Zitatform

Fu, Zhiming, Liang Wu & Ziguan Zhuang (2019): Labor supply, income distribution, and tax progressivity in a search model. In: The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, Jg. 19, H. 1, S. 1-18. DOI:10.1515/bejm-2017-0185

Abstract

"We develop a search model with risk-averse households to study the impact of tax progressivity on labor supply and income inequality across education groups. Labor supply responses are considered along both intensive and extensive margins. Our quantitative results are consistent with those of the existing empirical literature. First, we find that a decline in tax progressivity associated with the Tax Reform Act of 1986 has a significant impact on the aggregate labor supply with approximately 61 percent occurred along the extensive margin. Second, households differ in their labor and income responses to tax reform. A decline in tax progressivity changes the income composition of each household by affecting labor supplies and asset holdings. This leads to an increase in income inequality. Therefore, the tax share paid by the most educated group rises due to an increase in capital income after tax reforms are instituted." (Author's abstract, © De Gruyter) ((en))

Zitatform

Gartner, Hermann, Thomas Rothe & Enzo Weber (2019): The Quality-Weighted Matching Function: Did the German Labour Market Reforms Trade off Efficiency against Job Quality? (IAB-Discussion Paper 24/2019), Nürnberg, 14 S.

Abstract

"Wir analysieren den Zielkonflikt zwischen Umfang und Qualität der Beschäftigung, indem wir eine erweiterte Matching-Funktion schätzen, worin die Zahl der neue Beschäftigungsverhältnisse (Matches) mit deren Qualität gewichtet wird. Diesen Ansatz verwenden wir, um die Auswirkungen der Hartz-Reformen der Jahre 2003 bis 2005 auf den Arbeitsmarkt zu bewerten. In der Tat bestätigt sich, dass ein Teil der zusätzlichen Beschäftigungsverhältnisse durch schlechtere Qualität erkauft war. Auch bei konstanter Qualität der neuen Matches wäre aber gut die Hälfte des positiven Effektes auf die Matchingeffizienz infolge der Hartz-Reformen verblieben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Hauptmann, Andreas (2019): Endogenous wage regime selection. A general equilibrium model. In: Economics Bulletin, Jg. 39, H. 4, S. 2650-2663., 2019-11-15.

Abstract

"Diese Arbeit analysiert die Rolle von Transaktionskosten im Kontext unvollständiger Tarifabdeckung und endogener Wahl des Lohnregimes. Es wird oft angenommen, dass Unternehmen gegen Gewerkschaften sind, weil sie die Gewinne verringern. In vielen Ländern liegt die Anerkennung der Gewerkschaften jedoch im Ermessen des Arbeitgebers, und gleichzeitig ist der Tarifvertrag eine der wichtigsten Formen der Lohnfindung. Im Gegensatz zur bisherigen Literatur gehe ich davon aus, dass das Verhandeln selbst nicht mehr kostenlos ist, sondern zusätzliche Ressourcen erfordert. Basierend auf einem einfachen theoretischen Modell zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass unterschiedliche Lohnsysteme, gewerkschaftlich und nicht gewerkschaftlich, im allgemeinen Gleichgewicht koexistieren, wenn die Kostenstrukturen zwischen den Lohnsystemen ausreichend unterschiedlich sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Herz, Benedikt (2019): Specific human capital and wait unemployment. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 37, H. 2, S. 467-508. DOI:10.1086/700190

Abstract

"A displaced worker might rationally prefer to wait through a long spell of unemployment instead of seeking employment at a lower wage in a job he is not trained for. I evaluate this trade-off using micro-data on displaced workers. To achieve identification, I exploit that the more a worker invested in occupation-specific human capital, the more costly it is for him to switch occupations and the higher is therefore his incentive to wait. I find that between 9% and 17% of total unemployment in the United States can be attributed to wait unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Krug, Gerhard, Katrin Drasch & Monika Jungbauer-Gans (2019): The social stigma of unemployment. Consequences of stigma consciousness on job search attitudes, behaviour and success. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 53, S. 1-27., 2019-07-03. DOI:10.1186/s12651-019-0261-4

Abstract

"Studies show that the unemployed face serious disadvantages in the labour market and that the social stigma of unemployment is one explanation. In this paper, we focus on the unemployed's expectations of being stigmatized (stigma consciousness) and the consequences of such negative expectations on job search attitudes and behaviour. Using data from the panel study 'Labour Market and Social Security' (PASS), we find that the unemployed with high stigma consciousness suffer from reduced well-being and health. Regarding job search, the stigmatized unemployed are more likely to expect that their chances of re-employment are low, but in contrast, they are more likely to place a high value on becoming re-employed. Instead of becoming discouraged and passive, we find that stigmatized unemployed individuals increase their job search effort compared to other unemployed individuals. However, despite their higher job search effort, the stigma-conscious unemployed do not have better re-employment chances." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

L'Horty, Yannick & Florent Sari (2019): The role of spatial and skill mismatches. Explaining long-term unemployment in Paris. In: Regional Studies. Journal of the Regional Studies Association, Jg. 53, H. 2, S. 283-296. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2018.1462480

Abstract

"In the Paris region, one can observe simultaneously the coexistence of a large and dynamic job pool with long-lasting periods of unemployment. This paradox reveals the importance of skill and spatial mismatch mechanisms, which are often used to explain disparities in local labour market outcomes. This paper uses several spatial models to measure the effects of these two mechanisms on unemployment durations in the Paris region. The results show that both problems affect municipalities close to the centre of Paris, while unemployment situations in municipalities on the fringes of the region are mainly affected by a lack of local employment dynamism." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Limnios, Christopher (2019): Housing market and labor market search. In: The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, Jg. 19, H. 1, S. 1-23. DOI:10.1515/bejm-2018-0049

