Zitatform

Watkins-Hayes, Celeste (2009): The New Welfare Bureaucrats. Entanglements of Race, Class, and Policy Reform. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 315 S.

Abstract

"As the recession worsens, more and more Americans must turn to welfare to make ends meet. Once inside the agency, the newly jobless will face a bureaucracy that has undergone massive change since the advent of welfare reform in 1996. A behind-the-scenes look at bureaucracy’s human face, The New Welfare Bureaucrats is a compelling study of welfare officers and how they navigate the increasingly tangled political and emotional terrain of their jobs. Celeste Watkins-Hayes here reveals how welfare reform engendered a shift in focus for caseworkers from simply providing monetary aid to the much more complex process of helping recipients find work. Now both more intimately involved in their clients’ lives and wielding greater power over their well-being, welfare officers’ racial, class, and professional identities have become increasingly important factors in their work. Based on the author’s extensive fieldwork in two very different communities in the northeast, The New Welfare Bureaucrats is a boon to anyone looking to understand the impact of the institutional and policy changes wrought by welfare reform as well as the subtle social dynamics that shape the way welfare is meted out at the individual Level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © University of Chicago Press) ((en))

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Hipp, Lena & Mildred E. Warner (2008): Market forces for the unemployed? Training vouchers in Germany and the USA. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 42, H. 1, S. 77-101. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2007.00589.x

Abstract

"Vouchers are meant to increase competition and consumer choice in public service markets. Using the example of training vouchers for the unemployed in the USA and Germany, we show, however, that deficits, both on the demand and the supply side of the market, create problems with preference alignment and market formation. Information asymmetries undermine choice by the unemployed and reduce government control over the training system. Ironically, restrictions meant to compensate for these information deficits further inhibit competitive market formation. Evaluation data on training vouchers from both countries show that voucher systems do not increase choice, but weaken the partnerships public employment agencies previously had with training providers, and may lead to a shortage of high-quality and specialized training, as well as creaming in the selection of training participants. Theoretical justification for vouchers is based on the notion of choice and consumer sovereignty. Using this framework to analyse the changed relationship between government, private training providers, and jobseekers, we challenge the efficacy of vouchers as a delivery mechanism in complex public service markets such as job training." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hollenbeck, Kevin (2008): Sensitivity testing of net impact estimates of workforce development programs using administrative data. (Upjohn Institute staff working paper 2008-139), Kalamazoo, 55 S. DOI:10.17848/wp08-139

Abstract

"This paper addresses the question of whether administrative data sources, such as performance monitoring data, can be used for program evaluation purposes. It argues that under certain circumstances, such data can be used. In particular, program performance data that are routinely gathered and monitored by administrators of many workforce development programs meet these circumstances. The paper goes on to demonstrate the point by using administrative data from the state of Washington to examine the net impact on earnings and employment of services provided to adults under the Workforce Investment Act (WIA). Because of a lack of consensus about appropriate net impact estimators, the strategy of this paper is to examine the sensitivity of the results to various estimation techniques. The paper describes the various estimation techniques, and it summarizes the net impact estimates that are generated for the State of Washington. For the most part, the results are fairly stable across the techniques, which the paper argues adds a degree of confidence in them. The final section of the paper offers guidance to policymakers and program administrators who may not be familiar with the technical details of various analytical approaches about how empirical results that may appear to be complex or unstable can be used for program improvement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hsiao, Cheng, Yan Shen, Boqing Wang & Greg Weeks (2008): Evaluating the effectiveness of Washington state repeated job search services on the employment rate of prime-age female welfare recipients. In: Journal of econometrics, Jg. 145, H. 1/2, S. 98-108. DOI:10.1016/j.jeconom.2008.05.011

Abstract

"This paper uses an unbalanced panel dataset to evaluate how repeated job search services (JSS) and personal characteristics affect the employment rate of the prime-age female welfare recipients in the State of Washington. We propose a transition probability model to take into account issues of sample attrition, sample refreshment and duration dependence. We also generalize Honoré and Kyriazidou's [Honoré, B.E., Kyriazidou, E., 2000. Panel data discrete choice models with lagged dependent variables. Econometrica 68 (4), 839-874] conditional maximum likelihood estimator to allow for the presence of individual-specific effects. A limited information test is suggested to test for selection issues in non-experimental data. The specification tests indicate that the (conditional on the set of the confounding variables considered) assumptions of no selection due to unobservables and/or no unobserved individual-specific effects are not violated. Our findings indicate that the first job search service does have positive and significant impacts on the employment rate. However, providing repeated JSS to the same client has no significant impact. Further, we find that there are significant experience-enhancing effects. These findings suggest that providing one job search services training to individuals may have a lasting impact on raising their employment rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Finn, Dan (2007): Contracting out welfare to work in the USA. Delivery lessons. (Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 466), London, 34 S.

Abstract

"There has been no comprehensive evaluation of the impacts of contracting out welfare to work in the USA. This literature review explores survey and case study evidence published by various policy institutes and academics and from the reports of various audit, oversight and regulatory authorities. A number of key lessons can be drawn from this research regarding contracting out welfare to work provision." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mueser, Peter R., Kenneth R. Troske & Alexey Gorislavsky (2007): Using state administrative data to measure program performance. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 89, H. 4, S. 761-783. DOI:10.1162/rest.89.4.761

Abstract

"We use administrative data from Missouri to examine the sensitivity of earnings impact estimates for a job training program based on alternative nonexperimental methods. We consider regression adjustment, Mahalanobis distance matching, and various methods using propensity-score matching, examining both cross-sectional estimates and difference-in-difference estimates. Specification tests suggest that the difference-in-difference estimator may provide a better measure of program impact. We find that propensity-score matching is most effective, but the detailed implementation is not of critical importance. Our analyses demonstrate that existing data can be used to obtain useful estimates of program impact." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pavoni, Nicola & G. L. Violante (2007): Optimal welfare-to-work programs. In: The Review of Economic Studies, Jg. 74, H. 1, S. 283-318.

