Niedriglohnarbeitsmarkt
Der Ausbau des Niedriglohnsektors sollte Ende der 1990er Jahre die hohe Arbeitslosigkeit reduzieren. Als Niedriglohn gilt ein Arbeitsentgelt, das trotz Vollzeitbeschäftigung keine angemessene Existenzsicherung gewährleistet – die OECD definiert den ihn als einen Bruttolohn, der unterhalb von zwei Dritteln des nationalen Medianbruttolohns aller Vollzeitbeschäftigten liegt. Betroffen von Niedriglöhnen sind überdurchschnittlich häufig Personen ohne beruflichen Abschluss, jüngere Erwerbstätige und Frauen.
Bietet der Niedriglohnsektor eine Chance zum Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt oder ist er eine Sackgasse? Das IAB-Themendossier erschließt Informationen zum Forschungsstand.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Theorie
- Politik und Maßnahmen
- Arbeitsmarkt- und Lohnentwicklung
- Arbeitswelt, Personalpolitik
- Personengruppen
- Wirtschaftszweige
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
- Alter
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Literaturhinweis
Hard work: Job quality and organisation in European low-wage sectors: synthesis report on company case studies for work package 6 of the walqing project (2012)
Zitatform
Holtgrewe, Ursula & Karin Sardadvar (2012): Hard work: Job quality and organisation in European low-wage sectors. Synthesis report on company case studies for work package 6 of the walqing project. Wien, 196 S.
Abstract
"This report presents the findings of the company case studies conducted in Work Package 6 of the walqing project by all twelve partners in the eleven countries participating in walqing. Company case studies were used to investigate how companies are located and position themselves in the sectors and in their respective markets, how they compete and find their niches in changing environments, and how they enhance productivity by restructuring, changing work and creating new jobs. In line with the research focus, the key question the company case studies were supposed to provide an answer for was how these organisational characteristics impact the quality of work for employees. The assumption was that neither markets nor just the institutional environments and industrial relations in diverse employment regimes shape the quality of work, but that the quality of employees' work and life centrally results from managerial strategies and decision-making in the company's respective environment. We aimed to look for examples of both negative and positive configurations of work and life quality in new and expanding jobs, and for the conditions of such configurations through first describing and analysing individual cases and then comparing the findings. Indeed, comparative case study research allows for an exploration of complex causal relationships and histories of such configurations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitsmarktintegration und sozioökonomische Situation von Alleinerziehenden: ein empirischer Vergleich: Deutschland, Frankreich, Schweden, Vereinigtes Königreich. Forschungsbericht im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales (2012)
Jaehrling, Karen ; Kalina, Thorsten; Erlinghagen, Marcel ; Mümken, Sarah; Schwarzkopf, Manuela; Mesaros, Leila;Zitatform
Jaehrling, Karen, Marcel Erlinghagen, Thorsten Kalina, Sarah Mümken, Leila Mesaros & Manuela Schwarzkopf (2012): Arbeitsmarktintegration und sozioökonomische Situation von Alleinerziehenden. Ein empirischer Vergleich: Deutschland, Frankreich, Schweden, Vereinigtes Königreich. Forschungsbericht im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales. (Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales. Forschungsbericht Arbeitsmarkt 420), 265 S.
Abstract
Diese Bestandsaufnahme steht unter der Leitfragestellung, inwieweit die Lebensform 'alleinerziehend' im Ländervergleich nach wie vor mit unterschiedlichen Teilhabechancen im Vergleich zu anderen Lebensformen verbunden ist. Für die Untersuchung wurden die Europäische Arbeitskräfteerhebung (EU-LFS) und die Statistik der Europäischen Union über Einkommen und Lebensbedingungen (EU-SILC) ausgewertet. Im Einzelnen analysiert werden die Erwerbsbeteiligung, die materielle Situation sowie die Lebenssituation (Deprivation, Gesundheitszustand) von Alleinerziehenden. Weiterhin wird der Einfluss nationaler institutioneller und kultureller Faktoren untersucht. Für alle vier Länder wird eine steigende Erwerbsbeteiligung von Alleinerziehenden im Zeitverlauf konstatiert, was vor allem auf arbeitsmarktpolitische Reformen und veränderte Geschlechterregime zurückgeführt wird. Trotzdem sind Alleinerziehende gegenüber Müttern in Paar-Haushalten stärker von Armut bedroht. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Engaging low skilled employees in workplace learning (2012)
McQuaid, Ronald ; Raeside, Robert ; Egdell, Valerie ; Lindsay, Colin ; Canduela, Jesus ; Berry, Caroline;Zitatform
McQuaid, Ronald, Robert Raeside, Jesus Canduela, Valerie Egdell, Colin Lindsay & Caroline Berry (2012): Engaging low skilled employees in workplace learning. (UK Commission for Employment and Skills. Evidence report 43), Wath upon Dearne, 63 S.
Abstract
"This report presents the findings of a study into the motivators and barriers to participation in workplace learning and focuses on low skilled employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Executive Summary -
Literaturhinweis
The impact of a time-limited, targeted in-work benefit in the medium-term: an evaluation of In Work Credit (2012)
Zitatform
Mike Brewer, Mike, James Browne, Haroon Chowdry & Claire Crawford (2012): The impact of a time-limited, targeted in-work benefit in the medium-term: an evaluation of In Work Credit. (ISER working paper 2012-04), Colchester, 41 S.
Abstract
"Conventional in-work benefits (IWB) are means-tested, open to all workers with sufficiently low income, and usually paid without a time-limit. This paper evaluates an IWB with an alternative design that was aimed at lone parents in the UK and piloted in one third of the country, and that featured a time-limit, and was paid conditional on previous receipt of welfare. It increased flows off welfare and into work, and these positive effects did not diminish when recipients reached the 12 month time-limit for receiving the supplement. Job retention of recipients was good, but this cannot be attributed to the IWB." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How real is mobility between low pay, high pay and non-employment? (2012)
Zitatform
Pavlopoulos, Dimitris, Ruud Muffels & Jeroen K. Vermunt (2012): How real is mobility between low pay, high pay and non-employment? In: Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A, Statistics in Society, Jg. 175, H. 3, S. 749-773. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-985X.2011.01017.x
Abstract
"The aim of the paper is to investigate the effect of measurement error on low pay transition probabilities. Our approach combines the virtues of panel regression and latent class models, though it does not require the use of validation or reinterview data. Using British, German and Dutch panel data, we show that the true estimated low pay transition probability is much lower that what previous research has found. This implies that almost half of the observed transitions can be attributed to measurement error. The highest low pay transition probabilities are found in Germany and the lowest in the Netherlands. When applying this correction for measurement error in a multivariate model of low pay transitions, the results indicate that measurement error attenuates considerably the effects of the main covariates, such as training, job change, change in the type of employment contract and shift from part-time to full-time employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The employment of migrant workers in long-term care: dynamics of choice and control (2012)
Zitatform
Shutes, Isabel (2012): The employment of migrant workers in long-term care. Dynamics of choice and control. In: Journal of social policy, Jg. 41, H. 1, S. 43-59. DOI:10.1017/S0047279411000596
Abstract
"The employment of migrant workers in long-term care is increasingly evident across western welfare states. This article examines the ways in which immigration controls shape the exercising of choice and control by migrant care workers over their labour. It draws on the findings of in-depth interviews with migrant care workers employed by residential and home care providers and by older people and their families in the UK. It is argued that the differential rights accorded to migrants on the basis of citizenship and immigration status shape, first, entry into particular types of care work, second, powers of 'exit' within work, and, third, 'voice' regarding the conditions under which care labour is provided." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Providing employers with incentives to train low-skilled workers: evidence from the UK employer training pilots (2011)
Zitatform
Abramovsky, Laura, Erich Battistin, Emla Fitzsimons, Alissa Goodman & Helen Simpson (2011): Providing employers with incentives to train low-skilled workers. Evidence from the UK employer training pilots. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 29, H. 1, S. 153-193. DOI:10.1086/656372
Abstract
"We use unique workplace and employee-level data to evaluate a major UK government pilot program to increase qualification-based, employer-provided training for low-qualified employees. We evaluate the program's effect using a difference-in-differences approach. Using data on eligible employers and workers we find noevidence of a statistically significant effect on the take-up of training in the first 3 years of the program. Our results suggest that the program involved a high level of deadweight and that improving the additionality of the subsequent national program is crucial if it is to make a significant contribution toward government targets to increase qualification levels." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Cognitive skills matter: The employment disadvantage of the low-educated in international comparison (2011)
Abrassart, Aurelien;Zitatform
Abrassart, Aurelien (2011): Cognitive skills matter: The employment disadvantage of the low-educated in international comparison. (Working Papers on the Reconciliation of Work and Welfare in Europe. REC-WP 04/2011), Edinburgh, 26 S.
