Zitatform

Lauber, Verena & Johanna Storck (2019): Helping with the kids? How family-friedly workplaces affect parental well-being and behavior. In: Oxford economic papers, Jg. 71, H. 1, S. 95-118. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpy062

Abstract

"Despite political efforts, balancing work and family life is still challenging. This paper provides novel evidence on the effect of firm level interventions that seek to reduce the work - life conflict. The focus is on how childcare support affects the well-being, working time, and caring behaviour of mothers with young children. Since the mid-2000s and pushed by public policies, in Germany an increasing number of employers have become proactive and implemented more family-friendly workplaces. These changes over time allow us to suggest causal effects using a difference-in-differences-matching approach. Based on a large panel data set, we find evidence pointing to welfare enhancing effects of childcare support. Mothers who are likely to be constrained in their allocation of time especially increase their working time and use formal care more intensively. The rise in satisfaction levels is more pronounced if mothers are more career-orientated." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lott, Yvonne & Lorena Eulgem (2019): Lohnnachteile durch Mutterschaft. Helfen flexible Arbeitszeiten? (WSI-Report 49), Düsseldorf, 11 S.

Abstract

"Die Lohnungleichheit zwischen Frauen und Männern ist ein wesentliches Hindernis auf dem Weg zu Geschlechtergleichstellung. Löhne sind für die Lebensqualität und soziale Teilhabe entscheidend und bestimmen, wie gut Individuen abgesichert und im Alter versorgt sind. Die Beseitigung der Lohnlücke zwischen Frauen und Männern ist gerade in Deutschland eine zentrale Aufgabe. Denn hier ist der Gender Pay Gap mit 21 % vergleichsweise hoch. Mutterschaft ist ein wesentlicher Grund für den Gender Pay Gap, da Frauen aufgrund von Mutterschaft in der Regel weniger verdienen. Diese sogenannte mutterschaftsbedingte Lohneinbuße ist insbesondere in Deutschland hoch. Vor allem längere Elternzeiten reduzieren die Löhne von Frauen beträchtlich. Neben Humankapitalverlusten ist das auf die negative Signalwirkung von Mutterschaft bzw. langen Auszeiten zurückzuführen. Mutterschaft und längere Auszeiten signalisieren ein geringes Arbeitsengagement. Aber nicht nur der Humankapitalverlust und die Stigmatisierung von Müttern können zu Lohneinbußen führen. Vereinbarkeitsprobleme von arbeitenden Müttern können die Arbeitsbelastung erhöhen und so die Produktivität mindern. Studien auf Basis US-amerikanischer und kanadischer Daten haben gezeigt, dass flexible Arbeitszeiten hier Abhilfe schaffen können. So können Mütter Gleitzeit für eine bessere Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie nutzen, was ihre Produktivität erhöht und Lohnnachteile verhindert. Profitieren auch Mütter in Deutschland von Gleitzeit und haben mit Gleitzeit geringere Lohnnachteile? Dieser Frage geht der vorliegende Report nach." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Maher, JaneMaree, Nickie Charles & Carol Wolkowitz (2019): Working mothers, injury and embodied care work. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 26, H. 7, S. 877-894. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12270

Abstract

"In this article, we examine how mothers respond when injury interrupts maternal care, using the lens of embodied care, which we conceptualize as a form of 'body work'. We draw on findings from a qualitative research project with two organizations in Australia that help people with injuries to return to work, examining the experiences of workers who are also mothers of dependent children. Mothers' inability to care for children during periods of injury was a significant concern for our interviewees; constraints on physical labour and physical affection were particularly troubling, indicating the importance of embodied maternal caregiving to maternal roles. Yet, while these mothers inhabited the spheres of paid work and unpaid care work simultaneously, service providers did not consider embodied care work or its relevance to injured women's ongoing needs for support. While our findings reflect the experiences of injured women, they also suggest the need for a materialist analysis of the ways that both paid work and care activities are deeply enmeshed in and through the bodies of those doing the work. Employers and service organizations still fail to recognize maternal 'body work', and this may be typical of social attitudes more widely." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Meara, Katie, Francesco Pastore & Allan Webster (2019): The gender pay gap in the US: A matching study. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 363), Maastricht, 38 S.

Abstract

"This study examines the gender wage gap in the US using two separate cross-sections from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The extensive literature on this subject includes papers which use wage decompositions to divide gender wag gaps into 'explained' and 'unexplained' components. Problems with this approach include the heterogeneity of the sample data. In order to address the difficulties of comparing like with like this study uses a number of different matching techniques to obtain estimates of the gap. By controlling for a wide range of other influences, in effect, we estimate the direct effect of simply being female on wages. However, to form a complete picture, one should consider that gender wages are affected by a number of other factors such as parenthood, gender segregation, part - time working and unionization. This means that it is not just the core 'like for like' comparison between male and female wages that matters but also how gender wage differences interact with other relevant risk factors which are more common for women. That these interactions exist has already been discussed in the literature but evidence that precisely or systematically estimates such effects remains scarce. The most innovative contribution of this study is to do that. Our findings imply that the idea of a single uniform gender pay gap is perhaps less useful than an understanding of how gender wages are shaped by multiple different forces." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mikkel, Barslund & Schomaker Lea (2019): Grandparental childcare and parent's labour supply. Evidence from Europe. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 68, H. 4, S. 371-391. DOI:10.3790/sfo.68.4.371