Abstract

"A Welfare-to-Work (WTW) program is a mix of government expenditures on various labour market policies targeted to the unemployed (e.g. unemployment insurance (UI), job search monitoring (JM), social assistance (SA), wage subsidies). This paper provides a dynamic principal-agent framework suitable for analysing chief features of an optimal WTW program, such as the sequence and duration of the different policies, the dynamic pattern of payments along the unemployment spell, and the emergence of taxes/subsidies upon re-employment. The optimal program endogenously generates an absorbing policy of last resort ('social assistance') characterized by a constant lifetime payment and no active participation by the agent. Human capital depreciation is a necessary condition for policy transitions to be part of an optimal WTW program. The typical sequence of policies is quite simple: the program starts with standard UI, then switches into monitored search and, finally, into SA. The optimal benefits are decreasing during unemployment insurance and constant during both JM and SA. Whereas taxes (subsidies) can be either increasing or decreasing with duration during UI, they must decrease (increase) during a phase of JM. In a calibration exercise, we use our model to analyse quantitatively the features of the optimal program for the U.S. economy. With respect to the existing U.S. system, the optimal WTW scheme delivers sizeable welfare gains to unskilled workers because the incentives to search for a job can be retained even while delivering more insurance and using costly monitoring less intensively." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Plesca, Miana & Jeffrey Smith (2007): Evaluating multi-treatment programs. Theory and evidence from the U.S. Job Training Partnership Act experiment. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 32, H. 2/3, S. 491-528. DOI:10.1007/s00181-006-0095-0

Abstract

Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Evaluierung von Multiple-Treatment-Programmen. Die theoretische Diskussion erläutert den Kompromiss zwischen der Auswertung des Programms im Ganzen und einer getrennten Evaluierung der verschiedenen individuellen Maßnahmen und Verfahren. Die empirische Analyse unterstreicht, wie wichtig es ist, Multi-Treatment-Programme zu zerlegen und benutzt dabei Daten einer Untersuchung in den USA zum nationalen Arbeitsförderungsgesetz (National Job Training Partnership Act - JTPA). Die Untersuchung umfasst sowohl experimentelle Daten, die als Richtgröße dienen, als auch nicht-exprimentelle Daten. Das JTPA-Experiment unterteilt das Programm in drei Komponenten, die unterschiedlichen Dienstleistungen entsprechen. Im Gegensatz zu vorangegangenen Arbeiten, die das Programm als Ganzes analysierten, werden die Komponenten getrennt analysiert. Ungeachtet der relativ geringen Größe der Stichproben illustrieren die Ergebnisse, wie wertvolle Einsichten in Verlauf und Wirkung des Programms verloren gehen können, wenn die einzelnen Verfahren und Maßnahmen zusammengefasst werden. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, dass viele der Erkenntnisse, die sich aus der Analyse des JTPA als Ganzes ergeben, auf die individuellen Komponenten des Programms übertragen werden können. (IAB)

Zitatform

Schöller, Deborah (2007): Service offshoring and the demand for less-skilled labor. Evidence from Germany. (Hohenheimer Diskussionsbeiträge 287/2007), Stuttgart, 38 S.

Abstract

"Besides material offshoring, economists have started to analyze the impact of service offshoring on domestic employment. Services are of particular interest since their significance has grown in terms of both quantity and quality. One decade ago, most services were considered non-tradable, but the emergence of new information and communication technologies has contributed to overcoming geographical distance. The move towards the liberalization of international service trade has further accelerated this process. The empirical part of this paper first calculates German service offshoring intensities on a sectoral basis using input-output data. This measurement represents the proportion of imported service inputs used in home production. Germany's average service offshoring intensity more than doubled from 1991 to 2003. In a next step, the impact of service offshoring on the demand for heterogeneous labor in Germany is estimated at a sectoral level including 28 manufacturing sectors. The partial static equilibrium model is based on a variable unit cost function in the general translog form allowing for quasi-fixed input factors. Two different skill-levels are taken into account. The estimation results indicate that service offshoring reduced the relative demand for less-skilled labor in the German manufacturing sectors by on average -0.06 to -0.16% per year between 1991 and 2000." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cebulla, Andreas & David Greenberg (2006): The effects of welfare-to-work programs in the United States. Findings of a meta-analysis. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 55, H. 6, S. 139-145.

Abstract

"Die Debatte über die Reform des Wohlfahrtsstaates in Deutschland zieht häufig Evaluationen von US-amerikanischen 'welfare-to-work'-Programmen heran, um die Argumente für mehr Aktivierung und die Reorganisation wohlfahrtsstaatlicher Strukturen zu beleuchten. Dies ist problematisch. da die dargestellten Beispiele von US-Programmen häufig unvollständig sind. Dieser Artikel fasst die Ergebnisse einer Metaanalyse von 79 US-amerikanischen 'welfare-to-work'-Programmen zusammen und stellt eine robuste Einschätzung ihrer Wirksamkeit dar, insbesondere deren Einfluss auf die Anzahl der Sozialleistungsempfänger, die Höhe der Leistungsaufwendung sowie Beschäftigung und Einkommen der Leistungsempfänger. Schlussfolgerungen für das Reformprogramm Deutschlands werden gezogen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dyke, Andrew, Carolyn J. Heinrich, Peter R. Mueser, Kenneth R. Troske & Kyung-Seong Jeon (2006): The effects of welfare-to-work program activities on labor market outcomes. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 24, H. 3, S. 567-607. DOI:10.1086/504642

Abstract

"Studies examining welfare-to-work program effectiveness present mixed and sometimes discrepant findings, partly due to research design, data, and methodological limitations. Using administrative data on Missouri and North Carolina welfare recipients, we substantially improve on past estimation approaches to identify the distinct effects of each state's welfare-to-work subprograms-assessment, job search assistance and job readiness training, and more intensive programs designed to augment human capital. More intensive training is associated with greater initial earnings losses but also greater long-run earnings gains. The negative program impacts we observe in quarters immediately following participation turn positive by the second year after participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hill, Carolyn J. (2006): Casework job design and client outcomes in welfare-to-work offices. In: Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, Jg. 16, H. 2, S. 263-288. DOI:10.1093/jopart/mui043

Abstract

"Differences in performance across different locations of a human service program may be driven by client, managerial, organizational, policy, or environmental characteristics. While many of these factors are outside the control of local managers, other factors may be open to influence by local discretion and may have independent effects on performance. One issue facing local managers is how to divide job tasks among frontline staff, but little evidence is available regarding whether job design is related to performance. In this article, I examine the relationships between different casework task configurations and welfare-to-work office performance. Controlling for a number of client and office characteristics, I find that clients' average earnings are higher over a two-year period in offices that primarily use unified case management and in offices with a specialist who develops job opportunities. I find no effects on earnings in offices that use other kinds of specialists and no effects of unified case management or specialists on welfare benefit receipt in the two-year period. Overall, the findings suggest that local managerial decisions regarding job design help explain the variation in performance across offices and suggest a possible lever through which performance can be improved." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hotz, V. Joseph, Guido W. Imbens & Jacob A. Klerman (2006): Evaluating the differential effects of alternative welfare-to-work training components. A reanalysis of the California GAIN Program. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 24, H. 3, S. 521-566.

