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Böhnke, Petra, Ann-Christin Renneberg & Isabel Valdés Cifuentes (2016): Atypische Beschäftigung und Gesundheit in Europa. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 69, H. 2, S. 113-120. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2016-2-113

Abstract

"Die Flexibilisierung der Erwerbsarbeit führt in den meisten Ländern Europas zu einer Zunahme atypischer Beschäftigung. Damit können Anerkennungsverluste, geringe Entlohnung und eine schlechte Einbindung in soziale Sicherungssysteme einhergehen, die gesundheitliche Belastungen hervorrufen. Der Artikel basiert auf der Annahme, dass der Zusammenhang zwischen atypischen Beschäftigungsformen und Gesundheit länderspezifisch variiert und durch institutionelle Merkmale wie dem Verhältnis von sozialer Sicherheit und Flexibilität des Arbeitsmarktes beeinflusst wird. Die empirischen Analysen werden mit Daten des European Working Conditions Survey 2010 und Makroindikatoren von Eurostat durchgeführt. In den meisten Ländern geht insbesondere Leiharbeit mit einer schlechten Gesundheit einher. Insgesamt zeigen sich nur schwache institutionelle Ländereffekte, die den Zusammenhang zwischen Beschäftigung und Gesundheit moderieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Gutiérrez-Barbarrusa, Tomás (2016): The growth of precarious employment in Europe. Concepts, indicators and the effects of the global economic crisis. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 155, H. 4, S. 477-508. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12049

Abstract

"Since the 1970s, the reorganization of production and neoliberal 'flexibilization' have made employment increasingly precarious in the developed economies. Examining the concept of precarious employment, the author focuses on two of its dimensions - insecurity and poverty - which he uses to construct a 'precariousness index'. Based on Eurostat data for 1995 - 2015, he then tracks the growth of precarious employment across the EU-15 and assesses the impact of the 2008 global economic crisis in this respect. While precarious employment generally increased after the crisis, this trend was driven more by poverty in the most deregulated labour markets and more by insecurity in the southern European countries." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Horemans, Jeroen, Ive Marx & Brian Nolan (2016): Hanging in, but only just. Part-time employment and in-work poverty throughout the crisis. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 5, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1186/s40174-016-0053-6

Abstract

"The crisis has deepened pre-existing concerns regarding low-wage and non-standard employment. Countries where unemployment increased most strongly during the crisis period also saw part-time employment increasing, particularly involuntary part-time work. With involuntary part-time workers, as a particular group of underemployed, facing especially high poverty rates, this was accompanied by an increase, on average, in the poverty risk associated with working part-time. However, this was not reflected in a marked increase in the overall in-work poverty rate because full-time work remains dominant and its poverty risk did not change markedly. The household context is of the essence when considering policy implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Horemans, Jeroen (2016): Polarisation of non-standard employment in Europe. Exploring a missing piece of the inequality puzzle. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 125, H. 1, S. 171-189. DOI:10.1007/s11205-014-0834-0

Abstract

"The rise in non-standard employment inspired many scholars to study the social consequences of these new employment forms. Most research focusses on individuals working non-standard. With the increase in dual earnership, however, we need a household perspective. This study therefore develops the notion of household non-standard employment and applies a polarisation index to examine the distribution of non-standard work over dual earner couples. This polarisation index compares the actual rate of household non-standard employment with a counterfactual rate when non-standard employment would be randomly distributed over households. Drawing on EU-SILC 2011, we define non-standard workers as individuals who worked during the previous year, but not full-year full-time. The results indicate that the levels of polarisation vary considerably across countries. Because especially women do not work full-time, polarisation is highly negative since it is less likely to find clustering of non-standard work within households. This pattern is dominant in Continental European countries, but also observable in Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon countries. On the other hand, in Eastern and Southern European countries, non-standard employment is concentrated in some households, mainly because of the inability of its members to work full-year. Common characteristics of household members known to be associated with non-standard employment, like age and education, explain little of the levels of non-standard employment polarisation." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Kiersztyn, Anna (2016): Fixed-term employment and occupational position in Poland. The heterogeneity of temporary jobs. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 32, H. 6, S. 881-894. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcw044

Abstract

"Occupational heterogeneity in non-standard employment is an important and policy-relevant topic of investigation, and one which has not received sufficient attention. The main thesis of this article is that the function of fixed-term contracts, which in turn affects the situation and career prospects of employees, is dependent on occupation. Using data from European Survey of Income and Living Conditions, 2005 - 2008, I investigate the heterogeneities among fixed-term employees in various occupational categories in Poland, by analysing differences in (i) the demographic and socio-economic composition of temporary workers, (ii) the size of the wage penalty for fixed-term employment, and (iii) the chances of transition from fixed-term into open-ended employment. The results suggest that in managerial and professional occupations temporary contracts are more likely to be used during trial periods for newly hired workers and may serve as stepping stones to stable jobs, as reflected by the higher rates of mobility into open-ended employment. Temporary jobs in low-status service and manual occupations appear to result mainly from employers' attempts to facilitate worker dismissal rather than their need to verify the skills of new employees, and are more likely to become a dead end for workers. However, although fixed-term workers in higher-status occupations seem to be better off than their counterparts in services, trade, and manual labour, the evidence does not support the claim that the former resemble the so-called 'boundaryless' employees, who suffer no negative consequences of their fixed-term status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kretsos, Lefteris & Ilias Livanos (2016): The extent and determinants of precarious employment in Europe. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 25-43. DOI:10.1108/IJM-12-2014-0243

Abstract

"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent and determinants of the so-called precarious employment across Europe and using different measures and based on individual's self-assessment.
Design/methodology/approach: Data on over two million workers across Europe (EU-15) from the European Union Labour Force Survey are utilised and a Heckman selection approach is adopted.
Findings: About one tenth of the total European workforce is in employment relationships that could be related to precariousness. The sources of precariousness are mainly involuntary part-time and temporary work. Less prominent as a source of precariousness is job insecurity related to fear of job loss. Vulnerable groups are found to have a higher risk of precariousness while significant country variations indicate that precariousness cannot be examined in isolation of the national context. Finally, signals of previous employment inability, such as lack of past working experience, as well as the state of labour market significantly increase the risk of precarious work.
Originality/value: The present study utilises a large-scale survey in order to investigate the incidence of precarious employment in a harmonised way and produce results that are comparable across EU-15 countries." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Mandl, Irene (2016): New forms of employment. Developing the potential of strategic employee sharing. (Eurofound research paper), Dublin, 31 S. DOI:10.2806/937385

