Female breadwinner – Erwerbsentscheidungen von Frauen im Haushaltskontext
Nach wie vor ist die ungleiche Verteilung von Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit zwischen den Partnern der Regelfall. Traditionelle familiäre Arrangements werden dabei durch institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen bevorzugt. Die Folge ist, dass Frauen immer noch beruflich zurückstecken - auch wenn sie den Hauptteil des Haushaltseinkommens erarbeiten und damit die Rolle der Familienernährerin übernehmen.
Dieses Themendossier widmet sich den Bedingungen und Auswirkungen der Erwerbsentscheidung von Frauen sowie empirischen Studien, die sich mit der Arbeitsteilung der Partner im Haushaltskontext befassen.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
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Literaturhinweis
What Fairness? Gendered Division of Housework and Family Life Satisfaction across 30 Countries (2018)
Zitatform
Hu, Yang & Deniz Yucel (2018): What Fairness? Gendered Division of Housework and Family Life Satisfaction across 30 Countries. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 92-105. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcx085
Abstract
"This article sheds new light on the role played by perceived fairness in configuring the relationship between gendered housework division and women's family life satisfaction across 30 countries. This is achieved by distinguishing and comparing two major dimensions of women's fairness comparison -- inter-gender relational comparison between partners and intra-gender referential comparison with other women from the same society. Analysing data from the 2012 International Social Survey Programme, we find that women's family life satisfaction is adversely affected by both a lack of relational fairness and unfavourable referential comparison, which operate independently of each other. Supporting the 'self-serving' theory, women are found to rely more on one dimension of fairness comparison to assess their family life satisfaction when they compare unfavourably rather than favourably in the other dimension. Country-level gender equality positively predicts the strength of the association between relational fairness and family life satisfaction. However, it does not seem to moderate the influence of referential comparison on family life satisfaction. In light of these results, scholars are urged to consider the perceived fairness of housework division as a plural construct, and to promulgate gender equality in multiple dimensions -- addressing not just inter-gender (in)equity but also intra-gender (in)equality -- to move the gender revolution forward." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Globalization, gender, and the family (2018)
Zitatform
Keller, Wolfgang & Hâle Utar (2018): Globalization, gender, and the family. (NBER working paper 25247), Cambrige, Mass., 96 S. DOI:10.3386/w25247
Abstract
"This paper shows that globalization has far-reaching implications for the economy's fertility rate and family structure because they influence work-life balance. Employing population register data on new births, marriages, and divorces together with employer-employee linked data for Denmark, we show that lower labor market opportunities due to Chinese import competition lead to a shift towards family, with more parental leave taking and higher fertility as well as more marriages and fewer divorces. This pro-family, pro-child shift is driven largely by women, not men. Correspondingly, the negative earnings implications of the rising import competition are concentrated on women, and gender earnings inequality increases. We show that the choice of market versus family is a major determinant of worker adjustment costs to labor market shocks. While older workers respond to the shock rather similarly whether female or not, for young workers the fertility response takes away the adjustment advantage they typically have - if the worker is a woman. We find that the female biological clock - women have difficulties to conceive beyond their early forties - is central for the gender differential, rather than the composition of jobs and workplaces, as well as other potential causes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Women's wages and fertility revisited evidence from Norway (2018)
Kornstad, Tom; Rønsen, Marit;Zitatform
Kornstad, Tom & Marit Rønsen (2018): Women's wages and fertility revisited evidence from Norway. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 491-518. DOI:10.1007/s10680-017-9435-3
Abstract
"The prediction of New Home Economics of a negative effect of female wages on fertility has been tested in a number of studies, but the results are far from unanimous. This article contributes with new evidence based on registry data covering all Norwegian women born in 1955-1974 and a simultaneous hazard model of transitions to first, second and third birth. We find a U-shaped relationship between wages and the log hazard for all cohorts, however, varying in strength and across parity. In transitions to first birth, most women are likely to be on the downward slope of the curve, implying that the wage effect is mainly negative. In transitions to second and third birth, most women are likely to be on the upward slope of the curve, where the wage effect is positive. The results are not very sensitive to the omission of education and income of the spouse." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Salmon migration and fertility in East Germany: an analysis of birth dynamics around German reunification (2018)
Zitatform
Kreyenfeld, Michaela & Anja Vatterrott (2018): Salmon migration and fertility in East Germany. An analysis of birth dynamics around German reunification. In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 247-266. DOI:10.3224/zff.v30i3.02
Abstract
"In diesem Beitrag werden die Registerdaten der deutschen Rentenversicherung verwendet, um die Übergänge zum ersten Kind und das 'Spacing' weiterer Kinder in der Zeit nach der Wiedervereinigung zu beschreiben. Wir untersuchen dabei das Geburtenverhalten von ostdeutschen und westdeutschen sowie jenen Frauen, die zwischen den beiden Landesteilen migriert sind. Da in den Rentenregistern monatsgenaue Angaben zum Wohnort enthalten sind, erlauben sie es den Zusammenhang von räumlicher Mobilität und Geburtenverhalten zu analysieren. Insbesondere untersuchen wir die 'Salmon Hypothesis' (Lachshypothese), der zufolge Geburten bis zur Rückkehr der Migrantinnen in ihre Herkunftsregion aufgeschoben werden. Unsere Analysen zeigen, dass ein erheblicher Teil der ostdeutschen Frauen der Geburtsjahrgänge 1965-74 nach Westdeutschland migrierte, jedoch bis zum Alter 40 etwa 50% von ihnen nach Ostdeutschland zurückgekehrt sind. Die Erstgeburtenraten der Rückkehrerinnen sind erhöht, was darauf hinweist, dass die 'Salmon Hypothesis' das Verhalten eines großen Teils der Ost-West-Migrantinnen beschreiben kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Assessing the smooth rise in mothers' employment as children age (2018)
Zitatform
Lubotsky, Darren & Javaeria A. Qureshi (2018): Assessing the smooth rise in mothers' employment as children age. In: Journal of Human Capital, Jg. 12, H. 4, S. 604-639. DOI:10.1086/700077
Abstract
"We study the trajectory of maternal employment as children age and assess the factors underlying the smooth increase in mothers' employment as their youngest child ages. Our results indicate that the rising employment profile is largely not associated with falling child care costs, changes in nonlabor income, or marital dissolution as children age. Differences in educational attainment and wage opportunities are related to some of the increase in employment when children are under 4 years old but do not explain any after that age. We discuss explanations for the rising pattern of mothers' employment that might be consistent with our results." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The return to work and women's employment decisions (2018)
Zitatform
Maestas, Nicole (2018): The return to work and women's employment decisions. (NBER working paper 24429), Cambrige, Mass., 40 S. DOI:10.3386/w24429
Abstract
"It is well documented that individuals in couples tend to retire around the same time. But because women tend to marry older men, this means many married women retire at younger ages than their husbands. This fact is somewhat at odds with lifecycle theory that suggests women might otherwise retire at later ages than men because they have longer life expectancies, and often have had shorter careers on account of childrearing. As a result, the opportunity cost of retirement - in terms of foregone potential earnings and accruals to Social Security wealth - may be larger for married women than for their husbands. Using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), I find evidence that the returns to additional work beyond mid-life are greater for married women than for married men. The potential gain in Social Security wealth alone is enough to place married women on nearly equal footing with married men in terms of Social Security wealth at age 70." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Twins, family size, and female labor force participation in Iran (2018)
Zitatform
Majbouri, Mahdi (2018): Twins, family size, and female labor force participation in Iran. (IZA discussion paper 11638), Bonn, 27 S.
