Niedriglohnarbeitsmarkt
Der Ausbau des Niedriglohnsektors sollte Ende der 1990er Jahre die hohe Arbeitslosigkeit reduzieren. Als Niedriglohn gilt ein Arbeitsentgelt, das trotz Vollzeitbeschäftigung keine angemessene Existenzsicherung gewährleistet – die OECD definiert den ihn als einen Bruttolohn, der unterhalb von zwei Dritteln des nationalen Medianbruttolohns aller Vollzeitbeschäftigten liegt. Betroffen von Niedriglöhnen sind überdurchschnittlich häufig Personen ohne beruflichen Abschluss, jüngere Erwerbstätige und Frauen.
Bietet der Niedriglohnsektor eine Chance zum Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt oder ist er eine Sackgasse? Das IAB-Themendossier erschließt Informationen zum Forschungsstand.
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum Wage and Skills - Evidence from Job Vacancy Data (2023)
Andrieu, Elodie; Kuczera, Malgorzata;Zitatform
Andrieu, Elodie & Malgorzata Kuczera (2023): Minimum Wage and Skills - Evidence from Job Vacancy Data. (TPI working papers / The Productivity Institute 034), Manchester, 62 S.
Abstract
"Low-wage occupations tend to be populated by workers with low levels of education. An increase in the minimum wage, while designed to protect workers in the lower part of the wage distribution, might result in unintended consequences for those same workers. In this paper, we study firms’ reaction to higher minimum wages, exploiting a change to the minimum-wage policy in the UK in 2016. We document how an increase in the minimum wage affects the labour hiring for different education and technical skill levels of workers. The results show that an increase in the minimum wage compressed both the demand for low educated workers and the demand for workers with low levels of technical skills (tech workers) for graduates in low and middle skilled occupations. Using a difference-in-differences framework, we find that a large and unexpected change to the minimum wage led to a 11 percentage point decrease in the proportion of non-graduate vacancies and a 15 percentage point decline in the share of low-tech ads. There is evidence for labour-labour substitution at the low-end of the skill distribution and labour-technology substitution for more educated workers as a way to compensate for labour costs increases." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Posted work as an extreme case of hierarchised mobility (2023)
Zitatform
Arnholtz, Jens & Nathan Lillie (2023): Posted work as an extreme case of hierarchised mobility. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 49, H. 16, S. 4206-4223. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2207341
Abstract
"This article draws on a range of case studies to explain how worker posting can cause hierarchised labour mobility, involving nationality-based hierarchies in pay and conditions between workers in the same labour markets or work sites. This hierarchisation is most apparent on large construction sites, where companies systematically use posting for labour cost advantage, but it is also found on smaller sites and in other sectors besides construction. The article outlines three features of this low-wage posting system – worker hypermobility and dependency, transnational enforcement challenges, and multifaceted employer arbitrage strategies – that conspire to maintain posting as a form of hierarchised mobility. We argue that posting undermines many countervailing forces that typically mediate hierarchisation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Escaping from low-wage employment: The role of co-worker networks (2023)
Zitatform
Baranowska-Rataj, Anna, Zoltán Elekes & Rikard Eriksson (2023): Escaping from low-wage employment: The role of co-worker networks. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 83. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2022.100747
Abstract
"Low-wage jobs are often regarded as dead ends in the labour market careers of young people. Previous research focused on disentangling to what degree the association between a low-wage job at the start of working life and limited chances of transitioning to better-paid employment is causal or spurious. Less attention has been paid to the factors that may facilitate the upward wage mobility of low-wage workers. We focus on such mechanisms, and we scrutinize the impact of social ties to higher-educated co-workers. Due to knowledge spillovers, job referrals, as well as firm-level productivity gains, having higher-educated co-workers may improve an individual's chances of transitioning to a better-paid job. We use linked employer-employee data from longitudinal Swedish registers and panel data models that incorporate measures of low-wage workers' social ties to higher-educated co-workers. Our results confirm that having social ties to higher-educated co-workers increases individual chances of transitioning to better-paid employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Is working enough to escape poverty? Evidence on low-paid workers in Italy (2023)
Zitatform
Bavaro, Michele & Michele Raitano (2023): Is working enough to escape poverty? Evidence on low-paid workers in Italy. (ECINEQ working paper series / Society for the Study of Economic Inequality 656), Verona, 32 S.
Abstract
"We investigate the dynamics of incidence, intensity and persistence of low pay in Italy from 1990 to 2018 by exploiting a large administrative sample of employees in the private sector. We refer to various relative and absolute low pay thresholds and assess workers' conditions according to annual earnings, weekly wages and full-time-equivalent (FTE) weekly wages, to depurate low pay dynamics from the influence of changes in worked weeks and hours. Regardless of the chosen threshold, we find that the incidence of low pay is high and steeply increased in the last decades when the focus is on annual earnings and weekly wages. A flat trend emerges instead when low pay is assessed according to FTE weekly wages, signalling that a major role in the low pay dynamics is played by the reduction in the number of hours worked by low-paid individuals because of the increasing spread of part-time contracts. Nevertheless, the share of low-paid workers is rather high even when the focus is on FTE weekly wages. Furthermore, low pay is a persistent status for a large and rising share of workers. These findings reveal a clear worsening of workers' conditions at the bottom of the earnings distribution in Italy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor income inequality and in-work poverty: a comparison between euro area countries (2023)
Zitatform
Bovini, Giulia, Emanuele Ciani, Marta De Philippis & Stefania Romano (2023): Labor income inequality and in-work poverty: a comparison between euro area countries. (Questioni di economia e finanza (Occasional papers) / Banca d'Italia 2023,806), Rom, 35 S.
Abstract
"We study inequality in gross labor income among the working-age population, comparing Italy to the other main euro area countries. We use EU-SILC data between 2008 and 2018, the longest period without time breaks. We show that inequality in individual labor income is higher in Italy than in France and Germany. This is mainly a consequence of the lower employment rate, i.e. of the higher share of working-age individuals with no labor income, rather than of wider earnings disparities among workers. Inequality in equivalised household labor income is also higher in Italy than in France in Germany because a lower employment rate translates into a larger share of single or no-earner households. In line with these findings, while in Italy low-earning workers are relatively few, they face a greater risk of poverty than in France or Germany, since they more often live in households where other members are not employed or have low-work-intensity jobs. These results stress the importance of jointly considering earnings and employment dynamics when analyzing labor income inequality, low-pay work, and in-work poverty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Human capital formation and changes in low pay persistence (2023)
Zitatform
Dasgupta, Kabir & Alexander Plum (2023): Human capital formation and changes in low pay persistence. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 55, H. 56, S. 6583-6604. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2022.2161989
Abstract
"This study presents new empirical evidence on the role of time trends in low pay persistence. We utilize population-wide tax records to track monthly labour market trajectories of initially low-paid workers. By performing age- and qualification-specific regressions, we find that low pay persistence reduces with time. However, the magnitude is highly heterogeneous across workforce characteristics. For a qualified worker in their early 20s, the risk of staying on low-pay declines by, on average, 5–10% points after one year. For a worker in their 50s, persistence remains almost unchanged regardless of their qualification level. We conclude that policy initiatives need to be more nuanced than a simple one-size-fits-all approach by accounting for time trends in low-pay persistence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employer Wage Subsidy Caps and Part-Time Work (2023)
Zitatform
Elvery, Joel A., C. Lockwood Reynolds & Shawn M. Rohlin (2023): Employer Wage Subsidy Caps and Part-Time Work. In: ILR review, Jg. 76, H. 1, S. 189-209. DOI:10.1177/00197939221102865
Abstract
"Using tract-level US Census data and triple-difference estimators, the authors test whether firms increase their use of part-time workers when faced with capped wage subsidies. By limiting the maximum subsidy per worker, such subsidies create incentives for firms to increase the share of their payroll that is eligible for the subsidy by increasing use of part-time or low-wage workers. Results suggest that firms located in federal Empowerment Zones in the United States responded to the program’s capped wage subsidies by expanding their use of part-time workers, particularly in locations where the subsidy cap is likely to bind. Results also show a shift toward hiring lower-skill workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Low-wage mobility in Central Europe (2023)
Zitatform
Gerbery, Daniel & Tomáš Miklošovič (2023): Low-wage mobility in Central Europe. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 64, H. 5, S. 509-527. DOI:10.1177/00207152231156436
Abstract
"The article provides analyses of the mobility and resilience to mobility among low-wage earners in four Central European (CE) countries. It examines transitions into higher-paid jobs, unemployment/inactivity, and the stability of low-wage status. In addition to standard transition matrices and summary mobility indices, it employs multinomial logit models with the aim of identifying individual determinants of low-wage earners’ prospects. The findings show that the CE countries do not represent a homogeneous group in terms of presence of low wages when the period of 2010–2016 is considered. In regard to future prospects, low-wage employees in the countries with higher incidence of low pay are more likely to reproduce their status, as compared with countries with lower incidence. Upward mobility is more likely among younger, high-educated employees and among those who work in “better” occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
To Redistribute or to Predistribute? The Minimum Wage versus Income Taxation When Workers Differ in Both Wages and Working Hours (2023)
Gerritsen, Aart;Zitatform
Gerritsen, Aart (2023): To Redistribute or to Predistribute? The Minimum Wage versus Income Taxation When Workers Differ in Both Wages and Working Hours. (CESifo working paper 10734), München, 53 S.