Abstract
"It is now a widely acknowledged fact that the low-skilled are facing important risks of labour market exclusion in modern economies. However, possessing low levels of educational qualifications leads to very different situations from one country to another, as the cross-national variation in the unemployment rates of the low-skilled attest. While conventional wisdom usually blames welfare states and the resulting rigidity of labour markets for the low employment opportunities of low-skilled workers, empirical evidence tends to contradict this predominant view.
Using microdata from the International Adult Literacy Survey that was conducted between 1994 and 1998, we examine the sources of the cross-national variation in the employment disadvantage of low-skilled workers in 14 industrialized nations. In particular, we test the validity of the conventional theories concerning the supposedly harmful effect of labour market regulation against a new and promising hypothesis on the importance of cognitive skills for the employment opportunities of the low-educated. Our findings support the latter and suggest that the employment disadvantage the low-educated experience relatively to medium-educated workers is mainly due to their deficit in the skills that have become so important for labour market success in the recent past, namely cognitive skills." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Employment, hours of work and the optimal taxation of low income families (2011)
Zitatform
Blundell, Richard & Andrew Shephard (2011): Employment, hours of work and the optimal taxation of low income families. (IZA discussion paper 5745), Bonn, 48 S.
Abstract
"The optimal design of low income support is examined using a structural labour supply model. The approach incorporates unobserved heterogeneity, fixed costs of work, childcare costs and the detailed non-convexities of the tax and transfer system. The analysis considers purely Pareto improving reforms and also optimal design under social welfare functions with different degrees of inequality aversion. We explore the gains from tagging and also examine the case for the use of hours-contingent payments. Using the tax schedule for lone parents in the UK as our policy environment, the results point to a reformed non-linear tax schedule with tax credits only optimal for low earners. The results also suggest a welfare improving role for tagging according to child age and for hours-contingent payments, although the case for the latter is mitigated when hours cannot be monitored or recorded accurately by the tax authorities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Anatomy of welfare reform evaluation: announcement and implementation effects (2011)
Zitatform
Blundell, Richard, Marco Francesconi & Wilbert van der Klaauw (2011): Anatomy of welfare reform evaluation. Announcement and implementation effects. (IZA discussion paper 6050), Bonn, 60 S.
Abstract
"This paper formulates a simple model of female labor force decisions which embeds an in-work benefit reform and explicitly allows for announcement and implementation effects. We explore several mechanisms through which women can respond to the announcement of a reform that increases in-work benefits, including sources of intertemporal substitution, human capital accumulation, and labor market frictions. Using the model's insights and information of the precise timing of the announcement and implementation of a major UK in-work benefit reform, we estimate its effects on single mothers' behavior. We find important announcement effects on employment decisions. We show that this finding is consistent with the presence of short-run frictions in the labor market. Evaluations of this reform which ignore such effects produce impact effect estimates that are biased downwards by 15 to 35 percent." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The UK minimum wage at age 22: a regression discontinuity approach (2011)
Zitatform
Dickens, Richard, Rebecca Riley & David Wilkinson (2011): The UK minimum wage at age 22. A regression discontinuity approach. (NIESR discussion paper 378), London, 37 S.
Abstract
"A regression discontinuity approach is used to analyse the effect of the legislated increase in the UK National Minimum Wage (NMW) that occurs at age 22 on various labour market outcomes. Using data from the Labour Force Survey we find a 2-4% point increase in the employment rate of low skilled individuals. Unemployment declines among men and inactivity among women. We find no such effect before the NMW was introduced and no robust impacts at age 21 or 23 years. Our results are robust to a range of specification tests." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Context matters: economic marginalization of low-educated workers in cross-national perspective (2011)
Zitatform
Gesthuizen, Maurice, Heike Solga & Ralf Künster (2011): Context matters: economic marginalization of low-educated workers in cross-national perspective. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 27, H. 2, S. 264-280. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcq006
Abstract
"This article explains the different extent of economic marginalization of low-educated persons in different countries. Research on economic marginalization mainly studies the so-called displacement mechanism: the higher the high-skill supply is in relation to the high-skill demand, the higher is the risk of being unemployed for low-educated workers. In this article, we examine their economic marginalization in terms of status position. This research expands the explanation of economic marginalization of low-educated workers by scrutinizing additional causes, such as negative social selection, negative cognitive competence selection, and the increasing negative signal of being low educated (discredit). The results of the country comparison, using multilevel estimation techniques with inclusion of cross-level interactions, depict that, indeed, educational differences in socio-economic status attainment are larger in countries where the average competence of the group is low, the social composition is unfavourable, and the size of the low-educated group is relatively small. By considering these additional explanations, we are now better able to understand the economic vulnerability of low-educated people in educationally expanded countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Helping more parents move into work: an evaluation of the extension of New Deal Plus for Lone Parents and In Work Credit. Final report (2011)
Zitatform
Griffiths, Rita (2011): Helping more parents move into work. An evaluation of the extension of New Deal Plus for Lone Parents and In Work Credit. Final report. (Department for Work and Pensions. Research report 732), London, 136 S.
Abstract
"This report presents findings from the second and final phase of a two part qualitative evaluation of a series of Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) policy measures targeted at lone and couple parents, which aimed to increase parental employment as well as reduce child poverty.
The aim of the evaluation overall was to explore whether the measures offered an adequate package of support to parents, in London and non-London New Deal Plus for Lone Parents (ND+fLP) pilot areas, and if the measures, either collectively or singly, encouraged them to enter and sustain work.
This final phase of the research aimed to follow up issues raised in the first phase of the research (and published in a separate accompanying report). It examined the effects of In Work Credit (IWC) and other policy measures on parents' work-related decision making and behaviours, looking in particular at whether the measures encouraged and supported work entry, work retention and work progression. A related area of investigation explored how parents were able to balance work and childcare.