Abstract
"Despite the remarkable increase in women's education levels and the rapid fall of their fertility rate in Iran, female labor force participation (FLFP) has remained low. Using the instrumental variable method, this paper estimates the causal impact of number of children on mothers' participation in the labor market. It finds that having an extra (unplanned) child would only reduce female participation rate for low educated mothers and mothers with young children, thus having no causal impact on most mothers' participation. This result explains why the rapid decline in fertility rates did not increase female participation; rather, other factors should be at play. It hence moves us a step forward in explaining the puzzle of female labor force participation in Iran. Policy implications are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do economic resources play a role in bargaining child care in couples?: parental investment in cases of matching and mismatching gender ideologies in Germany (2018)
Zitatform
Nitsche, Natalie & Daniel Grunow (2018): Do economic resources play a role in bargaining child care in couples? Parental investment in cases of matching and mismatching gender ideologies in Germany. In: European Societies, Jg. 20, H. 5, S. 785-815. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2018.1473626
Abstract
"This paper examines the factors associated with a gendered division of childcare among parents in Germany. While much is known on the gender division of housework in families and the economic and sociological factors that may be driving it, we still know relatively little about whether and how these factors may affect the division of unpaid childcare in families. We first assess the relevance of partner's combined gender ideologies and relative resources on the division of unpaid childcare. Second, we assess whether the effect of economic resources may be contingent on the partners' agreement or disagreement on gender ideologies concerning maternal employment. We address these questions using data from the German Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam) and MLM Growth Curve Models. Our findings consistently show a significant positive effect of partners' combined gender ideologies and her share of income on his share of childcare. These effects are strongest, and robust, among couples with matching ideologies supporting maternal employment, which we term 'egalitarian island' couples. Economically efficient divisions of childcare thus appear dependent upon the couples' ideological pairing and on mothers' ideologies towards maternal employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A structural explanation of recent changes in life-cycle labor supply and fertility behavior of married women in the United States (2018)
Zitatform
Park, Seonyoung (2018): A structural explanation of recent changes in life-cycle labor supply and fertility behavior of married women in the United States. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 102, H. February, S. 129-168. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.11.006
Abstract
"This study documents and explains important changes in the life-cycle labor supply and fertility behavior of married women in the United States from the 1950s to more recent cohorts. The younger cohorts, relative to the 1950s, supply more labor at earlier stages of the life-cycle, delay motherhood to later stages without reducing the fertility rate, and upon childbearing, show a greater tendency to stay out of the labor force. In a life-cycle model for married couples in which a household makes decisions on fertility as well as labor supply, consumption, and savings, all the behavioral changes are jointly and quantitatively explained by a combination of changes in various labor supply/fertility determinants, with the increased returns (penalties) to work (non-work) experience being the dominant contributor. The results survive a series of robustness tests, including endogenizing education choice and assortative marriage." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender norms and income misreporting within households (2018)
Roth, Anja; Slotwinski, Michaela;Zitatform
Roth, Anja & Michaela Slotwinski (2018): Gender norms and income misreporting within households. (CESifo working paper 7298), München, 30 S.
Abstract
"We revisit the prominent finding that women's incomes are disproportionally often observed just below the income of their partner. So far, this bunching has been explained by couple formation or couples' labor market decisions. We propose an additional mechanism: income misreporting in surveys. Drawing on survey and administrative data, we show that income misreporting accounts for the discontinuity in the distribution of women's relative incomes just below the point where a woman outearns her partner. This misreporting is best explained by the role of gender norms in individuals' self-portrayals and self-perception." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Women make houses, women make homes (2017)
Zitatform
Akbulut-Yuksel, Mevlude, Melanie Khamis & Mutlu Yuksel (2017): Women make houses, women make homes. In: Labour economics, Jg. 49, H. December, S. 145-161. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.05.004
Abstract
"This paper examines the persistent effects of historical labor market institutions and policies on women's long-term labor market outcomes. We quantify these enduring effects by exploring quasi-experimental variation in Germany's post-World War II mandatory reconstruction policy, which compelled women to work in the rubble removal and reconstruction process. Using difference-in-differences and instrumental variable approaches, we find that mandatory employment during the postwar era generated persistent adverse effects on women's long-term labor market outcomes. An increase in marriage and fertility rates in the postwar era and a physical and mental exhaustion associated with manual labor are some of the direct and indirect channels potentially explaining our results." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))
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auch erschienen als: IZA discussion paper , 10830 -
Literaturhinweis
Trends in fathers' contribution to housework and childcare under different welfare policy regimes (2017)
Zitatform
Altintas, Evrim & Oriel Sullivan (2017): Trends in fathers' contribution to housework and childcare under different welfare policy regimes. In: Social Politics, Jg. 24, H. 1, S. 81-108. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxw007
Abstract
"This article brings up to date welfare regime differences in the time fathers spend on childcare and core housework, using Multinational Time Use Study data (1971 - 2010) from fifteen countries. Although Nordic fathers continue to set the bar, the results provide some support for the idea of a catch-up in core housework among Southern regime fathers. The results also suggest an increasing polarization in Liberal countries, whereby fathers who were meaningfully involved in family life were increasingly likely to spend more time doing core housework and, particularly, childcare. Fathers living in Corporatist countries have been least responsive to change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of fertility timing on labor market work (2017)
Zitatform
Angelov, Nikolay, Per Johansson & Myoung-jae Lee (2017): The effect of fertility timing on labor market work. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2017,13), Uppsala, 44 S.
Abstract
"We provide a framework for the estimation of the impact of fertility timing on female long-term labor supply, measured as labor market work duration. We show that the genuine treatment is waiting time to birth rather than birth per se. In the application we control for the joint decision of fertility and labor supply by using the 'same-sex' instrument in a control function setting. We find that having a third child will in general reduce the labor market work duration. The magnitude of the effect depends to a large extent on the mothers' age at second birth but also on the waiting time to the third child and the education level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Zum Zusammenwirken von Normen und Anreizen bei Fertilitätsentscheidungen: Die Bedeutung religiöser Orientierungen sowie wahrgenommener Kinderkosten- und -nutzenaspekte für die Familiengründung (2017)
Zitatform
Arránz Becker, Oliver & Daniel Lois (2017): Zum Zusammenwirken von Normen und Anreizen bei Fertilitätsentscheidungen. Die Bedeutung religiöser Orientierungen sowie wahrgenommener Kinderkosten- und -nutzenaspekte für die Familiengründung. In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 46, H. 6, S. 437-455. DOI:10.1515/zfsoz-2017-1024
Abstract
"Die Erklärung des Geburtenverhaltens und seines Wandels ist seit jeher ein primäres Anliegen sozialdemographischer Forschung. In der Literatur wurden bislang zwei Arten von Einflussgrößen in mikrosoziologischen Erklärungen von Fertilitätsentscheidungen berücksichtigt: Zum einen ökonomische Faktoren, welche die (Schatten-)Preise von Kindern determinieren, zum anderen pronatalistische Normen und Werte, wie sie unter anderem in christlichen Religionen propagiert werden. Weitgehend ungeklärt ist jedoch bislang das Zusammenspiel solcher anreizbezogenen und normativen Fertilitätsdeterminanten. Analysen an einem Paneldatensatz zeigen, dass Religion in der säkularisierten deutschen Gesellschaft zwar vordergründig keine prominente direkte Rolle bei Fertilitätsentscheidungen zu spielen scheint, aber dennoch auf zwei indirekten Wegen Einfluss erlangt: erstens als Verstärker positiver Bewertungen von Kindern, welche dann im Rahmen einer augenscheinlich 'rationalen' Kosten-Nutzen-Abwägung eine Familiengründung begünstigen; und zweitens als Randbedingung für RC-Erklärungen, welche umso erklärungskräftiger werden, je stärker konfessionelle und religiöse Bindungen an Bedeutung verlieren." (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)
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Literaturhinweis
Motherhood postponement and wages in Europe (2017)
Zitatform
Bratti, Massimiliano, Elena Claudia Meroni & Chiara Pronzato (2017): Motherhood postponement and wages in Europe. In: ifo DICE report, Jg. 15, H. 2, S. S, 31-37.