Abstract
"I consider the case for the minimum wage alongside (optimal) income taxes when workers differ in both wages and working hours, such that a given level of income corresponds to multiple wage rates. The minimum wage is directly targeted at the lowest-wage workers, while income taxes are at most targeted at all low-income workers, regardless of their hourly wage rates. This renders the minimum wage unambiguously desirable in a discrete-type model of the labor market. Desirability of the minimum wage is a priori ambiguous in a continuous-type model of the labor market. Compared to the minimum wage, income taxes are less effective in compressing the wage distribution but more effective in redistributing income. Desirability of the minimum wage depends on this trade-off between the “predistributional advantage” of the minimum wage and the “redistributional advantage” of the income tax. I derive a desirability condition for the minimum wage and write it in terms of empirical sufficient statistics. A numerical application to the US suggests a strong case for a higher federal minimum wage – especially if social preferences for the lowest-wage workers are relatively strong and the wage elasticity of labor demand relatively small." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Niedriglohnbeschäftigung 2020 - Rückgang des Anteils von Niedriglöhnen in den letzten Jahren (2023)
Zitatform
Kalina, Thorsten & Claudia Weinkopf (2023): Niedriglohnbeschäftigung 2020 - Rückgang des Anteils von Niedriglöhnen in den letzten Jahren. (IAQ-Report 2023-02), Duisburg ; Essen, 16 S. DOI:10.17185/duepublico/77382
Abstract
"Der Anteil der Niedriglohnbeschäftigten ist in Deutschland in den letzten Jahren zwar zurückgegangen, lag 2020 mit rund 20 % für Deutschland insgesamt aber immer noch deutlich über dem EU-Durchschnitt von 15 %. Die absolut meisten Niedriglohnbeschäftigten waren im Einzelhandel, im Gesundheitswesen, in der Gastronomie, in der Gebäudebetreuung sowie im Bereich Erziehung und Unterricht beschäftigt. In den aktuellen Tarifverhandlungen konnten in typischen Niedriglohnbranchen (Gastgewerbe, Handel, Gebäudereinigung) Lohnerhöhungen um bis zu 30 % erzielt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Prekäre Beschäftigung - prekäre Teilhabe: Ausländische Arbeitskräfte im deutschen Niedriglohnsektor (2023)
Loschert, Franziska; Kolb, Holger; Schork, Franziska;Zitatform
Loschert, Franziska, Holger Kolb & Franziska Schork (2023): Prekäre Beschäftigung - prekäre Teilhabe. Ausländische Arbeitskräfte im deutschen Niedriglohnsektor. (SVR-Studie / Sachverständigenrat für Integration und Migration 2023-1), Berlin, 118 S.
Abstract
"Ausländische Arbeitskräfte sind in vielen Branchen der deutschen Wirtschaft längst unverzichtbar geworden. Dazu zählen auch solche Sektoren, in denen prekäre Arbeitsverhältnisse, die durch geringe Entlohnung und harte Arbeitsbedingungen gekennzeichnet sind, oftmals nicht die Ausnahme, sondern die Regel sind. Der SVR untersucht im Rahmen einer qualitativen Interviewstudie die Ursachen und Folgen von Prekaritätsverhältnissen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, die ausländische Arbeitskräfte betreffen. Die Studie gibt praxisorientierte Handlungsempfehlungen für Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Unjust income inequality prevails across 29 countries (2023)
Zitatform
Moya, Cristóbal, Jule Adriaans & Carsten Sauer (2023): Unjust income inequality prevails across 29 countries. (SocArXiv papers), [Charlottesville, VA], 9 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/8e4q3
Abstract
"This visualization aims to describe justice evaluations of income inequality from a cross-country perspective for more than 72,000 respondents in 29 countries. The analyses were based on data from two large, cross-country survey programs. The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) asked for an evaluation of the overall income distribution, and the European Social Survey (ESS) asked for justice evaluations of both bottom and top incomes. We find that injustice of the income distribution prevails in all studied countries except Denmark, and that injustice of bottom incomes prevails in all countries. Moreover, in the countries included in both ISSP and ESS, the share of respondents evaluating the overall income distribution as just always falls between the share evaluating bottom and top incomes as just. Our results suggest that, depending on the country context, different parts of the distribution (top and bottom incomes) influence its overall evaluation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Is multidimensional precarious employment higher for women? (2023)
Zitatform
Murillo-Huertas, Inés P., Raul Ramos, Hipólito Simón & Raquel Simón-Albert (2023): Is multidimensional precarious employment higher for women? In: The Journal of Industrial Relations, Jg. 65, H. 1, S. 44-71. DOI:10.1177/00221856221128873
Abstract
"This article examines the relative employment situation of female employees from a novel perspective based on the construction of multidimensional indicators of employment precariousness that allow examining its scale and nature. The evidence obtained for Spain shows that both the intensity and incidence of precarious employment are significantly higher for women, to the point that half of the women are multidimensionally precarious (with an incidence which is 40% higher than that of men) and precarious females simultaneously suffer on average from nearly three deficiencies in their jobs. Although female employment precariousness is highly persistent over time, it also exhibits significant oscillations plausibly linked to changes in the economy's cyclical position and in labor market regulations. Moreover, it exhibits a great heterogeneity by subgroups (it has even an extreme nature for certain subgroups of females) and by individuals (25% of women suffer between three and six job deficiencies, which compares with 24% of women having jobs without any type of deficiency). Finally, although the greater labor precariousness of women is largely explained by their observed characteristics, particularly by their greater presence in part-time jobs, women still have a greater probability of being precarious than observationally similar men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
International Trade Responses to Labor Market Regulations (2023)
Muñoz, Mathilde;Zitatform
Muñoz, Mathilde (2023): International Trade Responses to Labor Market Regulations. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31876), Cambridge, Mass, 61 S.