Abstract

"Current models fail to concurrently account for several important empirical regularities in the housing and labor markets. I augment the Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides (DMP) search and matching model of the labor market with a housing market characterized by search and matching frictions, integrating both markets in a coherent macroeconomic model. The model provides a framework to explain how shocks and frictions which originate in the labor market spill over into the housing market and vise versa. The model accounts for procyclical, serially correlated real estate values, rental rates and expected real estate appreciation. Further, it accounts for increases in wages, housing costs and willingness to commute as a result of increases in geographic amenities. The model is also consistent with the empirical relationship between vacancy rates in the housing market and separation rates in the labor market. Simulations demonstrate that certain land-use policies can mitigate permanent shocks to labor productivity and the level of geographic amenities." (Author's abstract, © De Gruyter) ((en))

Zitatform

Morkuté, Gintaré (2019): Location-specific knowledge in spatial job search and its outcomes. An empirical investigation. In: Papers in regional science, Jg. 98, H. 3, S. 1373-1395. DOI:10.1111/pirs.12418

Abstract

"This paper investigates how working location influences jobseekers' subsequent spatial job search. Further, it is assessed to what extent mobility between working regions is associated with wage growth. The results show that the working region functions as a prominent geographical anchor around which the new job search is focused. The jobseekers that do find a job far away from their old working region receive a small wage premium, but this premium disappears if selectivity is taken into account. It is concluded that employees demonstrate substantial stickiness to their working locations, and that this is motivated by asymmetry in search costs. No evidence was found that mobility between working regions in itself affects wages." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Rose, Damaris & Haya Stier (2019): The skill divide in post-unemployment job quality. In: Social science research, Jg. 82, H. August, S. 105-112. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.04.003

Zitatform

Somers, Melline A., Sofie J. Cabus, Wim Groot & Henriëtte Maassen van den Brink (2019): Horizontal mismatch between employment and field of education. Evidence from a systematic literature review. In: Journal of Economic Surveys, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 597-603. DOI:10.1111/joes.12271

Abstract

"This paper provides a systematic review of the growing literature on the poor match between employees' field degree and the job requirements, also referred to as horizontal mismatch. We identify the different definitions used in the literature and find that each measure of horizontal mismatch yields substantially different incidence rates. We discuss the validity of the different measures and conclude that a more uniform definition of horizontal mismatch is needed. The likelihood of horizontal mismatch is among other things determined by the extent to which employees possess general skills as opposed to occupation-specific skills, and, it appears to be more frequently present among older workers. Compared to well-matched employees, horizontally mismatched workers generally incur a wage penalty, are less satisfied with their jobs, and are more likely to regret their study programme. The ensuing findings offer guidance to prevent horizontal mismatch as well as a roadmap for future research." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Stotz, Christian (2019): Zumutbarkeit von Erwerbstätigkeit und Verschlossenheit des Arbeitsmarktes - aus juristischer Sicht. In: Der medizinische Sachverständige : MedSach, Jg. 104, H. 3, S. 116-122.

Abstract

"In zwei Entscheidungen aus den Jahren 1967 und 1976 entwickelte der Große Senat des Bundessozialgerichts Fallgestaltungen, nach denen eine Rente wegen voller Erwerbsminderung von den Trägern der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung gezahlt werden muss, obwohl der Versicherte noch drei Stunden oder mehr täglich arbeiten kann, weil der (Teilzeit-)Arbeitsmarkt insoweit als verschlossen angesehen werden müsse. Der seinerzeit lediglich als Nischenmarkt existierende Teilzeitarbeitsmarkt (84.000 Beschäftigte 1967) hat sich jedoch mittlerweile zu einem Massenmarkt (8,94 Millionen Beschäftigte 2017) entwickelt, so dass es naheliegend erscheint, diese Entscheidungen des Bundessozialgerichts zu hinterfragen. Die allgemeine Akzeptanz, die diese Rechtsprechung gefunden und die zu Rechtssicherheit und Rechtsfrieden in diesem Bereich geführt hat und die vom Gesetzgeber inzwischen in mehreren Normen kodifiziert worden ist, spricht allerdings dafür, zurückhaltend bei einer Forderung nach Überprüfung der Rechtsprechung zur Verschlossenheit des Arbeitsmarktes zu sein. Teilweise erwerbsgeminderte Personen unterfallen auch bei Bezug einer vollen Erwerbsminderungsrente wegen Verschlossenheit des Arbeitsmarktes dem SGB II. Über die Zumutbarkeitsvorschrift des § 10 SGB II ist ein ausreichender Schutz der teilweise erwerbsgeminderten Personen davor gewährleistet, Tätigkeiten aufnehmen oder an Eingliederungsmaßnahmen teilnehmen zu müssen, die ihrer physischen oder psychischen Leistungsfähigkeit nicht entsprechen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Suárez, Patricia, Matías Mayor, Begoña Cueto & María-Henar Salas-Olmedo (2019): The spatial structure of the labour market across public jobcentres. Does their accessibility matter? In: Papers in regional science, Jg. 98, H. 3, S. 1359-1372. DOI:10.1111/pirs.12414

Abstract

"The objective is to analyse how one's place of residence affects the probability of finding a job and to measure the definition of the public jobcentre catchment area, which contributes to improving labour outcomes in the most deprived areas. We propose a multilevel model to estimate the probability of finding a job controlling for individual characteristics and discerning the effect of the place of residence and the contribution of public employment centres. We use an administrative register of jobseekers (70,379) grouped by 384 postal codes and 24 jobcentres. The econometric results confirm the hypothesis that there is a strong residence effect that is not sufficiently mitigated by public employment services." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Albrecht, James & Susan Vroman (2018): On-the-job search with match-specific amenities. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 162, H. January, S. 15-17. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2017.10.013

Abstract

"We construct an equilibrium on-the-job search model in which workers value wages and amenities. We show by example that in a standard (Burdett/Mortensen) model with a distribution of worker tastes over amenities, worker mobility need not imply equilibrium wage dispersion." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Arni, Patrick & Amelie Schiprowski (2018): Job search requirements, effort provision and labor market outcomes. (CESifo working paper 7200), München, 53 S.