Abstract
Heutzutage ist es nicht ungewöhnlich, dass Frauen ihr erstes Kind erst mit 30 Jahren oder später bekommen. Auf der Grundlage von Daten des Europäischen Haushaltspanels untersuchen die Autoren die Auswirkungen einer späten Mutterschaft auf das Einkommen der Mütter im europäischen Vergleich. Dabei werden auch sozioökonomische, kulturelle und institutionelle Faktoren berücksichtigt. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich eine große Varianz bei den positiven Einkommenseffekten einer aufgeschobenen Mutterschaft. In einigen Ländern führt das Aufschieben der Mutterschaft um ein Jahr zu einem Lohnanstieg von 2,5 Prozent (Deutschland und Polen), während sich in anderen Ländern ein negativer Effekt ergibt. Einkommensgewinne durch eine spätere Mutterschaft sind größer in Ländern mit einer wenig ausgeprägten Familienpolitik und in Gesellschaften mit traditionellen Werten. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
The joint decision of female labour supply and childcare in Italy under costs and availability constraints (2017)
Zitatform
Figari, Francesco & Edlira Narazani (2017): The joint decision of female labour supply and childcare in Italy under costs and availability constraints. (EUROMOD working paper 2017,12), Colchester, 32 S.
Abstract
"It is widely recognized that childcare has important pedagogical, economic and social effects on both children and parents. This paper is the first attempt to estimate a joint structural model of female labour supply and childcare behaviour applied to Italy in order to analyse the effects of relaxing the existing constraints in terms of childcare availability and costs by considering public, private and informal childcare. Results suggest that Italian households might alter their childcare and labour supply behaviours substantially if the coverage rate of formal childcare increases to reach the European targets. Overall, increasing child care coverage is estimated to be more effective in enhancing labour incentives than decreasing existing child care costs, at the same budgetary cost." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
College admissions decisions, educational outcomes, and family formation (2017)
Zitatform
Humlum, Maria Knoth, Jannie H.G. Kristoffersen & Rune Vejlin (2017): College admissions decisions, educational outcomes, and family formation. In: Labour economics, Jg. 48, H. October, S. 215-230. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.08.008
Abstract
"The level of progression of an individual's educational or labor market career is a potentially important factor for family formation decisions. We analyze the relationship between the timing of college enrollment, educational outcomes, and the timing of family formation decisions in early adulthood. We use variation in college admission requirements to shed light on this issue. We employ a regression discontinuity design to estimate the effects of being above the admission requirement for one's preferred college program on college enrollment decisions and the timing of family formation. Based on the analysis on enrollment and auxiliary analyses on labor market participation and earnings, we find that being above the admission requirement mainly affects the timing of college enrollment and not the college-going decision. Being above the admission requirement speeds up college enrollment, college completion and labor market entry. We find that being above the admission requirement has substantial effects on the timing of family formation, for example being above the admission requirement increases the number of children 8 years after year of application by about 0.1 corresponding to an increase of about 40 percent. Our results suggest that career postponements such as delays in the educational system can have large effects on family decision-making." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fertility effects of college education: Evidence from the German educational expansion (2017)
Zitatform
Kamhöfer, Daniel A. & Matthias Westphal (2017): Fertility effects of college education. Evidence from the German educational expansion. (Ruhr economic papers 717), Essen, 42 S. DOI:10.4419/86788836
Abstract
"Diese Studie analysiert den Einfluss von Hochschulbildung auf die Fertilitätsentscheidungen von Frauen. Die Rolle der Hochschulbildung wurde in Bezug auf Fertilität bisher in der Literatur nicht ausführlich behandelt, was teilweise auch der Endogenität der Bildungsentscheidung zugeschrieben werden kann. Wir nutzen Öffnungen sowie Kapazitätsausweitungen von Universitäten als natürliches Experiment, um für die endogene Bildungsentscheidung zu kontrollieren. Wir finden, dass ein Universitätsabschluss die Wahrscheinlichkeit kinderlos zu bleiben signifikant erhöht. Darüber hinaus zeigt sich allerdings, dass Mütter mit einem Universitätsabschluss geringfügig mehr Kinder bekommen. Zerlegt man diesen Effekt nach dem Alter der Mutter wird deutlich, dass Mütter mit Hochschulbildung ihre erste Geburt länger aufschieben als die Universitätsausbildung durchschnittlich dauert. Dieses deutet darauf hin, dass sich der Fertilitätseffekt bereits früh manifestiert. Zusammen mit einem höheren Arbeitsangebot und Lohneffekten von kinderlosen Frauen verglichen mit Müttern, legen diese Effekte einen Zielkonflikt zwischen Familie und Kariere nahe." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The gender income gap and the role of family formation revisited: A replication of Bobbitt-Zeher (2007) (2017)
Ochsenfeld, Fabian;Zitatform
Ochsenfeld, Fabian (2017): The gender income gap and the role of family formation revisited. A replication of Bobbitt-Zeher (2007). In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 131-141., 2017-03-09. DOI:10.1007/s12651-017-0225-5
Abstract
"Dieser Beitrag berichtet die Ergebnisse einer Replikation von Bobbitt-Zehers 2007 erschienenem Aufsatz 'The Gender Income Gap and the Role of Education'. Modelle, welche die ursprünglichen Spezifikationen nachbilden, replizieren (im Großen und Ganzen) die ursprünglichen Ergebnisse. Modelle, die hingegen Bobbitt-Zehers theoretischen Ausführungen bezüglich dem geschlechtsspezifischen Effekt der Familiengründung folgen, ziehen jedoch ihren Befund in Zweifel, wonach 'Werten nur eine bescheidene Bedeutung zukommt, während die Familiengründung praktisch keinen Effekt auf die Einkommensungleichheit hat'." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)
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Literaturhinweis
Key practices of equality within long parental leaves (2017)
Zitatform
Schadler, Cornelia, Irene Rieder, Eva-Maria Schmidt, Ulrike Zartler & Rudolf Richter (2017): Key practices of equality within long parental leaves. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 27, H. 3, S. 247-259. DOI:10.1177/0958928716685688
Abstract
"The birth of a child often reinforces an unequal division of employment and care work among heterosexual couples. Parental leave programmes that foster long leaves tend to increase this inequality within couples. However, by investigating a particularly long parental leave system, we show that specific practices enable parents to share care work equally. Our ethnographic study includes interviews with heterosexual couples, observations in prenatal classes and information material available to parents. Specific sets of practices - managing economic security, negotiating employment, sharing information with peers and feeding practices - involved parents who shared care work equally and parents who divided care work unequally. Contingent on specific situated practices, the arrangement of care work shifted in an equal or unequal direction. Even within long parental leaves, equality between parents was facilitated when economic security was provided through means other than income, when work hours were flexible, mothers had a close relationship to work, information on sharing equally was available and children were bottle-fed. Consequently, an equal share of care work is not the effect of solely structural, individual, cultural or normative matters, but of their entanglement in practices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Household production and consumption over the lifecycle: National Time Transfer Accounts in 14 European countries (2017)
Zitatform
Vargha, Lili, Róbert Iván Gál & Michelle O. Crosby-Nagy (2017): Household production and consumption over the lifecycle. National Time Transfer Accounts in 14 European countries. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 36, S. 905-944. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2017.36.32
Abstract
"Background: While the importance of unpaid household labour is recognised in total economic output, little is known about the demographics of household production and consumption.
Objective: Our goal is to give a comprehensive estimation on the value of household production and its consumption by age and gender and analyse nonmarket economic transfers in 14 European countries based on publicly available harmonised data.
Methods: We introduce a novel imputation method of harmonised European time use (HETUS) data to the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) in order to assign time spent on home production to consumers in households and estimate time transfers. Moreover, monetary values are attributed to household production activities using data on earnings from the Structure of Earnings Survey (SES).