Abstract
"This paper studies how differences in labor market regulations shape countries' comparative advantage in the cross-border provision of labor-intensive services, using administrative data in Europe for the last two decades. I exploit exogenous variation in labor taxes and minimum wages faced by exporting firms engaged in a large European trade program. Firms from different countries compete to supply the same physical service in the same location but their employees are subject to different payroll taxes and minimum wages. These rules varied across countries, sectors, and over time. Reduced-form country case-studies as well as model-implied gravity estimates show evidence of large trade responses to lower labor taxes and minimum wages, with an elasticity that is around one. The Bolkestein directive, by exempting foreign firms from all labor regulations in the destination country, would have doubled exports of physical services from Eastern European countries, rationalizing the wave of protests in high-wage countries that led to the withdrawal of the proposal." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Migration and labour unrest during the pandemic: Studies from Germany and Austria (2023)
Zitatform
Neuhauser, Johanna & Peter Birke (2023): Migration and labour unrest during the pandemic: Studies from Germany and Austria. In: The Economic and Labour Relations Review, Jg. 34, S. 426-443. DOI:10.1017/elr.2023.31
Abstract
"This paper presents the results of research, which highlights the situation during the pandemic in sectors characterized by low wages and a high turnover of workers. The empirical basis is formed by company case studies in the meat industry, postal services, and mask production in Germany and Austria. This paper discusses the significance of different locations (at and beyond the workplace) and forms (‘exit’ and ‘voice’) of labor unrest in sectors of the economy that are characterized by a predominance of the use of migrant labor. It questions how conflicts over migrant labor have been articulated and possibly changed in the pandemic, and what factors may have contributed not only to an upsurge but also to the containment, regulation, and repression, of labor unrest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Regulating low wages: cross-national policy variation and outcomes (2023)
Zitatform
Pedersen, Siri Hansen & Georg Picot (2023): Regulating low wages: cross-national policy variation and outcomes. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 21, H. 4, S. 2093-2116. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwad019
Abstract
"This article provides a comparative analysis of three central policies to regulate low wages: statutory minimum wages, state support for collective bargaining and topping up low wages with public transfers (in-work benefits). We map the variation of these policies across 33 OECD countries and analyze the incidence of low-wage employment they are associated with. We find three approaches to regulating low wages. In the first, 'wage scale protection', states put most emphasis on supporting collective bargaining. In the second, 'bare minimum', there is not much else than the statutory minimum wage. In the third, 'state pay', the statutory minimum wage is supplemented by sizeable public financial support for low earners. When analyzing policy outcomes, 'wage scale protection' is associated with least low-wage employment. For 'bare minimum', much depends on the level of the statutory minimum wage. Although 'state pay' props up workers' disposable income, many workers receive low gross pay." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How Replaceable Is a Low-Wage Job? (2023)
Rose, Evan K.; Shem-Tov, Yotam;Zitatform
Rose, Evan K. & Yotam Shem-Tov (2023): How Replaceable Is a Low-Wage Job? (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31447), Cambridge, Mass, 104 S.
Abstract
"We study the long-run consequences of losing a low-wage job using linked employer-employee wage records and household surveys. For full-time workers earning $15 per hour or less, job loss due to an idiosyncratic, firm-wide contraction generates a 13% reduction in earnings six years later and over $40,000 cumulative lost earnings. Most of the long-run decrease stems from reductions in employment and hours as opposed to wage rates: job losers are twice as likely to report being unemployed and looking for work. By contrast, workers initially earning $15-$30 per hour see comparable long-run earnings losses driven primarily by reductions in hourly wages. Calibrating a dynamic job ladder model to the estimates implies that the rents from holding a full-time $15 per hour job relative to unemployment are worth about $20,000, more than seven times monthly earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job market polarization and American poverty (2023)
Zitatform
Siddique, Abu Bakkar (2023): Job market polarization and American poverty. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 57. DOI:10.1186/s12651-023-00356-5
Abstract
"The article posits that the puzzles of stagnating poverty rates amidst high growth and declining unemployment in the United States can be substantially explained by polarized job markets characterized by job quality and job distribution. In recent decades, there has been an increased number of poor-quality jobs and an unequal distribution of jobs in the developed world, particularly in the United States. I have calculated measures of uneven job distribution indices that account for the distribution of jobs across households. A higher value of the uneven job distribution indices implies that there are relatively large numbers of households with multiple employed people and households with no employed people. Similarly, poor-quality jobs are those jobs that do not offer full-time work. Two-way fixed-effect models estimate that higher uneven job distribution across households worsens aggregated poverty at the state level. Similarly, good-quality jobs help households escape poverty, whereas poor-quality jobs do not. This paper suggests that eradicating poverty requires the government to direct labor market policies to be tailored more toward distributing jobs from individuals to households and altering bad jobs into good jobs, rather than merely creating more jobs in the economy. This paper contributes by elaborating on relations of employment and poverty, addressing employment quality and distribution, and providing empirical evidence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Research note: The persistent risk of in-work poverty following the birth of a first, second, and third child across the life course (2023)
Zitatform
Struffolino, Emanuela & Zachary Van Winkle (2023): Research note: The persistent risk of in-work poverty following the birth of a first, second, and third child across the life course. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 35, S. 372-392. DOI:10.20377/jfr-910
Abstract
"Objective: The association between a first, second, and third childbirth and in-work poverty in the short- and medium-term were assessed across age groups in the US and Germany. Background: Previous research on in-work poverty has concentrated on structural and ascriptive characteristics, while family processes – especially childbirths – received less attention. This gap was filled by adopting a processual life course approach. Method: Longitudinal data from the US and Germany were applied to between-within random effects models to estimate within-individual change in the probability of in-work poverty up to six years following a first, second, and third childbirth across age groups. Results: First, second, and third birth were associated with an immediate increase in the probability of in-work poverty (up to 10 and 5 percentage points in the US and in Germany, respectively). Among US adults aged 30 and younger probabilities increased in the medium term (from 9 to 15 percentage points for a first, 6 to 15 for a second, and 9 to 18 for a third birth), but remained unchanged for older adults in the US and all adults in Germany. Conclusion: There was no recovery in risk of in-work poverty in the medium-term following childbirth in the US and Germany. Increasing the labor market participation of adult household members via more and low-cost childcare options remains crucial. However, higher levels of income support and child benefits may be needed to avoid poverty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Assessing the impact of technological change on similar occupations: Implications for employment alternatives (2023)
Zitatform
Torosyan, Karine, Sicheng Wang, Elizabeth A. Mack, Jenna A. Van Fossen & Nathan Baker (2023): Assessing the impact of technological change on similar occupations: Implications for employment alternatives. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 18. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0291428
Abstract
"Background: The fast-changing labor market highlights the need for an in-depth understanding of occupational mobility impacted by technological change. However, we lack a multidimensional classification scheme that considers similarities of occupations comprehensively, which prevents us from predicting employment trends and mobility across occupations. This study fills the gap by examining employment trends based on similarities between occupations. Method: We first demonstrated a new method that clusters 756 occupation titles based on knowledge, skills, abilities, education, experience, training, activities, values, and interests. We used the Principal Component Analysis to categorize occupations in the Standard Occupational Classification, which is grouped into a four-level hierarchy. Then, we paired the occupation clusters with the occupational employment projections provided by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. We analyzed how employment would change and what factors affect the employment changes within occupation groups. Particularly, we specified factors related to technological changes. Results: The results reveal that technological change accounts for significant job losses in some clusters. This poses occupational mobility challenges for workers in these jobs at present. Job losses for nearly 60% of current employment will occur in low-skill, low-wage occupational groups. Meanwhile, many mid-skilled and highly skilled jobs are projected to grow in the next ten years. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the utility of our occupational classification scheme. Furthermore, it suggests a critical need for skills upgrading and workforce development for workers in declining jobs. Special attention should be paid to vulnerable workers, such as older individuals and minorities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Niedriglohn - Einstieg in Aufstieg (2023)
Zitatform
(2023): Niedriglohn - Einstieg in Aufstieg. (Position / vbw – Vereinigung der Bayerischen Wirtschaft e. V. Februar 2023), München, 12 S.