The research consisted of 66 face-to-face interviews with parents in two case study areas in the spring and summer of 2010 - 43 couple parents and 23 lone parents. Sixteen of the couple parents had been interviewed in the first phase of the research. Face-to-face and telephone interviews were also held with Jobcentre Plus staff in the two case study areas." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
The unequal incidence of non-standard employment across occupational groups: an empirical analysis of post-industrial labour markets in Germany and Europe (2011)
Zitatform
Marx, Paul (2011): The unequal incidence of non-standard employment across occupational groups. An empirical analysis of post-industrial labour markets in Germany and Europe. (IZA discussion paper 5521), Bonn, 23 S.
Abstract
"The paper addresses an often neglected question in labour market research: to which extent do outcomes aggregated on the national level disguise occupational diversity in employment conditions? In particular, how and why do occupational groups differ with regard to the incidence of non-standard employment? To explore these questions, the paper derives a detailed occupational scheme from the literature, capturing the variety of labour market outcomes within countries. In a second step, the scheme is theoretically linked to the topic of non-standard work. It is argued that different degrees of skill specificity across occupational groups produce diverging incentives for flexible and long-term employment, respectively. This leads to the expectation of (some) service-sector occupations showing stronger tendencies towards non-standard employment than those in the industrial sector. Based on European and German micro data, the categorisation is used to decompose various labour market indicators. The results clearly demonstrate the unequal incidence of non-standard employment along the lines of the suggested categorisation. Moreover, the longitudinal perspective suggests that traditionally functioning occupational groups will be crowded out by more destandardised ones." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender gaps across countries and skills: supply, demand and the industry structure (2011)
Olivetti, Claudia; Petrongolo, Barbara;Zitatform
Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2011): Gender gaps across countries and skills. Supply, demand and the industry structure. (CEP discussion paper 1093), London, 42 S.
Abstract
"The gender wage gap varies widely across countries and across skill groups within countries. Interestingly, there is a positive cross-country correlation between the unskilled-to-skilled gender wage gap and the corresponding gap in hours worked. Based on a canonical supply and demand framework, this positive correlation would reveal the presence of net demand forces shaping gender differences in labor market outcomes across skills and countries. We use a simple multi-sector framework to illustrate how differences in labor demand for different inputs can be driven by both within-industry and between-industry factors. The main idea is that, if the service sector is more developed in the US than in continental Europe, and unskilled women tend to be over-represented in this sector, we expect unskilled women to suffer a relatively large wage and/or employment penalty in the latter than in the former. We find that, overall, the between-industry component of labor demand explains more than half of the total variation in labor demand between the US and the majority of countries in our sample, as well as one-third of the correlation between wage and hours gaps. The between-industry component is relatively more important in countries where the relative demand for unskilled females is lowest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employers' search and the efficiency of matching (2011)
Zitatform
Pellizzari, Michele (2011): Employers' search and the efficiency of matching. In: British Journal of Industrial Relations, Jg. 49, H. 1, S. 25-53. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8543.2009.00770.x
Abstract
"Unskilled workers in low productivity jobs typically experience higher labour turnover. This article shows how this finding is related to variation in the efficiency of the matching process across occupations. If employers find it less profitable to invest in search and screening activities when recruiting for low-productivity jobs, matches at the lower end of the occupation distribution will be more prone to separation. The analysis of a unique sample of British hirings, containing detailed information about employers' recruitment practices, shows that more intensive recruitment leads to matches of better quality that pay higher wages, last longer and make employers more satisfied with the person taken on." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wage inequality, minimum wage effects and spillovers (2011)
Stewart, Mark B.;Zitatform
Stewart, Mark B. (2011): Wage inequality, minimum wage effects and spillovers. (Warwick economic research papers 965), Coventry, 23 S.
Abstract
"This paper investigates possible spillover effects of the UK minimum wage. The halt in the growth in inequality in the lower half of the wage distribution (as measured by the 50:10 percentile ratio) since the mid 1990s, in contrast to the continued inequality growth in the upper half of the distribution, suggests the possibility of a minimum wage effect and spillover effects on wages above the minimum. This paper analyses individual wage changes, using both a difference-in-differences estimator and a specification involving cross-uprating comparisons, and concludes that there have not been minimum wage spillovers. Since the UK minimum wage has always been below the 10th percentile, this lack of spillovers implies that minimum wage changes have not had an effect on the 50:10 percentile ratio measure of inequality in the lower half of the wage distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Low skill manufacturing work: from skill biased change to technological regression (2011)
Zitatform
Wickham, James (2011): Low skill manufacturing work. From skill biased change to technological regression. In: Arbeit. Zeitschrift für Arbeitsforschung, Arbeitsgestaltung und Arbeitspolitik, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 224-238. DOI:10.1515/arbeit-2011-0307
Abstract
"Die Theorie der wissensbasierten Gesellschaft postuliert sowohl einen Rückgang der Beschäftigung in der produzierenden Industrie als auch generell bei niedrig qualifizierter Arbeit. Im Beitrag wird die Logik dieser Argumentation untersucht und mögliche kritische Einwände diskutiert. Es wird argumentiert, dass erstens die 'Computerisierung' nicht den Bedarf an unqualifizierter, aber nichtroutinisierter Arbeit in der Industrie beseitigt. Zweitens wird dargelegt, dass es zu technologischer Stagnation oder gar Regression und damit zur Verstetigung von unqualifizierter Arbeit führen kann, wenn Arbeitgeber auf nur wenig kontrollierte Arbeitskräfte (wie neue Immigranten) zugreifen können. Ein dritter, wenn auch extremer Fall wird ebenfalls diskutiert: Immigration kann es sogar ermöglichen, dass neue Formen von niedrig qualifizierter Industriearbeit sich ausbreiten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Disadvantaged groups in the labour market (2010)
Barrett, Ruth;Zitatform
Barrett, Ruth (2010): Disadvantaged groups in the labour market. In: Economic and Labour Market Review, Jg. 4, H. 6, S. 18-24. DOI:10.1057/elmr.2010.78
Abstract
"Employment rates vary among different groups of the population, affected by factors such as age, sex, region, ethnic origin, disability status and level of qualification. Some groups face particular barriers to entering, remaining in and progressing within employment. This article considers the economic activity of groups that are considered to face such barriers and be disadvantaged with respect to opportunities for employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Stimulating the innovation potential of 'routine' workers through workplace learning (2010)
Zitatform
Evans, Karen & Edmund Waite (2010): Stimulating the innovation potential of 'routine' workers through workplace learning. In: Transfer, Jg. 16, H. 2, S. 243-258. DOI:10.1177/1024258910364313
Abstract
"Weltweit sind Regierungen bestrebt, die 'Grundkompetenzen' von Arbeitnehmern mit schwachen Lese-, Schreib- und Rechenfähigkeiten zu verbessern, um ihre Produktivität und ihre Teilnahme am betrieblichen Geschehen zu erhöhen. In Großbritannien wurde zur Untersuchung von Maßnahmen in diesem Bereich eine Längsschnittstudie durchgeführt, die sich mit den Auswirkungen der Teilnahme an betrieblichen Programmen zum Erwerb von Grundkompetenzen auf Mitarbeiter und Organisationen befasste. Durch Nachfragen bei Beschäftigten in ausgewählten Organisationskontexten konnte herausgestellt werden, wie das Zusammenwirken von formalem und informellem Lernen am Arbeitsplatz ein Umfeld schaffen kann, das Beschäftigten in geringer qualifizierten Tätigkeiten ermöglicht, ihre Kompetenzen zu verbessern. Dieser Lernprozess am Arbeitsplatz ist eine Bedingung, ein Anreiz und ein wichtiger Bestandteil für die Teilnahme an mitarbeitergestützter Innovation, da Arbeitnehmer mit anderen kooperieren, um Arbeitspraktiken zu variieren und letztendlich zu verändern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
In-work poverty and labour market segmentation in the EU: key lessons. Synthesis report (2010)
Frazer, Hugh; Marlier, Eric;Zitatform
Frazer, Hugh & Eric Marlier (2010): In-work poverty and labour market segmentation in the EU. Key lessons. Synthesis report. Brüssel, 64 S.