Abstract

"Although standard employment is still dominant in European labour markets, an increasing range of new employment forms is emerging that differ in their implications for working conditions. This study explores strategic employee sharing, an employment form for companies that have specific HR needs that do not justify a permanent full-time position, but are often recurring, by hiring one or several workers who work on assignments, and whose skills and time are shared among a group of companies. These companies have joint responsibility and liability towards the shared workers who are ensured 'equal pay, equal treatment' with core staff. Yet in spite of the win - win potential of this employment form for both companies and workers, it is not widely known and only marginally used. This report explores the preconditions for a further spread of strategic employee sharing as well as its impact on employers and employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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McGrath, John (2016): Atypical employment and the role of European PES. An exploratory paper. Brüssel, 36 S. DOI:10.2767/245526

Abstract

"This paper focuses on how national PES can facilitate labour market transitions for those people in new atypical forms of work (such as jobs in the 'gig' economy). Based on the responses of national PES the paper looks at the availability of training, course curricula, client profiles, skill needs identification and the use of technology in both the promotion and delivery of training. PES responses indicate that the necessary adaptations to the traditional PES model have not yet been introduced by most PES. The paper concludes with good practices to facilitate adaptation to the new world of work. They include more flexible availability of training; more broad-based course curricula; a more heterogeneous client profile; the identification of skills needs and the use of technology to deliver flexible training remotely." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Olsthoorn, Martin (2016): Institution-driven inequalities in the risk of temporary employment. Job or skill based? the relative deregulation of temporary employment and its relation to inequalities in the risk of temporary employment. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 32, H. 4, S. 517-531. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcv089

Abstract

"This article aims to explain the observation that patterns in inequalities in the risk of temporary employment differ between institutional environments. Following up on previous research, it is proposed that the transaction costs associated with different job contents influence employers' decisions with regard to which employees to hire on a temporary contract, which is again conditional on the institutional environments. Using multilevel logistic regression to estimate cross-level interactions between the protection of permanent employment (EPLp) and temporary employment (EPLt) and skill and job variables from the European Social Survey, it is shown that the relative deregulation of temporary employment increases the strength of skill specificity and educational attainment as drivers of inequalities in type of contract. Additionally, analyses of the predicted probabilities of temporary employment for employees with different levels of skill specificity in varying EPLp/EPLt regimes show these effects to be non-trivial. These results argue in favour of using theories from an economic sociology when studying employer behaviour, and urge policymakers to mind the balance in EPLp and EPLt when aiming to facilitate labour market adjustment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Porte, Caroline de la & Patrick Emmenegger (2016): The Court of Justice of the European Union and fixed-term workers. Still fixed, but at least equal. (Working paper / European Trade Union Institute 2016,01), Brüssel, 31 S.

Abstract

"This Working Paper focuses on the impact of the directive on fixed-term work and the EU's Court of Justice (CJEU) case law concerning fixed-term work from 2007 and 2013. By doing so, this working paper develops an analytical framework to analyse the Europeanisation of labour law with an eye on the literature on labour-market dualisation.
The findings of this publication show that the fixed-term work directive addresses and affirms the equal treatment of workers, while the position of the CJEU is rather restrictive (especially in cases of clear abuse of fixed-term contract and abusive recourse). The Court indirectly supports the politics of labour dualisation, whereby member states can continue to use fixed-term contracts to increase the labour supply." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Prosser, Thomas (2016): Dualization or liberalization? Investigating precarious work in eight European countries. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 30, H. 6, S. 949-965. DOI:10.1177/0950017015609036

Abstract

"A recent upsurge in the incidence of precarious work in Europe necessitates fresh examination of the origins of this trend. On the basis of field research in eight European countries and with reference to theories of liberalization and dualization, the factors that drive precarious work in discrete European labour markets are thus investigated. It is discovered that, while a structural-demographic factor such as non-compliance with labour law is a notable progenitor of precarious work, the deregulatory strategies of public authorities are particularly significant drivers. In conclusion it is asserted that although the theory of dualization helps explain developments in conservative-corporatist countries, in Anglophone and Mediterranean countries liberalization theory is generally more apposite. Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries emerge as a hybrid case." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Green, Anne & Ilias Livanos (2015): Involuntary non-standard employment in Europe. In: European Urban and Regional Studies, Jg. 24, H. 2, S. 175-192. DOI:10.1177/0969776415622257

Abstract

"In some countries in Europe the economic crisis starting in 2008 was marked not only by a rise in unemployment, but also by increases in individuals in part-time and temporary working, so emphasising the need to examine employment composition as well as non-employment. The promotion of non-standard forms of employment - such as part-time and temporary working - has been part of Europe's employment agenda, but directives have also focused on raising the quality of such work. Using European Union Labour Force Survey data, an indicator of involuntary non-standard (part-time and temporary) employment (INE) is constructed, depicting a negative working condition. Descriptive analyses show important differences between countries in the incidence of INE, which is highest in Spain, Portugal and Poland, and also in the composition of INE. By contrast, INE tends to be lower in countries with Anglo-Saxon and Nordic welfare state models. Econometric analyses reveal that young workers, older workers, women, non-nationals, those with low education and those who were unemployed a year ago are at greatest risk of INE." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hipp, Lena, Janine Bernhardt & Jutta Allmendinger (2015): Institutions and the prevalence of nonstandard employment. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 13, H. 2, S. 351-377. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwv002

Abstract

"How can we explain differences in nonstandard employment across countries? This article provides an overview of the multifaceted relationships between national-level institutions and the three dominant forms of nonstandard employment, that is, temporary, part-time and solo self-employment. The article highlights the great heterogeneity that exists among the different forms of nonstandard work, both within and between countries. Neither welfare regime approaches nor dualization and precarization theories sufficiently capture the ongoing diversification of employment relationships across countries. However, the institution-specific analyses reviewed here are also not without challenges: high-quality macro- and microlevel data are scarce; institutions interact in complex ways with their environment and exert distinct effects on different groups of workers; moreover, the demographic composition of the workforce and the role of cultural characteristics make it difficult for researchers to correctly specify such macro-to-micro links in their empirical work. In addition to outlining several avenues for future research, the article informs ongoing debates on the relevance of nonstandard work for the study of social inequality and research in comparative political analysis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kureková, Lucia Mýtna & Zuzana Zilincíková (2015): Low-skilled jobs and student jobs. Employers' preferences in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. (IZA discussion paper 9145), Bonn, 39 S.