Abstract

"We show how data from an evaluation in which subjects are randomly assigned to some treatment versus a control group can be combined with nonexperimental methods to estimate the differential effects of alternative treatments. We propose tests for the validity of these methods. We use these methods and tests to analyze the differential effects of labor force attachment (LFA) versus human capital development (HCD) training components with data from California's Greater Avenues to Independence (GAIN) program. While LFA is more effective than HCD training in the short term, we find that HCD is relatively more effective in the longer term." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hotz, V. Joseph, Guido W. Imbens & Jacob A. Klerman (2006): Evaluating the differential effects of alternative welfare-to-work training components. A re-analysis of the California GAIN Program. (NBER working paper 11939), Cambridge, Mass., 52 S. DOI:10.3386/w11939

Abstract

"In this paper, we explore ways of combining experimental data and non-experimental methods to estimate the differential effects of components of training programs. We show how data from a multi-site experimental evaluation in which subjects are randomly assigned to any treatment versus a control group who receives no treatment can be combined with non-experimental regression-adjustment methods to estimate the differential effects of particular types of treatments. We also devise tests of the validity of using the latter methods. We use these methods and tests to re-analyze data from the MDRC Evaluation of California's Greater Avenues to Independence (GAIN) program. While not designed to estimate the differential effects of the Labor Force Attachment (LFA) training and Human Capital Development (HCD) training components used in this program, we show how data from this experimental evaluation can be used in conjunction with non-experimental methods to estimate such effects. We present estimates of both the short- and long-term differential effects of these two training components on employment and earnings. We find that while there are short-term positive differential effects of LFA versus HCD, the latter training component is relatively more beneficial in the longer-term." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kluve, Jochen (2006): Die Wirksamkeit aktiver Arbeitsmarktpolitik in Europa. (RWI-Materialien 28), Essen, 17 S.

Abstract

"Die meisten europäischen Staaten setzen Maßnahmen der Aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik - z.B. Fortbildungsprogramme oder Lohnsubventionen - zur Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit ein, oftmals mit erheblichem finanziellen Aufwand. Es gibt jedoch kaum länderübergreifende empirische Erkenntnisse, welche Maßnahme unter welchen Bedingungen für welche Teilnehmergruppe tatsächlich wirksam ist. Eine Meta-Analyse auf Basis von Evaluationsstudien aus einzelnen europäischen Ländern kann diese Frage beantworten - mit überraschend deutlichen Ergebnissen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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O'Leary, Christopher J. (2006): State UI job search rules and reemployment services. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 129, H. 6, S. 27-37.

Abstract

"Ever since the Federal-State unemployment insurance (UI) system was implemented following the enactment of the Social Security Act in 1935, the reemployment of claimants has been an important emphasis of the program. This article examines whether UI requirements pertaining to job searches and UI mechanisms connecting claimants with reemployment services tend to shorten the duration of those claimants' insured unemployment. Evidence is presented from a 2003 National Association of State Workforce Agencies (NASWA) survey of all State UI programs. Also presented is evidence about the effect of State UI policies and reemployment assistance on the duration of insured unemployment. Although the sizes of the estimated impacts differ, the consistent finding is that both UI work search requirements and UI reemployment services tend to shorten claimants' duration of insured unemployment by speeding their return to work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2006): Evaluationsforschung. Grundlagen und ausgewählte Forschungsfelder. (Sozialwissenschaftliche Evaluationsforschung 01), Münster u.a.: Waxmann, 420 S.

Abstract

"In dem Lehrbuch werden die wichtigsten Theorien, Methoden und Entwicklungen der Evaluationsforschung beschrieben. Außerdem wird der Stand der Forschung für zentrale Politikfelder resümiert. Im ersten Teil werden einige grundsätzliche Themen zur Entwicklung der Evaluationsforschung in Deutschland, Europa und den USA behandelt, die wichtigsten Theorien und Methoden vorgestellt und ein Ausblick auf die Entwicklung der Evaluation im 21. Jahrhundert gegeben. Im zweiten Teil des Buches wird der aktuelle Wissens- und Diskussionsstand in ausgewählten Feldern der Evaluationsforschung zusammengefasst." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Greenberg, David H., Philip K. Robins & Robert Walker (2005): Conducting meta-analyses of evaluations of government-funded training programs. In: Review of Policy Research, Jg. 22, H. 3, S. 345-367. DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2005.00140.x

Abstract

"Government-funded training programs in the United States have often been subject to rigorous evaluation. Indeed, many of these programs have been evaluated with random assignment, although sophisticated quasi-experimental methods have also been used. Until very recently, however, there has been little systematic attempt to use the cumulative information vested in these evaluations to attempt determine which kinds of programs work best in which setting and with respect to which types of client. Meta-analysis-a set of statistical procedures for systematically synthesizing findings from separate studies-can, in theory at least, address these and other topics that evaluation of individual programs cannot. This article discusses the steps in conducting such a synthesis, summarizes the results of three recently conducted meta-analyses of training and welfare-to-work programs, identifies limitations to the meta-analytic approach, and considers ways in which some of these limitations can be overcome." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Greenberg, David, Andreas Cebulla & Stacey Bouchet (2005): Report on a meta-analysis of welfare-to-work programs. Washington, 184 S.

Abstract

"This study, the Meta-Analysis of Welfare-to-Work Programs, analyzed the results of welfare-to-work demonstrations carried out since 1982. The purpose was to determine how impacts in those demonstrations are related to a wide range of variables, including the nature of the treatment, and to such background variables as the demographic and economic factors at the demonstration sites. The major research question was to determine how a variety of factors such as the treatment, as well as demographic and economic circumstances influenced the impact in welfare-to-work demonstrations. The study estimated the impact of various treatment policies and of demographic and economic conditions on earnings and other outcome variables. The purpose of answering such questions is to be able estimate the impact of implementing a particular welfare-to-work treatment at a particular time and place. In addition to the impact on earnings, this study also attempted to estimate what factors influence the impact on child well being. The study analyzed the results of welfare-to-work demonstrations carried out since 1982 that were evaluated through the use of experimental methodologies (i.e., random assignment of recipients to a treatment or control group). This study was carried out using meta-analysis. A meta-analysis employs regression analysis applied to studies already completed. In this study the dependent variable in the regression is the impact of the treatment on the outcome variable, and the independent variables consist of treatment variables, demographic variables and economic variables. The project period was 2/01/02-3/30/05." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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O'Leary, Christopher & Stephen A. Wandner (2005): Do job search rules and reemployment services reduce insured unemployment? (Upjohn Institute staff working paper 2005-112), Kalamazoo, 24 S.

Abstract

"This paper summarizes state unemployment insurance job search policies based on a recent survey of states by the National Association of State Workforce Agencies. It then reviews research results on the effects of reemployment services on durations of insured unemployment. The paper documents how state administrative practices have changed and questions whether these changes may have affected monitoring of claimant compliance with work search requirements. Since state policies on job search and service referral can affect insured durations of unemployment, these policies can also affect the measured total unemployment rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Frölich, Markus, Michael Lechner & Heidi Steiger (2004): Statistically assisted programme selection. International experiences and potential benefits for Switzerland. (Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. Working paper 2004,01), Uppsala, 26 S.