Abstract
"Trotz vielfältiger Krisen entwickelt sich der Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland und Bayern weiterhin positiv. Insbesondere mit Blick auf den sich verschärfenden Arbeitskräfte- und Fachkräftemangel müssen alle Arbeitspotenziale ausgeschöpft werden. Um eine Beteiligung möglichst vieler Menschen am Arbeitsleben sicherzustellen, braucht es gerade für Geringqualifizierte und Langzeitarbeitslose eine faire, niederschwellige Chance auf Teilhabe. Ein flexibler Niedriglohnbereich schafft Aufstiegschancen: Ein flexibler Niedriglohnbereich schafft Chancen für einen niedrigschwelligen Einstieg und ist insbesondere für Geringqualifizierte und Langzeitarbeitslose der Weg in eine Erwerbstätigkeit. Arbeitslosigkeit ist das größte Armutsrisiko, Beschäftigung und Bildung sind der Schlüssel zur Armutsvermeidung. Marktgerechte Rahmenbedingungen begleiten den Strukturwandel mit einem Produktivitätszuwachs und schaffen neue Arbeitsplätze. Chance Teilqualifizierung: Neue Chancen für Geringqualifizierte oder Arbeitsuchende: Durch ihren modularen Aufbau bieten Teilqualifizierungen die Möglichkeit, sich auch berufsbegleitend in Teilbereichen der Facharbeitertätigkeit weiterzubilden und das berufliche Einsatzfeld für An- und Ungelernte Stück für Stück zu erweitern. Wer alle Bausteine durchläuft, hat anschließend sogar die Möglichkeit, sich für die externe Facharbeiterprüfung anzumelden. So können insbesondere auch für An- und Ungelernte Teilqualifizierungen eine gute Chance bieten. Niedriglohn – Einstieg in Aufstieg: Unser Positionspapier beleuchtet, welche Chancen der Niedriglohnbereich für Beschäftigte und Unternehmen bietet. Ziel muss stets sein, noch mehr Menschen in Arbeit zu bringen und den Einstieg in den Aufstieg wirkungsvoll und durch passgenaue Weiterqualifizierung zu unterstützen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Inclusive Monetary Policy: How Tight Labor Markets Facilitate Broad-Based Employment Growth (2022)
Zitatform
Bergman, Nittai K., David Matsa & Michael Weber (2022): Inclusive Monetary Policy: How Tight Labor Markets Facilitate Broad-Based Employment Growth. (CESifo working paper 9512), München, 45 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyzes the heterogeneous effects of monetary policy on workers with differing levels of labor force attachment. Exploiting variation in labor market tightness across metropolitan areas, we show that the employment of populations with lower labor force attachment—Blacks, high school dropouts, and women—is more responsive to expansionary monetary policy in tighter labor markets. The effect builds up over time and is long lasting. We develop a New Keynesian model with heterogeneous workers that rationalizes these results. The model shows that expansionary monetary shocks lead to larger increases in the employment of less attached workers when the central bank follows an average inflation targeting rule and when the Phillips curve is flatter. These findings suggest that, by tightening labor markets, the Federal Reserve’s recent move from a strict to an average inflation targeting framework especially benefits workers with lower labor force attachment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Berufsabschluss durch Weiterbildung: Zur Wirksamkeit beruflicher Nachqualifizierung (2022)
Zitatform
Bönke, Timm, Luisa Hammer & Dominik Hügle (2022): Berufsabschluss durch Weiterbildung. Zur Wirksamkeit beruflicher Nachqualifizierung. Gütersloh, 37 S. DOI:10.11586/2022049
Abstract
"Einen Berufsabschluss nachzuholen, zahlt sich aus. Auch wer erst im Alter von über 25 seinen Berufsabschluss macht, verbessert damit seine Berufsperspektiven. Ist es ein erster Berufsabschluss, erhöht sich die Chance auf Beschäftigung und ein höheres Einkommen deutlich – und das sogar langfristig. Ein zweiter Berufsabschluss kann das Einkommen noch weiter verbessern. Bei nachgeholten Berufsabschlüssen handelt es sich nicht notwendigerweise um vollständige Berufsausbildungen. Auch abschlussbezogene Weiterbildungen wie Umschulungen oder Teilqualifikationen führen zu einem Berufsabschluss. Mit jährlich 30.000 bis 50.000 Teilnehmenden ist die Umschulung bei einem Träger die mit Abstand meistbesuchte abschlussorientierte Maßnahme. Teilqualifikationen (TQ) sind eine attraktive Alternative dazu ebenso wie zur klassischen Berufsausbildung. TQ-Module dauern meist nur wenige Monate und sind dadurch deutlich günstiger als beispielsweise die zumeist zweijährigen Umschulungen: Nach unseren Berechnungen aus den Bundes-Durchschnittskostensätzen (Bundesagentur für Arbeit, 2020) und Experteninterviews kostet eine Teilqualifikation je nach Zielberuf und Rahmenbedingungen durchschnittlich 5.000 bis 9.000 Euro pro Teilnehmenden. Für eine Umschulung fallen dagegen im Schnitt 25.000 bis 40.000 Euro an. Trotzdem zeigen die Teilnehmenden der Teilqualifikationen ähnliche Eingliederungsquoten wie die Teilnehmenden der Umschulungen. Aktuelle Fördermöglichkeiten (wie beispielsweise durch das Qualifizierungschancengesetz) ermöglichen derartige Formen der berufsbegleitenden Qualifizierung. Arbeitsentgelte und Kosten der Maßnahmen werden dabei von der Bundesagentur für Arbeit oder dem Jobcenter übernommen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Young retail shift workers (not) planning their future: working with customers in the 24/7 service society in the transition to adulthood (2022)
Zitatform
Dordoni, Annalisa (2022): Young retail shift workers (not) planning their future: working with customers in the 24/7 service society in the transition to adulthood. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 42, H. 13/14, S. 66-80. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-02-2022-0060
Abstract
"Purpose: The retail sector is not largely studied in Italy. The study offers a comparison between youth retail shift work in Milan and London. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the debate on the one hand on youth work and on the other hand to the debate on agency and structural factors in life planning, representation of the future and the transition to adulthood, observed in the United Kingdom's and Italian labour market. Even if the second one is a Southern European Country, these contexts are both characterised by a service-oriented economy and the widespread of precarious and flexible jobs. Design/methodology/approach: Qualitative methods were used: one year of ethnographic observation, 50 interviews and two focus groups were carried out between 2015 and 2018 with retail workers and trade unionists. The contexts are Corso Buenos Aires in Milan, Italy, and Oxford Street in London, United Kingdom. Analysing young workers' discourses, the author identifies narratives that allow to grasp their present agency and imagined future. Findings: Observing the crisis of the narrative (Sennett, 2020) allows to highlight the social consequences of working times on young workers' everyday life and future. The author argues that young workers struggle with the narrative of their present everyday life and the representation of the future. This relates to the condition of time alienation due to the flexible schedules and the fast pace of work in retail, both affecting the work-life balance. Originality/value: The social consequences of flexible schedules in retail and fast fashion sector, which are new issues not yet sufficiently explored, are here investigated from the perspective of young workers. The study is focussed on the representations of young people working with customers in social and economic contexts characterised by flexible schedules and the deregulation of shop openings, the so-called 24/7 service society, not largely investigated in the sociological scientific literature, above all in the Italian context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Would Broadening the UI Tax Base Help Low-Income Workers? (2022)
Zitatform
Duggan, Mark, Audrey Guo & Andrew C. Johnston (2022): Would Broadening the UI Tax Base Help Low-Income Workers? (IZA discussion paper 15020), Bonn, 12 S.
Abstract
"The tax base for state unemployment insurance (UI) programs varies significantly in the U.S., from a low of $7,000 annually in California to a high of $52,700 in Washington. Previous research has provided surprisingly little guidance to policy makers regarding the tradeoffs associated with this variation. In this paper, we use 37 years of data for all 50 states and Washington, D.C. to estimate the impact of the UI tax base on labor-market outcomes. We find that the low tax base that exists in California and many other states (and the necessarily higher tax rates that accompany these) negatively affects labor market outcomes for part-time and other low-earning workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Firm-to-Firm Trade: Imports, Exports, and the Labor Market (2022)
Eaton, Jonathan; Kramarz, Francis; Kortum, Samuel S.;Zitatform
Eaton, Jonathan, Samuel S. Kortum & Francis Kramarz (2022): Firm-to-Firm Trade: Imports, Exports, and the Labor Market. (NBER working paper 29685), Cambridge, Mass, 65 S. DOI:10.3386/w29685
Abstract
"Customs data reveal heterogeneity and granularity of relationships among buyers and sellers. A key insight is how more exports to a destination break down into more firms selling there and more buyers per exporter. We develop a quantitative general equilibrium model of firm-to-firm matching that builds on this insight to separate the roles of iceberg costs and matching frictions in gravity. In the cross section, we find matching frictions as important as iceberg costs in impeding trade, and more sensitive to distance. Because domestic and imported intermediates compete directly with labor in performing production tasks, our model also fits the heterogeneity of labor shares across French producers. Applying the framework to the 2004 expansion of the European Union, reduced iceberg costs and reduced matching frictions contributed equally to the increase in French exports to the new members. While workers benefitted overall, those competing most directly with imports gained less, even losing in some countries entering the EU." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum wage and tolerance for inequality (2022)
Zitatform
Fazio, Andrea & Tommaso Reggiani (2022): Minimum wage and tolerance for inequality. (MUNI ECON working paper 2022-07), Brno, 19 S.