Abstract

"Wir untersuchen die Auswirkungen der Kinderbetreuung von Großeltern auf das Arbeitskräfteangebot der Eltern in zwölf europäischen Ländern die in SHARE vertreten sind im Zeitraum 2004 - 2015. Ein instrumentalvariabler Ansatz wird verwendet, um mit der Endogenität umzugehen. Der Zugang zu Großeltern, die sich um kleine Kinder kümmern, erhöht die Bereitschaft von Müttern zur Arbeit um 13 Prozentpunkte. Für Väter lassen sich keine Effekte feststellen. Das Ausmaß der Auswirkungen von großelterlicher Kinderbetreuung unterscheidet sich von Land zu Land, ist jedoch für die meisten untersuchten Länder von Bedeutung. Der Effekt ist für Kinder im Vorschulalter am größten, wird jedoch bei Frauen mit Kindern in der Altersgruppe von 8 bis 10 Jahren immer noch auf 8 Prozentpunkte geschätzt. Es gibt Hinweise darauf, dass Mütter mit niedrigem Bildungsstand größere Auswirkungen haben, allerdings ist der Unterschied gering. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die anhaltende Politik zur Verlängerung des Erwerbslebens von Arbeitnehmern in der Altersgruppe von 55 bis 64 Jahren die Bindung von Müttern am Arbeitsmarkt beeinträchtigen könnte, indem die zur Verfügung stehende Zeit für großelterliche Kinderbetreuung begrenzt wird. Eine erhöhte Verfügbarkeit von Kindergarten- und Kindergarteneinrichtungen kann die Auswirkungen auf das Arbeitskräfteangebot von Müttern zwar vermindern, aber nicht vollständig auflösen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Mumford, Karen, Antonia Parera-Nicolau & Yolanda Pena-Boquete (2019): Labour supply and childcare: Allowing both parents to choose. (IZA discussion paper 12500), Bonn, 33 S.

Abstract

"We develop and estimate a structural model of labour supply for two parent families in Australia, taking explicit account of the importance of childcare related variables. Our main contribution is to consider the labour supply decisions of both parents and their choice of childcare simultaneously. Labour supply decisions of mothers are found to be substantially more responsive to changes in their own wage (at intensive and extensive margins) than is the case for fathers, with minimal cross-wage labour supply responses from fathers. Our results imply that policies increasing the wage of mothers will be associated with marked increases in labour market participation and in the working hours of mothers in the Australian labour market, with little offsetting decline in the labour supply of fathers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Neuberger, Franz, Sabina Schutter & Klaus Preisner (2019): Einkommensunterschiede zwischen alleinerziehenden und verheirateten Müttern 1997-2015. Eine detaillierte Effekt-Dekomposition. In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 48, H. 1, S. 42-69. DOI:10.1515/zfsoz-2019-0004

Abstract

"In diesem Beitrag wird untersucht, wie sich das bedarfsgewichtete Pro-Kopf-Einkommen in Haushalten Alleinerziehender mit Kindern im Vergleich zu entsprechenden Haushalten mit verheirateten Eltern im Zuge der arbeits-, familien- und sozialpolitischen Reformen seit 1997 vor und nach staatlicher Umverteilung verändert hat. Zweitens wird mit Effekt-Dekompositionen analysiert, inwieweit Veränderungen der Einkommenssituation von alleinerziehenden und verheirateten Müttern auf Veränderungen ihrer Merkmale und deren Auswirkungen zurückgeführt werden können. Die Analysen basieren auf 19 Wellen des Sozio-ökonomischen Panels (SOEP) von 1997 bis 2015. Während das bedarfsgewichtete Netto-Pro-Kopf-Einkommen von alleinerziehenden Müttern auch dank staatlicher Transfer weitgehend unverändert geblieben ist, hat sich die Einkommenssituation von verheirateten Müttern vor allem aufgrund ihres steigenden Bildungsniveaus und ihrer gestiegener Erwerbstätigkeit verbessert. Die zunehmende Einkommensungleichheit zwischen beiden Familienformen kann demnach auf die zunehmend besseren Bildungsressourcen und die gesteigerte Arbeitsmarktaktivität verheirateter Mütter zurückgeführt werden, wohingegen Alleinerziehende vermehrt auf Sozialleistungen angewiesen waren." (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)

Zitatform

Oshio, Takashi (2019): Is a positive association between female employment and fertility still spurious in developed countries? In: Demographic Research, Jg. 41, S. 1277-1288. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2019.41.45

Abstract

"Background: The cross-sectional association between female employment and fertility across developed countries turned from negative to positive during the mid-1980s. The conventional view is that the observed positive association is spurious owing to country-specific heterogeneity.
Objective: We revisit the validity of this view using recent data up to 2017 from 24 countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Methods: Based on the data downloaded from the OECD database, we estimate the time-series association between the female labor force participation rate (FLFP) and total fertility rate (TFR) by fixed-effects regression models, which can control for country-specific heterogeneity.
Results: The more recent the data set used, the more likely it is that the time-series correlation will be positive between FLFP and TFR, even after controlling for country-specific heterogeneity. We also observe that public spending on families, especially in the form of benefits in kind, starts increasing once FLFP becomes sufficiently high.
Conclusions: A positive correlation between female employment and fertility in developed countries is no longer attributable to country-specific heterogeneity. The results are supportive of the view that higher female employment can make socioinstitutional contexts more favorable for childbearing, leading to a positive association between FLFP and TFR.
Contribution: This study underscored the need for further investigation of the association between female employment and fertility, which is likely to have changed in recent decades." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

Zitatform

Ruppanner, Leah, Stephanie Moller & Liana Sayer (2019): Expensive childcare and short school days = Lower maternal employment and more time in childcare? Evidence from the American Time Use Survey. In: Socius, Jg. 5, S. 1-14. DOI:10.1177/2378023119860277