Abstract

"How effective are effort targets? This paper provides novel evidence on the effects of job search requirements on effort provision and labor market outcomes. Based on large-scale register data, we estimate the returns to required job search effort, instrumenting individual requirements with caseworker stringency. Identification is ensured by the conditional random assignment of job seekers to caseworkers. We find that the duration of un- and non-employment both decrease by 3% if the requirement increases by one monthly application. When instrumenting actual applications with caseworker stringency, an additionally provided monthly application decreases the length of spells by 4%. In line with theory, we further find that the effect of required effort decreases in the individual's voluntary effort. Finally, the requirement level causes small negative effects on job stability, reducing the duration of re-employment spells by 0.3% per required application. We find a zero effect on re-employment wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Battisti, Michele, Yvonne Giesing & Nadzeya Laurentsyeva (2018): Can job search assistance improve the labour market integration of refugees? evidence from a field experiment. (CESifo working paper 7292), München, 31 S.

Abstract

"We conducted a field experiment to evaluate the impact of job-search assistance on the employment of recently arrived refugees in Germany. The treatment group received jobmatching support: an NGO identified suitable vacancies and sent the refugees' CVs to employers. Results of follow-up phone surveys show a positive and significant treatment effect of 13 percentage points on employment after twelve months. These effects are concentrated among low-educated refugees and those facing uncertainty about their residence status. These individuals might not search effectively, lack access to alternative support programmes, and may be disregarded by employers due to perceived higher hiring costs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Boitier, Vincent & Antoine Lepetit (2018): Reduced form wage equations in the credible bargaining model. In: Labour economics, Jg. 50, H. March, S. 92-96. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2016.04.003

Abstract

"We derive an explicit solution for the wage from an alternating-offer wage bargaining game à la Hall and Milgrom (2008) under a plausible parameter restriction. This solution is simple, micro-founded and permits a transparent analysis of the driving forces of wages. When it is used in a stationary steady-state search and matching model, the value of all endogenous variables can be expressed as a function of the parameters of the model and the exogenous variables. In a dynamic setup, the solution is much simpler to implement than the one found in the original paper of Hall and Milgrom (2008)." (Author's abstract, © 2016 Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Carrillo-Tudela, Carlos, Michael Graber & Klaus Wälde (2018): Unemployment and vacancy dynamics with imperfect financial markets. In: Labour economics, Jg. 50, H. March, S. 128-143. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.04.005

Abstract

"This paper proposes a simple general equilibrium model with labour market frictions and an imperfect financial market. The aim of the paper is to analyse the transitional dynamics of unemployment and vacancies when financial constraints are in place. We model the financial sector as a monopolistically competitive banking sector that intermediates financial capital between firms. This structure implies a per period financial resource constraint which has a closed form solution and describes the transition path of unemployment and vacancies to their steady state values. We show that the transition path crucially depends on the degree of wage flexibility. When wages do not depend on the unemployment rate the transition path is always downward sloping. This implies unemployment and vacancies adjust in opposite directions as observed in the data. When calibrating the model to the Great Recession and its aftermath we find that the lack of an improvement in the financial sector's effectiveness to intermediate resources played a crucial role in the slow recovery of the labour market." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Cockx, Bart, Muriel Dejemeppe, Andrey Launov & Bruno Van der Linden (2018): Imperfect monitoring of job search. Structural estimation and policy design. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 75-120. DOI:10.1086/693868

Abstract

"We build and estimate a nonstationary structural job search model that incorporates the main stylized features of a typical job search monitoring scheme in unemployment insurance (UI) and acknowledges that search effort and requirements are measured imperfectly. On the basis of Belgian data, monitoring is found to affect search behavior only weakly because assessments were scheduled late and infrequently, the monitoring technology was not sufficiently precise, and lenient Belgian UI results in caseloads that are less responsive to incentives than elsewhere. Simulations show how changing the aforementioned design features can enhance effectiveness and that precise monitoring is key in this." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ehrenfried, Felix & Christian Holzner (2018): Dynamics and endogeneity of firms' recruitment behaviour. (CESifo working paper 7283), München, 51 S.

Abstract

"Models of random search, directed search, or stock-ow matching differ substantially in the way they assume that job seekers and firms behave during the recruitment process. In this paper we identify new patterns about the recruitment behaviour of firms using the entropy balancing technique and argue that stock-flow matching models - if suitably amended by a timeconsuming screening technology - are best able to explain why the vacancy-filling hazard is increasing during the planned search period and decreases thereafter, why most applicants arrive early in the recruitment process, and why the willingness to pay higher wages or to hire less qualified or experienced applicants increases for firms, which have been unlucky and unable to hire until the intended starting date." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Guglielminetti, Elisa & Meradj Pouraghdam (2018): Time-varying job creation and macroeconomic shocks. In: Labour economics, Jg. 50, H. March, S. 156-179. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.09.008

Abstract

"In this paper we investigate the time-varying properties of job creation in the United States in connection to the macro-economy. We address this issue through a time-varying parameter VAR (TVP-VAR) with stochastic volatility. We identify four structural shocks by combining zero long-run restrictions and short-run sign restrictions based on a NK-DSGE model with frictional labor markets. Our main findings are as follows. First, at business cycle frequencies for most part of the sample the lion share of the volatility of job creation is explained by non-technology shocks; this challenges the conventional practice of addressing the labor market volatility puzzle (Shimer, 2005) under the assumption that technology shocks are the main driver of fluctuations in hiring. Second, permanent supply shocks had a negative impact on job creation during the Great Inflation period - a result reminiscent of the 'hours puzzle' (Galí, 1999). We show that the main candidate in explaining such structural change is the more passive conduct of monetary policy at that time. It follows that the results derived from partial equilibrium models of the labor market, which imply a rise in hiring as technology improves, neglect important transmission channels and may be misleading." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Hall, Robert E. & Andreas I. Mueller (2018): Wage dispersion and search behavior : The importance of nonwage job values. In: Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 126, H. 4, S. 1594-1637. DOI:10.1086/697739