Abstract
"We suggest that people advocate for equality also because they fear income losses below a given reference point. Stabilizing their baseline income can make workers more tolerant of inequality. We present evidence of this attitude in the UK by exploiting the introduction of the National Minimum Wage (NMW), which institutionally set a baseline pay reducing the risk of income losses for British workers at the bottom of the income distribution. Based on data from the British Household Panel Survey, we show that workers that benefited from the NMW program became relatively more tolerant of inequality and more likely to vote for the Conservative party." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Was halten Geringverdienende vom Mindestlohn?: Eine qualitative Untersuchung im Auftrag des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) (2022)
Heiden, Marleen von der; Himmelreicher, Ralf;Zitatform
Heiden, Marleen von der & Ralf Himmelreicher (2022): Was halten Geringverdienende vom Mindestlohn? Eine qualitative Untersuchung im Auftrag des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP). (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 1158), Berlin, 15 S.
Abstract
"Im Zentrum dieses Beitrags steht die Frage, wie Geringverdienende die Einführung des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns in Deutschland wahrnehmen. Auf Grundlage einer qualitativen Erhebung mit 31 Befragten im Rahmen von sechs Fokusgruppengesprächen, die im Sommer 2015 durchgeführt wurden, konnten vertiefte Einsichten gewonnen werden. Zunächst zeigte sich, dass Geringverdienende oftmals mit Beschäftigungshemmnissen konfrontiert sind. Häufig und auch kumulativ genannte Einschränkungen waren Krankheiten, die Pflege von Angehörigen, Kindererziehung und ein höheres Alter. Diese führten entweder zu Nichtbeschäftigung oder zu reduzierten wöchentlichen Arbeitszeiten; einige waren lediglich geringfügig beschäftigt. Die Einführung des Mindestlohns wurde als Schritt in die richtige Richtung zur Unterbindung von Lohndumping und mehr Anerkennung der Beschäftigten bezeichnet. Der zum Zeitpunkt der Untersuchung bestehende gesetzliche Mindestlohn von 8,50 Euro wird jedoch als zu gering eingeschätzt, um als gerechter Lohn wahrgenommen zu werden. Leistungen würden nicht anerkannt und finanzielle Bedarfe, etwa für die Miete vor allem in Städten, könnten oftmals nicht abgedeckt werden. Auch bei der Einhaltung und Kontrolle des Mindestlohns wird Verbesserungsbedarf gesehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Uncovered workers in plants covered by collective bargaining: Who are they and how do they fare? (2022)
Zitatform
Hirsch, Boris, Philipp Lentge & Claus Schnabel (2022): Uncovered workers in plants covered by collective bargaining: Who are they and how do they fare? (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Lehrstuhl für Arbeitsmarkt- und Regionalpolitik. Diskussionspapiere 123), Nürnberg, 28 S.
Abstract
"In Deutschland zahlen Arbeitgeber traditionell den gleichen Tariflohn für Gewerkschaftsmitglieder und -nichtmitglieder im selben Betrieb, um letztere von einem Gewerkschaftsbeitritt abzuhalten. Mit aktuellen Daten aus der Verdienststrukturerhebung untersuchen wir, welche Arbeitnehmer in tarifgebundenen Betrieben heute noch individuell von tariflich vereinbarten Gewerkschaftslöhnen profitieren, welche Arbeitnehmer davon nicht mehr abgedeckt werden, und was dies für deren Entlohnung bedeutet. Wir zeigen, dass ungefähr 9 Prozent der Arbeitskräfte in tarifgebundenen Betrieben keine individuelle Abdeckung (und damit keinen Gewerkschaftslohn) mehr erfahren. Ökonometrische Analysen mit unbedingten Quantilsregressionen und Firmenfixe-Effekte-Schätzungen machen deutlich, dass das Fehlen einer individuellen Abdeckung durch Tarifverträge für die meisten Arbeitskräfte substanzielle Auswirkungen auf ihre Entlohnung hat. Nicht gewerkschaftlich organisierte Niedriglöhner und solche auf unteren Hierarchieebenen leiden besonders, weil ihre Arbeitgeber davon absehen, die Tariflöhne auf sie anzuwenden, um geringere Löhne zahlen zu können. Dieses Vorgehen gefährdet das gewerkschaftliche Ziel, alle benachteiligten Arbeitskräfte zu schützen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Why Do Sectoral Employment Programs Work?: Lessons from WorkAdvance (2022)
Katz, Lawrence F.; Schaberg, Kelsey; Hendra, Richard; Roth, Jonathan;Zitatform
Katz, Lawrence F., Jonathan Roth, Richard Hendra & Kelsey Schaberg (2022): Why Do Sectoral Employment Programs Work? Lessons from WorkAdvance. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 40, H. S1, S. S249-S291. DOI:10.1086/717932
Abstract
"This paper examines the evidence from randomized evaluations of sector-focused training programs that target low-wage workers and combine up-front screening, occupational and soft-skills training, and wraparound services. The programs generate substantial and persistent earnings gains (12%–34%) following training. Theoretical mechanisms for program impacts are explored for the WorkAdvance demonstration. Earnings gains are generated by getting participants into higher-wage jobs in higher-earning industries and occupations, not just by raising employment. Training in transferable and certifiable skills (likely underprovided from poaching concerns) and reductions of employment barriers to high-wage sectors for nontraditional workers appear to play key roles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Helfertätigkeiten werden nicht nur von Ungelernten ausgeübt (Interview mit Barbara Schwengler, Holger Seibert und Doris Wiethölter) (2022)
Zitatform
Keitel, Christiane; Barbara Schwengler, Holger Seibert & Doris Wiethölter (interviewte Person) (2022): Helfertätigkeiten werden nicht nur von Ungelernten ausgeübt (Interview mit Barbara Schwengler, Holger Seibert und Doris Wiethölter). In: IAB-Forum H. 19.07.2022 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20220719.01
Abstract
"Ein aktueller IAB-Kurzbericht (14/2022) widmet sich den Helfertätigkeiten, die im Schnitt vergleichsweise niedrig entlohnt sind. Dies trifft aber nicht für alle diese Tätigkeiten zu. In bestimmten Konstellationen können ausgebildete Fachkräfte auf Helfertätigkeiten höhere Verdienste erzielen als im erlernten Beruf. Die Redaktion des IAB-Forum hat dazu bei Holger Seibert, Barbara Schwengler und Doris Wiethölter nachgefragt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Keitel, Christiane; Schwengler, Barbara ; Seibert, Holger ; Wiethölter, Doris; -
Literaturhinweis
Supermagd : Arbeitsaneignung im Niedriglohnsektor im Ländervergleich (2022)
Zitatform
Kupfer, Antonia (2022): Supermagd : Arbeitsaneignung im Niedriglohnsektor im Ländervergleich. In: Arbeits- und industriesoziologische Studien, Jg. 15, H. 1, S. 26-39.