Abstract

"This study investigates the relationship between maternal employment and state-to-state differences in childcare cost and mean school day length. Pairing state-level measures with an individual-level sample of prime working-age mothers from the American Time Use Survey (2005 - 2014; n = 37,993), we assess the multilevel and time-varying effects of childcare costs and school day length on maternal full-time and part-time employment and childcare time. We find mothers' odds of full-time employment are lower and part-time employment higher in states with expensive childcare and shorter school days. Mothers spend more time caring for children in states where childcare is more expensive and as childcare costs increase. Our results suggest that expensive childcare and short school days are important barriers to maternal employment and, for childcare costs, result in greater investments in childcare time. Politicians engaged in national debates about federal childcare policies should look to existing state childcare structures for policy guidance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Sajons, Christoph (2019): Birthright citizenship and parental labor market integration. In: Labour economics, Jg. 57, H. April, S. 1-22. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.01.001

Abstract

"The introduction of the birthplace principle in the reform of the German citizenship law of 1999 significantly changed the legal environment for new-born children of long-term immigrants. In this study, I examine whether migrant parents adjust their labor market behavior in reaction to this improvement in their family's status and perspectives. I implement a type of difference-in-discontinuities approach to identify possible changes in employment and working hours after the enactment of the reform. In particular, I compare the differences in labor market outcomes between the parents of migrant children born shortly before and after the enactment date with those of children of mixed couples (migrants and Germans) who were unaffected by the reform. The results suggest that birthright citizenship for the child does not affect the labor market behavior of the fathers, but causes some mothers to stay at home and take care of their children during the first years." (Author's abstract, ↓ 2019 Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Tamm, Marcus (2019): Fathers' parental leave-taking, childcare involvement and mothers' labor market participation. In: Labour economics, Jg. 59, H. August, S. 184-197. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.04.007

Abstract

"This study analyzes the effect of fathers' parental leave-taking on the time fathers spend with their children and with household duties and on fathers' labor supply. Fathers' leave-taking is highly selective and the identification of causal effects relies on within-father differences in leave-taking for first and higher order children that were triggered by a policy reform promoting more gender equality in leave-taking. Results show that even short periods of fathers' parental leave may have long-lasting effects on fathers' involvement in childcare and housework. Effects on labor supply do not persist over time." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Uunk, Wilfred & Philipp M. Lersch (2019): The effect of regional gender-role attitudes on female labour supply. A longitudinal test using the BHPS, 1991-2007. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 35, H. 5, S. 669-683. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcz026

Abstract

"Despite considerable variation in gender-role attitudes across contexts and its claimed influence on female labour supply, studies provide little support for a contextual gender-role attitude effect. In this study, we reassess the contextual gender-role attitude effect on female labour supply because earlier studies are hampered by two shortcomings: (a) they are cross-nationally comparative, which makes it difficult to distinguish contextual attitude from institutional effects; (b) they are cross-sectional, which may bias the contextual attitude effect. We aim to overcome these shortcomings by performing longitudinal panel analyses on data from the British Household Panel Survey 1991 - 2007, comparing 138 counties within the United Kingdom. Our fixed-effects regressions report no significant and substantial association of regional, egalitarian gender-role attitudes with individual women's labour supply, a finding which both holds for women's probability to be active in the labour market and employed women's working hours, and for women with and without (young) children. Female labour supply appears to be much stronger associated with women's own and partners' gender-role attitudes, in particular for women with (young) children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Valentova, Marie (2019): The impact of parental leave policy on the intensity of labour-market participation of mothers. Do the number of children and pre-birth work engagement matter? In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 29, H. 3, S. 428-445. DOI:10.1177/0958928718776826

Abstract

"In this article, we examine the impact of the introduction of parental leave policy in 1999 on the labour-market engagement of mothers with one and two children in Luxembourg, who had been working 20 or more hours per week before childbirth. Labour-market engagement is measured by the number of hours worked monthly, 1, 2 and 3 years following the birth of the last child. Analyses are conducted using longitudinal social security records data from 1995 to 2002. The difference-in-differences (DiD) method is used to establish a causal relationship between the introduction of the policy and its outcomes. The results of the analyses reveal that among mothers with one child, the introduction of the policy had a significant and positive impact on the working hours during the first 3 years after childbirth. Among mothers with two children, the impact of the policy was significant for 1 year after childbirth. Heterogeneity effect analysis shows that single-child mothers who worked part-time before childbirth were substantially more responsive to the policy than their full-time working counterparts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Vidal-Coso, Elena (2019): Female employment following childbirth: differences between native and immigrant women in Switzerland. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 9, S. 1667-1692. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1444983

Abstract

"This paper analyses how native and immigrant women adapt their labour supply soon after childbirth in Switzerland. The analysis aims to examine whether the heterogeneity in post-birth female employment is explained by differences by women's origin with respect to skills composition, occupational attainment and household financial situation. Using 2010 - 2015 panel data from the Swiss Labour Force Survey, multinomial models focus on the transitions experienced by employed women from t-1 (one year prior) to different levels of labour-market involvement in t (reference week) after childbirth (which occurs when a woman has a child of less than one year of age in t). Three possible outcomes are considered: same/more working hours, fewer working hours, and withdrawal from employment. Double hurdle models are also used to account for the total amount of hours worked by those women who remain in employment after childbirth. In post-birth employment patterns, a larger positive effect of women's opportunity cost, measured through educational attainment and previous job characteristics, than of partners' income, is observed, especially for immigrant women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Walsh, Lucas, Anne Keary & Joanne Gleeson (2019): Non-linear Transitions: An intergenerational longitudinal study of today's young women in education and work. In: Young. Nordic Journal of Youth Research, Jg. 27, H. 5, S. 468-485. DOI:10.1177/1103308818817632