Results: We show that the nonmarket economic life cycle of men differs from that of women. The gender gap in household production is not evenly distributed over the life cycle. Women of working age contribute the most in net terms, while the main beneficiaries of household goods and services are children and to a lesser extent adult men. These patterns are similar across countries, with variations in the gender- and age-specific levels of home production and consumption.
Conclusions: In Europe, in the national economy, intergenerational flows are important in sustaining both childhood and old age. In contrast, in the household economy, intergenerational transfers flow mostly towards children.
Contribution: We add a new focus to the research on household production: While keeping the gender aspect, we demonstrate the importance of the life cycle component in household production." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Fifty years of change updated: cross-national gender convergence in housework (2016)
Zitatform
Altintas, Evrim & Oriel Sullivan (2016): Fifty years of change updated. Cross-national gender convergence in housework. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 35, S. 455-470. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2016.35.16
Abstract
"Background: Gendered trends in housework provide an important insight into changing gender inequality. In particular, they shed light on the debate over the stalling of the 'gender revolution'. Additionally, the gender division of housework is significantly related to couple well-being; disagreements over housework are among the major sources of marital conflict.
Objective: The objective is to bring the evidence on gendered trends in time spent on core housework up to date, and to investigate cross-national variation in those trends.
Methods: Using 66 time use surveys from 19 countries, we apply a random-intercept, random-slope model to investigate half a century of change in gender differences in housework (1961-2011).
Results: There is a general movement in the direction of greater gender equality, but with significant country differences in both the level and the pace of convergence. Specifically, there was a slowing of gender convergence from the late 1980s in those countries where men and women's time in housework was already more equal, with steeper gender convergence continuing in those countries where the gender division of housework was less equal.
Conclusions: Our findings support the view that despite short-term stalls, slow-downs, and even reverses, as well as important differences in national policy contexts, the overall cross-national picture shows a continuing trend towards greater gender equality in the performance of housework.
Contribution: We update cross-national time use evidence on the gender division of housework to the end of the first decade of the 21st Century. In a multilevel framework, we show how the gender gap varies across time and between countries, net of other demographic variables." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
The quantitative role of child care for female labor force participation and fertility (2016)
Zitatform
Bick, Alexander (2016): The quantitative role of child care for female labor force participation and fertility. In: Journal of the European Economic Association, Jg. 14, H. 3, S. 639-668. DOI:10.1111/jeea.12143
Abstract
"I document that the labor force participation rate of West German mothers with children aged zero to two exceeds the corresponding child-care enrollment rate, while the opposite is true for mothers whose children are older than two but below the mandatory schooling age. These facts also hold for a cross-section of E.U. countries. I develop a life-cycle model that explicitly accounts for this age-dependent relationship by including various types of nonpaid and paid child care. I calibrate this model to data for West Germany and use the calibrated model for policy analysis. Increasing the supply of subsidized child care for children aged zero to two generates an increase in the maternal labor force participation rate consistent with empirical evidence from other settings; however, this increase is too small to conclude that the lack of subsidized child care accounts for the low labor force participation rate of mothers with children aged zero to two. The response along the intensive margin suggests that a large fraction of part-time working mothers would work full-time if they had greater access to subsidized child care. Finally, making subsidized child care available to more women does not achieve one of the commonly stated goals of such reforms, namely to increase the fertility rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Zukunftsreport Familie 2030 (2016)
Heimer, Andreas; Juncke, David; Moog, Stephan; Haumann, Wilhelm; Braukmann, Jan; Ristau, Malte; Knittel, Tilmann;Zitatform
Heimer, Andreas, David Juncke, Jan Braukmann, Tilmann Knittel, Stephan Moog, Malte Ristau & Wilhelm Haumann (2016): Zukunftsreport Familie 2030. Berlin, 66 S.
Abstract
"Gelingt es, mit einer forcierten Familienpolitik den Wünschen der Mütter und Väter nach einer partnerschaftlichen Aufteilung von Familie und Beruf zu entsprechen, wird sich die sozioökonomische Situation von Familien im Jahr 2030 deutlich verbessern.
Das Haushaltseinkommen von Familien kann um durchschnittlich 1.400 Euro steigen. Die Zahl der Eltern und Kinder, die armutsgefährdet sind, kann um rund 470 Tsd. Personen zurückgehen. Die Zahl der Personen in Haushalten mit SGB-II Bezügen kann sogar um rund 670 Tsd. Personen sinken. Bis 2030 können rund 790 Tsd. Mütter mehr sozialversicherungspflichtig beschäftigt sein.
Das Gutachten, das verschiedene Szenarien betrachtet, zeigt: Eine Weiterentwicklung der Familienpolitik hat positive Auswirkungen auf die Gesamtwirtschaft. Der Anstieg der Erwerbstätigenquote sowie der Erwerbsumfänge führen zu einem Anstieg des Arbeitsvolumens um 3,2 PP. Das führt im Chancen-Szenario bis 2030 zu einer spürbaren Erhöhung des Bruttoinlandprodukts um rund 70 Mrd. Euro." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)Weiterführende Informationen
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Literaturhinweis
Gender, ethnicity and household labour in married and cohabiting couples in the UK (2016)
Zitatform
Kan, Man-Yee & Heather Laurie (2016): Gender, ethnicity and household labour in married and cohabiting couples in the UK. (ISER working paper 2016-01), Colchester, 22 S.
Abstract
"There is an extensive literature on the domestic division of labour within married and cohabiting couples and its relationship to gender equality within and outside the household. UK quantitative research on the domestic division of labour across ethnic groups has been limited by a lack of data that enables disaggregation by ethnic group. This paper uses data from Understanding Society, the UK Household Longitudinal Study containing sufficient sample sizes of ethnic minority groups for meaningful comparisons. We find significant variations in patterns of domestic labour by ethnic group, gender, education and employment status after accounting for individual and household characteristics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does the gender composition in couples matter for the division of labor after childbirth? (2016)
Zitatform
Moberg, Ylva (2016): Does the gender composition in couples matter for the division of labor after childbirth? (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2016,08), Uppsala, 62 S.
Abstract
"In this paper I compare the effect of entering parenthood on the spousal income gaps in lesbian and heterosexual couples using Swedish population wide register data. Comparing couples with similar pre-childbirth income gaps, a difference-in-differences strategy is used to estimate the impact of the gender composition of the couple on the spousal income gap after childbirth. The results indicate that the gender composition of the couple does matter for the division of labor after having children. Five years after childbirth the income gap is smaller in lesbian than in heterosexual couples also when comparing couples with the same pre-parenthood income gap. Heterosexual couples' division of labor seems to be influenced by traditional gender norms, regardless of their pre-childbirth income gap. In lesbian couples the partners' relative earnings before parenthood and a principle about fairness may be more important, as well as the partners' preferences for giving birth as the birth giving partner typically spends more time on parental leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What is your couple type? Gender ideology, housework sharing, and babies (2015)
Zitatform
Aassve, Arnstein, Giulia Fuochi, Letizia Mencarini & Daria Mendola (2015): What is your couple type? Gender ideology, housework sharing, and babies. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 32, S. 835-858. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2015.32.30
Abstract
"Background: It is increasingly acknowledged that not only gender equality but also gender ideology plays a role in explaining fertility in advanced societies. In a micro perspective, the potential mismatch between gender equality (i.e., the actual sharing taking place in a couple) and gender ideology (i.e., attitudes and beliefs regarding gender roles) may drive childbearing decisions.
Objective: This paper assesses the impact of consistency between gender equality in attitudes and equality in the division of household labour on the likelihood of having another child, for different parities.
Methods: Relying on two-wave panel data of the Bulgarian, Czech, French, Hungarian, and Lithuanian Generations and Gender Surveys, we build a couple typology defined by gender attitudes and housework-sharing. The typology identifies four types of couple: 1) gender-unequal attitudes and gender-unequal housework-sharing; 2) gender-equal attitudes and gender-unequal housework-sharing; 3) gender-unequal attitudes and gender-equal housework-sharing; 4) gender-equal attitudes and gender-equal housework-sharing. The couple types enter into a logistic regression model on childbirth.