Abstract
"Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein Konzept der Arbeitsaneignung vorgestellt, das die Subjektperspektive Beschäftigter eingebettet in soziale Kontexte erfasst und analysiert. Damit geraten strukturelle Einflüsse auf die Art und Weise wie Beschäftigte ihre Arbeit wahrnehmen, bewerten und bewältigen in den Blick. Am Beispiel von Supermarktverkäufer_innen in Deutschland und den USA wird das Konzept mit seinen drei Dimensionen sozialer Status der Tätigkeit, Gebrauchswert und Tätigsein entfaltet. Ihr Beschäftigtenanteil ist hoch und – nicht erst in der Corona-Pandemie – systemrelevant. Auf der Grundlage zweier kontrastierender Fälle werden Thesen zur unterschiedlichen Arbeitsaneignung in einem ausgewählten Niedriglohnsektor vorgestellt. Im Ergebnis wird deutlich, dass Arbeitsaneignung in Deutschland im Vergleich zu den USA arbeitnehmerinnenfreundlicher stattfindet. Für eine Verbesserung von Lebensverhältnissen sind daher politische Veränderungen und nicht subjektive Anrufungen erforderlich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Monopsony power and the demand for low-skilled workers (2022)
Zitatform
Kölling, Arnd (2022): Monopsony power and the demand for low-skilled workers. In: The Economic and Labour Relations Review, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 377-395. DOI:10.1177/10353046211042427
Abstract
"This study analyses firms’ labour demand when employers have at least some monopsony power. It is argued that without taking into account (quasi-)monopsonistic structures of the labour market, wrong predictions are made about the effects of minimum wages. Using switching fractional panel probit regressions with German establishment data, I find that slightly more than 80% of establishments exercise some degree of monopsony power in their demand for low-skilled workers. The outcome suggests that a 1% increase in payments for low-skilled workers would, in these firms, increase employment for this group by 1.12%, while firms without monopsony power reduce the number of low-skilled, by about 1.63% for the same increase in remuneration. The study can probably also be used to explain the limited employment effects of the introduction of a statutory minimum wage in Germany and thus leads to a better understanding of the labour market for low-skilled workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © SAGE) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The U.S. tax-transfer system and low-income households: Savings, labor supply, and household formation (2022)
Zitatform
Ortigueira, Salvador & Nawid Siassi (2022): The U.S. tax-transfer system and low-income households: Savings, labor supply, and household formation. In: Review of Economic Dynamics, Jg. 44, S. 184-210. DOI:10.1016/j.red.2021.02.010
Abstract
"Eligibility and benefits for anti-poverty income transfers in the U.S. are based on both the means and the household characteristics of applicants, such as their filing status, living arrangement, and marital status. In this paper we develop a dynamic structural model to study the effects of the U.S. tax-transfer system on the decisions of non-college-educated workers with children. In our model workers face uninsurable idiosyncratic risks and make decisions on savings, labor supply, living arrangement, and marital status. We find that the U.S. anti-poverty policy distorts the cohabitation/marriage decision of single mothers, providing incentives to cohabit. We also find quantitatively important effects on savings, and on the labor supply of husbands and wives. Namely, the model yields a U-shaped relationship between the earnings of one spouse and the labor supply of the other spouse, a result that we also find in the data. We show that these U-shaped relationships stem in part from the current design of anti-poverty income programs, and that the introduction of an EITC deduction on the earnings of secondary earners—as proposed in the 21st Century Worker Tax Cut Act—would increase the employment rate of the spouses of workers earning between $15K and $35K, especially of female spouses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Berufsspezifische Lohnunterschiede: In einigen Helferjobs verdienen Fachkräfte mehr als in ihrem erlernten Beruf (2022)
Zitatform
Seibert, Holger, Barbara Schwengler & Doris Wiethölter (2022): Berufsspezifische Lohnunterschiede: In einigen Helferjobs verdienen Fachkräfte mehr als in ihrem erlernten Beruf. (IAB-Kurzbericht 14/2022), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2214
Abstract
"Auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt dominieren Tätigkeiten mit mittleren und hohen Qualifikationsanforderungen. Daneben existiert im Helfersegment eine Reihe einfacher Tätigkeiten, die im Schnitt vergleichsweise niedrig entlohnt werden. Das trifft aber nicht für alle Helfertätigkeiten zu. In bestimmten Konstellationen können ausgebildete Fachkräfte auf Helferniveau höhere Verdienste erzielen als im erlernten Beruf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
- Die 15 Berufsgruppen mit den niedrigsten Entgelten für Fachkräfte und die 15 Berufsgruppen mit den höchsten Entgelten für Helfer
- Berufliche Bildungsabschlüsse von Beschäftigten in Helfertätigkeiten im Vergleich zu den Beschäftigten ohne Helfertätigkeiten
- Entgeltverteilung von Vollzeitbeschäftigten nach Anforderungsniveau
- Ein begleitendes Interview zu diesem Kurzbericht finden Sie im Online-Magazin IAB-Forum.
- Berufliche Wechsel und Anforderungsniveau der Tätigkeit von Beschäftigten nach Entgelthöhe im erlernten Beruf
- Berufliche Wechsel und Anforderungsniveau der Tätigkeit sowie erzieltes Entgelt von Beschäftigten mit Ausbildungsberufen mit besonders niedrigen Entgelten für Fachkräfte
- Erzielte monatliche Entgelte von Vollzeitbeschäftigten in Abhängigkeit von Berufswechseln und dem aktuellen Anforderungsniveau der Tätigkeit
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Literaturhinweis
Der untere Entgeltbereich (2022)
Seils, Eric; Baumann, Helge;Zitatform
Seils, Eric & Helge Baumann (2022): Der untere Entgeltbereich. (WSI Policy Brief / Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut 65), Düsseldorf, 12 S.
Abstract
"Die Bundesagentur für Arbeit hat erstmals nicht nur fachlich, sondern auch regional tief gegliederte Daten zum unteren Entgeltbereich herausgegeben (Bundesagentur für Arbeit 2021a). In Verbindung mit weiteren Sonderauswertungen der Bundesagentur liefern diese Kennziffern detaillierte Informationen über Menschen, die trotz Vollzeitbeschäftigung am Ende des Monats wenig Lohn haben. Diese Daten sollen im Hinblick auf die folgenden Fragen ausgewertet werden: Wer sind die Geringverdiener und wo arbeiten sie? Wie hat sich der untere Entgeltbereich entwickelt? Welche regionalen Unterschiede bestehen und wie lassen sich diese erklären? Zunächst soll jedoch auf methodische Aspekte eingegangen werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Erwerbsarmut in Österreich aus Geschlechterperspektive (2022)
Zitatform
Siegert, Christina (2022): Erwerbsarmut in Österreich aus Geschlechterperspektive. In: Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Jg. 47, H. 4, S. 511-535.
Abstract
"Der Beitrag widmet sich anhand österreichischer EU-SILC-Querschnittsdaten (2017—2019) der Frage, ob und wie sich unselbständig beschäftigte Frauen und Männer hinsichtlich ihres Erwerbsarmutsrisikos auf Basis des Personeneinkommens unterscheiden. Dazu werden auf Basis der individuellen Beschäftigungssituation, des gestaffelten Personeneinkommens (Erwerbseinkommen, andere Personeneinkommen, anteilige Haushaltseinkommen) und haushaltsspezifischer Armutsschwellen Erwerbsarmutsquoten für Frauen und Männer ausgewiesen. Ausgehend von Überlegungen zur Arbeitsmarktbenachteiligung und finanzieller Abhängigkeit von Frauen stehen geschlechts- und haushaltsspezifische Beschäftigungsstrategien, erfasst durch Beschäftigungsausmaß und Lohnhöhe, und deren Konsequenzen für das individuelle Erwerbsarmutsrisiko im Zentrum der Analyse. Potenzielle Zusammenhänge werden mit Hilfe von Kontingenz- und logistischen Regressionsanalysen überprüft, womit dieser Beitrag neue Erkenntnisse über die haushalts- und geschlechterspezifische Situation unselbständig beschäftigter working poor in Österreich liefert. Die Resultate weisen darauf hin, dass Frauen häufiger teilzeit- und niedriglohnbeschäftigt sind und in Paarhaushalten mehrheitlich nur einen Zuverdienst zum Haushaltseinkommen leisten, während Männer überwiegend Allein- oder Hauptverdiener sind. Frauen sind stärker als Männer auf Einkommenskomponenten jenseits des eigenen Erwerbseinkommens angewiesen, um Erwerbsarmut zu vermeiden. Aber nicht Frauen per se, sondern ausschließlich (die überwiegend teilzeitbeschäftigten) Mütter sind gegenüber Männern einem erhöhten Erwerbsarmutsrisiko ausgesetzt. Könnten Mütter nur auf ihr Erwerbseinkommen oder andere Personeneinkommen zurückgreifen, wäre mindestens jede Zweite von ihnen working poor." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Employment and wage effects of extending collective bargaining agreements: Sectoral collective contracts reduce inequality but may lead to job losses among workers with earnings close to the wage floors (2022)
Zitatform
Villanueva, Ernesto & Effrosyni Adamopoulou (2022): Employment and wage effects of extending collective bargaining agreements. Sectoral collective contracts reduce inequality but may lead to job losses among workers with earnings close to the wage floors. (IZA world of labor 136), Bonn, 12 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.136.v2
Abstract
"Der Gesamteffekt der Allgemeinverbindlichkeit von Tarifverträgen hängt davon ab, wie viele Arbeitsplätze aufgrund der tariflich geregelten Lohnuntergrenzen und sonstigen Arbeitsbedingungen abgebaut werden. Um die Auswirkungen auf Löhne und Beschäftigung bewerten zu können, müssen Informationen über Tarifverträge mit Längsschnittdaten zu Arbeitgebern und Arbeitnehmern verknüpft werden. Neue Erkenntnisse der Forschung zeigen, dass negative Effekte meist auf Arbeitnehmer mit Verdiensten in der Nähe der Mindestlöhne beschränkt sind. Öffnungsklauseln und Repräsentativitätserfordernisse können dem entgegenwirken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
deutsche Kurzfassung -
Literaturhinweis
Geographies of Low-Income Jobs: The concentration of low-income jobs, the knowledge economy and labor market polarization in Sweden, 1990-2018 (2022)
Zitatform
von Borries, Alvaro, Markus Grillitsch & Karl-Johan Lundquist (2022): Geographies of Low-Income Jobs: The concentration of low-income jobs, the knowledge economy and labor market polarization in Sweden, 1990-2018. (Papers in innovation studies / CIRCLE, Lund University 2022,04), Lund, 31 S.