Abstract

"Labour markets are characterized by uncertainty and youth transitions by change. This longitudinal study of three generations of Australian women from nine families suggests something more nuanced, featuring continuities and discontinuities threaded throughout the lives of daughters, mothers, grandmothers and aunts interviewed over three decades. Discussion focuses on the most recent generation of interviewees, following some of the threads of their testimonies back through previous generations of family to reveal similarities and some differences in their navigation of education and work. The findings suggest that the pathways of women today are more fluid but no more disrupted than previous generations, urging continued wider reflection on the concept of transition in youth studies and related relational, spatial and temporal dimensions of study and working life. Though problematic, the transitions metaphor still has meaning in the non-linear journeys of women as they navigate their ways from school to post-school life." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Welteke, Clara & Katharina Wrohlich (2019): Peer effects in parental leave decisions. In: Labour economics, Jg. 57, H. April, S. 146-163. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.02.008

Abstract

"We analyze whether mothers' parental leave decisions depend on their coworkers' decisions. The identification of peer effects bears various challenges due to correlated characteristics within social groups. We therefore exploit quasi-random variation in the costs of parental leave induced by a policy reform in Germany. The reform encourages mothers to remain at home during the first year following childbirth. Administrative linked employer- employee data enable us to assign a peer group to individuals who work in the same establishment and occupation. Our results suggest that parental leave decisions are significantly influenced by coworkers' decisions." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Wojahn, Katharina (2019): Berufspendelnde Mütter. Ambivalenzen - Grenzen - Kritik. Opladen: Budrich UniPress, 192 S.

Abstract

"Die Untersuchung bietet einen umfassenden Einblick in den Alltag berufsbedingt abwesender Mütter und fokussiert dabei die Grenzen der binär-hierarchischen Geschlechterordnung. Daran anknüpfend liefert die Studie einen vertiefenden Einblick in ambivalente Prozesse der sozialen Dimensionen der Normativität. Damit rücken die auf der individuellen Ebene notwendigen Auseinandersetzungen mit widersprüchlichen gesellschaftlichen Anforderungen in den Mittelpunkt des Interesses.
Die Studie basiert auf qualitativen, leitfadengestützten Interviews mit Frauen, die Kinder haben und pendeln. Die Interviewten arbeiten in einer dem Familienwohnsitz entfernten Stadt und sind daher auch zeitweise über Nacht von der Familie abwesend. In dieser Zeit übernimmt der Partner die Versorgung des Haushalts und der Kinder. Die Untersuchung gibt einen umfassenden Einblick in den Alltag berufsbedingt abwesender Mütter und fokussiert dabei die Grenzen der binär-hierarchischen Geschlechterordnung. Das Phänomen pendelnder Mütter als ein Pendeln an den Grenzen der Geschlechterordnung darzustellen markiert nicht nur die Verwobenheit der Akteurinnen in zum Teil widersprüchliche, gesellschaftliche Erwartungen an Frauen als (mobile) Erwerbstätige und Frauen als Mütter. Ebenfalls wird dadurch markiert, dass die Frage nach den Grenzen (der Geschlechterordnung) immer auch die Frage nach Überschreitung, nach Möglichkeiten und Spielräumen einschließt.
Die Befunde aus den Interviews zeigen unter anderem, dass die Abwesenheit von der Familie gut legitimiert werden muss. Um im Rahmen einer guten Mutter denkbar zu bleiben und anerkannt zu werden, müssen sie den Zwang ihrer Situation herausstellen. Dies aber verhindert die Artikulation lustvoller Dimensionen, die auch einen Teil ihrer Erfahrungen mit und in der Abwesenheit ausmachen. In diesem prekären Spannungsverhältnis von der Legitimation einerseits und einer 'Lust an der Abwesenheit' andererseits erwächst die Notwendigkeit einer Sorge um sich selbst. Insgesamt zeigt die Untersuchung nicht nur auf, dass veränderte Arrangements die Grundlage für eine Kritik an derzeitigen Bedingungen der Arbeitswelt aber auch der derzeitigen Ideale der bürgerlichen Kleinfamilie sind, sondern weiterführend Kritik als eine Form von Praxis untersucht werden muss, die ihren Niederschlag nicht zuletzt in den (modifizierten) Selbstverhältnissen findet." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Zimmermann, Okka (2019): Der 'kritische' und 'neoliberale' Vereinbarkeitsdiskurs in der Alltagskommunikation berufstätiger Mütter. In: Gender, Jg. 11, H. 2, S. 121-137. DOI:10.3224/gender.v11i2.09

Abstract

"In der Geschlechterforschung wird angeregt über den Zusammenhang von Feminismus, Neoliberalismus, demografischer Wende in der Familienpolitik und der sich verändernden Rolle von Müttern debattiert. Dieser Beitrag zielt darauf ab, die Art und das Ausmaß der Rezeption öffentlicher Diskurse um Vereinbarkeit herauszuarbeiten. Hiernach werden insbesondere hochqualifizierte Frauen durch wirkmächtige Leitbilder darauf verpflichtet, Karriere und Mutterschaft selbstständig zu vereinbaren, während die Kritik am asymmetrischen Geschlechterverhältnis weitgehend verstummt. In diesem Beitrag wird auf der empirischen Basis qualitativer Interviews analysiert, ob und wie sich der 'kritische' oder 'neoliberale' Vereinbarkeitsdiskurs in der Alltagskommunikation und in Vereinbarkeitsstrategien berufstätiger Mütter niederschlägt. Als zentrales Ergebnis ist festzustellen, dass diese sich weitgehend als 'Familienmanagerinnen' sehen, die durch gute Planung, Struktur und Organisation Vereinbarkeit selbst herstellen. Der neoliberale mediale Vereinbarkeitsdiskurs wurde von ihnen damit weitestgehend übernommen und in Vereinbarkeitsstrategien umgesetzt, die durch individuelle Lösungen gekennzeichnet sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Zimmert, Franziska (2019): Early child care and maternal employment: empirical evidence from Germany. (IAB-Discussion Paper 02/2019), Nürnberg, 29 S.

