vergleichende Analyse dieses Reports geht den Ursachen dieser Diskrepanzen nach:
Es zeigt sich, dass die vorliegenden Zahlen von DIHK und IW widersprüchlich sind bzw. sich nur auf große Unternehmen beziehen. Die weitaus niedrigeren Angaben des Statistischen Bundesamtes erweisen sich hingegen als zuverlässig. Die Ursachen für den generell geringen Umfang der betrieblichen Kinderbetreuung sind nicht nur im Nachfragemangel und den Schwierigkeiten beim Aufbau betrieblicher Kinderbetreuung, sondern auch im mangelnden Interesse seitens großer Unternehmen zu suchen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
The rise and decline of the male breadwinner model: institutional underpinnings and future expectations (2015)
Zitatform
Trappe, Heike, Matthias Pollmann-Schult & Christian Schmitt (2015): The rise and decline of the male breadwinner model. Institutional underpinnings and future expectations. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 31, H. 2, S. 230-242. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcv015
Abstract
"In this article, we provide a long-term East - West comparison of partnered women's employment from the 1940s into the first decade of the new millennium in Germany, and focus on the nexus of gainful employment and family-related responsibilities in women's lives. Based on an analysis of the institutionally and culturally shaped opportunity structures that define the conditions for partnered women's employment, we identify distinct periods of support and derive hypotheses on cohortspecific developments. The empirical analysis largely confirms that a divergence between East and West German women's employment patterns started as early as in the 1950s. East - West differences in labour market participation were strongest among women born around 1940. For successive cohorts of East and West German women, the employment patterns converged. Whereas the labour market participation of West German women gradually increased over time, the employment pattern of East German women adjusted to the West German pattern after unification, resulting in an increase of part-time employment and non-employment, in particular among mothers. The article concludes by discussing implications of these trends for the future of the male breadwinner model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The added worker effect differentiated by gender and partnership status: evidence from involuntary job loss (2015)
Triebe, Doreen;Zitatform
Triebe, Doreen (2015): The added worker effect differentiated by gender and partnership status. Evidence from involuntary job loss. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 740), Berlin, 33 S.
Abstract
"This paper examines the added worker effect (AWE), which refers to the increase of labor supply of individuals in response to a sudden financial shock in family income, that is, unemployment of their partner. While previous empirical studies focus on married women's response to those shocks, I explicitly analyze the spillover effects of unemployment on both women and men and I also differentiate according to their partnership status (marriage vs. cohabitation). My aim is to evaluate whether intra-household adaptation mechanisms differ by gender and by partnership status. The underlying method is a difference-in-differences setting in combination with an entropy balancing matching procedure. The paper considers plant closures and employer terminations as exogenous forms of unemployment. Using longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) study from 1991 through 2013, the empirical investigation finds evidence of the existence of an AWE. The effect is largest when a woman enters unemployment and is mainly driven by changes on the intensive margin (increase of hours)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Erwerbs- und Arbeitszeitmuster in Paarbeziehungen: Stellungnahme des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB) für die Anhörung im Landtag NRW: Unterlagen von der Enquetekommission V (Familienpolitik) am 24. August 2015 - Thema: "Zeitpolitik" (2015)
Zitatform
Wanger, Susanne & Frank Bauer (2015): Erwerbs- und Arbeitszeitmuster in Paarbeziehungen. Stellungnahme des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB) für die Anhörung im Landtag NRW: Unterlagen von der Enquetekommission V (Familienpolitik) am 24. August 2015 - Thema: "Zeitpolitik". (IAB-Stellungnahme 03/2015), Nürnberg, 12 S.