Abstract
"In this paper we explore the (changing) spatial concentration of low-income jobs throughout the last 30 years in Sweden, a period that has been characterized by the rise of what has become known as the knowledge economy. In particular, we describe (map) and try to understand what drives the concentration of low-income jobs in certain regions and how that has changed in time. We observe an overall decrease of the prevalence of low-income jobs during the last three decades. Moreover, regions have also converged, meaning that the great differentiator between places is less and less about how many low-income jobs they host, but how many very well paid there are. We also find that labor market polarization does not seem to lead to a greater incidence of low-income jobs when measured against a threshold related to the national income distribution, but, as expected, it does when we move towards a regional threshold, thus accounting for regional income differences. Finally, regions with a larger knowledge economy have tended to have a lower incidence of low-income jobs, both measured with respect to the national and to the regional income. This points towards the knowledge economy being a source of regional prosperity either through the upgrading of jobs or rising the wages of low- income workers. Despite all the discourse about the degradation of the Nordic model, we provide some evidence for it to be still working in Sweden under this new and complex knowledge-dominated era." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Escaping from Low-Wage Employment: The Role of Co-worker Networks (2021)
Zitatform
Baranowska-Rataj, Anna, Zoltán Elekes & Rikard Eriksson (2021): Escaping from Low-Wage Employment. The Role of Co-worker Networks. (CERS-IE working papers 2021,22), Budapest, 29 S.
Abstract
"Low-wage jobs are often regarded as dead-ends in the labour market careers of young people. Previous research focused on disentangling to what degree the association between a low-wage job at the start of working life and limited chances of transitioning to better-paid employment is causal or spurious. Less attention has been paid to the channels that may facilitate the upward wage mobility of low-wage workers. We focus on such mechanisms, and we scrutinize the impact of social ties to higher-educated co-workers. Due to knowledge spillovers, job referrals, as well as firm-level productivity gains, having higher-educated co-workers may improve an individual's chances of transitioning to a better-paid job. We use linked employer-employee data from longitudinal Swedish registers and panel data models that incorporate measures of low-wage workers' social ties to higher-educated co-workers. Our results confirm that having social ties to higher-educated co-workers increases individual chances of transitioning to better-paid employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Trade, technology, and the channels of wage inequality (2021)
Borrs, Linda; Knauth, Florian;Zitatform
Borrs, Linda & Florian Knauth (2021): Trade, technology, and the channels of wage inequality. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 131. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103607
Abstract
"We use a large sample of German workers to analyse whether low-wage competition with China and Eastern Europe (the East) affects the wage structure within German manufacturing industries. In order to identify the channels through which trade and technology affect wage inequality, we decompose wages into firm and worker components. We find that the rise of market access and the competitiveness of the East has a substantial impact on inequality via the worker-wage component. While we find no large effect of the firm effect and assortative matching on overall inequality we find that trade induced matching is relevant for high-tech industries. We also account for exposure to technological change and do not find an effect on the dispersion of wage components. Overall, trade explains around 15% of the recent increase in wage inequality." (Author's abstract, © 2021 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The role of low earnings in differing trends in male earnings volatility (2021)
Carr, Michael D.; Wiemers, Emily E.;Zitatform
Carr, Michael D. & Emily E. Wiemers (2021): The role of low earnings in differing trends in male earnings volatility. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 199. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109702
Abstract
"Trends in male earnings volatility vary across studies. Volatility is flat or increasing in most studies using survey data but falling in recent studies using administrative data. This paper uses Survey of Income and Program Participation data linked to administrative earnings histories from the Detailed Earnings Records to investigate the effect of the treatment of low earnings on earnings volatility. We show that volatility trends are sensitive to the treatment of low earnings: when low earnings are treated as is typically done with survey data, volatility is flat or increasing slightly, but when low earnings are treated as in recent studies using administrative earnings data, volatility declines." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2021 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Offshoring, computerization, labor market polarization and top income inequality (2021)
Zitatform
Cavenaile, Laurent (2021): Offshoring, computerization, labor market polarization and top income inequality. In: Journal of macroeconomics, Jg. 69. DOI:10.1016/j.jmacro.2021.103317
Abstract
"This paper proposes a model of occupational choice with heterogeneous agents in terms of human capital to quantify the role of offshoring and computerization in labor market polarization and increased top income inequality. We find that both offshoring and computerization played a major role regarding labor market polarization in the US over the period 1975–2008. We further show that the last decades can be decomposed into two subperiods. Computerization is the main driver of labor market polarization from 1975 to the mid 1990s, after which globalization (through decreased costs of offshoring) explains more than 70% of job and wage polarization. Our model can also explain around 40% of the observed increase in top income inequality since 1975." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2021 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Trade and Inequality in Europe and the US (2021)
Zitatform
Dorn, David & Peter Levell (2021): Trade and Inequality in Europe and the US. (IZA discussion paper 14914), Bonn, 65 S.
Abstract
"The share of low-income countries in global exports nearly tripled between 1990 and 2015, driven largely by the rapid emergence of China as an exporting powerhouse. While research in economics had long acknowledged that trade with lower-income countries could raise income inequality in Europe and the US, empirical estimates indicated only a modest contribution of trade to growing national skill premia. However, if workers are not highly mobile across firms, industries and locations, then the unequal impacts of trade can manifest along different margins. Recent evidence from countries across Europe and the US shows that growing import competition from China differentially reduced earnings and employment rates for workers in more trade-exposed industries, and for the residents of more trade-exposed geographic regions. These adverse impacts were often largest for lower-skilled individuals. We show that domestic manufacturing employment declined much more in countries that saw a large growth of net imports from China (such as the UK and the US), than in countries that maintained relatively balanced trade with China (such as Germany and Switzerland). Drawing on a new analysis for the UK, we further show that trade with China contributed to job loss in manufacturing, but also to substantial declines in consumer prices. However, while the adverse labour market impacts were concentrated on specific groups of workers and regions, the consumer benefits from trade were widely dispersed in the population, and appear similarly large for high-income and low-income households. Globalisation has thus created pockets of losers, and recent evidence indicates that in addition to financial losses, residents of regions with greater exposure to import competition also suffer from higher crime rates, a deterioration of health outcomes, and a dissolution of traditional family structures. We argue that new import tariffs such as those imposed by the US in 2018 and 2019 are unlikely to help the losers from globalisation. Instead, displaced workers may be better supported by a combination of transfers to avert financial hardship, skills training that facilitate reintegration into the labour market, and place-based policies that stimulate job creation in depressed locations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The minimum wage and annual earnings inequality (2021)
Zitatform
Engelhardt, Gary V. & Patrick J. Purcell (2021): The minimum wage and annual earnings inequality. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 207. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2021.110001
Abstract
"We estimate the impact of the minimum wage on U.S. male annual earnings inequality, using administrative Social Security earnings records from 1981-2015. The minimum wage reduces inequality in the bottom quartile of the earnings distribution, and especially in the bottom decile." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2021 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Who Does the Earned Income Tax Credit Benefit?: A Monopsony View (2021)
Farmand, Aida; Davis, Owen;Zitatform
Farmand, Aida & Owen Davis (2021): Who Does the Earned Income Tax Credit Benefit? A Monopsony View. (Working paper / Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis 2021-02), New York, NY, 45 S.