Abstract

"We use a rich new body of data on the experiences of unemployed job seekers to determine the sources of wage dispersion and to create a search model consistent with the acceptance decisions the job seekers made. We identify the distributions of four key variables: offered wages, offered nonwage job values, job seekers' nonwork alternatives, and job seekers' personal productivities. We find that, conditional on personal productivity, the standard deviation of offered log wages is moderate, at 0.24, whereas the dispersion of the offered nonwage component is substantially larger, at 0.34. The resulting dispersion of offered job values is 0.38." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Haller, Peter (2018): Urbanization, commuting and regional labor markets. (IAB-Bibliothek 368), Bielefeld: Bertelsmann, 124 S. DOI:10.3278/300972w

Abstract

"Deutschland ist durch seine regionale Struktur - mit vielen Zentren intensiver wirtschaftlicher Aktivität - besonders interessant für Analysen zu räumlichen Mechanismen von Städten und zu Wechselwirkungen zwischen Regionen. Mit steigender Bevölkerungszahl in den Städten dient das Pendeln zwischen Wohn- und Arbeitsort als räumlicher Ausgleichsmechanismus und führt zu Interaktionen zwischen regionalen Arbeitsmärkten. Der Autor untersucht, wie lokale Arbeitsmärkte interagieren, wie stark besiedelte Märkte bei der Suche nach einem neuen Arbeitsplatz helfen und wie Beschäftigte auf Änderungen ihrer Pendlerdistanzen reagieren. Die verschiedenen Blickwinkel und die Verwendung von Mikro- und georeferenzierten Daten bieten neue empirische Erkenntnisse über die Interaktionen zwischen regionalen Arbeitsmärkten und das Mobilitätsverhalten in Deutschland." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Hartl, Tobias, Christian Hutter & Enzo Weber (2018): Big Data bei der BA: Neue Erkenntnisse zum Suchverhalten am Arbeitsmarkt. In: IAB-Forum H. 29.05.2018, o. Sz., 2018-05-24.

Abstract

"Mit der Jobbörse der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA) und der Vermittler-Software 'VerBIS' erschließen sich für die Forschung ganz neuartige Datenquellen. Sie erlauben die Messung von Such- und Vermittlungsintensitäten und ermöglichen innovative Analysen des Arbeitsmarktgeschehens." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Hohmeyer, Katrin & Joachim Wolff (2018): Of carrots and sticks: The effect of workfare announcements on the job search behaviour and reservation wage of welfare recipients. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 52, S. 1-23., 2018-09-23. DOI:10.1186/s12651-018-0245-9

Abstract

"The German workfare scheme 'One-Euro-Jobs', which provides additional jobs of public interest for welfare recipients, has a number of different goals. On the one hand, One-Euro-Jobs are intended to increase the participants' employment prospects in the medium term. On the other hand, they can be used to test welfare recipients' willingness to work. We use survey data from the Panel Study 'Labour Market and Social Security' and propensity score matching methods to study the intention-to-treat effect of receiving a One-Euro-Job announcement on job search behaviour, reservation wage and labour market performance of welfare recipients. We find that receiving a One-Euro-Job announcement increases job search activities significantly and decreases the reservation wage for women and individuals who have been employed within the last 4 years, but does not affect the short-term employment probability." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Immervoll, Herwig & Carlo Knotz (2018): How demanding are activation requirements for jobseekers. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 215), Paris, 53 S. DOI:10.1787/2bdfecca-en

Abstract

"This paper presents new information on activity-related eligibility criteria for unemployment and related benefits in OECD- and EU-countries in 2017, comparing the strictness of 'demanding' elements built into unemployment benefits across countries and over time. Eligibility criteria for unemployment benefits determine what claimants need to do to successfully claim benefits initially or to continue receiving them. Benefit systems feature specific rules that define the type of job offers that claimants need to accept, requirements for papering on the outcomes of independent job-search efforts, obligations to participate in active labour market programmes, as well as sanctions for failing to meet these requirements. Such rules aim to strengthen incentives to look for, prepare for, and accept employment. They may also be used as a targeting device to reduce demands on benefit systems, and on associated employment services. While this may serve to limit support to genuine jobseekers, strict requirements can also exclude some intended recipients from financial and re-employment support, e.g., by discouraging them from applying. This paper presents detailed information on policy rules in 2017, summarises them into an overall policy indicator of eligibility strictness, and gauges recent policy trends by documenting changes in the strictness measures. A novelty is the inclusion of lower-tier unemployment or social assistance benefits in the compilation of policy rules. Results document a large number of reforms enacted after the Great Recession and suggest a slight convergence of policy rules across countries even though overall measures of the strictness of activity-related eligibility criteria have remained broadly unchanged during the recent past. In countries with multiple layers of support for the unemployed, availability requirements tend to be more demanding for lower-tier assistance benefits, while sanction rules tend to be more stringent for first-tier programmes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kalfa, Eleni & Matloob Piracha (2018): Social networks and the labour market mismatch. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 31, H. 3, S. 877-914. DOI:10.1007/s00148-017-0677-5

Abstract

"This paper assesses the extent to which social contacts and ethnic concentration affect the education-occupation mismatch of natives and immigrants. Using Australian panel data and employing a dynamic random effects probit model, we show that social capital exacerbates the incidence of over-education, particularly for females. Furthermore, for the foreign born, ethnic concentration significantly increases the incidence of over-education. Using an Alternative Index, we also show that social participation, friends and support and ethnic concentration are the main contributors in generating a mismatch, while reciprocity and trust does not seem to have any effect on over-education for both, immigrants and natives. Finally, we show that social networks are more beneficial for the relatively better educated." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Klehe, Ute-Christine & Edwin A. J. van Hooft (Hrsg.) (2018): The Oxford Handbook of job loss and job search. (Oxford Library of psychology), New York: Oxford University Press, 615 S.