Abstract

"Das vorliegende Papier untersucht nicht nur den Effekt der Verfügbarkeit von öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung auf die mütterliche Erwerbsquote und den vereinbarten Stundenumfang, sondern auch auf die gewünschte Stundenzahl. Dabei wird der im August 2013 eingeführte Rechtsanspruch auf einen Betreuungsplatz für Kinder ab dem ersten Lebensjahr genutzt, um einen semi-parametrischen Differenzen-von-Differenzen-Ansatz anzuwenden. Die Ergebnisse auf Basis des Mikrozensus deuten auf einen positiven Effekt auf die Erwerbsbeteiligung und auf vereinbarte und gewünschte Arbeitsstunden in Landkreisen, in denen die Kinderbetreuungsquote intensiv anstieg, im Vergleich zu Landkreisen mit einem geringeren Anstieg dieser Quote, hin. Da sich gewünschte und vereinbarte Arbeitszeit gleichermaßen erhöhen, hat die Ausweitung von frühkindlicher Betreuung Arbeitsmarktpotentiale über die Gruppe der unterbeschäftigen Mütter hinaus." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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(2019): Betriebskindergärten in Deutschland. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion der FDP (Drucksache 19/13296). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 19/13781 (07.10.2019)), 16 S.

Abstract

Familienfreundlichkeit spielt im Wettbewerb um gute Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter für Unternehmen in Deutschland eine große Rolle. In ihrer Antwort auf eine kleine Anfrage der FDP geht die Bundesregierung auf die Entwicklung der betrieblich unterstützten Kinderbetreuung (z. B. Betriebskindergarten) in Deutschland ein. (IAB)

Zitatform

Aisenbrey, Silke & Anette Fasang (2018): Social location matters: Inequality in work and family life courses at the intersection of gender and race. (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Discussion papers SP 1 2018-601), Berlin, 31 S.

Abstract

"Which constraints and privileges do members of empowered or disempowered groups face in combining work and family life courses? To address this timely and highly relevant question, we empirically analyze work and family life courses at the intersection of gender and race in the United States. We use longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) to study parallel work-family trajectories of white and African American men and women combining an intersectional comparison with a quantitative life course perspective. Results from recent innovations in sequence analysis including Mantel coefficients and multichannel sequence analysis show distinct work-family patterns for the four groups. Overall the association between work and family life courses for white men is weakest. They can combine any type of family trajectories with all possible work careers. In contrast, for black men high prestige careers are only accessible if they are in stable relationships with maximum one child. For black women we find the strongest association between family lives and careers characterized by high occupational prestige almost never occur for them. For white women the highest prestige work-family life course pattern goes along with late parenthood and / or childlessness. We contribute to the literature by identifying complex population level regularities in intersectional inequalities in longitudinal work and family life courses. Uncovering complex population level regularities that are not immediately visible are an important precondition for assessing the causes and consequences of social inequality in work-family life courses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Akgunduz, Yusuf Emre & Janneke Plantenga (2018): Child care prices and maternal employment. A meta-analysis. In: Journal of Economic Surveys, Jg. 32, H. 1, S. 118-133. DOI:10.1111/joes.12192

Abstract

"The literature estimates for labor force participation elasticity with regard to child care prices are extensive and varying. While some estimates imply substantial gains from child care subsidies, others find insignificant effects. To determine the causes of the variance, this paper reviews and analyzes the elasticity sizes using estimates from 36 peer-reviewed articles and working papers in the literature. We start by reviewing the theoretical and empirical aspects related to participation elasticity with regard to child care costs, paying special attention to sample characteristics, methodological aspects, and macro level factors. We conclude by providing a meta-regression using control variables based on our review of the literature to explain some of the differences between the estimates. As research builds on and improves the methods and assumptions in prior works, elasticity estimates have become smaller over time. This decline might also be partially explained by changes in labor market characteristics. In countries with high rates of part-time work and very high or very low rates of female labor force participation, we find elasticity rates to be smaller." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Andresen, Martin Eckhoff & Tarjei Havnes (2018): Child care, parental labor supply and tax revenue. (IZA discussion paper 11576), Bonn, 48 S.

Abstract

"We study the impact of child care for toddlers on the labor supply of mothers and fathers in Norway. For identification, we exploit the staggered expansion across municipalities following a large reform from 2002. Our IV-estimates indicate that child care use causes an increase in the labor supply of mothers. Results suggest that cohabiting mothers move towards full time employment, while single mothers move to part time. Meanwhile, we find no impact for fathers or grandparents. We also find an increase in the taxes paid from cohabiting mothers, lending some support to the argument that parts of the cost of child care is offset by increased taxes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Averett, Susan L., Laura M. Argys & Saul D. Hoffman (Hrsg.) (2018): The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 876 S.

Abstract

"The transformation of women's lives over the past century is among the most significant and far-reaching of social and economic phenomena, affecting not only women but also their partners, children, and indeed nearly every person on the planet. In developed and developing countries alike, women are acquiring more education, marrying later, having fewer children, and spending a far greater amount of their adult lives in the labor force. Yet, because women remain the primary caregivers of children, issues such as work-life balance and the glass ceiling have given rise to critical policy discussions in the developed world. In developing countries, many women lack access to reproductive technology and are often relegated to jobs in the informal sector, where pay is variable and job security is weak. Considerable occupational segregation and stubborn gender pay gaps persist around the world. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy is the first comprehensive collection of scholarly essays to address these issues using the powerful framework of economics. Each chapter, written by an acknowledged expert or team of experts, reviews the key trends, surveys the relevant economic theory, and summarizes and critiques the empirical research literature. By providing a clear-eyed view of what we know, what we do not know, and what the critical unanswered questions are, this Handbook provides an invaluable and wide-ranging examination of the many changes that have occurred in women's economic lives." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cim, Merve & Anica Kramer (2018): Working women and labour market inequality. Research project for the Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies. Final report. (RWI-Projektbericht), Essen, 54 S.