Abstract
"The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) targets refundable tax credits to low-income workers, incentivizing labor supply and raising the incomes of tens of millions of Americans. One possible consequence of subsidizing low-wage work, however, is to reduce wage growth. A monopsony model of the EITC is developed in order to analyze its impacts on labor market outcomes, which are identified by exploiting variation in state EITC supplements. A first set of results focused on the food service industry find that the EITC increases employment and reduces turnover among young women. Further results suggest that the EITC reduces wages for workers without college degrees. These findings prompt a reconsideration of the redistributive effects of the EITC, particularly for groups like older low-wage workers who face slower wage growth as a result of the policy but do not receive the same level of benefits on average." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Der ungleiche Wert geringqualifizierter Arbeit. Erwerbschancen in der Bau- und Reinigungsbranche (2021)
Zitatform
Gonon, Anna & Anna John (2021): Der ungleiche Wert geringqualifizierter Arbeit. Erwerbschancen in der Bau- und Reinigungsbranche. In: Industrielle Beziehungen, Jg. 28, H. 3, S. 260-282. DOI:10.3224/indbez.v28i3.03
Abstract
"Fehlende formale Qualifikationen wirken sich negativ auf Erwerbschancen aus, insbesondere für Frauen. Während die Forschung bisher vor allem makrostrukturelle Faktoren beleuchtete, nimmt dieser Beitrag die Mesoebene in den Blick und fragt danach, wie die Erwerbschancen Geringqualifizierter durch branchenspezifische Formen der Beschäftigung und Arbeitsorganisation beeinflusst werden. Durch den Vergleich zweier geschlechtersegregierter Branchen, dem Bau- und Reinigungsgewerbe in der Schweiz, wird aufgezeigt, wie Systeme der kollektiven Lohnverhandlung, Strategien des Personaleinsatzes sowie Regeln und Praktiken der Beförderung und Weiterbildung zu ungleichen Erwerbschancen beitragen. Analytisch knüpft der Artikel an die Theorie der Unterschätzung von Frauenarbeit an und konzipiert Erwerbschancen als Resultat unterschiedlicher Konstruktionen des Werts von Arbeit. Als empirische Grundlage dienen qualitative Interviews mit Arbeitgebenden, geringqualifizierten Arbeitskräften und Gewerkschaftsvertretern. Zudem wurden die Kollektivverträge der beiden Branchen analysiert. Der Fokus liegt auf Generalunternehmen der Baubranche und auf der Unterhaltsreinigung. Während sich Erstere durch hohe Mindestlöhne sowie institutionalisierte Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten auszeichnen, ist Letztere durch niedrige Löhne, Unterbeschäftigung und mangelnde Möglichkeiten der beruflichen Weiterentwicklung geprägt. Der Beitrag belegt die Vielschichtigkeit der Faktoren, die auf der Ebene von Branchen und Betrieben die Erwerbschancen von Geringqualifizierten beeinflussen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Einkommensungleichheit stagniert langfristig, sinkt aber während der Corona-Pandemie leicht (2021)
Zitatform
Grabka, Markus M. (2021): Einkommensungleichheit stagniert langfristig, sinkt aber während der Corona-Pandemie leicht. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 88, H. 18, S. 307-316. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2021-18-1
Abstract
"Sowohl Löhne als auch bedarfsgewichtete Haushaltseinkommen sind im Zeitraum 2013 bis 2018 real um gut zehn Prozent gestiegen. Hiervon profitierten alle Einkommensgruppen. Die Ungleichheit der Löhne ist seit mehreren Jahren rückläufig und liegt wieder auf dem Niveau wie zu Beginn der 2000er Jahre. Parallel dazu ist der Niedriglohnsektor um zwei Prozentpunkte geschrumpft. Anders verhält es sich bei den Haushaltseinkommen, bei denen sich die Ungleichheit seit vielen Jahren kaum verändert hat. Auch die Niedrigeinkommensquote stagniert. Allerdings ist der Anteil der Personen, die von essentiellem Mangel (materieller Deprivation) betroffen sind, auf ein im europäischen Vergleich niedriges Niveau gesunken. Seit Ausbruch der Covid-19-Pandemie hat die Einkommensungleichheit in Deutschland leicht abgenommen, was vor allem an den rückläufigen Einkommen bei den Selbstständigen liegen dürfte. Die Pandemie birgt aber die Gefahr, dass durch eine steigende Zahl von Insolvenzen und Arbeitslosen die Einkommen in der Breite wieder sinken. Die Politik sollte die Hilfen an Selbstständige und Unternehmen nicht zu früh einstellen und deren Zielgenauigkeit nachjustieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Redistribution across Europe: How much and to whom? (2021)
Zitatform
Hammer, Bernhard, Michael Christl & Silvia De Poli (2021): Redistribution across Europe: How much and to whom? (JRC working papers on taxation and structural reforms 2021-14), Seville, 28 S.
Abstract
"Governments face a potential trade-off between provision for the growing population in retirement and the support of working-age households with low income. Using EUROMOD-based microdata from 28 countries, we (a) quantify the redistribution to the pensioner and non-pensioner populations, (b) study the position of net beneficiaries in the overall income distribution and (c) analyse how taxes and benefits affect the working-age population with low income. Our results provide novel insights into the distributive role of tax-benefit systems across Europe. Interestingly, a strong overall redistribution between households is associated with generous pensions for a portion of the retirees but negatively related to support for low-income households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Minimum Income Standard and equivalisation: reassessing relative costs of singles and couples and of adults and children (2021)
Hirsch, Donald ; Math, Antoine; Padley, Matt ; Pereirinha, José; Pereira, Elvira ; Thornton, Robert; Concialdi, Pierre;Zitatform
Hirsch, Donald, Pierre Concialdi, Antoine Math, Matt Padley, Elvira Pereira, José Pereirinha & Robert Thornton (2021): The Minimum Income Standard and equivalisation. Reassessing relative costs of singles and couples and of adults and children. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 148-167. DOI:10.1017/S0047279419001004
Abstract
"Equivalence scales, used to compare incomes across household types, strongly influence which households have low reported income, affecting public policy priorities. Yet they draw on abstract, often dated evidence and arbitrary judgements, and on comparisons across the income distribution rather than focusing on minimum requirements. Budget standards provide more tangible comparisons of the minimum required by different household types. The Minimum Income Standard (MIS) method, now established in several countries, applies a common methodological framework for compiling budgets, based on public deliberations. This article draws for the first time on results across countries. In all of the four countries examined, it identifies an under-estimation by the OECD scale of the relative cost of children compared to adults, and, in three of the four, an under-estimation of the cost of singles compared to couples. This more systematically corroborates previous, dispersed evidence, and helps explain which specific expenditure categories influence these results. These results have high policy relevance, showing greater proportions of low income households to contain children than standard income distribution data. While no single equivalence scale can be universally accurate, making use of evidence based directly on benchmarks such as MIS can help inform public priorities in tackling low income." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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- Theorie
- Politik und Maßnahmen
- Arbeitsmarkt- und Lohnentwicklung
- Arbeitswelt, Personalpolitik
- Personengruppen
- Wirtschaftszweige
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
- Alter