Abstract

"Job search is and always has been an integral part of people's working lives. Whether one is brand new to the labor market or considered a mature, experienced worker, job seekers are regularly met with new challenges in a variety of organizational settings. Edited by Ute-Christine Klehe and Edwin A.J. van Hooft, The Oxford Handbook of Job Loss and Job Search provides readers with one of the first comprehensive overviews of the latest research and empirical knowledge in the areas of job loss and job search.
Multidisciplinary in nature, Klehe, van Hooft, and their contributing authors offer fascinating insight into the diverse theoretical and methodological perspectives from which job loss and job search have been studied, such as psychology, sociology, labor studies, and economics. Discussing the antecedents and consequences of job loss, as well as outside circumstances that may necessitate a more rigorous job hunt, this Handbook presents in-depth and up-to-date knowledge on the methods and processes of this important time in one's life. Further, it examines the unique circumstances faced by different populations during their job search, such as those working job-to-job, the unemployed, mature job seekers, international job seekers, and temporary employed workers.
Job loss and unemployment are among the worst stressors individuals can encounter during their lifetimes. As a result, this Handbook concludes with a discussion of the various types of interventions developed to aid the unemployed. Further, it offers readers important insights and identifies best practices for both scholars and practitioners working in the areas of job loss, unemployment, career transitions, outplacement, and job search." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Krueger, Alan B. & Orley Ashenfelter (2018): Theory and evidence on employer collusion in the franchise sector. (NBER working paper 24831), Cambrige, Mass., 28 S. DOI:10.3386/w24831

Abstract

"In this paper we study the role of covenants in franchise contracts that restrict the recruitment and hiring of employees from other units within the same franchise chain in suppressing competition for workers. Based on an analysis of 2016 Franchise Disclosure Documents, we find that 'no-poaching of workers agreements' are included in a surprising 58 percent of major franchisors' contracts, including McDonald's, Burger King, Jiffy Lube and H&R Block. The implications of these no-poaching agreements for models of oligopsony are also discussed. No-poaching agreements are more common for franchises in low-wage and high-turnover industries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lazear, Edward P., Kathryn L. Shaw & Christopher T. Stanton (2018): Who gets hired? The importance of finding an open slot. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 36, H. S1, S. S133-S181. DOI:10.1086/694908

Abstract

"Being hired into a job depends not only on one's own skill but also on that of other applicants. When another able applicant applies, a well-suited worker may be forced into unemployment or into accepting an inferior job. A model of this process defines over- and underqualification and provides predictions on its prevalence and on the wages of mismatched workers. It also implies that unemployment is concentrated among the least skilled workers, while vacancies are concentrated among high-skilled jobs. Four data sets are used to confirm the implications and establish that the hiring probability is low when competing applicants are able." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lommerud, Kjell Erik, Odd Rune Straume & Steinar Vagstad (2018): Employment protection and unemployment benefits. On technology adoption and job creation in a matching model. In: The Scandinavian journal of economics, Jg. 120, H. 3, S. 763-793. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12244

Abstract

"We analyse the effects of different labour-market policies (employment protection, unemployment benefits, and payroll taxes) on job creation and technology choices in a model where firms are matched with workers of different productivity and wages are determined by ex post bargaining. The model is characterized by two intertwined sources of inefficiency, namely a matching externality and a hold-up externality associated with the bargaining strength of workers. The results depend on the relative importance of the two externalities and on worker risk aversion. 'Flexicurity', meaning low employment protection and generous unemployment insurance, can be optimal if workers are sufficiently risk-averse and the hold-up problem is relatively important." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Mateos-Romero, Lucía & María del Mar Salinas-Jiménez (2018): Labor mismatches: Effects on wages and on job satisfaction in 17 OECD countries. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 140, H. 1, S. 369-391. DOI:10.1007/s11205-017-1830-y

Abstract

"This study analyzes the effects of labor mismatches on wages and on job satisfaction in seventeen OECD countries by distinguishing between educational mismatch and skills mismatch. Using data from PIAAC, the results suggest that whereas educational mismatch shows greater effects on wages, the effects of labor mismatch on job satisfaction are generally better explained by skills mismatches. Both phenomena appear to be relevant for understanding the economic effects of labor mismatch and suggest that educational mismatch is not an accurate proxy for skills mismatch, mainly when the non-monetary effects of labor mismatch are addressed." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Meier, Volker (2018): Short-time work subsidies in a matching model. (CESifo working paper 7281), München, 35 S.

Abstract

"We consider positive and normative aspects of subsidizing work arrangements where subsidies are paid in time of low demand and reduced working hours so as to stabilize workers' income. In a matching framework such an arrangement increases labor demand. Tightening eligibility to short-time work benefits tends to reduce the wage while the impact on unemployment remains ambiguous. We develop a modified Hosios condition characterizing an efficient combination of labor market tightness and short-time benefit loss rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Shi, Lulu P., Christian Imdorf, Robin Samuel & Stefan Sacchi (2018): How unemployment scarring affects skilled young workers. Evidence from a factorial survey of Swiss recruiters. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 52, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1186/s12651-018-0239-7