Abstract
"Das IAB äußert sich in dieser Stellungnahme zu der Frage, wie die Erwerbs- und Arbeitszeit in Paarhaushalten aufgeteilt wird und welche Gründe dafür maßgeblich sein können. So unterscheiden sich die Erwerbsbeteiligung und die Arbeitszeitmuster von Frauen und Männern nach wie vor erheblich. Bei Frauen entscheidet insbesondere die familiäre Situation, ob und in welchem Umfang sie beschäftigt sind. Dagegen beeinflusst die Familiengründung das Erwerbsverhalten von Männern bisher kaum. Der hohe Anteil von Frauen, die Teilzeit arbeiten, führt zu einer ausgeprägten Arbeitszeitlücke zwischen Frauen und Männern. In Verbindung mit Untersuchungen zu Erwerbs- und Arbeitszeitmustern von Paaren zeigt sich, dass sich insbesondere bei Paaren mit Kindern die Unterschiede im zeitlichen Ausmaß der Erwerbsarbeit verfestigen und sich auch bei einer Realisierung der Arbeitszeitwünsche nur wenig bei der Verteilung der partnerschaftlichen Erwerbszeit ändern würde. Eine Förderung von partnerschaftlichen Modellen wie durch das 'Elterngeld plus' oder durch eine Familienarbeitszeit mit gleichberechtigten Stunden-Modellen für Eltern wie vorgeschlagen könnte zu einer ausgewogeneren Aufteilung der Arbeitszeiten bei Paaren beitragen. Dies gilt insbesondere dann, wenn sie mit passenden Arbeitszeitmodellen flankiert werden, die Beschäftigten Einfluss auf die Lage und Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit ermöglichen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Gender identity and women's supply of labor and non-market work: panel data evidence for Germany (2015)
Wieber, Anna; Holst, Elke;Zitatform
Wieber, Anna & Elke Holst (2015): Gender identity and women's supply of labor and non-market work. Panel data evidence for Germany. (IZA discussion paper 9471), Bonn, 46 S.
Abstract
"This paper aims to verify results of the innovative study on gender identity for the USA by Bertrand et al. (2015) for Germany. They found that women who would earn more than their husbands distort their labor market outcome in order not to violate traditional gender identity norms. Using data from the German Socio-economic Panel Study we also find that the distribution of the share of income earned by the wife exhibits a sharp drop to the right of the half, where the wife's income exceeds the husband's income. The results of the fixed effects regression confirm that gender identity has an impact on the labor supply of full time working women, but only in Western Germany. We also show that gender identity affects the supply of housework but in contrast to the US where women increase their contribution to nonmarket work when they actually have a higher income than their husbands, we find for Germany that women only barely reduce their weekly hours of non-market work once their income exceeds that of their husbands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Spousal employment and intra-household bargaining power (2014)
Antman, Francisca M.;Zitatform
Antman, Francisca M. (2014): Spousal employment and intra-household bargaining power. (IZA discussion paper 8231), Bonn, 9 S.
Abstract
"This paper considers the relationship between work status and decision-making power of the head of household and his spouse. I use household fixed effects models to address the possibility that spousal work status may be correlated with unobserved factors that also affect bargaining power within the home. Consistent with the hypothesis that greater economic resources yield greater bargaining power, I find that the spouse of the head of household is more likely to be involved in decisions when she has been employed. Similarly, the head of household is less likely to be the sole decision-maker when his spouse works." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Die neuen Elterngeld-Komponenten: Will money trump gender? (2014)
Zitatform
Beblo, Miriam & Christina Boll (2014): Die neuen Elterngeld-Komponenten: Will money trump gender? In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 94, H. 8, S. 564-569. DOI:10.1007/s10273-014-1715-5
Abstract
"Die meisten jungen Väter und Mütter in Deutschland wünschen sich eine gleichberechtigte(re) Teilhabe beider Partner in der Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit. Die gelebte Arbeitsteilung vieler Paare sieht jedoch oft anders aus. Die Bundesregierung reagiert nun mit Reformplänen zum Bundeselterngeld- und Elternzeitgesetz, um Eltern mehr Gestaltungsfreiräume zu geben sowie eine gleichmäßigere Aufteilung der Aufgaben in beiden Lebenssphären zwischen den Geschlechtern zu stimulieren. Die Autorinnen diskutieren, wie die politisch offerierten zusätzlichen Ressourcen (Eltern-)Zeit und (Eltern-)Geld in diesem Zusammenhang zu beurteilen sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Ökonomische Analysen des Paarverhaltens aus der Lebensverlaufsperspektive und politische Implikationen (2014)
Zitatform
Beblo, Miriam & Christina Boll (2014): Ökonomische Analysen des Paarverhaltens aus der Lebensverlaufsperspektive und politische Implikationen. In: Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung, Jg. 83, H. 1, S. 121-144.