Results: The impact of the typology varies with parity and gender: taking as reference category the case of gender-equal attitudes and gender-equal division of housework, the effect of all the other couple types on a new childbirth is strong and negative for the second child and female respondents.
Conclusions: The consistency between gender ideology and actual partners' housework-sharing is only favourable for childbearing as long as there is gender equality in both the dimensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
How do changes in gender role attitudes towards female employment influence fertility?: A macro-level analysis (2015)
Zitatform
Arpino, Bruno, Gøsta Esping-Andersen & Léa Pessin (2015): How do changes in gender role attitudes towards female employment influence fertility? A macro-level analysis. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 31, H. 3, S. 370-382. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcv002
Abstract
"This study explores whether the diffusion of gender-equitable attitudes towards female employment is associated with fertility. We argue that any positive effect on fertility requires not only high levels of gender-equitable attitudes overall, but also attitude convergence between men and women. We analyse 27 countries using data from the World Values Surveys and European Values Studies. We find support for a U-shaped relationship between changes in gender role attitudes and fertility: an initial drop in fertility is observed as countries move from a traditional to a more gender-symmetric model. Beyond a certain threshold, additional increases in gender egalitarianism become positively associated with fertility. This curvilinear relationship is moderated by the difference in attitudes between men and women: when there is more agreement, changes are more rapid and the effect of gender egalitarian attitudes on fertility strengthens." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Die Verbreitung des Doppelernährer- und Doppelbetreuermodells in fünf Ländern Europas (2015)
Zitatform
Berghammer, Caroline & Roland Verwiebe (2015): Die Verbreitung des Doppelernährer- und Doppelbetreuermodells in fünf Ländern Europas. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 68, H. 2, S. 116-124. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2015-2-116
Abstract
"Ausgangspunkt unserer Analysen ist das Argument einer Reihe von Studien, dass die Gleichheit der Geschlechter am besten verwirklicht ist, wenn beide Eltern sich in gleichem Ausmaß am Arbeitsmarkt und an der Kinderbetreuung beteiligen. Der Beitrag beschreibt Trends im sogenannten Doppelernährermodell (beide Eltern arbeiten Vollzeit) in Deutschland, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Österreich und Spanien von 1998 bis 2010 und untersucht die Aufteilung der Kinderbetreuungszeit in diesen Paarhaushalten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Headwind or tailwind: do partners' resources support or restrict promotion to a leadership position in Germany? (2015)
Zitatform
Bröckel, Miriam, Anne Busch-Heizmann & Katrin Golsch (2015): Headwind or tailwind: do partners' resources support or restrict promotion to a leadership position in Germany? In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 31, H. 5, S. 533-545. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcv054
Abstract
"In Germany, as in other modern societies, a low representation of women in top positions remains a stable form of gender inequality in the labour market. This article examines the extent to which a partner's labour market and financial resources influence gender-specific probabilities of obtaining a leadership position. Well-established theories are examined that provide different assumptions as to how partners' resources can affect occupational careers. This article adds to the existing body of research by applying a relational perspective on couples' resources. To resolve the research question, data from the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) study (waves 1984 - 2010) are used in a longitudinal design employing event history analysis (N?=?11,050 men and N?=?8,988 women). The results show that partners' relative resources play a significant role in the promotion to the top: Whereas for women their own comparative advantage is particularly important, especially for men higher resources of the partner are beneficial. The results can be explained by negotiation processes as well as with a transfer of social capital. Additionally, both genders profit from homogamous partnership constellations. Overall, women's chances of gaining a leadership position appear to be more determined by partners' relative resources than it is the case for men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What happens after the 'Daddy Months'?: fathers' involvement in paid work, childcare, and housework after taking parental leave in Germany (2015)
Zitatform
Bünning, Mareike (2015): What happens after the 'Daddy Months'? Fathers' involvement in paid work, childcare, and housework after taking parental leave in Germany. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 31, H. 6, S. 738-748. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcv072
Abstract
"The German parental leave reform of 2007 created a new incentive for men to take parental leave by introducing 'daddy months': 2 months of well-remunerated leave exclusively reserved for fathers. Against the backdrop of the reform, this study examines how fathers' uptake of parental leave affects the amount of time they spend on paid work, housework, and childcare after the leave has ended. It investigates whether the effect of parental leave differs by the length of leave taken and by whether fathers took the leave alone or at the same time as their partners. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 2006 to 2012 and Families in Germany from 2010 to 2012, the results of fixed-effects regressions indicate that fathers who took parental leave subsequently reallocated their time from work to home. They reduced their working hours and increased their involvement in childcare even after short and joint periods of parental leave. But only those who took >2 months of leave or were on leave while their partner was working subsequently increased their participation in housework. Hence, fathers increased their involvement in childcare already after short leaves, whereas enhanced gender equality in couples' division of labour especially emerged after longer or solo leaves." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Household behaviour and social norms: A conjugal contract model with conformism (2015)
Cudeville, Elisabeth; Recoules, Magali;Zitatform
Cudeville, Elisabeth & Magali Recoules (2015): Household behaviour and social norms: A conjugal contract model with conformism. In: Annals of economics and statistics H. 117/118, S. 279-312. DOI:10.15609/annaeconstat2009.117-118.279
Abstract
"This paper introduces conformism to a conjugal contract model, in order to explore the complex interactions between households' allocation decisions and conjugal social norms both of which are endogenously determined in the model. In couples, men and women are assumed to be relatively autonomous in the allocation of their resources, but linked through the production and the joint consumption of a domestic public good. Given that their relative market wages will generally differ, the husband and wife have an incentive to negotiate and agree upon an income sharing rule - a 'conjugal contract' - in order to benefit from specialization gains. The model departs from the existing literature by introducing conformism to the bargaining process concerning the conjugal contract. Through the conformism of individuals, the conjugal social norm influences the marital behaviour of couples and the allocation of family resources. But the social norm itself results endogenously from the aggregation of couples' marital agreements. The model consistently explains some empirical evidence that challenges traditional economic models of the household, notably the fact that women still bear the bulk of domestic tasks, even when they are better paid than their partner in the labour market. The model shows that wage policies promoting gender wage equality may lead men and women to share household duties more equally, but that conformism reduces their efficiency. The model also consistently explains the fact that new economic developments - such as women's increased labour-force participation - contribute to the reshaping of social expectations about the roles of men and women in domestic and child-caring activities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Earnings and first birth probability among Norwegian men and women 1995-2010 (2015)
Zitatform
Hart, Rannveig Kaldager (2015): Earnings and first birth probability among Norwegian men and women 1995-2010. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 33, S. 1067-1104. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2015.33.38
Abstract
"Background: The relationship between earnings and fertility and how it varies with context are among the core investigations of demography. Cross-country comparisons show that when parenting and employment are in conflict, this relationship is less positive for women. We lack knowledge of how this relationship is shaped by context for men and how it varies with contextual changes over time rather than between countries.
Objective: I investigate how the relationship between earnings and first-birth probability changes over time for men and women, in a period when efforts in parenting and paid work become increasingly similar across sex.
Methods: Discrete-time hazard regressions are applied to highly accurate data from Norwegian population registers. Through estimation of separate models for each of the years 1995 through 2010, I assess whether the correlation between yearly earnings and the first birth probabilities changed over period time. The correlation is estimated net of observable confounders, such as educational enrolment and attainment and region of birth.
Results: The correlation between earnings and fertility has become substantially more positive over time for women, and also somewhat more positive among men.