Abstract

"Massification of tertiary education, growing share of student workers on labour market and consequently increased competition for low-skilled jobs gave rise to the theory of crowding out of the less educated workers. This paper contributes to better understanding of temporary skills-qualifications mismatch typical for student workers by analysing the preferences of employers in low-skilled jobs and student jobs. We take labour market demand perspective and carry out exploratory analysis of job offers posted online in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The results show that the student labour market is quite diverse as student job offers can be found in low-skilled, but also medium-skilled positions. We also find that although student vacancies require, on average, fewer skills than non-student positions, there is strong correlation between formal sophistication of a job vacancy and the required minimum educational level, as well as required skills for both student and non-student positions. It appears that low-educated workers and student workers do not compete for the limited number of positions, but rather fill employers' demands for different types of hard (e.g. language skills) and soft (e.g. flexibility, adaptability) skills. These results support the complementarity view of the coexistence of student employment and low-skilled employment rather than the crowding out theory." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mandl, Irene (2015): Neue Beschäftigungsformen in Europa. In: Wiso. Wirtschafts- und sozialpolitische Zeitschrift des ISW, Jg. 38, H. 3, S. 123-136.

Abstract

"Auf den europäischen Arbeitsmärkten lässt sich eine steigende Heterogenität von Beschäftigungsformen beobachten. Diese unterscheiden sich von den traditionellen Modellen durch eine veränderte Beziehung zwischen Arbeitergeber und Arbeitnehmerinnen und/oder durch veränderte Arbeitsorganisation und -prozesse und haben unterschiedliche Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitsbedingungen der Arbeitnehmerinnen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Raess, Damian & Brian Burgoon (2015): Flexiblework and immigration in Europe. In: BJIR, Jg. 53, H. 1, S. 94-111. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12022

Abstract

"Immigration has risen substantially in many European economies, with farreaching if still uncertain implications for labour markets and industrial relations. This article investigates such implications, focusing on employment flexibility, involving both 'external flexibility' (fixed-term or temporary agency and/or involuntary part-time work) and 'internal flexibility' (overtime and/or balancing-time accounts). The article identifies reasons why immigration should generally increase the incidence of such flexibility, and why external flexibility should rise more than internal flexibility. The article supports these claims using a dataset of establishments in 16 European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Smirnykh, Larisa & Andreas Wörgötter (2015): Non-standard contracts, flexibility and employment adjustment. Empirical evidence from Russian establishment data. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1253), Paris, 34 S. DOI:10.1787/5jrw7j0mdlnt-en

Abstract

"This paper examines the use of two forms of non-standard work contracts in Russia with data from an enterprise survey for the years 2009 to 2011. Non-standard work contracts are less costly and more flexible for employers. Internal adjustment in form of wage cuts or unpaid leave is not covered by the Labour Code and earlier practices to impose such measures are less tolerated. Therefore more firms use non-standard work contracts for external flexibility. Statistical analysis shows that companies using non-standard work contracts have similar unobserved characteristics and consider fixed-term contracts and agency work as complements. The main concern for policy is the growing danger of duality following the asymmetric distribution of adjustment costs for workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Valdés Cifuentes, Isabel & Petra Böhnke (2015): Unsichere Beschäftigung und sozialer Zusammenhalt in Europa. In: S. Lessenich (Hrsg.) (2015): Routinen der Krise - Krise der Routinen : Verhandlungen des 37. Kongresses der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie in Trier 2014 (Verhandlungen der Kongresse der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie, Bd. 37), S. 683-693.

Abstract

"Zunehmende Deregulierung und Flexibilisierung auf Europas Arbeitsmärkten führen zu einem Anstieg atypischer Beschäftigungsverhältnisse wie Teilzeit, Befristung, Leiharbeit und geringfügige Beschäftigung. Diese Art der Arbeitsmarktanbindung geht häufig mit einem Planungs-, Anerkennungs- und Sicherheitsverlust einher, der sich auf andere Lebensbereiche wie soziale Beziehungen und die Qualität des sozialen Lebens auswirken kann. Der Beitrag untersucht, inwiefern prekäre Beschäftigung mit der subjektiven Wahrnehmung sozialer Integration in Europa in Verbindung steht und fragt dabei insbesondere nach der Rolle institutioneller Kontexte wie wohlfahrtsstaatliche Maßnahmen und die Ausgestaltung der Arbeitsmarktpolitik." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Koch, Max & Martin Fritz (Hrsg.) (2013): Non-standard employment in Europe. Paradigms, prevalence and policy responses. (Work and welfare in Europe), Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 246 S.

Abstract

"'Non-standard' employment is becoming more common. Fewer people are working full-time and/or have permanent employment contracts; more are working part-time, have fixed-term contracts or are self-employed. Many scholars have pointed to the negative consequences of this development, including 'precarious' forms of employment and in-work poverty. This volume provides a thorough theoretical and empirical analysis of these processes by understanding the 'destandardization' of employment in Europe and the associated modifications in socio-economic regulation both at national and EU level. The book provides country studies of the UK, Spain, Germany, Poland, Croatia, and the Nordic countries and offers comparative European analyses of part-time and fixed-term employment in relation to in-work poverty, exclusion and anomie. Emphasis is on 'best practice' in the governance of non-standard employment. Is there evidence for a new and socially inclusive European employment standard?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lehmann, Hartmut & Anzelika Zaiceva (2013): Informal employment in Russia. Definitions, incidence, determinants and labour market segmentation. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1098), Paris, 46 S. DOI:10.1787/5k3v1tqzmzg7-en

Abstract

"This paper takes stock of informal employment in Russia analysing its incidence and determinants. Using the regular 2003-11 waves and an informality supplement of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) it develops several measures of informal employment and demonstrates that the incidence varies widely across the different definitions. We also show that the determinants of informal employment are roughly stable across the different measures: workers who are males, relatively young, unskilled and employed in construction and trade and related services have a higher likelihood to have an informal job. We also take a look at the issue of labour market segmentation along the informal-formal divide by estimating an informal-formal wage gap at the means and across the entire wage distributions. We find only weak evidence for labour market segmentation in Russia when estimating an informal-formal wage gap for salaried workers at the mean. The results of quantile regressions show a wage penalty in the lower half of the distribution and no gap in the upper half for informal employees. In contrast, informal self-employed and entrepreneurs have conditional mean wages that are higher than the mean wages for the formally employed. Across the entire wage distribution, however, we find a negative wage gap in the lowest quartile and a strongly positive wage gap in the highest quartile, pointing to a segmented informal sector with a lower free entry tier and an upper rationed tier. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the Russian Federation (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/russia)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Matsaganis, Manos, Nirina Rabemiafara & Terry Ward (2013): Young people and temporary employment in Europe. Dublin, 43 S.