Abstract

"Ein gezielter Einsatz der aktiven arbeitsmarktlichen Massnahmen erscheint aufgrund der insignifikanten bzw. negativen Resultate vieler Evaluationsstudien notwendig. Ein statistisches System könnte dazu beitragen, aktive arbeitsmarktliche Massnahmen gezielter für jene Personen einzusetzen, die tatsächlich von diesen profitieren können. Ein solches System könnte die Personalberater bei der Auswahl geeigneter Massnahmen für eine bestimmte arbeitslose Person auf individueller Ebene unterstützen. In dem Papier werden die internationalen Erfahrungen mit solchen Systemen beleuchtet und ein potentieller Ansatz wird für die Schweiz entwickelt. Die Simulationsergebnisse deuten an, dass ein solches statistisches System zu einer deutlich höheren Wiederbeschäftigungsquote hätte beitragen können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Greenberg, David, Karl Ashworth, Andreas Cebulla & Robert Walker (2004): Do welfare-to-work programmes work for long? In: Fiscal Studies, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 27-53. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-5890.2004.tb00095.x

Abstract

"Evidence that welfare-to-work programmes in the USA succeed in boosting welfare recipients' earnings at modest cost has helped shape policy in Britain since 1997. So too has the belief that programmes that prioritise moving people into work quickly are more effective than ones that seek to enhance human capital. However, there is little evidence on how long the beneficial effects of programmes persist after individuals leave them. The analysis reported draws on the experience of 64 US welfare-to-work programmes that have all been evaluated using random assignment. It concludes that, on average, these programmes have a positive effect on participants' earnings for five to six years. The effects of 'work first' interventions are most marked early on and decline more rapidly than those of programmes emphasising human capital. Nevertheless, work first interventions typically increase earnings received over six years by more than two-and-a-half times that achieved by human capital approaches." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hollenbeck, Kevin (2004): Some reflections on the use of administrative data to estimate the net impacts of workforce programs in Washington State. (Upjohn Institute staff working paper 2004-109), Kalamazoo, 17 S.

Abstract

"The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the results, methodology, and processes used in a series of net labor market impact studies done for the State of Washington over the past six years. All of the studies relied on administrative data and used a technique referred to as quasiexperimental evaluation. The program interventions were the federal- and state-funded workforce development programs The paper sets out eight 'reflections' for analysts and policy makers to consider. These reflections identify lessons learned and uncertainties or issues that need more consideration and scrutiny." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hollenbeck, Kevin (2004): Using administrative data for workforce development program evaluation. (Upjohn Institute staff working paper 2004-103), Kalamazoo, 63 S.

Abstract

"This paper addresses the question of whether administrative data that are collected for performance monitoring purposes can be used for program evaluation. It argues that under certain circumstances, such data can be used. In particular, data from the state of Washington are used to examine the effectiveness of services provided to adults under the Workforce Investment Act (WIA). The general theme of an emerging literature on techniques for nonexperimental evaluations of social programs is that many different techniques have appropriate asymptotic properties. A contribution of this paper is to examine the sensitivity of net impact estimators to various estimation techniques. Virtually all of the techniques yielded estimates of positive labor market impacts for both men and women. Men had earnings gains on the order of 10 percent that resulted mainly from increased employment rates. Women had larger estimated earnings gains-on the order of 20 to 25 percent-that emanated from increased employment and increased wages or hours. A second purpose of the paper was to provide principles that policymakers and program administrators should apply when considering evaluation results." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Maguire, Malcolm (2004): Measuring the Outcomes of Career Guidance. In: International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, Jg. 4, H. 2-3, S. 179-192.

Abstract

"Dieser Artikel betrachtet die Bedeutung kontextueller Faktoren, die sich auf die Berufliche Beratung selbst und deren Ergebnisse auswirken. Es wird dann versucht, Aspekte der Definition und der Bewertung zu identifizieren und zu klären, und dann die Kategorien von Ergebnissen zu betrachten, die von der beruflichen Beratung üblicherweise erwartet werden, und die nachgewiesen werden können. Es folgt eine Diskussion der Ergebnisse, die üblicherweise betrachtet werden, sowie der Kriterien, die mit diesen Ergebnissen verbunden werden, und es werden die verschiedenen Verfahren der Messung von Ergebnissen bewertet, die eingesetzt werden bzw. eingesetzt werden könnten. Schließlich werden Schlussfolgerungen dieser Diskussion sowohl für die Politik als auch für zukünftige Forschungsplanungen betrachtet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schmid, Günther, Markus Gangl & Peter Kupka (Hrsg.) (2004): Arbeitsmarktpolitik und Strukturwandel. Empirische Analysen. (Beiträge zur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung 286), Nürnberg, 280 S.

Abstract

Der Band dokumentiert die Vorträge, die im November 2003 auf dem gemeinsamen Kontaktseminar "Arbeitsmarktpolitik, Erwerbsverläufe und Strukturwandel" des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung und der Abteilung Arbeitsmarktpolitik und Beschäftigung am Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gehalten wurden. Ausgangspunkt des Tagungsprogramms war die Überzeugung, dass sich die Strukturen des Arbeitsmarktes in den letzten Jahrzehnten nachhaltig verändert haben, dass Strukturumbrüche bereits an vielen Orten und in vielfältiger Weise erfolgreich bewältigt wurden, aber dass die Arbeitsmärkte der international vernetzten Dienstleistungsgesellschaft den Arbeitnehmern auch in Zukunft ein hohes Maß an Flexibilität und Eigenverantwortung abverlangen werden. In den Beiträgen wird dementsprechend untersucht, an welchen Stellen, in welche Richtung und in welchem Ausmaß bewährte Institutionen des Arbeitsmarkts angepasst werden müssen, um Erwerbsverläufe in einem neu und anders konturierten Dienstleistungsarbeitsmarkt abzusichern und zu stützen. Grundlage und Bezugsrahmen der Überlegungen ist das Konzept der Übergangsarbeitsmärkte - verstanden als institutionelle Scharniere zur individuellen und kollektiven Bewältigung von Friktionen, Anpassungsprozessen und des Strukturwandels im Arbeitsmarkt. (IAB2)

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(2004): Evaluationsforschung. Grundlagen und ausgewählte Forschungsfelder. (Sozialwissenschaftliche Evaluationsforschung 01), Opladen: Leske und Budrich, 416 S.