Abstract

"Ziel des Projektes ist es, einen umfassenden Überblick über die geschlechtsspezifische (Un)gleichheit auf europäischen Arbeitsmärkten zu geben. In einer deskriptiven Analyse wird dabei zunächst die Arbeitsmarktsituation von Frauen für alle EU Mitgliedsstaaten dargestellt. In detaillierten Fallstudien werden Faktoren identifiziert, die mögliche Unterschiede zwischen den Ländern erklären können. Insbesondere wird analysiert, inwieweit Bildungssysteme, der Zugang zu Kinderbetreuung, Steuerpolitiken sowie kulturelle und historische Normen mit der Arbeitsmarktpartizipation und der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern korreliert sind. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der Analysen werden mögliche Rückschlusse für die Wirtschaftspolitik gezogen sowie eine Reihe von ausgewählten Strategien abgeleitet, die auf EU- und einzelstaatlicher Ebene durchgeführt werden könnten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Baldini, Massimo, Constanza Torricelli & Maria Cesira Urzì Brancati (2018): Family ties: Labor supply responses to cope with a household employment shock. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 16, H. 3, S. 809-832. DOI:10.1007/s11150-017-9375-z

Abstract

"We use data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) to explore labor responses of individuals (not only the spouse) to a negative employment shock suffered by another household member. We focus on Italy where family ties other than spousal ones are particularly strong and grown up children live in their parents' household till late, especially when they are students. Two main results emerge. First, we find strong and robust evidence that households hit by an employment shock do respond by increasing labor supply. Second, we document an added worker effect that is affecting not only wives, but also teenage children and students independently of their age, with important policy implications in terms of human capital formation. Results are robust across gender, household financial conditions and the crisis, yet they do not point to differential reactions along these dimensions." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Barglowski, Karolina & Paula Pustulka (2018): Tightening early childcare choices - gender and social class inequalities among Polish mothers in Germany and the UK. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 6, S. 1-16. DOI:10.1186/s40878-018-0102-6

Abstract

"Care for young children continues to highly influence the life chances of men and women, even more so when they are migrants. For migrant women, childcare remains a particular challenge when their kin are absent and the gendered norms of work and family life abroad diverge from what they have known in the country of origin. This article contributes to a deeper understanding of social class and childcare strategies of migrant women by combining two research projects with migrants from Poland to Germany and the UK. Accounts represented in this article depict the ways in which migrant mothers interpret and use the available childcare options, thereby highlighting how class-based resources are deployed and reproduced in two different welfare regimes. The comparative approach pursued in the article reveals that it is neither class nor national context that has a capacity to determine early childcare choices on its own. Instead, it is an intricate interplay of social protections' availability, gender norms and social class, which together engender various childcare strategies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Barker, Andrew (2018): Increasing inclusiveness for women, youth and seniors in Canada. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1519), Paris, 63 S. DOI:10.1787/83cb8b8d-en

Abstract

"Women, youth and seniors face barriers to economic inclusion in Canada, with considerable scope to improve their labour market outcomes. There has been no progress in shrinking the gender employment gap since 2009, and women, particularly mothers, continue to earn significantly less than men, in part due to a large gap in unpaid childcare responsibilities. Outside the province of Québec, low (but increasing) rates of government support for childcare should be expanded considerably, as should fathers' low take-up of parental leave. Skills development should be prioritised to arrest declining skills among youth and weak wage growth among young males with low educational attainment. Fragmented labour market information needs to be consolidated to address wage penalties associated with the widespread prevalence of qualifications mismatch. Growth in old-age poverty should be tackled through further increases in basic pension payments over time. Linking changes in the age of eligibility for public pensions to life expectancy would boost growth by increasing employment of older Canadians still willing and able to work. For all three groups, well-targeted expansions of in-work tax benefits and active labour market spending have the potential to increase employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bartoš, Vojtech & Barbara Pertold-Gebicka (2018): Parental leave length, social norms, and female labor market re-entry frictions. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 39, H. 4, S. 600-620. DOI:10.1108/IJM-09-2017-0235

Abstract

"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify the role of employers in creating employment gaps among women returning to the labor market after parental leaves of different durations.
Design/methodology/approach: The authors use a controlled correspondence field experiment that orthogonally manipulates parental leave length and the quality of fictitious female job candidates. The experiment is complemented with a survey among human resource managers.
Findings: High-quality candidates receive more interview invitations when applying after a short parental leave, while low-quality (LQ) candidates receive more interview invitations when applying after a typical three years long parental leave. Survey results suggest that the difference in invitations between short and typical leave treatments is driven by a social norm that mothers should stay home with children younger than three. Productivity gains from employing a LQ job applicant with a shorter career break might not be high enough to outweigh the adverse social norm effect.
Social implications: The presented results point toward the strong effect of prevailing social norms on job search prospects of women returning to the labor market after parental leave.
Originality/value: A correspondence experiment has not been used before to study the relationship between time spent on leave and the labor market prospects of mothers. It also extends research on social norms to the domain of hiring decisions." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Beauchamp, Andrew, Geoffrey Sanzenbacher, Shannon Seitz & Meghan M. Skira (2018): Single moms and deadbeat dads: The role of earnings, marriage market conditions, and preference heterogeneity. In: International Economic Review, Jg. 59, H. 1, S. 191-232. DOI:10.1111/iere.12267