Abstract

"Young people in Europe have been particularly affected by the recession: by mid-2013, the unemployment rate among people aged 24 and under was over 23%. A large proportion of workers in this age group are employed on temporary rather than permanent contracts (42% compared to just 10% of workers aged 25 - 64). While temporary or fixed-term contracts can be a stepping stone in the transition from education into work, they can also trap young people in insecure jobs. This report from the European Restructuring Monitor is based on data from correspondents in 28 EU Member States and Norway. It examines the reasons for the growth in temporary employment contracts across the EU and explores the situation regarding access to social protection for young people on such contracts. It reviews the measures put in place in various countries to regulate the use of these contracts - often with a view to encouraging the transition to standard contracts - and finally presents the opinions of the social partners on the issue." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Smirnykh, Larisa & Andreas Wörgötter (2013): Why do Russian firms use fixed-term and agency work contracts? (OECD Economics Department working papers 1014), Paris, 34 S. DOI:10.1787/5k4dlf1ctsbv-en

Abstract

"This study looks into the use of fixed term contracts and agency work in Russia during and shortly after the crisis 2009-10 with the help of an enterprise survey. The results of variance analysis show that the use of fixed-term or agency work contracts is not uniform across sectors, size and skill requirements. Probit analysis reveals that the use of fixed term contracts also increases the likelihood of using agency work, but not the other way around. The increase of temporary and agency work contracts increases the turnover on the labour market and contributes to an increase in dualisation, but may also help to prevent a larger increase in unemployment during crisis periods." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Voss, Eckhard & Katrin Vitols (2013): Leiharbeit in Europa. Zwischen Flexibilität und Sicherheit. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 66, H. 8, S. 580-587. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2013-8-580

Abstract

"Aufgrund gewerkschaftlicher Kampagnen, aber auch infolge des Handlungsdrucks durch die EU-Leiharbeitsrichtlinie und ihres Equal-Pay-Grundsatzes, sind Probleme wie die Einkommensungerechtigkeit und die fehlende Beschäftigungssicherheit in der Leiharbeit wieder in den Fokus beschäftigungs- und verteilungspolitischer Debatten gerückt. Der Beitrag untersucht, ausgehend von Erfahrungen in anderen europäischen Ländern, inwieweit es dort besser als in Deutschland gelungen ist, Leiharbeit weitergehender zu regulieren. Dabei wird deutlich, dass es in anderen EU-Ländern tarifpolitische Regelungen gibt, die erfolgreich darauf zielen, durch die Förderung der Weiterbildung Leiharbeitsbeschäftigte in den Arbeitsmarkt zu integrieren und auch Nachteile in der sozialen Sicherung zumindest abzumildern. Angesichts derartiger Erfahrungen kommen die Autoren zu dem Schluss, dass Deutschland auf ein verlorenes Jahrzehnt hinsichtlich der Einkommensungerechtigkeit in der Leiharbeit zurückblickt und dass die Sozialpartner ihre Gestaltungsfunktion noch zu wenig wahrgenommen haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Allmendinger, Jutta, Johannes Giesecke, Lena Hipp, Kathrin Leuze & Stefan Stuth (2012): Mehr Jobs oder nur mehr schlechte Jobs? Die Entwicklung atypischer Beschäftigung in Europa. (WZBrief Arbeit 13), Berlin, 7 S.

Abstract

"- Die Zunahme atypischer Beschäftigung in Europa geht nicht überall auf Kosten von Vollzeitjobs.
- Atypische Beschäftigung variiert stark zwischen den Ländern und Bevölkerungsgruppen.
- In Deutschland arbeiten vor allem junge und geringqualifizierte Menschen in atypischen Beschäftigungsverhältnissen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Beham, Barbara, Patrick Präg & Sonja Drobnic (2012): Who's got the balance? A study of satisfaction with the work-family balance among part-time service sector employees in five western European countries. In: The international journal of human resource management, Jg. 23, H. 18, S. 3725-3741. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2012.654808

Abstract

"Working part-time is frequently considered a viable strategy for employees to better combine work and non-work responsibilities. The present study examines differences in satisfaction with work-family balance (SWFB) among professional and non-professional part-time service sector employees in five western European countries. Part-time employees were found to be more SWFB than full-time employees even after taking varying demands and resources into account. However, there are important differences among the part-timers. Employees in marginal part-time employment with considerably reduced working hours were the most satisfied. Professionals were found to profit less from reduced working hours and experienced lower levels of SWFB than non-professionals. No significant differences in SWFB were found between male and female part-time workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Comi, Simona & Mara Grasseni (2012): Are temporary workers discriminated against? Evidence from Europe. In: The Manchester School, Jg. 80, H. 1, S. 28-50. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9957.2011.02231.x

Abstract

"We analyse the wage gap between temporary and permanent jobs in nine European countries using a semiparametric approach and evaluate the wage gap across the entire wage distribution. We show that in some countries the fixed-term wage gap decreases as higher quantiles are considered, and that having a fixed-term contract penalizes more workers located at the bottom of the earnings distribution. We find also that workers with the same characteristics as temporary workers would receive higher wages if they worked on permanent contracts in almost all the countries considered, and that this finding is stable across the entire wage distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dräger, Vanessa & Paul Marx (2012): Do firms demand temporary workers when they face workload fluctuation? Cross-country firm-level evidence on the conditioning effect of employment protection. (IZA discussion paper 6894), Bonn, 28 S.

Abstract

"Although the negative economic effects of temporary employment are widely discussed, cross-country research on firms' demand for temporary employment is rare. National studies indicate that workload fluctuations are one major motive for firms to employ temporary workers. By studying a novel data set of 18,500 firms from 20 countries, we show that workload fluctuations increase the probability of hiring temporary workers by eight percentage points in rigid labour markets, but no such effect is observed in flexible labour markets. This conditioning effect of employment protection is in line with a recently developed search-and-matching model. Our results are robust to subgroups, subsamples and alternative estimation strategies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hohnen, Pernille (2012): Capacities and vulnerabilities in precarious work. The perspective of employees in European low wage work. Synthesis report on employees' experiences and work trajectories for Workpackage 7 of the walqing project. Wien, 174 S.

Abstract

"The report discusses work and life quality in new and growing jobs from an individual perspective. The empirical data on which the analysis is based consists of 22 country reports investigating elderly care, cleaning, catering, waste collection and construction in 11 different countries (4-5 countries per sector, see the matrix table below). Each country report is based on 20-25 individual semi-structured interviews with employees working in the selected sector and business functions.
The report consists of this introduction, five chapters, each focusing on one sector, and a conclusion. The chapters follow the same structure by starting with a brief introduction of the main characteristics of work in the sector. The remaining part of each chapter is organized into four sections. The first concentrates on workers' perceptions of the main quality of work and life issues. Then follows a section on agency, career trajectories and career options. The next section examines vulnerability in work and processes of vulnerabilization in the sector. Finally, the last section discusses workers' aspirations and capacities to aspire, followed by a summary and conclusion. The last concluding chapter discusses cross-sector findings in terms of the impact of new and growing jobs on individual lives, and highlights some trends in the present labour market and their possible implications for vulnerability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jahn, Elke, Regina T. Riphahn & Claus Schnabel (2012): Flexible forms of employment. Boon and bane. (LASER discussion papers 62), Erlangen, 11 S.