Abstract

"In dem Lehrbuch werden die wichtigsten Theorien, Methoden und Entwicklungen der Evaluationsforschung beschrieben. Außerdem wird der Stand der Forschung für zentrale Politikfelder resümiert. Im ersten Teil werden einige grundsätzliche Themen zur Entwicklung der Evaluationsforschung in Deutschland, Europa und den USA behandelt. Es werden die wichtigsten Theorien und Methoden vorgestellt und ein Ausblick auf die Entwicklung der Evaluation im 21. Jahrhundert gegeben. Im zweiten Teil des Buches wird der aktuelle Wissens- und Diskussionsstand in ausgewählten Feldern der Evaluationsforschung zusammengefasst. Das Buch richtet sich an Dozenten und Studenten aller sozialwissenschaftlichen Fächer, sowie an Gutachter, Consultants und Verwaltungsfachleute, die sich mit Fragen der Evaluation, der Erfolgskontrolle, der wissenschaftlichen Begleitforschung, der Wirkungsanalyse oder dem Qualitätsmanagement beschäftigen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Addison, John T. & Paul J.J. Welfens (Hrsg.) (2003): Labor markets and social security. Issues and policy options in the U.S. and Europe. Berlin u.a.: Springer London, 402 S.

Abstract

"These continue to be difficult times for the labor markets of the industrialized nations. Shifts in labor demand, deregulatory impulses, and the ongoing process of globalization have each impacted the labor markets of the United States and Europe. In the face of the globalization of economic relations and the challenge of the NICs, employment has stagnated in some member states of the EU - in sharp contrast to the United States. Even though several European countries have introduced seemingly successful labor market reforms, whether Euroland as a whole will be able to cope with heterogeneous labor market dynamics and rising immigration is an open question. This theme provides the backdrop to this book. Its main focus is on labor market rules, unemployment, and aspects of the social security system. Theory and practice receive equal attention. Options for reforming labor markets and the social security system provide the policy content." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Black, Dan A., Jefrey A. Smith, Mark C. Berger & Brett J. Noel (2003): Is the threat of reemployment services more effective than the services themselves? Evidence from random assignment in the UI system. In: The American economic review, Jg. 93, H. 4, S. 1313-1327.

Abstract

"The authors examine the effect of the Worker Profiling and Reemployment Services system. This program 'profiles' Unemployment Insurance (UI) claimants to determine their probability of benefit exhaustion and then provides mandatory employment and training services to claimants with high predicted probabilities. Using a unique experimental design, the authors estimate that the program reduces mean weeks of UI benefit receipt by about 2.2 weeks, reduces mean UI benefits received by about 143 dollar, and increases subsequent earnings by over 1,050 dollar. Most of the effect results from a sharp increase in early UI exits in the treatment group relative to the control group." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Greenberg, David H., Charles Michalopoulos & Philip K. Robins (2003): A meta-analysis of government-sponsored training programs. In: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Jg. 57, H. 1, S. 31-53.

Abstract

"This study uses meta-analysis to synthesize findings from 31 evaluations of 15 voluntary government-funded training programs for the disadvantaged that operated between 1964 and 1998. On average, the earnings effects of the evaluated programs seem to have been largest for women, quite modest for men, and negligible for youths. For men and women, the earnings effects of training appear to have persisted for at least several years after the training was complete. Classroom skills training was apparently effective in increasing earnings, but basic education was not. There is no evidence that more expensive training programs performed better than less expensive ones. Although the United States has more than three decades of experience in running training programs, the programs do not appear to have become more effective over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Greenberg, David, Robert Meyer, Charles Michalopoulos & Michael Wiseman (2003): Explaining variation in the effects of welfare-to-work programs. In: Evaluation review, Jg. 27, H. 4, S. 359-394.

Abstract

"Evaluations of government-funded training programs often combine results from similar operations in multiple sites. Findings inevitably vary. It is common to relate site-to-site variations in outcomes to variations in program design, participant characteristics, and the local environment. Frequently, such connections are constructed in a narrative synthesis of multisite results. This article uses findings from the evaluations of California's Greater Avenues for Independence (GAIN) program and the National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies (NEWWS) to illustrate why it is important to question the legitimacy of such syntheses. The discussion is carried out using a simple multilevel evaluation model that incorporates models of both individual outcomes within sites and variation in program effects across sites. The results indicate that tempting generalizations about GAIN and NEWWS effects are statistically unjustified but that significant progress might be made in identifying the determinants of program effects in future demonstrations with some changes in evaluation strategy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hollenbeck, Kevin M. (2003): Net impact estimates of the workforce development system in Washington state. (Upjohn Institute staff working paper 2003-92), Kalamazoo, 22 S.

Abstract

"This study estimates the net impacts and private and social benefits and costs of nine workforce development programs administered in Washington State. Five of the programs serve job-ready adults: Community and Technical College Job Training, Private Career Schools, Apprenticeships, Job Training and Partnership Act (JTPA) Title III programs, and Community and Technical College Worker Retraining. Two of the programs serve adults with employment barriers: Community and Technical College Adult Basic Skills Education and JTPA Title II-A programs. The other two programs serve youth: JTPA Title II-C programs and Secondary Career Technical Education. The net impact analyses were conducted using a nonexperimental methodology. Individuals who encountered the workforce development programs were statistically matched to individuals who did not. Administrative data with information from the universe of program participants and Employment Service registrants (who served as the comparison group pool) supported the analyses. These data included over 10 years of pre-program and outcome information including demographics, employment and earnings information from the Unemployment Insurance wage record system, and transfer income information such as Food Stamp and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipiency and benefits. A variety of estimation techniques were used to calculate net impacts including comparison of means, regression-adjusted comparison of means, and difference-in-difference comparison of means. We estimated short-run net impacts that examined outcomes for individuals who exited from the education or training programs (or from the employment service) in the fiscal year 1999/2000 and longer-run impacts for individuals who exited in the fiscal year 1997/98. Short-run employment impacts are positive for seven of the nine programs and negative for the other two. Short-run earnings impacts are insignificant for four of the programs, negative for two, and positive for the remaining three. The longer-run impacts are more sanguine. Employment impacts are positive for all nine programs, and earnings are positive for seven and insignificantly different from zero for the other two. The benefit-cost analyses show that all of the programs have discounted future benefits that far exceed the costs for participants, and that society also receives a positive return on investment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mueser, Peter R., Kenneth Troske & Alexey Gorislavsky (2003): Using state administrative data to measure program performance. (IZA discussion paper 786), Bonn, 62 S.