Conclusions: Though the potential opportunity cost of fathering increases, there is no evidence of a weaker correlation between earnings and first birth probability for men. I suggest that decreasing opportunity costs of motherhood as well as strategic timing of fertility are both plausible explanations for the increasingly positive correlation among women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Do couples bargain over fertility? (2015)
Zitatform
Hener, Timo (2015): Do couples bargain over fertility? In: Annals of economics and statistics H. 117/118, S. 211-231. DOI:10.15609/annaeconstat2009.117-118.211
Abstract
"Neoclassical theory predicts that opportunity costs depress fertility. This view may be oversimplifying. In a household bargaining framework, wages also affect the intra-household distribution and, thus, the investment in household public goods like children. We demonstrate in a standard collective model the interplay of child preferences with opportunity cost and bargaining power effects. Theory provides the seemingly counter-intuitive result that, under certain conditions, female wages can increase fertility. In the empirical analysis, we present results consistent with the prediction that for couples with discordant child preferences bargaining power affects fertility choices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unemployment and the timing of parenthood: implications of partnership status and partner's employment (2015)
Zitatform
Inanc, Hande (2015): Unemployment and the timing of parenthood. Implications of partnership status and partner's employment. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 32, S. 219-250. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2015.32.7
Abstract
"Background: In many countries, including the UK, unemployment is associated with earlier entries into motherhood. However, the implications of male unemployment are not straightforward.
Objective: The paper addresses this issue by investigating transition to first births in relation to unemployment experience as moderated by partnership status. It also examines the effects of both partners? employment statuses on transition into parenthood, focusing on the joint labour market status of cohabiting and married couples.
Methods: The impact of unemployment experience on the timing of parenthood is predicted using discrete time event history analysis. Data from the British Household Panel Study provide complete family and work histories. Unobserved heterogeneity is controlled for.
Results: Unemployment leads to earlier entries into parenthood for both men and women. However, its impact differs according to the relationship status in which it is experienced. Unemployed men who cohabit and unemployed women who are single have a higher probability of becoming parents. Among married individuals the timing of parenthood is determined largely by the labour market status of the female partner. Irrespective of the male's employment status, couples with employed female spouses have a substantially lower probability of becoming parents. Yet among women who are not in employment there is a delaying effect of unemployment compared to being economically inactive.
Conclusions: Different mechanisms explain the relationship between unemployment and fertility timing for non-married and married individuals. Neoclassical family models seem to determine parenthood timing among married individuals, whereas early parenthood among non-married individuals can be explained by an uncertainty reduction strategy or discouragement from marriage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Engineers' Parenting: zum Verhältnis von Ingenieurinnen und Ingenieuren zu Elternschaft (2015)
Zitatform
Jeanrenaud, Yves (2015): Engineers' Parenting. Zum Verhältnis von Ingenieurinnen und Ingenieuren zu Elternschaft. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 197 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-09235-1
Abstract
"Yves Jeanrenaud zeichnet die Konstruktion von Elternschaft hinsichtlich spezifischer Berufskultur und Fachhabitus der Ingenieurwissenschaften anhand narrativer Interviews mit Ingenieurinnen und Ingenieuren nach. Der Ingenieurberuf gilt gemeinhin als traditionell, besonders in Bezug auf die Zuschreibung von Geschlechterrollen zu Karriere, Familie und Elternschaft. Diese traditionelle, bürgerliche Berufskultur hat entsprechende Auswirkungen auf die Vorstellungen davon, was Familie ausmacht und wie Elternrollen auszufüllen sind. Diese Studie zeigt, wie doing engineering das Familien- und Elternschafts-Modell von Ingenieurinnen und Ingenieuren strukturiert. Dabei erweist sich die Berufs- und Studienwahl als Schlüssel zur professionellen Identitätskonstruktion. Auf Basis dieser Entscheidungsprozesse wird Elternschaft vor dem Hintergrund der Erwerbsbiografie konstruiert und damit die Trennung des Erwerbs- und Familienlebens in privat und öffentlich aufgrund des Fachhabitus aufrechterhalten und die bürgerliche Geschlechterordnung perpetuiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Der Einfluss der Pflegeverantwortung von Frauen auf das Arbeitsangebot ihrer Partner: eine Untersuchung mit dem SOEP (2015)
Zitatform
Kaschowitz, Judith (2015): Der Einfluss der Pflegeverantwortung von Frauen auf das Arbeitsangebot ihrer Partner. Eine Untersuchung mit dem SOEP. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 780), Berlin, 25 S.
Abstract
"Durch den zu erwartenden Anstieg der Zahl Pflegebedürftiger und die hohe Bedeutung der familialen Pflege in Deutschland gewinnt die Vereinbarkeit von Pflege und Beruf für immer mehr Paare an Bedeutung. Diese Arbeit analysiert mit Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels 'spill-over'-Effekte von Pflege auf Erwerbsarbeit innerhalb von Partnerschaften. Untersucht wird für die Jahre 2001 bis 2011, ob eine Pflegetätigkeit von Frauen das Arbeitsangebot ihrer Partner beeinflusst. Pflegeübernahme wird dabei als Bestandteil innerfamilialer Arbeitsteilung aufgefasst. Bisherige empirische Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Frauen ihre Arbeitszeit bei Pflege reduzieren. Aufgrund dessen und vor dem Hintergrund theoretischer Überlegungen der Geschlechtersoziologie und der Neuen Haushaltsökonomie sowie empirischer Ergebnisse aus der Väterforschung wird vermutet, dass Pflege durch Frauen zu einer Arbeitszeitausweitung der Partner führt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Männer pflegender Partnerinnen eine höhere Arbeitszeit haben, als Männer der Vergleichsgruppe. In den multivariaten Analysen wird zunächst deutlich, dass Pflege durch die Partnerin mit einer höheren Wahrscheinlichkeit einhergeht, überhaupt erwerbstätig zu sein. Die darauf aufbauenden Analysen nur für erwerbstätige Männer zeigen keine Arbeitszeitveränderungen aufgrund der Pflegetätigkeit der Partnerin. Pflegeübernahme scheint daher stark an den Erwerbsstatus des Partners gebunden zu sein." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
East-west couples: distribution, characteristics and stability (2015)
Zitatform
Lois, Daniel (2015): East-west couples: distribution, characteristics and stability. In: Comparative Population Studies, Jg. 40, H. 1, S. 3-30. DOI:10.12765/CPoS-2014-17en
Abstract
"SOEP data were used to examine relationships consisting of one partner socialised in West Germany and one in East Germany and who presently reside in the 'old' (former West German) or 'new' (newly formed East German) federal states. The estimated share of east-west couples among all marriages or cohabiting couples rises continuously within the observed period reaching approximately two and eleven percent respectively by 2009. The specific characteristics of east-west couples are that their employment-related division of labour is relatively egalitarian, above-average the partners are of different confessions and practice different religions, at least one of the partners is frequently divorced and there is also a strong tendency towards unmarried cohabitation. Besides the place of socialisation, the present place of residence has an independent impact on the economic situation, division of labour and marriage propensity. Analyses of relationship stability reveal that east-west couples exhibit a relatively high risk of separation. This is partly due to religious differences between the partners, but primarily to the low marriage propensity and the overrepresentation of divorced persons within this type of relationship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Sharing the load? Partners' relative earnings and the division of domestic labour (2015)
Zitatform
Lyonette, Clare & Rosemary Crompton (2015): Sharing the load? Partners' relative earnings and the division of domestic labour. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 29, H. 1, S. 23-40. DOI:10.1177/0950017014523661
Abstract
"One of the most pressing issues contributing to the persistence of gender inequality is the gendered division of domestic labour. Despite their entry into paid employment, women still carry out more domestic work than men, limiting their ability to act on an equal footing within the workplace. This qualitative research adds to the ongoing debate concerning the reasons for the persistence of the gendered nature of domestic work, by comparing working women who earn more, those who earn around the same and those who earn less than their male partners, as well as examining women's absolute incomes. On average, men whose partners earn more than they do carry out more housework than other men, although women in these partnerships still do more. However, these women actively contest their male partner's lack of input, simultaneously 'doing' and 'undoing' gender. The article also identifies class differences in the 'sharing' of domestic work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Women's housework decreases fertility: evidence from a longitudinal study among Finnish couples (2015)