Abstract
"Until now in-work poverty and labour market segmentation have not received sufficient attention in the EU's efforts to tackle poverty and social exclusion. However, given that the 17 million working poor in the EU represent about 15% of the new Europe 2020 social inclusion target, this is likely to become a more important issue in the future. The analysis of in-work poverty and labour market segmentation presented here is a first step to fill this gap and to suggest how progress can be made on this issue. It is also intended as a contribution to the monitoring of the EU 'Active Inclusion' process, which was launched at the end of 2008 and which is a crucial part of the EU's efforts to tackle poverty and social exclusion.
The Network Core Team's Synthesis Report is based on individual country reports prepared by members of the EU Network of Independent Experts on Social Inclusion. The experts' reports cover three elements. First, they provide a general statistical overview of the situation in their country in a comparative perspective, presenting some of the agreed indicators used to monitor the Social Open Method of Coordination and European Employment Strategy objectives. This is complemented with any available national data. Secondly, they examine the main explanatory factors for inwork poverty and labour market segmentation by undertaking a critical review of national studies by Governments and researchers. They also highlight the political debate at national level on these issues. Thirdly, they present and analyse policies in Member States to address in-work poverty and labour market segmentation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Low-wage work in the wealthy world (2010)
Gautie, Jerome; Berg, Peter ; Jaehrling, Karen ; Appelbaum, Eileen; Batt, Rosemary ; Westergaard-Nielsen, Niels; James, Susan ; Mayhew, Ken; Weinkopf, Claudia ; Bosch, Gerhard; Warhurst, Chris ; Dresser, Laura; Wanner, Eric; Gautie, Jerome; Voss-Dahm, Dorothea; Mason, Geoff; Vanselow, Achim; Lloyd, Caroline ; Klaveren, Maarten van; Bernhardt, Annette; Meer, Marc van der; Eskildsen, Jacob; Tilly, Chris ; Grundert, Klaus G.; Solow, Robert M.; Carré, Françoise; Salverda, Wiemer ; Schmitt, John; Moss, Philip; Grimshaw, Damian ; Mehaut, Philippe;Zitatform
Gautie, Jerome & John Schmitt (Hrsg.) (2010): Low-wage work in the wealthy world. (The Russell Sage Foundation case studies of job quality in advanced economies), New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 485 S.
Abstract
"The book builds on an earlier Russell Sage Foundation study (Low-Wage America) to compare the plight of low-wage workers in the United States to five European countries - Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom - where wage supports, worker protections, and social benefits have generally been stronger. By examining low-wage jobs in systematic case studies across five industries, this groundbreaking international study goes well beyond standard statistics to reveal national differences in the quality of low-wage work and the well being of low-wage workers. The United States has a high percentage of low-wage workers - nearly three times more than Denmark and twice more than France. Since the early 1990s, however, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Germany have all seen substantial increases in low-wage jobs. While these jobs often entail much the same drudgery in Europe and the United States, quality of life for low-wage workers varies substantially across countries. The authors focus their analysis on the 'inclusiveness' of each country's industrial relations system, including national collective bargaining agreements and minimum-wage laws, and the generosity of social benefits such as health insurance, pensions, family leave, and paid vacation time - which together sustain a significantly higher quality of life for low-wage workers in some countries. Investigating conditions in retail sales, hospitals, food processing, hotels, and call centers, the book's industry case studies shed new light on how national institutions influence the way employers organize work and shape the quality of low-wage jobs. A telling example: in the United States and several European nations, wages and working conditions of front-line workers in meat processing plants are deteriorating as large retailers put severe pressure on prices, and firms respond by employing low-wage immigrant labor. But in Denmark, where unions are strong, and, to a lesser extent, in France, where the statutory minimum wage is high, the low-wage path is blocked, and firms have opted instead to invest more heavily in automation to raise productivity, improve product quality, and sustain higher wages. However, as the book also shows, the European nations' higher level of inclusiveness is increasingly at risk. 'Exit options,' both formal and informal, have emerged to give employers ways around national wage supports and collectively bargained agreements. For some jobs, such as room cleaners in hotels, stronger labor relations systems in Europe have not had much impact on the quality of work. The booked offers an analysis of low-wage work in Europe and the United States based on concrete, detailed, and systematic contrasts. Its revealing case studies not only provide a human context but also vividly remind us that the quality and incidence of low-wage work is more a matter of national choice than economic necessity and that government policies and business practices have inevitable consequences for the quality of workers' lives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Responding to the 'needs' of young people in jobs without training (JWT): some policy suggestions and recommendations (2010)
Zitatform
Lawy, Robert, Jocey Quinn & Kim Diment (2010): Responding to the 'needs' of young people in jobs without training (JWT). Some policy suggestions and recommendations. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 13, H. 3, S. 335-352. DOI:10.1080/13676260903447544
Abstract
"In this paper we draw upon our findings from a project in the South West region of England. The research involved a collaboration between a group of university researchers and Connexions service personal advisers and mainly comprised interviews with young people, who were in 'jobs without training' (JWT). A key aim of the research was to explore the experiences of this group of marginalised and socially disadvantaged young people over a period of 1 year, as they moved into and out of work. In this paper we address the main findings and questions raised by the research. We challenge some commonly held assumptions about young people in JWT and their perceived needs. We end with a number of policy and practice-related suggestions and recommendations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Scenes from a mall: Retail training and the social exclusion of low-skilled workers (2010)
Zitatform
Martin, Cathie Jo & Jette Steen Knudsen (2010): Scenes from a mall: Retail training and the social exclusion of low-skilled workers. In: Regulation and governance, Jg. 4, H. 3, S. 345-364. DOI:10.1111/j.1748-5991.2010.01085.x
Abstract
"In this article, we examine how post-industrial Britain and Denmark undertake vocational training for low-skilled retail workers. Specifically, we evaluate whether leaders in training skilled industrial workers are also doing the best job with low-skilled service workers. While Danish retail is increasingly becoming a haven for low-skilled workers, British workers are gaining in skills levels with the transition to services even in the retail sector. While some suggest that social democratic countries have sacrificed the political interests of low-skilled workers in order to protect core manufacturing workers, we find no evidence of this. Rather, the high expectations of vocational training in Denmark have forged barriers to the easy admission of low-skilled service workers, while the British system provides more entry points for vocational training at different levels. The structures of coordination that had narrowed the gap between white-collar and blue-collar manufacturing workers during the industrial age are creating new cleavages in the post-industrial economy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Evaluation of the 50+ Face-to-Face Guidance Pilot (2010)
Zitatform
Perren, Kim, Janet Harvey, Katherine Hill, Yvette Hartfree & Matt Padley (2010): Evaluation of the 50+ Face-to-Face Guidance Pilot. (Great Britain, Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 720), London, 104 S.