Abstract

"This paper uses administrative data from Missouri to examine the sensitivity of job training program impact estimates based on alternative nonexperimental methods. In addition to simple regression adjustment, we consider Mahalanobis distance matching and a variety of methods using propensity score matching. In each case, we consider estimates based on levels of post-program earnings as well as difference-in-difference estimates based on comparison of pre- and post-program earnings. Specification tests suggest that the difference-in-difference estimator may provide a better measure of program impact. We find that propensity score matching is generally most effective, but the detailed implementation of the method is not of critical importance. Our analyses demonstrate that existing data available at the state level can be used to obtain useful estimates of program impact." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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O'Leary, Christopher J., Paul T. Decker & Stephen A. Wandner (2003): Cost-effectiveness of targeted reemployment bonuses. (Upjohn Institute staff working paper 2003-51), Kalamazoo, 18 S.

Abstract

"Targeting reemployment bonus offers to unemployment insurance (UI) claimants identified as most likely to exhaust benefits is estimated to reduce benefit payments. We show that targeting bonus offers with profiling models similar to those in state Worker Profiling and Reemployment Services systems can improve cost effectiveness. Since estimated average benefit payments do not steadily decline as the eligibility screen is gradually tightened, we find that narrow targeting is not optimal. The best candidate is a low bonus amount with a long qualification period, targeted to the half of profiled claimants most likely to exhaust their UI benefit entitlement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pepper, John V. (2003): Using Experiments to Evaluate Performance Standards. What do Welfare-to-Work demonstrations reveal to welfare reformers? In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 38, H. 4, S. 860-880.

Abstract

"This paper examines how experimental demonstrations can be used to inform planners about the efficacy of social programs in light of a performance standard. The problem is illustrated by considering the situation faced by state governments attempting to design programs to meet the new federal welfare-to-work standards. Data from experimental evaluations alone allow only limited inferences about the labor market outcomes of welfare recipients. Combined with prior information on the selection process, however, these data are informative, suggesting either that the long-run federal requirements cannot be met or that these standards will only be met under special circumstances." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bell, Stephen H. & Larry L. Orr (2002): Screening (and creaming?) applicants to job trainings programs. The AFDC homemaker - home health aide demonstrations. In: Labour economics, Jg. 9, H. 2, S. 279-301. DOI:10.1016/S0927-5371(02)00006-4

Abstract

"Government employment and training programs typically do not have sufficient resources to serve all those who apply for assistance. Those to be served are usually selected by program staff based on management guidelines that allow considerable policy discretion at the local level. A longstanding issue in employment and training policy is whether allowing this flexibility leads to selection of applicants (1) most likely to benefit from the program or (2) who are likely to experience the highest absolute outcomes in the absence of program services, sometimes called "creaming". The distinction is crucial to the success of many programs, both as redistributional tools and as economic investments. Selection of those most likely to benefit from the program - i.e., those for whom the program's impact on subsequent labor market success will be greatest - will maximize the social return on the investment in training. In contrast, "creaming" may lead to little or no social benefit or to a substantial gain, depending on whether those selected for training - the group most likely to succeed without the treatment - in fact benefit most from it. The redistributional effects of a program will also depend on who is served: among the applicant group, a more equal distribution of economic well-being, ex post, will be achieved only if the program favors applicants likely to do worst without the intervention. This paper explores the role of creaming in the operation of seven welfare-to-work training programs, the type of programs that have been the focus of increased expenditures over the last 10 years as more and more welfare recipients have been pushed to become self-sufficient. It considers whether the program intake practices adopted in the studied programs furthered the social goals pursued and, if not, what consequences they had on the twin concerns of distributional equity and economic efficiency. The analysis begins by reviewing the history of the creaming issue and its importance in the literature. A unique data set is then examined to discover the factors that influenced admission decisions in seven state-run employment and training programs for welfare recipients and how those decisions played out in terms of the in-training performance and later labor market outcomes of program participants. The principal conclusions are that these programs "creamed" the most able applicants on both observable and unobservable characteristics, but that this targeting did not systematically affect the size program impacts or the return on investment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Blank, Rebecca M. (2002): Evaluating welfare reform in the United States. In: Journal of Economic Literature, Jg. 40, H. 4, S. 1105-1166.

Abstract

Der Artikel berichtet über sozialpolitische Reformen in den 90er Jahren in den USA. Insbesondere geht er auf Programme wie den "Earned Income Tax Credit" (EITC) und andere Initiativen im Rahmen des "Welfare-To-Work" ein, die darauf abzielen, Haushalte und allein Erziehende mit niedrigem Einkommen für den Arbeitsmarkt zu aktivieren. Es wird außerdem über die Ansätze und Ergebnisse von einschlägigen Evaluationsstudien berichtet. (IAB)

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Dann, Sabine, Andrea Kirchmann, Alexander Spermann & Jürgen Volkert (Hrsg.) (2002): Kombi-Einkommen. Ein Weg aus der Sozialhilfe? Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 175 S.

Abstract

"Zur Überwindung von Sozialhilfefallen und Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit werden Kombi-Einkommen vorgeschlagen. Mit Kombilöhnen soll zum Ausbau des Niedriglohnsektors in Deutschland beigetragen werden. Doch welcher Beitrag ist von solchen Anreizinstrumenten für eine bessere Arbeitsmarktintegration tatsächlich zu erwarten? Der Band enthält die Beiträge einer Tagung, die vom Institut für Angewandte Wirtschaftsforschung Tübingen (IAW) im Herbst 2001 durchgeführt wurde. Für die Veranstaltung und den Tagungsband konnten Wissenschaftler gewonnen werden, die mit der Begleitforschung aller wesentlichen in Deutschland laufenden Modellversuche zu Kombi-Einkommen beauftragt sind. Im Einzelnen werden in den Beiträgen die Wirkungen des gesetzlichen Lohnabstandsgebotes, Berechnungen zu Beschäftigungs- und fiskalischen Effekten unterschiedlicher Kombi-Einkommen sowie die ersten Erfahrungen mit den verschiedenen deutschen Modellversuchen erörtert. Weitere Themenschwerpunkte sind die Aufstiegschancen aus subventionierten Beschäftigungsverhältnissen, die Bedeutung von Kombi-Einkommen für Alleinerziehende und die internationalen Erfahrungen mit vergleichbaren Ansätzen." Inhalt: Jürgen Volkert: Lohnabstandsgebot, Verpflichtung zur Arbeit und Sozialhilfefallen; Hilmar Schneider: Kombi-Einkommen. Arbeitsangebotseffekte mit und ohne Zielgruppenbegrenzung; Alfons Hollederer, Helmut Rudolph: Arbeitsanreize und Niedriglöhne. Konzeption und erste Erfahrungen des Mainzer Modells und des SGI-Modells; Sabine Dann, Andrea Kirchmann, Alexander Spermann, Jürgen Volkert: Das Einstiegsgeld - eine zielgruppenorientierte negative Einkommenssteuer. Konzeption, Umsetzung und erste Zwischenbilanz nach 15 Monaten in Baden-Württemberg; Lars Czommer, Claudia Weinkopf: Modellprojekte zur Erprobung des § 18 Absatz 5 BSHG; Waltraud Schelke: "Making Work Pay". Ziele und Wirkungen finanzieller Arbeitsanreize in den USA; Wolfgang Ochel: Finanzielle Arbeitsanreize - Konzeptionen und Ergebnisse in Großbritannien, Irland und Kanada; Bruno Kaltenborn, Hans-Peter Klös: Niedriglöhne und Kombi-Einkommen - Sackgasse oder Ausgangspunkt einer Karriere? Eine Mobilitätsuntersuchung für Westdeutschland 1984/96; Sabine Dann, Andrea Kirchmann, Alexander Spermann: Kombi-Einkommen - ein Königsweg für allein Erziehende? (IAB2)

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Eberts, Randall W., Christopher J. O'Leary & Stephen A. Wandner (Hrsg.) (2002): Targeting employment services. Kalamazoo: Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 425 S.