Abstract

"In recent decades, economic policy makers across Europe have sought to increase labour market flexibility by promoting the use of temporary employment. Four articles in a Feature forthcoming in the Economic Journal (which is based on a IAB/LASER workshop) provide new results on how fixed-term and agency work contracts affect firm productivity and how the segments of two-tier labour markets interact. This paper points to a possible trade-off between efficiency and equity when deregulating labour markets. Taken together, the evidence presented in this Feature suggests that flexible forms of employment can be both a boon and a bane for labour markets and for society as a whole." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kahn, Lawrence M. (2012): Temporary jobs and job search effort in Europe. In: Labour economics, Jg. 19, H. 1, S. 113-128. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2011.09.001

Abstract

"Using longitudinal data on individuals from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) for eleven countries during 1995 - 2001, I investigate temporary job contract duration and job search effort. The countries are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. I construct a search model for workers in temporary jobs which predicts that shorter duration raises search intensity. Calibration of the model to the ECHP data implies that at least 75% of the increase in search intensity over the life of a 2+ year temporary contract occurs in the last six months of the contract. I then estimate regression models for search effort that control for human capital, pay, local unemployment, and individual and time fixed effects. I find that workers on temporary jobs indeed search harder than those on permanent jobs. Moreover, search intensity increases as temporary job duration falls, and roughly 84% of this increase occurs on average in the shortest duration jobs. These results are robust to disaggregation by gender and by country. These empirical results are noteworthy, since it is not necessary to assume myopia or hyperbolic discounting in order to explain them, although the data clearly also do not rule out such explanations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Karabchuk, Tatiana (2012): Temporary employment in Russia: why mostly men? In: European Journal of Comparative Economics, Jg. 9, H. 2, S. 279-303.

Abstract

"The paper deals with temporary employment in the Russian labour market. The main focus is the gender difference regarding determinants of temporary employment. Unlike most European countries, where women are more likely to have temporary work, in Russia men predominantly have this status, comparable to the situation in many developing countries. This paper seeks to understand why this is the case. The household survey of NOBUS (held in 2003 by State Statistical Centre with World Bank participation) is used to answer this question: the results suggest that gender differences in temporary employment do exist, and that the main factors that explain these differences are education, and marital status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lancker, Wim Van (2012): The European world of temporary employment. In: European Societies, Jg. 14, H. 1, S. 83-111. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2011.638082

Abstract

"Departing from growing concerns about in-work poverty and the proliferation of flexible employment, we investigate the association between temporary employment and poverty in a European comparative perspective. In doing so, we focus specifically on possible gender dimensions, because some are concerned that the impact of flexible employment on income security will be different for men and women and that gender inequality will increase. By means of a logistic multilevel model, we analyse recent EU-SILC data for 24 European countries. The results show that the temporarily employed have a higher poverty risk vis-à-vis permanent workers, mainly caused by lower wages. However, the risk factors to become working poor are similar. The poorly educated, young workers and those living in a single earner household with dependent children have an increased probability to live in poverty, whether they are employed on temporary or permanent basis. Differences between European welfare regimes demonstrate that policy constellations influence the magnitude of these risk factors. Counter-intuitively, temporary working women have a lower poverty risk than their male counterparts. They are better protected because they are more often secondary earners in a dual earning household, while men are more often primary earners. This article advances knowledge on the linkages between temporary employment, economic insecurity and gender differences in European welfare states." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Liebensteiner, Mario (2012): Estimating the income gain of seasonal labour migration. (WIFO working papers 430), Wien, 38 S.

Abstract

"In recent years, a new trend of seasonal labour migration from Armenia to Russia has emerged. Based on a novel household survey, this paper analyses how successful seasonal migrants are in increasing their incomes. Applying matching operators allows addressing endogenous self-selection to migration. We identify negative selection based on education, employment and pre-migration income. This is reflected by a premium for low skills in Russia relative to Armenia, luring seasonal migrants into low-skill jobs, mainly in the construction sector. The income gain for a migrant is estimated at $ 480 relative to the approximately $ 50 that the same individual would have earned in Armenia. The results are robust to various matching techniques and specifications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Morris, Jeremy (2012): Unruly entrepreneurs: Russian worker responses to insecure formal employment. In: Global Labour Journal, Jg. 3, H. 2, S. 217-236.

Abstract

"The article adds to research on in-work poverty, 'precarious' work and informal economic activity. It provides ethnographic data on mobility between formal and informal work in Russia; industrial 'normative' employment is seen as precarious due to on-the-job insecurity (Standing 2011). Insecurity is understood through the prism of low-wages, lack of control over work processes, but above all the imperative on workers to become flexible, self-regulating subjects of the reformed neoliberal Russia. The discourse of self-governmentality is contrasted by informants to interpretations of more benign production regimes under socialism (Burawoy 1992). Exit strategies from, and discourses of resistance to, the new strictures of waged employment are then examined. These are sustained by access to an embedded blue-collar identity, and the social networks that support and reinforce such ties." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schmeißer, Claudia, Stefan Stuth, Clara Behrend, Robert Budras, Lena Hipp, Kathrin Leuze & Johannes Giesecke (2012): Atypische Beschäftigung in Europa 1996-2009. (WZB discussion paper P / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Forschungsgruppe der Präsidentin 2012-001), Berlin, 174 S.

Abstract

"Um die Wirkung atypischer Beschäftigungsverhältnisse auf Struktur und Ausmaß sozialer Ungleichheit abschätzen zu können, zeichnet das Discussion Paper für 20 europäische Länder nach, wie sich atypische Beschäftigung im Vergleich zu regulären Beschäftigungsverhältnissen sowie Arbeitslosigkeit und Inaktivität entwickelt hat. Der Beobachtungszeitraum erstreckt sich von 1996 bis einschließlich 2009. Mit befristeten Beschäftigungsverhältnissen, Soloselbstständigkeit sowie substanzieller und marginaler Teilzeitarbeit werden vier Arten atypischer Beschäftigung unterschieden. Weil Arbeitsmarktrisiken ungleich zwischen verschiedenen Gruppen verteilt sind, betrachten wir die Beschäftigungsentwicklung getrennt nach Geschlecht, Alter und Bildung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Schmid, Günther (2012): Von der Arbeitslosen- zur Arbeitsversicherung. In: Leviathan, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 248-270. DOI:10.5771/0340-0425-2012-2-248