Abstract
"The Face-to-Face Guidance Pilot was funded by the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP). Providers offered guidance to employees aged 50 and above on a range of work and retirement issues using diverse service delivery methods. Providers included local branches of Age Concern, Shaw Trust, Life Academy, Guidance Services and Manpower, based in urban and rural areas across Britain. The service ran between January 2008 and March 2009. This report presents findings of a longitudinal evaluation of the service provision which was commissioned by DWP and carried out by the Centre for Research in Social Policy (CRSP). The evaluation covered service delivery processes as well as client information needs, their experiences of the service and their outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Can altering the structure of financial support payments aid work retention amongst lone parents?: qualitative evaluation of the In Work Retention Pilot (2010)
Ray, Kathryn; Bertram, Christine; Davidson, Rosemary; Durante, Lucia;Zitatform
Ray, Kathryn, Christine Bertram, Rosemary Davidson & Lucia Durante (2010): Can altering the structure of financial support payments aid work retention amongst lone parents? Qualitative evaluation of the In Work Retention Pilot. (Great Britain, Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 708), London, 104 S.
Abstract
"Wage supplementations in the form of temporary 'in-work credits' have been introduced in recent years for a number of claimant groups entering work, to encourage enhanced work entry and retention rates. For lone parents, the In Work Credit was piloted from April 2004 and then rolled out nationally in April 2008. It is a wage supplement paid at £40 a week (£60 in London) for 12 months to eligible lone parents moving in to work. From July 2008 to June 2010, a variant on this, the In Work Retention Pilot (IWRP), was trialled in two Jobcentre Plus districts. The IWRP was intended to test the effectiveness of using In Work Credit payments as an aid to job retention and progression, by changing the payment structure of the credits and offering additional advisory support on retention and advancement.
This report presents findings from a qualitative evaluation of the IWRP, examining the delivery of the pilot and the views of lone parents and Jobcentre Plus staff on: the distinctive IWRP payment structure; the retention and progression challenges facing lone parents and the support received; and whether and how the IWRP made a difference to work behaviour and decisions. The study is based on interviews, focus groups and observations with Jobcentre Plus delivery staff and participating lone parents." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
WSI-Mindestlohnbericht 2010: unterschiedliche Strategien in der Krise (2010)
Schulten, Thorsten;Zitatform
Schulten, Thorsten (2010): WSI-Mindestlohnbericht 2010. Unterschiedliche Strategien in der Krise. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 63, H. 3, S. 152-160. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2010-3-152
Abstract
"Der WSI Mindestlohnbericht 2010 gibt einen Überblick über die aktuelle Mindestlohnpolitik in Europa und ausgewählten außereuropäischen Staaten. Unter Auswertung der WSI-Mindestlohndatenbank werden aktuelle Daten zur Höhe und Entwicklung gesetzlicher Mindestlöhne präsentiert. Es zeigt sich, dass unter den Bedingungen der Krise die einzelnen Staaten sehr unterschiedliche Strategien verfolgen. Während in vielen Ländern die Mindestlöhne eingefroren wurden, kam es in anderen Ländern zu kräftigen Mindestlohnzuwächsen. Als Instrument zur Bekämpfung der Krise können Mindestlöhne einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Stabilisierung der privaten Nachfrage und zur Vermeidung deflationärer Tendenzen leisten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Supporting lone parents' journey off benefits and into work: a qualitative evaluation of the role of In Work Credit (2010)
Sims, Lorraine; Casebourne, Jo; Bell, Laurie; Davies, Malen;Zitatform
Sims, Lorraine, Jo Casebourne, Laurie Bell & Malen Davies (2010): Supporting lone parents' journey off benefits and into work. A qualitative evaluation of the role of In Work Credit. (Great Britain, Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 712), London, 91 S.
Abstract
"In Work Credit (IWC) is a non-taxable weekly payment of £40 (£60 in London districts). It is paid for a maximum of 52 weeks to lone parents moving into paid employment of 16 hours per week or more, who have had a period of 12 months or more on out-of-work benefits. The policy intent of IWC is to increase lone parent employment rates by encouraging more lone parents to look for work and to move from benefits into work, as well as to contribute to the Government's target of reducing child poverty. Since it was rolled out nationally in April 2008, 118,100 individuals have received IWC (April 2008 to the end of March 2010. Source: Department for Work and Pensions (DWP)).
The Centre for Economic and Social Inclusion was commissioned by the DWP to carry out a qualitative evaluation of the delivery of IWC since national roll-out, investigate the effect on retention after the end of IWC and examine differences between those who completed their claim and those who did not. In addition, the research examined the wider impact of being in work on lone parents and their children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Gender equality in time: low-paid mothers' paid and unpaid work in the UK (2010)
Zitatform
Warren, Tracey, Gillian Pascall & Elizabeth Fox (2010): Gender equality in time. Low-paid mothers' paid and unpaid work in the UK. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 16, H. 3, S. 193-219. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2010.499997
Abstract
"Policies concerning time use are crucial to parents' experiences of paid and unpaid work and the reconciliation of work and family life. In heterosexual-couple households, gender inequalities in the distribution of paid work and care, working hours, and responsibility for children's schedules mean that mothers experience pressure on time and their ability to work, care, and manage households. Via qualitative interviews conducted in 2005-6, this contribution explores the time strategies of a sample of low-waged mothers in England whose choices around unpaid and paid work are most constrained as a result of the UK's limited policies. The authors discuss alternative policy scenarios, finding that respondents supported policies that challenge gender inequalities in work time, enhancing their time in paid employment and their partners' time for unpaid work. Higher-quality part-time work, shorter full-time hours, and parental leave for fathers would begin to address time inequalities in the UK and elsewhere." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Rechtliche Grundstrukturen der "Aktivierung" arbeitsloser Sozialhilfeempfänger: ein Vergleich zwischen Deutschland, Frankreich und dem Vereinigten Königreich (2009)
Bieback, Karl-Jürgen;Zitatform
Bieback, Karl-Jürgen (2009): Rechtliche Grundstrukturen der "Aktivierung" arbeitsloser Sozialhilfeempfänger. Ein Vergleich zwischen Deutschland, Frankreich und dem Vereinigten Königreich. In: ZFSH/SGB. Sozialrecht in Deutschland und Europa, Jg. 48, H. 5, S. 259-269.