Abstract

"Der Band enthält die Beiträge einer Konferenz, die sich mit der Neuausrichtung der Arbeitsmarktpolitik in den Vereinigten Staaten befasst hat. Mit dem Workforce Investment Act von 1998 sollten die arbeitsmarktpolitischen Programme effektiver gestaltet werden. Als ein Mittel der Teilnehmerauswahl wird das "targeting" oder "profiling" eingesetzt. Damit sollen die Arbeitslosen identifiziert werden, bei denen der Erfolg einer Maßnahme am wahrscheinlichsten ist. Hierfür werden statistische Verfahren angewandt. Die Evaluation bezieht sich auf Maßnahmen zur Förderung der beruflichen Selbständigkeit, ein Bonussystem bei der Wiederbeschäftigung und Welfare-to-Work-Programme für Sozialhilfeempfänger. Ergänzende Beiträge befassen sich mit ähnlichen Maßnahmen in Kanada." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Raddatz, Guido (Hrsg.) (2002): Bürgernah fördern und fordern. Konzepte für eine effiziente Arbeitsvermittlung und Grundsicherung. Beiträge zu einer gemeinsamen Tagung der Stiftung Marktwirtschaft und der Hessischen Landesregierung. Berlin, 168 S.

Abstract

"Wie könnte eine Zusammenlegung von Arbeitslosenhilfe und Sozialhilfe konkret aussehen, um den Betroffenen optimale Wiedereingliederungschancen in ein reguläres Beschäftigungsverhältnis zu ermöglichen? Wie lassen sich die finanziellen Lasten so aufteilen, daß die Effizienzgewinne allen föderalen Ebenen zugute kommen? Wer soll für die effiziente Vermittlung von Langzeitarbeitslosen verantwortlich sein? Diese und weitere Fragen standen im Mittelpunkt der Tagung 'Bürgernah fördern und fordern - Konzepte für eine effiziente Arbeitsvermittlung und Grundsicherung', die von der Stiftung Marktwirtschaft (Frankfurter Institut) gemeinsam mit der Hessischen Landesregierung im Mai 2002 in Wiesbaden veranstaltet wurde. Die Beiträge aus Wissenschaft, Potitik und Praxis sind in dem Band zusammengefaßt."

Abstract

"This overview adds to the body of knowledge on self-employment programmes by looking specifically at whether and how micro-finance can help bridge the credit gap. It presents results of 45 surveys and studies carried out in 1999 and 2000 as well as the outcome of an international conference in 2000 in Bonn. The report identifies the factors that make good self-employment promotion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bloch, Frank S. & Rienk Prins (Hrsg.) (2001): Who returns to work and why? A six-country study on work incapacity and reintegration. (International social security series 05), New Brunswick u.a.: Transaction Publ., 306 S.

Abstract

"The book examines a wide range of interventions directed at work incapacity and reintegration that are used by social security institutions, health care providers and employers. Drawing on data compiled in six longitudinal studies of day-to-day practices and experiences in Denmark, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States through the International Social Security Association's Project on work incapacity and reintegration (WIR project), this volume addresses two key questions: do the various interventions (by social security and health care systems) found in different countries make a difference as to work resumption patterns: and if so, what are the best interventions?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lechner, Michael & Friedhelm Pfeiffer (Hrsg.) (2001): Econometric evaluation of labour market policies. (ZEW economic studies 13), Heidelberg u.a.: Physica-Verl., 242 S.

Abstract

Der Band enthält die folgenden Beiträge zur Evaluation der Arbeitsmarktpolitik:
1. Instrumental variables, selection models, and tight bounds on the average treatment effect (James J. Heckman, Edward J. Vytlacil)
2. Some remarks on instrumental variables (Guido W. Imbens)
3. Identification and estimation of causal effects of multiple treatments under the conditional independence assumption (Michael Lechner)
4. Evaluating profiling as a means of allocating government service (Mark C. Berger, Dan Black, Jeffrey A. Smith)
5. Using matching estimators to evaluate alternative youth employme programs: Evidence from France, 1986-1988 (Thomas Brodaty, Bruno Crepon, Denis Fougere)
6. Do active labor market policies help unemployed workers to find keep regular jobs? (Jan C. van Ours)
7. Why do subsidised firms survive longer? An evaluation of a program promoting youth entrepreneurship in Italy (Erich Battistin, Andrea Gavosto, Enrico Rettore)
8. Estimating the effect of vocational rehabilitation programs in Sweden (Almas Heshmati, Lars-Gunnar Engström)
9. The impact of non-profit temping agencies on individual labour market success (Michael Lechner, Friedhelm Pfeiffer, Hannes Spengler, Matthias Almus). (IAB2)

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Moffitt, Robert A. & Michele ver Ploeg (Hrsg.) (2001): Evaluating welfare reform in an era of transition. Panel on data and methods for measuring the effects of changes in social welfare programs. Washington: National Academy Press, 253 S.

Abstract

"With the passing of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996, the United States embarked on a major social experiment with its social welfare and safety net programs for the poor. The most far-reaching reform of the cash welfare system for single mothers since 1935, PRWORA replaced the federal entitlement program for low-income families and children (Aid to Families with Dependent Children, AFDC) with a stateadministered block grant program, the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Determining the consequences of this experiment is of great importance. Has welfare reform 'worked?' What were the effects of the reforms on families and individuals? What reforms worked for whom and why? In looking toward the development of new policies to aid low-income families, which elements of the new welfare system need to be changed and which left as is? For these fundamental questions to be answered adequately, two issues need to be addressed. First, how should one go about answering these questions what methods should be used and what types of studies should be conducted in order to determine the effects of welfare reform? Second, what types of data are needed to measure the effects of welfare reform? Are federal and state data sources currently available sufficient to carry out needed evaluations, and, if not, what investments in that infrastructure are needed? These two issues are the subject of this report." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Moore, Coray L. (2001): Disparities in job placement outcomes among deaf, late-deafened, and hard-of-hearing consumers. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 44, H. 3, S. 144-150.