Zitatform
Miettinen, Anneli, Lassi Lainiala & Anna Rotkirch (2015): Women's housework decreases fertility. Evidence from a longitudinal study among Finnish couples. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 58, H. 2, S. 139-154. DOI:10.1177/0001699315572028
Abstract
"Changes in the gendered divisions of domestic work are often assumed to influence couples' childbearing behaviour, but existing evidence is mixed and mostly limited to cross-sectional data. We study how the amount and division of housework and childcare predict subsequent childbearing among Finnish couples using Finnish Time Use Survey 1999 - 2000 (FTUS1999) time diary data linked with register data on subsequent births. Results show that women's housework hours were negatively associated with the likelihood of having children at all parities. Men's contribution to domestic tasks, measured in relative terms, had no impact on childbearing. However, a higher male share of childcare time slightly increased the couple's likelihood of having a second child. Results are markedly robust to the inclusion of socioeconomic factors. We conclude that while women's excessive domestic work in itself may decrease fertility, men's housework share is not associated with continued childbearing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The rise and decline of the male breadwinner model: institutional underpinnings and future expectations (2015)
Zitatform
Trappe, Heike, Matthias Pollmann-Schult & Christian Schmitt (2015): The rise and decline of the male breadwinner model. Institutional underpinnings and future expectations. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 31, H. 2, S. 230-242. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcv015
Abstract
"In this article, we provide a long-term East - West comparison of partnered women's employment from the 1940s into the first decade of the new millennium in Germany, and focus on the nexus of gainful employment and family-related responsibilities in women's lives. Based on an analysis of the institutionally and culturally shaped opportunity structures that define the conditions for partnered women's employment, we identify distinct periods of support and derive hypotheses on cohortspecific developments. The empirical analysis largely confirms that a divergence between East and West German women's employment patterns started as early as in the 1950s. East - West differences in labour market participation were strongest among women born around 1940. For successive cohorts of East and West German women, the employment patterns converged. Whereas the labour market participation of West German women gradually increased over time, the employment pattern of East German women adjusted to the West German pattern after unification, resulting in an increase of part-time employment and non-employment, in particular among mothers. The article concludes by discussing implications of these trends for the future of the male breadwinner model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Erwerbs- und Arbeitszeitmuster in Paarbeziehungen: Stellungnahme des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB) für die Anhörung im Landtag NRW: Unterlagen von der Enquetekommission V (Familienpolitik) am 24. August 2015 - Thema: "Zeitpolitik" (2015)
Zitatform
Wanger, Susanne & Frank Bauer (2015): Erwerbs- und Arbeitszeitmuster in Paarbeziehungen. Stellungnahme des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB) für die Anhörung im Landtag NRW: Unterlagen von der Enquetekommission V (Familienpolitik) am 24. August 2015 - Thema: "Zeitpolitik". (IAB-Stellungnahme 03/2015), Nürnberg, 12 S.
Abstract
"Das IAB äußert sich in dieser Stellungnahme zu der Frage, wie die Erwerbs- und Arbeitszeit in Paarhaushalten aufgeteilt wird und welche Gründe dafür maßgeblich sein können. So unterscheiden sich die Erwerbsbeteiligung und die Arbeitszeitmuster von Frauen und Männern nach wie vor erheblich. Bei Frauen entscheidet insbesondere die familiäre Situation, ob und in welchem Umfang sie beschäftigt sind. Dagegen beeinflusst die Familiengründung das Erwerbsverhalten von Männern bisher kaum. Der hohe Anteil von Frauen, die Teilzeit arbeiten, führt zu einer ausgeprägten Arbeitszeitlücke zwischen Frauen und Männern. In Verbindung mit Untersuchungen zu Erwerbs- und Arbeitszeitmustern von Paaren zeigt sich, dass sich insbesondere bei Paaren mit Kindern die Unterschiede im zeitlichen Ausmaß der Erwerbsarbeit verfestigen und sich auch bei einer Realisierung der Arbeitszeitwünsche nur wenig bei der Verteilung der partnerschaftlichen Erwerbszeit ändern würde. Eine Förderung von partnerschaftlichen Modellen wie durch das 'Elterngeld plus' oder durch eine Familienarbeitszeit mit gleichberechtigten Stunden-Modellen für Eltern wie vorgeschlagen könnte zu einer ausgewogeneren Aufteilung der Arbeitszeiten bei Paaren beitragen. Dies gilt insbesondere dann, wenn sie mit passenden Arbeitszeitmodellen flankiert werden, die Beschäftigten Einfluss auf die Lage und Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit ermöglichen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Gender identity and womens' supply of labor and non-market work: panel data evidence for Germany (2015)
Wieber, Anna; Holst, Elke;Zitatform
Wieber, Anna & Elke Holst (2015): Gender identity and womens' supply of labor and non-market work. Panel data evidence for Germany. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1517), Berlin, 46 S.
Abstract
"This paper aims to verify results of the innovative study on gender identity for the USA by Bertrand et al. (2015) for Germany. They found that women who would earn more than their husbands distort their labor market outcome in order not to violate traditional gender identity norms. Using data from the German Socio-economic Panel Study (SOEP) we also find that the distribution of the share of income earned by the wife exhibits a sharp drop to the right of the half, where the wife's income exceeds the husband's income. The results of the fixed effects regression confirm that gender identity has an impact on the labor supply of full time working women, but only in Western Germany. We also show that gender identity affects the supply of housework but in contrast to the US where women increase their contribution to non-market work when they actually have a higher income than their husbands, we find for Germany that women only barely reduce their weekly hours of non-market work once their income exceeds that of their husbands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender identity and women's supply of labor and non-market work: panel data evidence for Germany (2015)
Wieber, Anna; Holst, Elke;Zitatform
Wieber, Anna & Elke Holst (2015): Gender identity and women's supply of labor and non-market work. Panel data evidence for Germany. (IZA discussion paper 9471), Bonn, 46 S.
Abstract
"This paper aims to verify results of the innovative study on gender identity for the USA by Bertrand et al. (2015) for Germany. They found that women who would earn more than their husbands distort their labor market outcome in order not to violate traditional gender identity norms. Using data from the German Socio-economic Panel Study we also find that the distribution of the share of income earned by the wife exhibits a sharp drop to the right of the half, where the wife's income exceeds the husband's income. The results of the fixed effects regression confirm that gender identity has an impact on the labor supply of full time working women, but only in Western Germany. We also show that gender identity affects the supply of housework but in contrast to the US where women increase their contribution to nonmarket work when they actually have a higher income than their husbands, we find for Germany that women only barely reduce their weekly hours of non-market work once their income exceeds that of their husbands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
"Weil wir beide jetzt nicht die Malocher sind" (2014)
Behnke, Cornelia;Zitatform
Behnke, Cornelia (2014): "Weil wir beide jetzt nicht die Malocher sind". In: C. Behnke, D. Lengersdorf & S. Scholz (Hrsg.) (2014): Wissen - Methode - Geschlecht: Erfassen des fraglos Gegebenen (Geschlecht und Gesellschaft, 54), S. 299-311. DOI:10.1007/978-3-531-19654-1_20
Abstract
"Seit einigen Jahren gibt es eine gesellschaftspolitische Debatte sowie zahlreiche wissenschaftliche und populärwissenschaftliche Publikationen zum Thema aktive Vaterschaft (vgl. Cyprian 2007; Oechsle/Müller/Hess 2012). Männer sind heute aufgefordert, ihren familialen Pflichten nicht nur dadurch nachzukommen, indem sie die Rolle des Familienernährers ausfüllen; sie sollen sich auch innerhalb des familialen Binnenraums engagieren. Aktive Vaterschaft ist zu einem neuen gesellschaftlichen Leitbild geworden, ohne dass damit genau umrissen wäre, was eine solche Vaterschaft denn eigentlich auszeichnet. Einigkeit dürfte darüber bestehen, dass der aktive oder involvierte Vater eben nicht mehr nur reiner Berufsmensch sein soll, sondern auch innerhalb des Familienlebens in einer nicht näher geklärten Bringschuld steht. Die Debatten über aktive Vaterschaft sind gelegentlich normativ aufgeladen und mit einem moralisierenden Unterton versehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Zur Effizienz der ehe- und familienbezogenen Leistungen in Deutschland im Hinblick auf soziale Sicherungs- und Beschäftigungsziele (2014)
Zitatform
Bonin, Holger, Reinhold Schnabel & Holger Stichnoth (2014): Zur Effizienz der ehe- und familienbezogenen Leistungen in Deutschland im Hinblick auf soziale Sicherungs- und Beschäftigungsziele. (ZEW discussion paper 2014-027), Mannheim, 28 S.