Abstract

"Die Differenzierung in der Arbeitswelt hat zu einer Zunahme hoch riskanter atypischer Beschäftigung geführt, darunter Arbeit in Teilzeit, Befristung und Soloselbstständigkeit. Die damit verbundenen Risiken sind jedoch weitgehend ungesichert, und die Kosten werden häufig auf die betroffenen Beschäftigten abgewälzt, ohne diese an den etwaigen Erträgen zu beteiligen. Dieser Beitrag bietet konzentriertes Anschauungsmaterial über die Ausbreitung atypischer Beschäftigung in Deutschland und Europa. Er analysiert Gründe und Folgen dieser Beschäftigungsformen und schlägt die Weiterentwicklung der Idee einer Arbeitsversicherung vor. Die entsprechende Neuordnung des Arbeitsmarkts zielt auf faire und effiziente Risikoteilung zwischen Arbeit und Kapital sowie auf mehr Selbstbestimmung der Arbeit im Lebensverlauf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Baranowska, Anna, Michael Gebel & Irena E. Kotowska (2011): The role of fixed-term contracts at labour market entry in Poland. Stepping stones, screening devices, traps or search subsidies? In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 25, H. 4, S. 777-793. DOI:10.1177/0950017011419705

Abstract

"Poland has become an interesting outlier in Europe in terms of employment flexibility, with an extremely high incidence of fixed-term contracts, particularly at labour market entry. In this article, detailed retrospective data from the Polish School Leavers Survey are used to analyse the dynamics of entry and exit from fixed-term contracts. The results show that neither firm-based vocational training nor diplomas from more selective tertiary education institutions provide graduates better access to secure entry positions. Regarding exit dynamics, transition patterns from fixed-term contracts into unemployment suggest that the timing of exits often coincides with the date of becoming eligible to collect unemployment benefits. The results also imply that, in Poland, fixed-term contracts might serve employers by helping them to identify the best workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brenke, Karl (2011): Anhaltender Strukturwandel zur Teilzeitbeschäftigung. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 78, H. 42, S. 3-12.

Abstract

"Die Bedeutung der Teilzeitbeschäftigung ist stark gewachsen - in Deutschland wie generell in Europa. In Deutschland hat sie in überdurchschnittlichem Maße zugelegt und ist derzeit stärker verbreitet als im EU-Durchschnitt. Offenbar handelt es sich um einen grundlegenden Strukturwandel, denn die Teilzeitarbeit hat unbeeinflusst von konjunkturellen Entwicklungen zugenommen. Wenngleich nach wie vor insbesondere einfache Tätigkeiten in Teilzeit ausgeübt werden, haben immer mehr Erwerbstätige mit einer mittleren oder hohen Qualifikation verkürzte Arbeitszeiten. Teilzeitarbeit hat sich auf immer mehr Berufsfelder und Tätigkeiten ausgebreitet. Für einen Strukturwandel spricht auch, dass sie besonders kräftig unter den Männern zugelegt hat. Dennoch sind verkürzte Arbeitszeiten nach wie vor eindeutig die Domäne von Frauen - und zwar europaweit. Obwohl sich die Teilzeitquoten von Männern und Frauen in Deutschland einander angenähert haben, ist der Unterschied immer noch deutlich größer als in den meisten anderen europäischen Staaten. Große Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern zeigen sich in Deutschland wie generell in der EU hinsichtlich der Gründe für eine Teilzeitbeschäftigung: Bei Frauen sind es vor allem familiäre Motive, bei Männern dagegen eher die berufliche Qualifizierung und insbesondere der Mangel an Vollzeitstellen. Bei nicht wenigen Frauen ist ebenfalls ein unzureichendes Arbeitsplatzangebot ein Grund, sich mit einer Teilzeitstelle zu bescheiden. Trotz der in den letzten Jahren verbesserten Arbeitsmarktlage in Deutschland hat sich die Zahl derjenigen Erwerbstätigen, für die ein Teilzeitjob nur eine Notlösung darstellt, bei reichlich zwei Millionen eingependelt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Hazans, Mihails (2011): Informal workers across Europe. Evidence from 30 countries. (IZA discussion paper 5871), Bonn, 44 S.

Abstract

"The European Social Survey data are used to analyze informal employment at the main job in 30 countries. Overall, informality decreases from South to West to East to North. However, dependent work without contract is more prevalent in Eastern Europe than in the West, except for Ireland, the UK and Austria. Between 2004 and 2009, no cases found when unemployment and dependent informality rates in a country went up together, suggesting that work without contract is pro-cyclical in Europe. Dependent informality rate is inversely related to skills (measured by either schooling or occupation). The low-educated, the young (especially students), the elderly, and persons with disabilities are more likely to work informally, other things equal. In Southern and Western Europe, immigrants from CEE and FSU feature the highest dependent informality rate, whilst in Eastern Europe this group is second after minorities without immigrant background. In Eastern, Southern and part of Western Europe, immigrants not covered by EU free mobility provisions are more likely to work without contracts than otherwise similar natives. We provide evidence that exclusion and discrimination play important role in pushing employees into informality, whilst this seems not to be the case for informal self-employed. Both on average and after controlling for a rich set of individual characteristics, informal employees in all parts of Europe are having the largest financial difficulties among all categories of employed population (yet they fare much better than the unemployed and discouraged), whilst informal self-employed are at least as well off as formal employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schmid, Günther (2011): Non-standard employment in Europe. Its development and consequences for the European Employment Strategy. In: German Policy Studies, Jg. 7, H. 1, S. 171-210.

Abstract

"The last decades have seen an erosion of the traditionally defined 'standard employment relationship' through part-time work, fixed-term contracts, temp-agency work and self-employment. Whereas many welcome this development as a blessing for flexible labour markets, others are highly critical hinting to disastrous intended or unintended side-effects such as low or volatile income, dead-end jobs instead of stepping stones, high job insecurity, and poverty in old-age. The European Commission tried to bridge these two opposing views by conceptualising 'flexicurity' as the objective of the European Employment Strategy, aimed at 'balancing' flexibility and security. Although this oxymoron became common parlance in the meantime, the concept is still quit ambiguous, leading often to cheap talk or being captured by various political interests. Furthermore, one of its main goals, the growth of employment by further increasing labour force participation under the condition of reducing unemployment and labour market segmentation has not been achieved and is now even far out of sight due to the recent economic crisis. The aim of this essay, therefore, is to test the actual and potential role of non-standard employment in view of the 'flexicurity' concept through systematic descriptive work and conceptual reflections: first by comparing the development of non-standard employment in 24 EU member states from 1998 to 2008; second by relating this development to the dynamics of labour force participation; third by exploring the main (structural, institutional and behavioural) determinants of this development; and fourth by discussing - in the light of the Post-Lisbon process - the policy consequences aimed at ensuring a complementary relationship between flexibility and security rather than trading-off one against the other." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Eichhorst, Werner, Paul Marx & Eric Thode (2010): Atypische Beschäftigung und Niedriglohnarbeit. Benchmarking Deutschland: Befristete und geringfügige Tätigkeiten, Zeitarbeit und Niedriglohnbeschäftigung. Gütersloh, 53 S.