Abstract
Ausgehend von einer Definition der Elemente 'Workfare' und 'Aktivierung' im Unterschied zu traditionellen Systemen der Sozialhilfe, wird ein Vergleich der rechtlichen Grundstrukturen von 'Workfare / Aktivierung' in Deutschland, Frankreich und Großbritannien vorgenommen. Der Autor kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass 'Workfare' und 'Aktivierung' als internationale Konzepte in allen drei Ländern sehr ähnliche Strukturen, aber sehr unterschiedliche rechtliche Ausformungen haben. Während Deutschland die wichtigsten Elemente des Systems von Großbritannien übernommen hat (Orientierung auf den ersten Arbeitsmarkt, Ausbau der Arbeitsvermittlung, durchgängiger Einsatz von Zwang), wobei es noch an einem eigenständigen und relevanten System der Subventionierung von Niedrigverdienern außerhalb der Sozialhilfe fehlt, hat Frankreich in seinen Rechtsstrukturen nach Meinung des Autors einen Kompromiss zwischen dem 'alten' Sozialstaat und der neuen 'Workfare / Aktivierung' gefunden. Deren Merkmale sind in allen drei Ländern ausgebildet, wobei alle drei Länder den Einsatz von Zwang und die Gewährung von Statusschutz in der Sozialhilfe für Erwerbslose gruppieren und hierarchisieren. Kooperative Strukturen bleiben 'Fremdkörper im Sozialverwaltungsrecht aller drei Staaten'. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Optimal income taxation of lone mothers: an empirical comparison of the UK and Germany (2009)
Zitatform
Blundell, Richard, Mike Brewer, Peter Haan & Andrew Shephard (2009): Optimal income taxation of lone mothers. An empirical comparison of the UK and Germany. In: The economic journal, Jg. 119, H. 535, S. F101-F121. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02261.x
Abstract
"Optimal tax rules are used to evaluate the optimality of taxation for lone mothers in Germany and Britain. The theoretical model is combined with elasticities derived from the structural estimation of lone mothers' labour supply. For both countries we do not find that in-work credits with marginal tax rates are optimal. However we show that when the government has a low taste for redistribution, out-of-work transfers and transfer for the working poor are very similar, implying very low marginal tax rates. Further, the current tax and transfer systems in both countries are shown to be optimal only if governments have a much higher welfare value for income received by the non-workers than the working poor." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Low-wage work in five European countries and the United States (2009)
Bosch, Gerhard;Zitatform
Bosch, Gerhard (2009): Low-wage work in five European countries and the United States. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 148, H. 4, S. 337-356.
Abstract
"Analysing research findings on Denmark, Germany, France, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States, the author shows that the incidence and conditions of low-paid employment in each country are determined by a set of institutions, including minimum wage and active labour market policies, tax and social security systems, and collective bargaining. The widely assumed trade-off between employment and wages, he argues, is not inescapable: active labour market policies for individual empowerment and institutions imposing 'beneficial constraints' can prevent improved conditions at the bottom of the earnings distribution from translating into higher unemployment, while also helping to narrow inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How do income-support systems in the UK affect labour force participation? (2009)
Zitatform
Brewer, Mike (2009): How do income-support systems in the UK affect labour force participation? (Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. Working paper 2009,27), Uppsala, 69 S.
Abstract
"This paper reviews how income-support systems affect labour force participation in the UK. The UK's approach to social insurance is 'basic security', with modest, typically flat-rate, benefits; insurance-based benefits are relatively unimportant. Compared with the EU, the UK has high employment rates, but a high proportion of non-workers say that they are not working through disability. In general, the low generosity of out-of-work benefits means that positive incentives to work exist for almost all benefit recipients, but weak work incentives exist for those receive Housing Benefit, and for primary earners in couples who have low earnings. Recent reforms to strengthen work incentives have altered the in-work tax credits, rather than the benefit system, and recent reforms to the out-of-work benefits have involved toughening and extending job-search requirements. The two main political parties seem to agree that future reforms will involve more conditionality, a greater use of the private sector, and a unification of the different labour market programmes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Low pay persistence in European countries (2009)
Zitatform
Clark, Ken & Nikolaos C. Kanellopoulos (2009): Low pay persistence in European countries. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 205), Berlin, 34 S.
Abstract
"Using panel data for twelve European countries over the period 1994-2001 we estimate the extent of state dependence in low pay. Controlling for observable and unobservable heterogeneity as well as the endogeneity of initial conditions we find positive, statistically significant state dependence in every single country. The magnitude of this effect varies by country, however this variation is not systematically related to labour market institutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA discussion paper , 4183 -
Literaturhinweis
Low pay persistence in European countries (2009)
Zitatform
Clark, Ken & Nikolaos C. Kanellopoulos (2009): Low pay persistence in European countries. (IZA discussion paper 4183), Bonn, 34 S.
Abstract
"Using panel data for twelve European countries over the period 1994-2001 we estimate the extent of state dependence in low pay. Controlling for observable and unobservable heterogeneity as well as the endogeneity of initial conditions we find positive, statistically significant state dependence in every single country. The magnitude of this effect varies by country, however this variation is not systematically related to labour market institutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The part-time pay penalty: earnings trajectories of British women (2009)
Zitatform
Connolly, Sara & Mary Gregory (2009): The part-time pay penalty. Earnings trajectories of British women. In: Oxford economic papers, Jg. 61, H. S1, S. i76-i97. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpn043
Abstract
"Part-time work among British women is extensive, and the (raw) pay penalty large. Since part-time work features most prominently when women are in their 30s, the peak childcare years and a crucial period for career building, its impact on subsequent earnings trajectories is important from a social as well as individual perspective. We find that part-time work experience gives a very low return in future earnings, particularly when acquired in lower-skill jobs. In addition, one-quarter of women in high-skill jobs downgrade occupationally on switching to part-time work, rising to 43% among those who also change employer. In combination these effects give an immediate earnings drop of 32%, followed by a permanently lower trajectory. It is these accompanying changes, rather than part-time status itself, which damage earnings. Return to full-time work, even with reversal of the occupational downgrading, brings only a partial recovery; without it the earnings losses continue to grow." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employers' use of low-skilled migrant workers: Assessing the implications for human resource management (2009)
Zitatform
Forde, Chris & Robert MacKenzie (2009): Employers' use of low-skilled migrant workers: Assessing the implications for human resource management. In: International Journal of Manpower, Jg. 30, H. 5, S. 437-452. DOI:10.1108/01437720910977643
Abstract
"The purpose of this paper is to explore the implications for HRM of employers' use of migrants in low-skilled work in a UK-based firm. Is the use of migrant workers for low skilled work associated with 'soft' or 'hard' approaches to HRM? How do employers recruit migrant workers? What career progression paths are available to these workers in firms? What are the expectations and aspirations of migrant workers? The paper examines these issues through a case study of a UK-based employer using large numbers of migrant workers. The paper draws on data from a survey of migrant workers in the firm conducted in 2006, and from interviews with managers and migrant workers within this firm, conducted between 2005 and 2006. The paper highlights the 'hard' HRM strategy pursued by the company in order to maintain a competitive advantage based on low labour costs and substitutability of workers. A contradiction is noted between the desire of the firm to retain migrant workers with a strong work ethic and gain high commitment, on the one hand, and their continued attempt to compete on the basis on minimal labour costs and follow a 'hard' approach to HRM, on the other. The paper points to the importance of analysis of employers' use of migrants and the strategies they are adopting towards using these workers. Developing an understanding of these strategies is critical to understanding the social and economic experiences of migrant workers. The paper combines qualitative and quantitative research through an intensive case study to illuminate the implications for HRM of employers' use of migrants in low-skilled jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Hidden costs of the welfare state: employers' compliance costs and the Working Tax Credit (2009)
Godwin, Michael; Lawson, Colin;Zitatform
Godwin, Michael & Colin Lawson (2009): Hidden costs of the welfare state: employers' compliance costs and the Working Tax Credit. In: Social policy and society, Jg. 8, H. 2, S. 185-195. DOI:10.1017/S1474746408004715
Abstract
"This paper explores the impact of the decision to make the Working Tax Credit (WTC) payable via the employer, until March 2006. A unique survey shows the unequal distribution of compliance costs across firms and industries. It also suggests that the arrangement had some unanticipated results, and may have damaged the effectiveness of the WTC. Some employers' compliance costs may have been shifted to employees. So from a social policy perspective administration is policy - the delivery system affects outcomes. However the switch to payments through HMRC from April 2006 does not remove all compliance costs from employers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Working Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit 2003-08: a critical analysis (2009)
Godwin, Michael; Lawson, Colin;Zitatform
Godwin, Michael & Colin Lawson (2009): The Working Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit 2003-08. A critical analysis. In: Benefits : the journal of poverty and social justice, Jg. 17, H. 1, S. 3-14.