Abstract
"Der Beitrag vergleicht die Effizienz von zehn zentralen familienpolitischen Leistungen in Deutschland hinsichtlich der Ziele der wirtschaftlichen Stabilität und der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. Die Wirkungsanalysen berücksichtigen die Interaktionen im Leistungssystem und mögliche Arbeitsangebotsreaktionen der Haushalte. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die deutsche Familienpolitik in erheblichem Maß zur wirtschaftlichen Stabilität der Familien beiträgt. Zielgenaue Leistungen schneiden dabei bezogen auf die Effizienz besser ab als Leistungen wie das Ehegattensplitting oder das Kindergeld. Vom Splitting und von der beitragsfreien Mitversicherung der Ehepartner gehen zudem negative Impulse auf die Erwerbstätigkeit des Zweitverdieners aus. Die Wirkungen sind häufig nicht-linear, asymmetrisch und nicht-additiv. Mögliche Reformmaßnahmen lassen sich daher nicht durch Extrapolation der bestehenden Ergebnisse, sondern nur auf Basis konkreter Simulationen ex ante bewerten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The intra-household division of labor: an empirical analysis of spousal influences on individual time allocation (2014)
Zitatform
Bredtmann, Julia (2014): The intra-household division of labor. An empirical analysis of spousal influences on individual time allocation. In: Labour, Jg. 28, H. 1, S. 1-39. DOI:10.1111/labr.12024
Abstract
"Die Studie untersucht die Arbeitsteilung von Paaren innerhalb eines Haushalts. Unter Verwendung von Zeitbudgeterhebungsdaten der Jahre 1991/92 und 2001/02 wird der Einfluss der Zeiteinteilung zwischen bezahlter und unbezahlter Arbeit des einen Partners auf die Zeitallokation des anderen Partners untersucht. Die Zeitallokationsentscheidungen der Partner werden dabei unter Verwendung eines interdependenten Modells geschätzt, das die Simultanität und Endogenität der Entscheidungen berücksichtigt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen deutliche Unterschiede hinsichtlich des Einflusses der Zeitverwendung des Partners zwischen Männern und Frauen. Während das Arbeitsangebot von Männern unabhängig von der Zeitallokation der Partnerin ist, passen Frauen ihr Arbeitsangebot an das ihres Partners an." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Gesamtevaluation der ehe- und familienbezogenen Maßnahmen und Leistungen in Deutschland: Endbericht (2014)
Böhmer, Michael; Heimer, Andreas; Steidle-Glaßer, Hanna; Henkel, Melanie; Weisser, Johannes; Ohlmeier, Nina; Blatt, Konstanze; Poschmann, Katharina; Ehrentraut, Oliver; Schmutz, Sabrina;Zitatform
Ehrentraut, Oliver, Andreas Heimer, Melanie Henkel, Nina Ohlmeier, Katharina Poschmann, Sabrina Schmutz & Johannes Weisser (2014): Gesamtevaluation der ehe- und familienbezogenen Maßnahmen und Leistungen in Deutschland. Endbericht. Berlin, 404 S.
Abstract
"Der Abschlussbericht fasst die Ergebnisse der 12 Forschungsmodule zusammen, die von über 70 Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern aus unterschiedlichen Disziplinen in den letzten vier Jahren erarbeitet wurden.
Die Gesamtevaluation untersuchte ab Herbst 2009 die Wirkung zentraler ehe- und familienbezogenen Leistungen auf vier familienpolitische Ziele: Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf, Förderung und Wohlergehen von Kindern, Wirtschaftliche Stabilität von Familien und Nachteilsausgleich, Erfüllung von Kinderwünschen.
Die Evaluation zeigt, dass eine gute Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf ein zentraler Baustein ist, um auch die anderen familienpolitischen Ziele zu erreichen. Damit ist Vereinbarkeit der Dreh- und Angelpunkt einer wirksamen Familienpolitik. Zu den Leistungen mit den besten Wirkungen gehören die subventionierte Kinderbetreuung und das Elterngeld. Ohne die öffentlichen Gelder, die in die Kinderbetreuung fließen, wären 100.000 Mütter mit Kindern zwischen einem und drei Jahren nicht erwerbstätig.
In Bezug auf das Elterngeld konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass es dazu führt, dass Väter mehr Zeit mit ihren Kindern verbringen. Beide Leistungen verringern das Armutsrisiko von Familien und stärken das Wohlergehen von Kindern, sie unterstützen zudem die Erfüllung von Kinderwünschen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)Weiterführende Informationen
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Literaturhinweis
Educational heterogamy and the division of paid labour in the family: a comparison of present-day Belgium and Sweden (2014)
Zitatform
Eeckhaut, Mieke C. W., Maria A. Stanfors & Bart van de Putte (2014): Educational heterogamy and the division of paid labour in the family. A comparison of present-day Belgium and Sweden. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 30, H. 1, S. 64-75. DOI:10.1093/esr/jct022
Abstract
"This study builds on the long-standing theoretical interest in the importance of comparative advantages between partners for the division of paid labour in the family. It adopts a couple perspective on women's relative labour market participation by considering the role of educational heterogamy. Additionally, it takes account of the family life cycle by means of the presence of (young) children. The importance of these two factors for women's relative labour market participation is compared between Belgium and Sweden -- two European countries that share socio-economic features but differ regarding labour market and social policies relevant for gender equality and potential gains to specialization. Multinomial logistic diagonal reference models are used to analyse the pooled cross-sectional data of EU-SILC 2004 - 2008. Contrary to expectations, we find that comparative advantages between partners, as measured by educational heterogamy, are of only minor importance for determining the couple's division of paid labour in such diverse countries as Belgium and Sweden. Our results show that women's relative labour market participation is less education-driven in Sweden than in Belgium, and is more related to the life cycle effect of the presence of (young) children, confirming more egalitarianism and family friendliness in Scandinavia than in continental Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Maternity leave in the context of couples: the impact of both partners' characteristics and employment experiences on mothers' re-entry into the labour market (2014)
Zitatform
Hoherz, Stefanie (2014): Maternity leave in the context of couples. The impact of both partners' characteristics and employment experiences on mothers' re-entry into the labour market. (ISER working paper 2014-15), Colchester, 37 S.
Abstract
"This research focuses on re-entry for mothers after maternity leave. The empirical analysis focuses on the first twenty-two years of post-reunification Germany, using proportional hazards models. Results show that the re-entry into part-time employment is primarily affected by the mothers own resources and former career, the return to full-time work is more linked to the partners resources. This behaviour is especially prevalent in families where the mother has a higher earning potential than the father, a group having the highest re- entry chances for mothers, especially into full-time employment. The results concerning experiences of unemployment for the male partner show that mothers try to compensate uncertainties with increased labour force participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))