Abstract

"We ask how employers contribute to unemployment scarring in the recruitment process in the German-speaking part of Switzerland. By drawing on recruitment theories, we aim to better understand how recruiters assess different patterns of unemployment in a job candidate's CV and how this affects the chances of young applicants being considered for a vacancy. We argue that in contexts with tight school-work linkage and highly standardised Vocational Education and Training systems, the detrimental effect of early unemployment depends on how well the applicant's profile matches the requirements of the advertised position. To test this assumption, we surveyed Swiss recruiters who were seeking to fill positions during the time of data collection. We employed a factorial survey experiment that tested how the (un)employment trajectories in hypothetical young job applicants' CV affected their chances of being considered for a real vacancy. Our results show that unemployment decreases the perceived suitability of an applicant for a specific job, which implies there is a scarring effect of unemployment that increases with the duration of being unemployed. But we also found that these effects are moderated by how well the applicant's profile matches the job's requirements. Overall, the worse the match between applicant's profile and the job profile, the smaller are the scarring effects of unemployment. In sum, our findings contribute to the literature by revealing considerable heterogeneity in the scarring effects of unemployment. Our findings further suggest that the scarring effects of unemployment need to be studied with regard to country-specific institutional settings, the applicants' previous education and employment experiences, and the job characteristics." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Sugie, Naomi F. (2018): Work as foraging: a smartphone study of job search and employment after prison. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 123, H. 5, S. 1453-1491. DOI:10.1086/696209

Abstract

"The past several decades have seen a decline in employment rates and labor force participation, particularly among low-skilled, minority men living in poor areas. As low-skill jobs disappear from poor places, how do marginalized job seekers navigate this landscape? Using over 8,000 daily measures of search and work collected from smartphones distributed to 133 men recently released from prison, this article presents the concept of work as foraging, where people work a variety of extremely precarious opportunities that span across job types. Sequence analysis methods describe distinct patterns of search and work that unfold over time, where most people cease their search efforts after the first month and maintain a state of very irregular and varied work. Although there is substantial heterogeneity in patterns, foraging is a common strategy of survival work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Wapler, Rüdiger, Daniel Werner & Katja Wolf (2018): Active labour market policies in Germany. Do regional labour markets benefit? In: Applied Economics, Jg. 50, H. 51, S. 5561-5578., 2018-05-01. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2018.1487526

Abstract

"This article examines on a regional level whether active labour market policies (ALMP) improve the matching process. To take the fact of heterogeneous search effectiveness during programme participation into account, we distinguish between current and former programme participants. Our findings based on a regional augmented matching function show that higher search effectiveness due to ALMP is not outweighed by indirect effects on nonparticipants. The total number of matches in a region increases with a higher share of former programme participants among the jobseekers. However, these effects largely differ between programme types." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Zaharieva, Anna (2018): On the optimal diversification of social networks in frictional labour markets with occupational mismatch. In: Labour economics, Jg. 50, H. March, S. 112-127. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.04.002

Abstract

"This paper incorporates social networks into a frictional labour market framework. There are two worker types and two occupations, which are subject to correlated fluctuations in output. The equilibrium is characterized by occupational mismatch which is associated with a wage penalty. Every worker has a fixed number of social contacts in the network. The fraction of contacts of the same occupational type defines homophily of the social network, so this paper investigates the optimal level of network homophily. Workers are risk-neutral and take aggregate variables as given, so their optimal individual choice is full homophily. This is different from the social planner's perspective. The planner internalizes external effects of workers' network choices on aggregate variables, so there exists a unique interior value of network homophily maximizing the present value of income. On the one hand, higher homophily is associated with lower occupational mismatch. But on the other hand, higher homophily separates the two groups of workers, prevents exchange of information about open vacancies, and leads to more unemployment, especially in recessions. So it is the trade-off between these two effects and not the desire to reduce income volatility, as in standard portfolio theory, which gives rise to network diversification. Comparative statics shows that optimal network homophily is lower and diversification is stronger with a lower wage penalty from mismatch, lower unemployment benefit and negative correlation in output fluctuations." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Baker, Scott R. & Andrey Fradkin (2017): The impact of unemployment insurance on job search: evidence from Google search data. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 99, H. 5, S. 756-768. DOI:10.1162/REST_a_00674

Abstract

"Job search is a key choice variable in theories of labor markets but is difficult to measure directly. We develop a job search activity index based on Google search data, the Google Job Search Index (GJSI). We validate the GJSI with both survey- and web-based measures of job search. Unlike those measures, the GJSI is high frequency, geographically precise, and available in real time. We demonstrate the GJSI's utility by using it to study the effects of unemployment insurance policy changes between 2008 and 2014. We find no evidence of an economically meaningful effect of these changes on aggregate search." (Author's abstract, © MIT Press Journals) ((en))

Zitatform

Berlingieri, Francesco (2017): Local labor market size and qualification mismatch. (ZEW discussion paper 17-055), Mannheim, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the effect of the size of the local labor market on skill mismatch. Using survey data for Germany, I find that workers in large cities are both less likely to be overqualified for their job and to work in a different field than the one they are trained for. Different empirical strategies are employed to account for the potential sorting of talented workers into more urbanized areas. Results on individuals never moving from the place of childhood and fixed-effects estimates obtaining identification through regional migrants suggest that sorting does not fully explain the existing differences in qualification mismatch across areas. This provides evidence of the existence of agglomeration economies through better matches. However, lower qualification mismatch in larger cities is found to explain only a small part of the urban wage premium." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Buchs, Helen, Emily Murphy & Marlis Buchmann (2017): Landing a job, sinking a career? The trade-off between occupational downgrading and quick reemployment according to unemployed jobseekers' career stage and job prospects. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 52, H. December, S. 26-35. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2017.10.001