Abstract
"This article examines the policy, administrative and compliance issues that have arisen with the UK Working Tax Credit (WTC) and Child Tax Credit (CTC). It provides a critical commentary on overpayments; underpayments; error and fraud; take-up; and employer compliance costs. From a social policy perspective, these problems have damaged the effectiveness of tax credits, and from public policy and public finance viewpoints, they have damaged the reputation of HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) and HM Treasury. There is a strong case for a re-examination of the programme and its administration, to see if realistic reforms could deliver a more effective system." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Can more inclusive wage-setting institutions improve low-wage work?: pay trends in the United Kingdom's public-sector hospitals (2009)
Zitatform
Grimshaw, Damian (2009): Can more inclusive wage-setting institutions improve low-wage work? Pay trends in the United Kingdom's public-sector hospitals. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 148, H. 4, S. 439-459.
Abstract
"International research findings highlight the important role of institutions in shaping the wage structure of an economy. Evidence from a sample of seven public hospitals in the United Kingdom confirms those findings, suggesting that a more coordinated and centralized system of wage-setting (including extension of public-sector conditions to outsourced workers) improves pay for low-wage cleaners and assistant nurses. Renewal of wage-setting institutions provides a necessary but insufficient foundation for the elimination of low-wage work. Employee investment in skill development, career advancement and skill-based pay require management's commitment to the design of new, higher-skilled jobs and the strengthening of internal labour markets" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
RSA - peut-on apprendre des expériences étrangères?: un bilan des travaux sur l'EITC e le WFTC (2009)
Mikol, Fanny; Remy, Veronique;Zitatform
Mikol, Fanny & Veronique Remy (2009): RSA - peut-on apprendre des expériences étrangères? Un bilan des travaux sur l'EITC e le WFTC. In: Travail et emploi H. 120, S. 63-75.
Abstract
"Earned income tax credit have been implemented in the United States and the United Kingdom since decades with two main objectives: income redistribution and giving incentives to get back to work. The Earned Income Tax Credit in the US and the Working Family Tax Credit in the UK have been largely studied: they both had effects on recipients' labour market participation differing according to their family situation. Although these credits aim at increasing household income, they may exert downward pressure on wages of both entitled and not entitled workers. These studies' results can be useful to anticipate the consequences of the 'tax credit' part of the RSA on labour market participation and on wages. Received by low-income workers, this new tax credit is closer to American and British ones than Employment Allowance ('prime pour l'emploi ')." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Training and low-pay mobility: the case of the UK and the Netherlands (2009)
Zitatform
Pavlopoulos, Dimitris, Ruud Muffels & Jeroen K. Vermunt (2009): Training and low-pay mobility. The case of the UK and the Netherlands. In: Labour, Jg. 23, H. s1, S. 37-59. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2008.00438.x
Abstract
"This paper investigates the effect of training on low-pay mobility in the UK and the Netherlands. We contribute to the literature by estimating the 'true' effect of training correcting for measurement error and transitory fluctuations - random shocks - of earnings. This is accomplished by using a random-effects multinomial logit model with a latent structure to take account of the measurement error. Our results indicate that although the countries have rather different training practices, training increases the likelihood for moving from low to higher pay and reduces the likelihood for a transition from higher pay to low pay. However, in the UK, contrary to what we expected, work-related or firm-specific training programmes but not general training programmes pay off better for the intermediate- and the higher-educated workers. No effect of training is found for the low-educated workers. The lower-skilled seem to gain less than the high-skilled from firms' investments in human capital in the UK." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender differences in low pay labour mobility and the national minimum wage (2009)
Zitatform
Phimister, Euan & Ioannis Theodossiou (2009): Gender differences in low pay labour mobility and the national minimum wage. In: Oxford economic papers, Jg. 61, H. S1, S. i122-i146. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpn045
Abstract
"This paper examines gender differences in the duration of low pay employment spells prior to and after the introduction in the National Minimum Wage in 1999. The results suggest that the dynamics out of low pay differ by gender and that these differences change after 1999. These differences are driven by the differing impact of a number of covariates such as age and education on the baseline hazards. Overall, the effect of many covariates on expected duration is often less in absolute terms for women than men, although such differences frequently decline after 1999. At mean values, gender differences in expected duration of low pay effectively disappear and gender differences in the exit probability to high pay decline after 1999. However, for individuals with characteristics most associated with long periods of low pay, the high pay exit probability is substantially lower after 1999 for women than for men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The good, the bad, and the ordinary: Work identities in "good" and "bad" jobs in the United Kingdom (2009)
Sengupta, Sukanya; Edwards, Paul K.; Tsai, Chin-Ju;Zitatform
Sengupta, Sukanya, Paul K. Edwards & Chin-Ju Tsai (2009): The good, the bad, and the ordinary: Work identities in "good" and "bad" jobs in the United Kingdom. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 26-55. DOI:10.1177/0730888408329222
Abstract
"Much debate exists about postbureaucratic organizational forms that are sometimes felt to strengthen the polarization between good and bad jobs. Small firms provide one test in that they lack bureaucracy. Such firms from two contrasting sectors, food manufacture and the media, are used to assess, respectively, the models of good and bad jobs. Data from 66 firms and 203 employees show a mixed picture: Food jobs are bad for pay but relatively good for autonomy. Media jobs offer autonomy, but this is constrained by tight performance demands and low pay. These results help to explain why national surveys find no polarization in terms of autonomy and are explained by the economic contingencies of the two sectors. Ordinariness rather than stark polarization is the key picture." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment and wage trajectories for mothers entering low-skilled work: evidence from the British lone parent cohort (2009)
Zitatform
Stewart, Kitty (2009): Employment and wage trajectories for mothers entering low-skilled work. Evidence from the British lone parent cohort. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 43, H. 5, S. 483-507. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2009.00675.x
Abstract
"UK government policy encourages mothers of young children in low-income families to enter or return to work, via tax credit subsidies and support for childcare. Maternal employment is seen a central plank in the campaign against child poverty, both because it raises income immediately and because working now is seen as paving the way to better employment prospects in the future. But there is little evidence about medium- and long-term outcomes for mothers entering low-skilled employment. We know little about how likely such women are to remain in work, let alone how likely they are to progress to higher-skilled and better-paid jobs. This article uses the British Lone Parent Cohort, a data set which tracked lone mothers from 1991 to 2001, to examine employment trajectories for up to 560 mothers with a youngest child under five at the start of the period. It creates a typology of trajectories over the decade, identifying the share of women broadly stable in work, those remaining at home and those following unstable pathways between the two. It goes on to explore the factors associated with different pathways, asking whether individual and household characteristics, job characteristics, or changes in circumstances such as new health problems are most important. Finally, the article examines differences in wage progression across groups of women following different pathways, and similarly tries to identify the main factors associated with faster progress." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
In-work poverty: a systematic review (2009)
Tripney, Janice; Newman, Mark; Tucker, Helen; Sinclair, Jennifer; Hempel-Jorgensen, Amelia; Mackintosh, Marian; Bangpan, Mukdarut;Zitatform
Tripney, Janice, Mark Newman, Mukdarut Bangpan, Amelia Hempel-Jorgensen, Marian Mackintosh, Helen Tucker & Jennifer Sinclair (2009): In-work poverty. A systematic review. (Department for Work and Pensions. Research report 549), London, 73 S.