Abstract

"Why do some men father children outside of marriage without providing support? Why do some women have children outside of marriage when they receive little support from fathers? Why is this behavior more common among blacks than whites? We estimate a dynamic equilibrium model of marriage, employment, fertility, and child support decisions. We consider the extent to which low earnings, marriage market conditions, and preference heterogeneity explain non-marital childbearing, deadbeat fatherhood, and racial differences in these outcomes. We find the black-white earnings gap and preference heterogeneity explain a substantial portion of racial differences, while marriage market conditions are less important." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Beblo, Miriam & Evelyn Korn (2018): Mütterliche Erwerbsbeteiligung - eine Überzeugungsfrage? In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 67, H. 7, S. 525-548. DOI:10.3790/sfo.67.7.525

Abstract

"In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland werden zahlreiche politische Instrumente der Familienförderung eingesetzt. Inwiefern diese Instrumente in positiver oder negativer Weise auf mütterliche Erwerbsbeteiligung wirken, wird sowohl in der Wissenschaft als auch der Politik intensiv diskutiert. Wir weisen in diesem Beitrag auf eine weitere Facette des institutionellen Rahmens hin, in dem Erwerbsentscheidungen getroffen werden: Gesellschaftliche Einstellungen zur Vereinbarkeit von Elternschaft (insbesondere Mutterschaft) und Berufstätigkeit beeinflussen sowohl die Erwerbsmöglichkeiten als auch -wünsche von Frauen erheblich. Hierzu stellen wir einen theoretischen Rahmen für die Verknüpfung von Überzeugungen und Erwerbsentscheidungen vor und unterfüttern diesen mit einer empirischen Analyse zur Entwicklung von Überzeugungen. Als Anwendungsfall betrachten wir das 'natürliche Experiment' der deutschen Teilung und Wiedervereinigung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Boll, Christina & Andreas Lagemann (2018): Does culture trump money? Erwerbsverhalten und Kitanutzung von Müttern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland. (HWWI research paper 188), Hamburg, 62 S.

Abstract

"Diese Studie untersucht das Erwerbs- und Kitanutzungsverhalten von Müttern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland. Wir nutzen die Wellen 2007-2015 des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) mit den Migrantenstichproben M1 und M2, um signifikante Assoziationen zwischen Migrationshintergrund und Erwerbswahrscheinlichkeit, Arbeitsstunden und Kitanutzungswahrscheinlichkeit unter Kontrolle von Humankapital-, Haushalts-, Milieu- und Makrofaktoren zu identifizieren. Dabei korrigieren wir für Selbstselektion in Beschäftigung und potenzielle Endogenität der Kitanutzung. Wir finden keine Bestätigung für einen eigenständigen Einfluss eines Migrationshintergrunds auf die Kitanutzung der Mütter. Allerdings nutzen Mütter mit südeuropäischen Wurzeln und jüngstem Kind im Alter 3 bis 5 Jahre seltener Kindertagesbetreuung als Mütter ohne Migrationshintergrund. Zur Erwerbswahrscheinlichkeit der Mütter beider Kindesaltersgruppen hat der Migrationshintergrund signifikant negative Bezüge. Ein direkter (indirekter) Migrationshintergrund geht, verglichen mit keinem Migrationshintergrund, bei sonst gleichen Müttermerkmalen mit einer um 6,3 % (5,9 %) niedrigeren Erwerbswahrscheinlichkeit bei Müttern jüngster Kinder unter 3 Jahren einher. Bei Müttern jüngster Kinder von 3-5 Jahren sind es 8,0 % (6,7 %). Mütter jüngster Kinder unter 3 Jahren (im Alter 3 bis 5 Jahre) mit Wurzeln in arabisch-muslimischen Ländern haben eine um 7,1 % (21,1 %) geringere Erwerbswahrscheinlichkeit. Letztere steigt zudem mit der Aufenthaltsdauer in Deutschland. Zur (konditionalen) Wochenarbeitszeit finden wir keine signifikanten Assoziationen des Migrationshintergrunds. Zusammenfassend zeigt sich, dass über die ökonomischen Motive hinaus auch kulturelle Faktoren und grundlegende Orientierungen und Werthaltungen das alltagspraktische Handeln der Mütter, gemessen im Erwerbsverhalten und der Kitanutzung, prägen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Borah, Melanie, Andreas Knabe & Kevin Pahlke (2018): Parental time restrictions and the cost of children. Insights from a survey among mothers. (CESifo working paper 7321), München, 33 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we provide estimates of the subjectively perceived cost of children depending on the extent of parental time restrictions. Building on a study by Koulovatianos et al. (2009) that introduces a novel way of using subjective income evaluation data for such estimations, we conduct a refined version of the underlying survey, focusing on young women with children in Germany. Our study confirms that the monetary cost of children is substantial and increases with parental nonmarket time restrictions. The loss in the material living standard associated with supplying time to the labor market is sizeable for families with children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bratti, Massimiliano, Tommaso Frattini & Francesco Scervini (2018): Grandparental availability for child care and maternal labor force participation. Pension reform evidence from Italy. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 31, H. 4, S. 1239-1277. DOI:10.1007/s00148-017-0683-7

Abstract

"In this paper, we exploit pension reform-induced changes in retirement eligibility requirements to assess the role of grandparental childcare availability in the labor force participation of women with children under 15. Our analysis shows that, among the women studied, those whose own mothers are retirement eligible have a 11% higher probability of being in the labor force than those whose mothers are ineligible. The pension eligibility of maternal grandfathers and paternal grandparents, however, has no significant effect on the women's labor force participation. We also demonstrate that the eligibility of maternal grandmothers mainly captures the effect of their availability for childcare. Hence, pension reforms, by potentially robbing households of an important source of flexible, low-cost childcare, could have unintended negative consequences for the employment rates of women with young children." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Buschner, Andrea, Ursula Adam & Florian Schulz (2018): Relative education, parenthood, and couples' division of paid work. Evidence from German census data. In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, Jg. 30, H. 1, S. 96-119. DOI:10.3224/zff.v30i1.06