Abstract

"A critical aspect of individual careers is the quality of jobs the unemployed match to at reemployment. The present study examines a trade-off the unemployed face in occupationally segmented labor markets: quickly exiting unemployment via downgraded reemployment or holding out for a skill adequate job while remaining unemployed. We analyze how the likelihood of involuntary status downgrading relates to the relative availability of 'best fit' vacancies at particular stages of a career. This study thus contributes to the broader literature on scar effects incurred from the experience of unemployment. Another contribution is the construction of refined measures of accessible vacancies at the micro level. Proportional hazard rate models are estimated using an inflow sample (2006 - 2014) of unemployed men with vocational education in Switzerland. Our results show that a higher relative availability of 'best fit' vacancies lowers jobseekers' risk of taking up a lower prestige job than the one sought. Career stage also matters for the trade-off between the quality and speed of reemployment, with trial stage unemployed being most responsive to job prospects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bähr, Sebastian (2017): Regional mobility of unemployed workers. Experimental evidence on decision-making and behaviour in flexible labour markets. (IAB-Bibliothek 365), Bielefeld: Bertelsmann, 172 S. DOI:10.3278/300943w

Abstract

"Moderne Arbeitsmärkte erfordern ein hohes Maß an Flexibilität von Arbeitskräften und insbesondere von Arbeitslosen. Dabei kommt der Bereitschaft zur regionalen Mobilität im Zuge der tiefgreifenden Hartz-Reformen des deutschen Arbeitsmarktes eine zentrale Rolle zu. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht diese Forschungsarbeit die Bedeutung überregionaler Mobilität im Stellensuchprozess von Arbeitslosen. Basierend auf innovativen experimentellen Forschungsdesigns, reichhaltigen administrativen und Befragungsdaten und unter Verwendung aktueller ökonometrischer Analysen leistet Sebastian Bähr einen wichtigen Beitrag zur aktuellen Debatte über die Wirkung von Flexibilisierung auf soziale Ungleichheit am Arbeitsmarkt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Heinz, Matthias & Heiner Schumacher (2017): Signaling cooperation. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 98, H. September, S. 199-216. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.06.017

Abstract

"We examine what an applicant's vita signals to employers about her willingness to cooperate in teams. Intensive social engagement may credibly reveal that an applicant cares about others and is less likely to free-ride in teamwork situations. We find that contributions to a public good strongly increase in a subject's degree of social engagement as indicated on her résumé. In a prediction experiment with human resource managers, we find that employers use résumé content effectively to predict relative differences in subjects' willingness to cooperate. Thus, a young professional's vita signals important behavioral characteristics to potential employers. Our results complement the findings from recent studies which analyze the effects of social engagement on wages and job market prospects." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Wilson, Shaun & Markus Hadler (2017): Downward flexibility: Who is willing to take an inferior job? In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 23, H. 2, S. 187-204. DOI:10.1177/0959680116659816

Abstract

"Most workers look forward to better jobs across their careers, but in an age of rising inequality and insecurity at work, some are willing to accept an inferior job in order to avoid joblessness. We use the Work Orientations III survey from the 2005 International Social Survey Programme to explore such 'downward flexibility' and develop several regression models specified for 19 OECD countries to test hypotheses and explore macro- and individual-level variations. Workers in liberal 'labour market regimes' are more tolerant of downward adaptations, in line with evidence that these regimes produce strongly institutionalized norms of flexibility. Tolerance of a worse job is also higher among those with weak labour market positions (low-income respondents, women and young people). Further macro-level analysis suggests that the 'model' country with the most downwardly flexible workers would be rich and unequal, with weak unions and low levels of social protection and industrial rights." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Boll, Christina & Julian Sebastian Leppin (2016): Differential overeducation in East and West Germany. Extending Frank's theory on economic returns changes the picture of disadvantaged women. In: Labour, Jg. 30, H. 4, S. 455-504. DOI:10.1111/labr.12084

Abstract

"We test the theory of differential overeducation which predicts that women and particularly partnered women are more affected by overeducation than men. Our OLS and FE estimations based on German SOEP data confirm that women indeed exhibit more years of excess education in both regions. Women's higher educational mismatch accounts for 5 pp of the West German pay gap. However, women suffer lower wage penalties from overeducation than men in both regions and, for partnered people, higher female wage penalties vanish in the FE estimations. Hence, women are more rationed than men concerning overeducation magnitude, confirming Frank's theory, but rather less disadvantaged with respect to economic returns." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Bähr, Sebastian & Martin Abraham (2016): The role of social capital in the job-related regional mobility decisions of unemployed individuals. In: Social Networks, Jg. 46, H. July, S. 44-59., 2015-12-23. DOI:10.1016/j.socnet.2015.12.004

Abstract

"Social capital is an important factor in interregional mobility. Although most prior research has focused on its role in the job-finding process, this study investigates the function of social networks and the social capital embedded therein after an interregional job offer has been received. This subject is particularly important for the unemployed, who should be able to exploit a mobility strategy to re-enter the labour market. Unemployed persons rely on their social networks to cope with joblessness, but there is evidence that social contexts can also act as mobility traps for this group (Windzio, 2004). We examine whether the unemployed weight social capital in a unique manner when making decisions regarding mobility.
To investigate these issues, we combine a factorial survey module (FSM) with data from the German 'Labour market and social security' (PASS) panel study to generate representative samples of both unemployed and employed persons with a randomised mobility stimulus in the form of hypothetical interregional job offers. Our results reveal the mobilising effects of exposure to conflict-laden relationships with the social network and the household. These are particularly pronounced for unemployed persons, highlighting the importance of factors that influence decision making about mobility beyond simple economic considerations." (Author's abstract, © 2016 Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Erdsiek, Daniel (2016): Overqualification of graduates. Assessing the role of family background. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 49, H. 3, S. 253-268., 2016-07-07. DOI:10.1007/s12651-016-0208-y