Abstract
"Eine auf Paarebene getroffene Entscheidung kann für die einzelnen Partner unterschiedliche Folgen haben, insbesondere in der mittleren bis langen Frist. Durch Spezialisierungsentscheidungen auf unbezahlte Care-Arbeit und den damit verbundenen Rückzug vom Arbeitsmarkt gehen vor allem Frauen finanzielle Risiken ein, die ihre materielle Sicherheit nicht nur aktuell, sondern auch im Alter bedrohen. Diese asymmetrische Dynamik kann Interessenskonflikte im Paar erzeugen, die mit ihren Folgen für die Gesellschaft (vor allem auf Kinderzahl und Pflegeleistungen) nicht mehr nur 'Privatsache' sind. Unser Beitrag verfolgt deshalb drei Ziele. Nach einer theoretischen Einführung in die Problemlage legt er erstens dar, in welchen zentralen Entscheidungssituationen (Fertilität, Arbeitsteilung und Einkommensverwendung) es empirische Hinweise auf Interessenskonflikte auf Paarebene gibt. Er trägt zweitens die Faktoren zusammen, die empirisch als maßgebliche 'Entscheidungs- beziehungsweise Teilungsfaktoren' in den genannten drei Entscheidungsbereichen identifiziert worden sind. Die Studie zeigt drittens die politischen Implikationen auf: Wo wirkt der Staat mittels steuer-, familien- und arbeitsmarktpolitischer Instrumente in das Verhalten der Paare hinein?" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Zur Effizienz der ehe- und familienbezogenen Leistungen in Deutschland im Hinblick auf soziale Sicherungs- und Beschäftigungsziele (2014)
Zitatform
Bonin, Holger, Reinhold Schnabel & Holger Stichnoth (2014): Zur Effizienz der ehe- und familienbezogenen Leistungen in Deutschland im Hinblick auf soziale Sicherungs- und Beschäftigungsziele. In: Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung, Jg. 83, H. 1, S. 29-48.
Abstract
"Der Beitrag vergleicht die Effizienz von zehn zentralen familienpolitischen Leistungen in Deutschland hinsichtlich der Ziele der wirtschaftlichen Stabilität und der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. Die Wirkungsanalysen berücksichtigen die Interaktionen im Leistungssystem und mögliche Arbeitsangebotsreaktionen der Haushalte. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die deutsche Familienpolitik in erheblichem Maß zur wirtschaftlichen Stabilität der Familien beiträgt. Zielgenaue Leistungen schneiden dabei bezogen auf die Effizienz besser ab als Leistungen wie das Ehegattensplitting oder das Kindergeld. Vom Splitting und von der beitragsfreien Mitversicherung der Ehepartner gehen zudem negative Impulse auf die Erwerbstätigkeit des Zweitverdieners aus. Die Wirkungen sind häufig nichtlinear, asymmetrisch und nichtadditiv. Mögliche Reformmaßnahmen lassen sich daher nicht durch Extrapolation der bestehenden Ergebnisse, sondern nur auf Basis konkreter Simulationen ex ante bewerten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Familienpolitische Maßnahmen in Deutschland: Evaluationen und Bewertungen (2014)
Zitatform
Bonin, Holger, C. Katharina Spieß, Holger Stichnoth & Katharina Wrohlich (2014): Familienpolitische Maßnahmen in Deutschland. Evaluationen und Bewertungen. In: Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung, Jg. 83, H. 1, S. 5-11. DOI:10.3790/vjh.83.1.5
Abstract
"Erstmalig wurde im Rahmen der Gesamtevaluation ehe- und familienbezogener Leistungen die deutsche Familienpolitik systematisch und umfassend evaluiert. Ein vergleichbares Unterfangen hatte es zuvor weder in Deutschland noch in anderen westlichen Industrieländern gegeben. Es ist eine weitere Besonderheit, dass diese Evaluation von zwei Ressorts gemeinsam getragen wurde, dem Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend und dem Bundesministerium der Finanzen. Das groß angelegte Projekt begann im Herbst 2009. Seitdem haben Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler unterschiedlicher Disziplinen mit unterschiedlichen methodischen Herangehensweisen auf der Basis unterschiedlicher Daten in einer Reihe von Einzelstudien untersucht, wie gut die zentralen öffentlich finanzierten Leistungen familienpolitische Ziele voranbringen. Dabei wurden die Ziele, die der Evaluation zugrunde liegen, von der Politik vorgegeben. Auch dies hat einen gewissen Neuigkeitswert, da die deutsche Familienpolitik im Kontext der 'nachhaltigen Familienpolitik' (vergleiche zum Beispiel Ristau-Winkler 2005) erstmalig explizit ihren Zielkatalog definierte: Die evaluierten Ziele umfassten die Sicherung der wirtschaftlichen Stabilität von Familien, eine bessere Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf, eine frühe Förderung von Kindern, die Erfüllung von Kinderwünschen und den Nachteilsausgleich zwischen den Familien. Die Evaluation untersuchte, inwiefern diese Ziele erreicht wurden (Effektivität), aber auch in welcher Relation die Zielerreichung zu dem damit verbundenen fiskalischen Aufwand steht (Effizienz). Damit wurde für Entscheidungsträger auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen und in unterschiedlichen Bereichen, welche mit Familienpolitik in Verbindung stehen, erstmalig eine empirisch begründete Basis für eine evidenzbasierte Weiterentwicklung der deutschen Familienpolitik geschaffen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Husband's unemployment and wife's labor supply: the added worker effect across Europe (2014)
Zitatform
Bredtmann, Julia, Sebastian Otten & Christian Rulff (2014): Husband's unemployment and wife's labor supply. The added worker effect across Europe. (University Aarhus. Economics working paper 2014-13), Aarhus, 47 S.