Abstract

"Die Diskussion über die Schaffung neuer, zusätzlicher Arbeitsplätze durch institutionelle Reformen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt dreht sich im Kern in zahlreichen europäischen Staaten um die Rolle 'atypischer' Beschäftigungsverhältnisse. Diese orientieren sich nicht an unbefristeter Vollzeitarbeit (dem sogenannten Normalarbeitsverhältnis), die in der Regel tarifvertraglich geregelt ist und den vollen Schutz der sozialen Sicherungssysteme in Deutschland gewährt. Auf der einen Seite bieten atypische Arbeitsverhältnisse tatsächlich zusätzliche Erwerbschancen insbesondere im Dienstleistungssektor, auf der anderen Seite zeichnen sie sich oft durch Abweichungen vom jeweiligen tarif-, unternehmens- oder betriebsüblichen Standard hinsichtlich Arbeitszeiten, Entlohnung oder Bestandssicherheit aus. Die Notwendigkeit der Re-Regulierung atypischer Beschäftigungsformen steht deshalb auf dem Prüfstand und wird je nach Perspektive - beschäftigungspolitische vs. sozialpolitische Orientierung - unterschiedlich bewertet. Auf der Grundlage der empirischen Beobachtungen ist ein differenziertes Urteil über die Bedeutung atypischer Beschäftigung und von deren Chancen und Risiken möglich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Glorius, Birgit (2010): Die neuen Sachsengänger: Pendelmigration polnischer Erntehelfer nach Deutschland. In: Migration und Soziale Arbeit, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 110-117. DOI:10.3262/MIG1002110

Abstract

Die Verfasserin stellt zunächst die Entwicklung des polnisch-deutschen Arbeitsmigrationssystems dar. Sie beschreibt den rechtlichen Rahmen zur Rekrutierung und zum Aufenthalt ausländischer Saisonarbeitnehmer und unterstreicht die Bedeutung ausländischer Saisonarbeitnehmer für die deutsche Landwirtschaft. Eine Fallstudie polnischer Erntehelfer im sächsischen Obstland zeigt exemplarisch die Funktionsweise des saisonalen Arbeitsmigrationssystems. Durch die Rekrutierung der transformationsbedingt freigesetzten Arbeitskräfte werden die Sozialkassen der Entsendeländer entlastet und die individuellen Lebensbedingungen verbessert. Soziale und institutionelle Netzwerke haben eine große Bedeutung für den Rekrutierungsprozess der Saisonarbeitnehmer. Die meisten Befragten nehmen eine Saisonarbeit aus ökonomischen Gründen auf. (IAB)

Zitatform

Kahn, Lawrence M. (2010): Employment protection reforms, employment and the incidence of temporary jobs in Europe: 1995-2001. In: Labour economics, Jg. 17, H. 1, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2009.05.001

Abstract

"Using European Community Household Panel data for nine countries for 1996-2001, I investigate the impact of reforms of employment protection systems on employment and on temporary jobs for wage and salary workers. Individual fixed effects models are estimated, with the inclusion of country-specific trends in the dependent variable, addressing the possibly changing labor force composition and the possible endogeneity of the reforms. A basic finding that is robust to all specifications and to the disaggregation of the sample by country is that policies making it easier to create temporary jobs raise the likelihood that wage and salary workers will be in temporary jobs. However, there is no evidence that such reforms raise employment, and in some countries, they appear to lower employment. Thus, these reforms appear rather to encourage a substitution of temporary for permanent work. Reforms of permanent employment protection mandates have small and insignificant effects on employment and temporary jobs on average. Moreover, when I disaggregate by country, such reforms appear more often to lower overall employment and to lower the share of employment in permanent jobs. These are likely to reflect short run impacts of such reforms, which make it easier for firms to discharge substandard workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kerkhofs, Marcel, Amelia Román & Peter Ester (2010): Flexibility profiles of European companies. European Company Survey 2009. Dublin, 45 S.

Abstract

"This report analyses European corporate practices in terms of working time flexibility as revealed by the European Company Survey 2009 (ECS 2009). Flexibility in working time is a central aspect of ongoing debates regarding boosting employment in the EU. Enabling employees to better balance their working time and domestic responsibilities is seen as a key way of encouraging more citizens to enter and remain in the workforce. At the same time, greater working time flexibility on the part of companies - and hence, employees - can enable European enterprises to be more responsive to market demands, so boosting the Union's competitiveness." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Metz-Göckel, Sigrid, Senganata Münst & Dobrochna Kalwa (2010): Migration als Ressource: Zur Pendelmigration polnischer Frauen in Privathaushalte der Bundesrepublik. Opladen: Budrich, 366 S.

Abstract

"Die Arbeitsmigrantinnen pendeln in unterschiedlichen Rhythmen zwischen ihrem Heimatort in Polen und den Arbeitsplätzen in Deutschland. Hier arbeiten sie ungeschützt in prekären Beschäftigungsverhältnissen in Privathaushalten und organisieren weiterhin ihren Haushalt in Polen. In den meisten Fällen nutzen sie ein informelles Netzwerk für die Arbeits- und Wohnungsakquise, sehr viel seltener informelle Vermittlungsagenturen. Die Grundlage bilden Interviews mit 20 Pendlerinnen im Ruhrgebiet und 20 Pendlerinnen in Polen. Die interviewten Frauen sind vorwiegend in der Altenbetreuung und Reinigung beschäftigt. Im Alter, Bildungsstand, Berufserfahrungs- und Migrationserfahrung sind sie sehr heterogen. Die größte Gruppe bilden ältere Frauen mit Kindern. Welche Motive ihrem Pendeln zugrunde liegen, und welche Auswirkungen dies auf die Geschlechterbeziehungen in Deutschland sowie auf die Familien bzw. Haushalte in Polen hat, wird aus einer intersektionalen Perspektive analysiert." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Ortiz, Luis (2010): Not the right job, but a secure one: over-education and temporary employment in France, Italy and Spain. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 24, H. 1, S. 47-64. DOI:10.1177/0950017009353657

Abstract

"Recent educational expansion in many OECD countries has renewed interest in over-education. The educational system has often been highlighted as the main source of over-education, whereas the role of the labour market has been neglected. Using European Community Household Panel data on three countries with similar systems of education but different levels of temporary employment, the association between job security and over-education is explored here. The results show that in quite segmented labour markets, where a permanent contract is an especially valuable asset, human capital might be traded off for job security. Over-education thus becomes paradoxically likelier among permanent workers than among temporary ones." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schmid, Günther (2010): Non-standard employment and labour force participation. A comparative view of the recent development in Europe. (IZA discussion paper 5087), Bonn, 55 S.