Abstract

"Ein Mismatch zwischen den Anforderungen einer beruflichen Beschäftigung und den Fähigkeiten eines Arbeitnehmers kann Produktivitätsverluste auf der individuellen sowie gesamtwirtschaftlichen Ebene verursachen, weil das verfügbare Humankapital nicht ausreichend genutzt wird. Überqualifikation beschreibt eine entsprechende Situation in der ein Mismatch vorliegt, weil die Beschäftigung nicht den formalen Bildungsabschluss erfordert, den der Arbeitnehmer erworben hat. Diese Studie untersucht, inwieweit der familiäre Hintergrund von Hochschulabsolventen die Wahrscheinlichkeit beeinflusst, überqualifiziert beschäftigt zu sein. Mögliche Wirkungsmechanismen für einen Effekt der sozialen Herkunft werden diskutiert und anhand von Proxy-Variablen für die folgenden potentiellen Einflussfaktoren empirisch untersucht: individuelle Fähigkeiten, Charakteristika des Studiums, soziales Kapital, finanzielles Kapital und Karriereorientierung. Wie die Ergebnisse zeigen, sind Hochschulabsolventen aus Akademikerhaushalten seltener überqualifiziert beschäftigt als Bildungsaufsteiger - also Absolventen, deren Eltern nicht über einen Hochschulabschluss verfügen. Die Differenz der Überqualifikationsraten dieser beiden Absolventengruppen beträgt 7,4 Prozentpunkte. Eine Blinder-Oaxaca Dekomposition dieser Differenz zeigt, dass individuelle Fähigkeiten, Studieneigenschaften und soziales Kapital wichtige Wirkungsmechanismen für den Einfluss des familiären Hintergrunds auf das Risiko einer Überqualifikation darstellen." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

Zitatform

Gautier, Pieter, Jose L. Moraga-Gonzalez & Ronald Wolthoff (2016): Search costs and efficiency. Do unemployed workers search enough? In: European Economic Review, Jg. 84, H. May, S. 123-139. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.04.001

Abstract

"Many labor market policies affect the marginal benefits and costs of job search. The impact and desirability of such policies depend on the distribution of search costs. In this paper, we provide an equilibrium framework for identifying the distribution of search costs and we apply it to the Dutch labor market. In our model, the wage distribution, job search intensities, and firm entry are simultaneously determined in market equilibrium. Given the distribution of search intensities (which we directly observe), we calibrate the search cost distribution and the flow value of non-market time; these values are then used to derive the socially optimal firm entry rates and distribution of job search intensities. From a social point of view, some unemployed workers search too little due to a hold-up problem, while other unemployed workers search too much due to coordination frictions and rent-seeking behavior. Our results indicate that jointly increasing unemployment benefits and the sanctions for unemployed workers who do not search at all can be welfare-improving." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kawata, Keisuke, Kentaro Nakajima & Yasuhiro Sato (2016): Multi-region job search with moving costs. In: Regional science and urban economics, Jg. 61, H. November, S. 114-129. DOI:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2016.10.002

Abstract

"We develop a competitive search model involving multiple regions, geographically mobile workers, and moving costs. Equilibrium mobility patterns are analyzed and characterized, and the results indicate that shocks to a particular region, such as a productivity shock, can propagate to other regions through workers' mobility. Moreover, equilibrium mobility patterns are inefficient due to the existence of moving costs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lazear, Edward P., Kathryn L. Shaw & Christopher T. Stanton (2016): Who gets hired? The importance of finding an open slot. (NBER working paper 22202), Cambrige, Mass., 46 S. DOI:10.3386/w22202

Abstract

"A model of hiring into posted job slots suggests hiring is based on comparative advantage: being hired depends not only on one's own skill but also on the skills of other applicants. The model has numerous implications. First, bumping of applicants occurs when one job-seeker is slotted into a lower paying job by another applicant who is more skilled. Second, less able workers are more likely to be unemployed because they are bumped. Third, vacancies are higher for harder to fill skilled jobs. Fourth, some workers are over-qualified for their jobs whereas others are under-qualified. These implications are borne out using four different data sets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lochner, Benjamin & Bastian Schulz (2016): Labor market sorting in Germany. (CESifo working paper 6066), München, 56 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the allocation of workers to jobs and the wage distribution in Germany. Our main contribution is to reconcile prominent empirical models of wage dispersion (Abowd et al., 1999; Card et al., 2013) with theoretical sorting models (Shimer and Smith, 2000; Eeckhout and Kircher, 2011; Hagedorn et al., 2016). We find that empirical fixed effect models provide a valid approximation of observed wages and matching patterns for a large part of the data. For low-type workers, however, wages are decreasing in the type of the firm a worker is matched with. This prediction of theoretical sorting models is at odds with the monotonicity assumption of fixed effect models. After ranking both workers and firms, we show that low-type workers have become increasingly sorted into low-type firms over time, especially out of unemployment. This increase is driven by selection into wage-maximizing matches at the bottom of the firm type distribution. It can be linked to increased domestic outsourcing of low-type workers to business service firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Arni, Patrick & Amelie Schiprowski (2015): The effects of binding and non-binding job search requirements. (IZA discussion paper 8951), Bonn, 52 S.

Abstract

"Job search requirements constrain the effort choice of unemployment insurance recipients by enforcing a minimum number of monthly applications. This paper is the first to assess how individual search effort, job finding and job stability react to this constraint. Standard job search theory predicts that requirements affect each job seeker relative to her unconstrained effort choice. Therefore, the behavioral treatment intensity of interest is the incremental effort necessary to comply with the requirement. Using novel Swiss register data, we measure this intensity as the difference between the individual requirement threshold and the search effort provided just before requirement imposition. Our econometric approach exploits that - conditional on a broad set of choice fixed effects - the match between the job seeker's unconstrained effort choice and the caseworker's requirement setting behavior is arbitrary. Therefore, it provides exogenous variation in the treatment assignment. We find that binding search requirements that exceed the job seeker's unconstrained effort choice, increase job finding in a substantial way. These effects are highly heterogeneous with respect to the job seeker's characteristics. They come at the cost of increased non-compliance and sanction imposition rates. Moreover, binding requirements have striking negative effects on job stability. Finally, we find that non-binding requirements can also affect search outcomes. This suggests that requirements can operate as signals, thereby generating behavioral effects that are not predicted by standard job search theory." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))