Abstract

In dem Beitrag werden anhand eines US-amerikanischen Datensatzes des Jahres 1997 Unterschiede in der Berufseinmündung von gehörlosen, spätertaubten und schwerhoerigen Absolventen von beruflichen Rehabilitationsmaßnahmen identifiziert. (IAB)

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Walwei, Ulrich & Heinz Werner (2001): Employment problems and active labor market policies in industrialized countries. In: D. D. Hoskins, D. Dobbernack & C. Kuptsch (Hrsg.) (2001): Social security at the dawn of the 21st century : topical issues and new approaches (International social security series, 02), S. 133-170.

Abstract

"The authors concentrate primarily on an analysis of the situation in selected countries in which unemployment has fallen from a relatively high level in past years to a low level in recent years and in which at the same time employment has risen. Four countries - Denmark, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States - offer the most striking examples. They shall begin with a survey of the development and structure of unemployment in Western industrialized countries. This will be followed by conclusions to be drawn from the experience of the countries with successful employment policies. In this context the role that active labour market policy measures can play in the reduction of unemployment will be discussed. Finally, there will be a concluding summary and an indication of conflicts of objectives which can arise in the formulation of labour market policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schmidt, Christoph M. (2000): Arbeitsmarktpolitische Maßnahmen und ihre Evaluierung. Eine Bestandsaufnahme. (IZA discussion paper 207), Bonn, 25 S.

Abstract

"Trotz des beachtlichen personellen und finanziellen Aufwands, der in der Bundesrepublik für die Durchführung arbeitsmarktpolitischer Maßnahmen betrieben wird, ist ihr Erfolg in keiner Weise gesichert. Im Gegenteil, die bisherige Evaluierungspraxis verletzt nahezu durchgängig eine der Minimalanforderungen an zielgerichtetes und erfolgsorientiertes Handeln, die Erfordernis, eine Vergleichssituation zu konstruieren, die hinreichend genau beschreibt, was sich ohne den in Frage gestellten Eingriff ergeben hätte. Vor dem Hintergrund eines internationalen Vergleichs der Evaluierungspraxis diskutiert dieser Beitrag die methodischen Probleme bei der Evaluierung arbeitsmarktpolitischer Maßnahmen, wobei unterschiedliche empirische Strategien zur Lösung dieser Probleme vorgestellt werden. Darüber hinaus wird ein kurzer Abriß der verfügbaren wissenschaftlichen Evidenz zu ökonomischen Auswirkungen von Arbeitsmarktprogrammen angeboten, aus denen eine Reihe zentraler Schlußfolgerungen für zukünftige Vorschläge solcher Maßnahmen und ihre Evaluierung gezogen wird." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Smith, Jeffrey (2000): Evaluation aktiver Arbeitsmarktpolitik. Erfahrungen aus Nordamerika. In: Mitteilungen aus der Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 345-356.

Abstract

Der Beitrag untersucht die Lehren, die aus der Evalutionsforschung in den USA für die Wirkungsforschung der deutschen Arbeitsmarktpolitik gezogen werden können. Der Autor betrachtet zunächst die institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen, innerhalb derer Evaluation stattfindet: Welche Individuen, Unternehmen oder Organisationen führen Evaluationen durch, wer sind die Auftraggeber und wer evaluiert - explizit oder implizit - die Evaluatoren. Es wird argumentiert, dass diese institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen eine entscheidende Rolle dabei spielen, ob Evaluationen objektiv durchgeführt werden und somit der Poliltik und öffentlichen Meinung von Nutzen sein können. Die zweite Fragestellung betrifft die Wahl zwischen verschiedenen ökonometrischen Evaluationsmethoden. Der Autor argumentiert, dass bei der Methodenwahl und der Interpretation der Ergebnisse berücksichtigt werden muss, dass der Einfluss eines Programms zwischen den Individuen variieren kann. Anschließend werden Kosten und Nutzen von sozialen Experimenten und die Einsatzmöglichkeiten der jüngeren Propensity Score Matching Methoden angesprochen. Zum Abschluss wird auf die Bedeutung von allgemeinen Gleichgewichtseffekten in der Evaluationsforschung eingegangen. (IAB2)

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Wilson, Laura A., Robert P. Stoker & Dennis McGrath (1999): Welfare bureaus as moral tutors. What do clients learn from paternalistic welfare reforms? In: Social Science Quarterly, Jg. 80, H. 3, S. 473-486.

Abstract

"This research tests the premise of paternalistic welfare reform that clients will alter their behavior in accordance to the application of sanctions or incentives to their welfare case. Over two hundred welfare clients were surveyed about their knowledge of program requirements and sanctions. The survey results were then compared to their actual records of sanction kept by the welfare agency. Chi-square and logit analyses were then conducted to ascertain whether the sanctioning process improved client knowledge of program requirements and the status of their personal case. Most clients do not learn program requirements, even when they experience sanctions. Rather, clients seem to learn to respond to the episodic demands of caseworkers for returning verification information. These findings suggest that welfare agencies confront limitations in their role as moral tutors. Our findings indicate that welfare reforms do not change clients' orientations as much as organize clients' lives to respond to administrative demands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Puma, Michael J. & Nancy R. Burstein (1994): The national evaluation of the food stamp employment and training program. In: Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Jg. 13, H. 2, S. 311-330. DOI:10.2307/3325016

Abstract

"This article reports the results of the national evaluation of the Food Stamp Employment and Training (E&T) Program, based on an experimental study involving over 13,000 program participants in 53 separate local food stamp agencies. The story told by these findings begins with the types of individuals who participated in the E&T Program in FY 1988. Nearly 70 percent did not have children (removing this barrier to finding employment), and about half were single, highly mobile adults living alone. Most received no public assistance other than food stamps. For the most part, then, these were individuals who needed to work - food stamp benefits are not intended to meet total subsistence needs. It would, therefore, be expected that most of the E&T participants would be looking for work (whether or not they were successful) in the absence of E&T requirements. Next, it is apparent that large numbers of E&T participants did not engage in employment or training services in FY 1988. As currently structured, beyond imposing the obligation to meet the requirements of E&T, the program failed to provide any actual services to about half of those deemed eligible to participate. For the most part, the services received by E&T participants consisted primarily of referral to individual job search. In the absence of E&T, many of the individuals currently targeted by the program were able to obtain similar referrals on their own. Consequently, it is not surprising, that E&T was found to have no effect on participants' employment and earnings, and only a relatively small effect on average food stamp benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))