Abstract
"Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der Anpassung des Arbeitsangebots von Frauen in Reaktion auf den Jobverlust ihres Partners, dem sog. 'Added Worker Effect'. Während sich die bisherige Literatur überwiegend auf Studien für spezifische Länder konzentriert hat, nehmen wir bewusst eine international vergleichende Perspektive ein und untersuchen, inwiefern der Added Worker Effect über die verschiedenen Wohlfahrtsstaatssysteme in Europa variiert. Unsere empirischen Analysen basieren auf Längsschnittdaten der 'European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)' für den Zeitraum 2004 bis 2011. Für unseren aus 28 europäischen Ländern bestehenden Datensatz finden wir Evidenz für das Vorliegen eines Added Worker Effects: Frauen, deren Partner im vergangenen Jahr arbeitslos wurde, haben eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit, in den Arbeitsmarkt einzutreten sowie den Umfang ihrer Arbeitszeit zu erhöhen, gegeben dass sie schon am Arbeitsmarkt partizipieren. Darüber hinaus finden wir jedoch eine hohe Variation in der Existenz und der Stärke des Added Worker Effects sowohl über den Verlauf des Konjunkturzyklus als auch über die verschiedenen Wohlfahrtsstaatssysteme in Europa." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Husband's unemployment and wife's labor supply: the added worker effect across Europe (2014)
Zitatform
Bredtmann, Julia, Sebastian Otten & Christian Rulff (2014): Husband's unemployment and wife's labor supply. The added worker effect across Europe. (Ruhr economic papers 484), Essen, 49 S.
Abstract
"Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der Anpassung des Arbeitsangebots von Frauen in Reaktion auf den Jobverlust ihres Partners, dem sog. 'Added Worker Effect'. Während sich die bisherige Literatur überwiegend auf Studien für spezifische Länder konzentriert hat, nehmen wir bewusst eine international vergleichende Perspektive ein und untersuchen, inwiefern der Added Worker Effect über die verschiedenen Wohlfahrtsstaatssysteme in Europa variiert. Unsere empirischen Analysen basieren auf Längsschnittdaten der 'European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)' für den Zeitraum 2004 bis 2011. Für unseren aus 28 europäischen Ländern bestehenden Datensatz finden wir Evidenz für das Vorliegen eines Added Worker Effects: Frauen, deren Partner im vergangenen Jahr arbeitslos wurde, haben eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit, in den Arbeitsmarkt einzutreten sowie den Umfang ihrer Arbeitszeit zu erhöhen, gegeben dass sie schon am Arbeitsmarkt partizipieren. Darüber hinaus finden wir jedoch eine hohe Variation in der Existenz und der Stärke des Added Worker Effects sowohl über den Verlauf des Konjunkturzyklus als auch über die verschiedenen Wohlfahrtsstaatssysteme in Europa." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
How do occupational norms shape mothers' career and caring options? (2014)
Zitatform
Carney, Tanya & Anne Junor (2014): How do occupational norms shape mothers' career and caring options? In: The journal of industrial relations, Jg. 56, H. 4, S. 465-487. DOI:10.1177/0022185614538442
Abstract
"Occupationally-differentiated patterns of paid work arrangements help shape the extent to which mothers of children under the age of 16 have access to both career and caring security (stable paid jobs with career prospects that also guarantee the ongoing capacity to provide and arrange high-quality care for children). Five sets of conditions critical to mothers' work and caring security are: contracts providing two-way mobility between full-time and part-time work; actual hours worked; work scheduling; work location; and contractual security. Occupations can be clustered into 'shapes', based on the relative mother-friendliness of different ways in which they combine these conditions. Some shapes provide both employment security and caring security; others involve types of 'flexibility focusing a trade-off between the two types of security. Data for 64 occupations, taken from early waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics of Australia (HILDA) Survey, were used to identify statistical norms for key aspects of each employment condition, and also the strength of these norms - that is, how flexible they were, for better or worse. These occupational norms and strengths were assumed to reflect regulatory standards or commonly accepted organisational practices. The 64 occupations could be grouped into five shapes that were associated with different concentrations of mothers. Occupational 'shapes' may thus act as barriers or enablers to mothers' labour market transitions. They may tend to exclude mothers by denying caring security; allow employment maintenance based on a trade between caring and career security; or enable full occupational integration by providing both forms of security. The concept of shapes aids theoretical understanding of the mechanisms of occupational segregation and labour market segmentation, and may aid the targeting of regulatory interventions to improve mothers' access to both career and caring security." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
After the male breadwinner model?: childcare services and the division of labor in European countries (2014)
Zitatform