Abstract

"This paper presents - in a new way of examination and portrayal - the extent and changes of nonstandard employment relationships (part-time work, fixed-term contracts, and selfemployment) in 24 EU member states at two points of time, in 1998 and 2008, on the basis of the European Labour Force Survey. Apart from a detailed statistical description by gender, skills and branches, theoretical considerations explaining the development are also examined and tested in a preliminary way. Finally, the most important results and their challenges to the future labour market policy are emphasised again and discussed. The central outcome is neither the complaint of the eroding 'standard employment relationship' nor of its potential 'precariousness'; it is rather the requirement of increasing variability in employment relations due to rising employment participation of women (work-life-balance), mature aged workers, and persons with restricted work capacities. However, parallel to this development social risks are also spreading over the life course, especially the risk of great income volatility through multiple or long periods of unemployment, changing working times, obsolete skills or restricted work capacities due to ill health. In order to reduce or to avoid new social inequalities, future labour market reforms have to acknowledge this development by establishing new forms of social security or by constituting a more flexible standard employment relationship through adaptations in labour and social law. The contribution ends by providing some suggestions to such reforms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

Der Bericht gibt einen Überblick über die wirtschaftliche Situation der Leiharbeitsbranche weltweit. Auf der Grundlage von Daten aus dem Jahr 2009 wird die Verbreitung und der Umsatz von Leiharbeitsunternehmen sowie die Anzahl und Struktur der Leiharbeitnehmer dargestellt. Dabei wird auf die Alterstruktur, die Bildungsstruktur und die sektorale Verteilung von Leiharbeitnehmern eingegangen sowie auf ihre Motive und ihre Zufriedenheit mit der Arbeit. Außerdem wird thematisiert, warum Unternehmen Leiharbeit einsetzen und welche wirtschaftliche Bedeutung von Leiharbeit zukommt. Weitweit gibt es 72.000 Leiharbeitsunternehmen mit 741.000 Beschäftigten, die insgesamt im Jahr 2009 einen Umsatz von rund 203 Milliarden Euro erwirtschafteten. Japan und die USA liegen dabei mit jeweils über 20 Prozent des Gesamtumsatzes an der Spitze; auf Europa entfallen rund 40 Prozent des Umsatzes. Infolge der weltweiten Wirtschaftskrise hat auch die Leiharbeitsbranche einen Einbruch erlitten, sie hat sich jedoch mit dem Aufschwung wieder deutlich erholt. Die Bedeutung von Leiharbeit wird darin gesehen, dass sie die Flexibilität und Durchlässigkeit von Arbeitsmärkten erhöht: Es werden neue Arbeitsplätze geschaffen, und Leiharbeit kann für Arbeitslose ein Sprungbrett in den Arbeitsmarkt darstellen. Somit wird Leiharbeit als ein Mittel zur Bekämpfung von Arbeitslosigkeit und Schwarzarbeit betrachtet. (IAB)

Zitatform

Barbieri, Paolo (2009): Flexible employment and inequality in Europe. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 25, H. 6, S. 621-628. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcp020

Abstract

Der Beitrag entwirft eine Typologie der Flexibilität bezogen auf den Arbeitsmarkt (numerische Flexibilität, funktionale Flexibilität, zeitliche Flexibilität und Einkommensflexibilität) und gibt einen Literaturüberblick über unterschiedliche Ungleichheitsszenarien in Europa als Auswirkung von Flexibilität. Danach werden in kontinentaleuropäischen Ländern wie Deutschland und Frankreich hohe Einkommensunterschiede wie in Großbritannien oder Irland gesellschaftlich nicht akzeptiert, wohl aber eine sehr viel größere Ungleichheit bei der Jobsicherheit. Mittelmeerländer wie Italien und Griechenland wiederum akzeptieren Einkommensunterschiede in einer Höhe wie in Deutschland oder Frankreich nicht, wohl aber noch größere Unterschiede bei der Jobsicherheit. Jobsicherheit bzw. Jobunsicherheit als Folge von Inklusion bzw. Exklusion auf dem Arbeitsmarkt wiederum korreliert eng mit dem Niveau der beruflichen Qualifikation. Während in den meisten europäischen Ländern die Arbeitsplätze für gut ausgebildete männliche Arbeitnehmer in der Mitte ihres Berufslebens sicher sind, droht Frauen und neu in den Arbeitsmarkt eintretenden Arbeitnehmern die Gefahr prekärer Beschäftigung mit dem Risiko gesellschaftlicher Exklusion. (IAB)

Zitatform

Boost, Claudia & Herbert S. Buscher (2009): Zeitarbeit in Deutschland und Europa. In: Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 15, H. 2, S. 74-80.

Abstract

"Die Zeitarbeitsbranche ist eine der schnellstwachsenden Branchen in Deutschland. Diese Entwicklung beeinflusst den gesamten deutschen Arbeitsmarkt nachhaltig. Die besondere Ausgestaltung dieser Beschäftigungsform macht sie sowohl für Arbeitgeber als auch für Arbeitnehmer aus verschiedenen Gründen attraktiv. Trotz allem genießt die Branche nicht durchgängig einen guten Ruf. Die Beschäftigungsform zählt zu den prekären, unsicheren Arbeitsverhältnissen und gilt im Vergleich zu regulären Beschäftigungsverhältnissen vielfach als Brückenfunktion in eine reguläre Beschäftigung. Auf Basis der Arbeitnehmerüberlassungsstatistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit sowie des Soziooekonomischen Panels 2007 werden Stand und Ausprägung wichtiger Merkmale der Zeitarbeit dargestellt und regional sowie international verglichen. Noch machen die Beschäftigten der Zeitarbeit nur einen marginalen Anteil an allen Erwerbstätigen aus. Die zukünftige Entwicklung der Branche hängt von unterschiedlichen Faktoren ab und könnte in gegensätzliche Richtungen gehen. Der Flexibilisierungsgrad des klassischen Arbeitsmarkts sowie die Anpassung der Zeitarbeitsbranche an den Beschäftigungsmarkt beeinflussen die Zukunft der Zeitarbeit. Andere europäische Länder zeigen bereits heute einerseits Sättigungsgrenzen und andererseits mögliche Ausbreitungsspektren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)