Abstract
"This report presents the findings of a systematic review of the evidence base relating to working poor families with dependent children. The review aims to increase understanding of research in this area and produce findings that will help inform future policy and research. The systematic review was conducted in two stages. The first stage described the research that has been undertaken on the barriers to, and facilitators of, reducing in-work poverty in families with dependent children. Stage two of the review involved a synthesis of a subset of these studies, focusing on the effectiveness of interventions with the potential to reduce working poverty in two-parent families." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Subcontracted employment and its challenge to labor (2009)
Zitatform
Wills, Jane (2009): Subcontracted employment and its challenge to labor. In: Labor Studies Journal, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 441-460. DOI:10.1177/0160449X08324740
Abstract
"This article argues that subcontracted employment is becoming paradigmatic. This form of employment has stark consequences for traditional models of trade union organization that focus on collective bargaining with the employer. The article highlights the need for subcontracted workers to put pressure on the 'real employer' at the top of any contracting chain. Drawing on the lessons from community-union organizing efforts and, particularly, living wage campaigns, the article suggests that trade unions can effectively work with other social movements and allies in the community to secure the political leverage needed to change the terms and conditions of subcontracted employment. The article illustrates these arguments by exploring recent experience of the living wage campaign in London. The article draws on original research material from the Homerton Hospital and Queen Mary, University of London, to explore the progress of these living wage campaigns and their wider significance for labor organization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum wages and employment: a theoretical and empirical analysis (2009)
Würzburg, Klaas;Zitatform
Würzburg, Klaas (2009): Minimum wages and employment. A theoretical and empirical analysis. (Innovative Beschäftigungspolitik in Forschung und Praxis 03), Hamburg: Kovac, 242 S.
Abstract
"Die Auswirkungen von Mindestlöhnen auf das Beschäftigungsniveau werden seit längerer Zeit kontrovers diskutiert. Der Autor hat das Ziel, die Hintergründe dieser Debatte nüchtern und unideologisch zu analysieren und zu bereichern. Es werden zunächst verschiedene modelltheoretische Ansätze beleuchtet, die für die Auswirkungen von Mindestlöhnen auf die Beschäftigung relevant sein können. Dabei wird deutlich, dass die Arbeitsmarkttheorie sowohl Beschäftigungseffekte als auch -verluste erklären kann. Auch die Resultate von hochwertigen empirischen Mindestlohnstudien, die der Autor ebenfalls zusammenfasst und bewertet, erzielen keine eindeutigen Ergebnisse. Die uneindeutige Theorie und Empirie spiegelt gewissermaßen die häufig diffuse Mindestlohndebatte wider, in der festgefahrene Ideologien die Argumentation dominieren, und häufig wenig Platz für wissenschaftliche Fakten bleibt. Der Autor plädiert also für eine Versachlichung der Mindestlohndiskussion und präsentiert eine eigene empirische Analyse, die aus mehreren Gründen einzigartig ist. Ein aufwendiges und einheitliches Schätzverfahren wird auf sieben europäische Länder mit allgemeingültigen gesetzlichen Mindestlöhnen angewendet. Dabei werden neue Einflussfaktoren einbezogen, welche anderen Studien nicht zur Verfügung standen. Basierend auf dieser aufwendigen, länderübergreifenden Studie kann der Autor neue Erkenntnisse ableiten, die höchst relevant für die allgemeine Mindestlohndebatte sind und den Wissenstand jedes Arbeitsmarktökonomen erweitern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Mindestlohn gegen die Verarmungsfalle?: Investivlohn, Kombilohn und Mindestlohn als Puffer in einer sich ändernden Arbeitswelt (2009)
Zdjelar, Jovan;Zitatform
Zdjelar, Jovan (2009): Mindestlohn gegen die Verarmungsfalle? Investivlohn, Kombilohn und Mindestlohn als Puffer in einer sich ändernden Arbeitswelt. Marburg: Tectum Verlag, 261 S.
Abstract
"Nur die Spezialisierung auf hochwertige, in Entwicklung und Fertigung anspruchsvolle Produkte kann Deutschlands Wirtschaft langfristig ihren Platz auf dem Weltmarkt sichern. Der Transferprozess von der Industrienation zur Wissensgesellschaft ist unumkehrbar. Während der Hochtechnologie- und Hochschulstandort händeringend nach hervorragend ausgebildeten Arbeitnehmern giert, haben technische Innovationen und der sich in anderen Erdteilen öffnende Markt Millionen herkömmliche Arbeitsplätze gekostet. Wie der dramatische Mangel an Fachkräften und die schlechten Berufschancen ungenügend Qualifizierter sich ausgleichen könnten, ist als Gretchenfrage des 21. Jahrhunderts ein ungelöstes Problem. Investivlohn, Kombilohn und Mindestlohn werden seit Jahren als Vehikel diskutiert, um ein Ausufern des Billiglohn-Sektors zu verhindern und in den Arbeitsmarkt lenkend einzugreifen. Der Autor setzt sich intensiv mit den drei Modellen und ihren Möglichkeiten und Grenzen auseinander. Anhand eines Fragebogens, der in verschiedenen Institutionen hinterlegt und im Anschluss ausgewertet wurde, förderte er aufschlussreiche Ergebnisse zum Thema 'Mindestlohn' zutage. Seine Studie ist damit keine rein soziologische Untersuchung, sondern stellt beispielsweise auch juristische und ökonomische Parameter bei der Einführung eines gesetzlichen Mindestlohns in Deutschland in Rechnung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The working poor in Europe: employment, poverty and globalization (2008)
Andreß, Hans-Jürgen ; Kuivalainen, Susan ; Halleröd, Björn; Verbist, Gerlinde ; Lohmann, Henning; Biolcati-Rinaldi, Ferruccio; Larsson, Daniel; de Boom, Jan; Marx, Ive ; Giesselmann, Marco ; Niemelä, Mikko ; Connolly, Sara ; Nolan, Brian ; Airio, Ilpo; Podestà, Federico ; Engbersen, Godfried; Snel, Erik ;Zitatform
Andreß, Hans-Jürgen & Henning Lohmann (Hrsg.) (2008): The working poor in Europe. Employment, poverty and globalization. Cheltenham: Elgar, 323 S.
Abstract
"For a long time in-work poverty was not associated with European welfare states. Recently, the topic has gained relevance as welfare state retrenchment and international competition in globalized economies has put increasing pressures on individuals and families. This book provides explanations as to why in-work poverty is high in certain countries and low in others. Much of the present concern about the working poor has to do with recent changes in labour market policies in Europe. However, this book is not primarily about low pay. Instead, it questions whether gainful employment is sufficient to earn a living - both for oneself and for one's family members. There are, however, great differences between European countries. This book argues that the incidence and structure of the working poor cannot be understood without a thorough understanding of each country's institutional context. This includes the system of wage-setting, the level of decommodification provided by the social security system and the structure of families and households. Combining cross-country studies with in-depth analyses from a national perspective, the book reveals that in-work poverty in Europe is a diverse, multi-faceted phenomenon occurring in equally diverse institutional, economic and socio-demographic settings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Theorie
- Politik und Maßnahmen
- Arbeitsmarkt- und Lohnentwicklung
- Arbeitswelt, Personalpolitik
- Personengruppen
- Wirtschaftszweige
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
- Alter