Ciccia, Rossella & Inge Bleijenbergh (2014): After the male breadwinner model? Childcare services and the division of labor in European countries. In: Social Politics, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 50-79. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxu002
Abstract
"Fundamental reforms in childcare services appear to have eroded traditional support to the male breadwinner model across European states. There has been a strong debate about the direction of these changes, and the ways in which childcare services can alter the division of labor and promote gender equality. This paper deals with these issues by using fuzzy set ideal-type analysis to assess the conformity of childcare service provisions in European economies to Fraser's four ideal typical models: male breadwinner, caregiver parity, universal breadwinner, and universal caregiver. We find that there is resilience of traditional gender roles in the majority of European countries, while there are different variants of the universal breadwinner shaping different forms of childcare policies. The more equalitarian universal caregiver model maintains its utopian character." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Educational heterogamy and the division of paid labour in the family: a comparison of present-day Belgium and Sweden (2014)
Zitatform
Eeckhaut, Mieke C. W., Maria A. Stanfors & Bart van de Putte (2014): Educational heterogamy and the division of paid labour in the family. A comparison of present-day Belgium and Sweden. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 30, H. 1, S. 64-75. DOI:10.1093/esr/jct022
Abstract
"This study builds on the long-standing theoretical interest in the importance of comparative advantages between partners for the division of paid labour in the family. It adopts a couple perspective on women's relative labour market participation by considering the role of educational heterogamy. Additionally, it takes account of the family life cycle by means of the presence of (young) children. The importance of these two factors for women's relative labour market participation is compared between Belgium and Sweden -- two European countries that share socio-economic features but differ regarding labour market and social policies relevant for gender equality and potential gains to specialization. Multinomial logistic diagonal reference models are used to analyse the pooled cross-sectional data of EU-SILC 2004 - 2008. Contrary to expectations, we find that comparative advantages between partners, as measured by educational heterogamy, are of only minor importance for determining the couple's division of paid labour in such diverse countries as Belgium and Sweden. Our results show that women's relative labour market participation is less education-driven in Sweden than in Belgium, and is more related to the life cycle effect of the presence of (young) children, confirming more egalitarianism and family friendliness in Scandinavia than in continental Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Income taxation, labour supply and housework: a discrete choice model for French couples (2014)
Zitatform
Kabáteka, Jan, Arthur van Soest & Elena Stancanelli (2014): Income taxation, labour supply and housework. A discrete choice model for French couples. In: Labour economics, Jg. 27, H. April, S. 30-43. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2014.01.004
Abstract
"Earlier studies suggest that income taxation may affect not only labour supply but also domestic work. Here we investigate the impact of income taxation on partners' labour supply and housework, using data for France that taxes incomes of married couples jointly. We estimate a household utility model in which the marginal utilities of leisure and housework of both partners are modelled as random coefficients, depending on observed and unobserved characteristics. We conclude that both partners' market and housework hours are responsive to changes in the tax system. A policy simulation suggests that replacing joint taxation of married spouses' incomes with separate taxation would increase the husband's housework hours by 1.3% and reduce his labour supply by 0.8%. The wife's market hours would increase by 3.7%, and her housework hours would fall by 2.0%." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Home computers and married women's labor supply (2014)
Zitatform
Lembcke, Alexander C. (2014): Home computers and married women's labor supply. (CEP discussion paper 1260), London, 42 S.
Abstract
"I consider how the availability of a personal computer at home changed employment for married women. I develop a theoretical model that motivates the empirical specifications. Using data from the US CPS from 1984 to 2003, I find that employment is 1.5 to 7 percentage points higher for women in households with a computer. The model predicts that the increase in employment is driven by higher wages. I find having a computer at home is associated with higher wages, and employment in more computer intensive occupations, which is consistent with the model. Decomposing the changes by educational attainment shows that both women with low levels of education (high school diploma or less) and women with the highest levels of education (Master's degree or more) have high returns from home computers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))