Abstract

"Entwicklungen wie die Bildungsexpansion, die zunehmende Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung von Frauen sowie die Homophilie in der Partnerwahl haben bestehende Bildungsasymmetrien zwischen Männern und Frauen in westlichen Gesellschaften deutlich reduziert. Der vorliegende Beitrag liefert für Ost- und West-Deutschland eine Analyse des Zusammenhangs zwischen der Bildung der Partner, deren Elternschaft sowie deren Erwerbsanteilen im Paar. Relative Bildung kann hierbei sowohl als Indikator für Arbeitsmarktressourcen als auch für Geschlechtsrolleneinstellungen interpretiert werden. Die Analysen basieren auf den Daten des deutschen Mikrozensus 2011 mit insgesamt 57.366 Paarhaushalten. Für die Schätzung der weiblichen Erwerbsanteile werden Allgemeine Lineare Modelle herangezogen. Aufgrund der hohen Fallzahl ist die Berücksichtigung von Interaktionseffekten möglich. Die Befunde zeigen, dass (1) der Erwerbsanteil von Frauen umso höher ist, je höher ihr eigenes Bildungsniveaus ist; (2) Frauen, die einen höheren Bildungsabschluss als ihr Mann aufweisen, zeigen im Vergleich zu anderen Frauen die höchsten Erwerbsanteile; (3) Unabhängig von der relativen Bildung im Paar erreichen Frauen im Durchschnitt in aller Regel keinen Erwerbsanteil von 50%; (4) Vor allem junge Kinder zeigen einen großen Einfluss auf den Zusammenhang zwischen relativer Bildung und relativer Erwerbsbeteiligung; (5) Bildungsvorsprünge von Frauen gegenüber ihren Partnern sind für ihre Erwerbsanteile in West-Deutschland von höherer Bedeutung als in Ostdeutschland. Keine der beiden Interpretationen von Bildung erklärt allein die Aufteilung der Erwerbsarbeit im Paar. Je nach Präsenz und Alter des jüngsten Kindes sowie dem regionalen Kontext trägt die ökonomische oder wertorientierte Perspektive mehr oder weniger stark zur Erklärung des Arbeitsarrangements bei. Dabei konnten wir auf die Nützlichkeit der zwei theoretischen Rahmungen von Bildung als erklärendes Modell hinweisen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Carta, Francesca & Lucia Rizzica (2018): Early kindergarten, maternal labor supply and children's outcomes: evidence from Italy. In: Journal of Public Economics, Jg. 158, H. February, S. 79-102. DOI:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2017.12.012

Abstract

"We analyze a reform that introduced early access to subsidized childcare for 2-year-old children in Italy, exploring the effects on several measures of maternal labor supply and on children's cognitive outcomes. Our identification strategy exploits discontinuities in the eligibility rules and the staggered implementation of the reform. We find that the policy increased mothers' participation in the labor market and lowered the reservation wage of the unemployed, thus increasing their likelihood of finding a job. At the same time, the newly introduced childcare arrangement did not affect children's cognitive development, irrespective of their family background." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Choi, Seongsoo (2018): Fewer mothers with more colleges? The impacts of expansion in higher education on first marriage and first childbirth. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 39, S. 593-634. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2018.39.20

Abstract

"Background: Since the mid-1990s, South Korea has undergone two remarkable social changes: a large-scale expansion in higher education and a transition to lowest-low fertility. These changes offer an appropriate quasi-experimental setting for the causal inferences of the impacts of college education on transitions into marriage and parenthood.
Objective: I examine the effects of the large-scale college expansion on first marriage and first childbirth, using data from South Korea.
Methods: I define two cohorts of women depending on their exposure to the expansion (pre-expansion versus post-expansion), and from this I identify a marginal group affected by the college expansion. Using a difference-in-difference approach, I examine how marriage and childbirth changes in this group (the New College Class) differed in comparison with the changes in other groups (the High School Class and the Traditional College Class).
Results: I found a considerable impact of college expansion on the falling rates of first marriage and first childbirth among the New College Class women. The growing divide in family formation between college graduates and non-college graduates explains a large part of the total college expansion effects, while the effect of increased education among New College Class women was minimal.
Conclusions: The college expansion in South Korea did have an impact, but the impact was mostly indirect from interactions with other social structural changes.
Contribution: I provide causal evidence on the impact of the large-scale expansion in higher education on family formation, in particular fertility, utilizing a novel analytical approach and a rare empirical case in South Korea." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Chung, Heejung (2018): Dualization and the access to occupational family-friendly working-time arrangements across Europe. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 52, H. 2, S. 491-507. DOI:10.1111/spol.12379

Abstract

"This article examines outsiders' relative access to occupational level family-friendly policies. I use data from the European Working Conditions Survey of 2015 across 30 European countries examining workers' access to two types of family-friendly working-time arrangements (WTAs): flexitime, and time off work for personal reasons. The article focuses on women with care responsibilities given that their demands for family-friendly policies, as well as their outcomes, have been shown to be distinct from the rest of the working population. In addition to the outsider definition used in the labor market dualization and occupational segmentation literature, i.e., low-skilled workers and those without a permanent contract, this article also defines outsiders as those perceiving their job as insecure. The results of the analysis show a segmentation between workers in their access to family-friendly policies. Unlike statutory policies, occupational policies seem to be selectively provided mostly to workers where employers have a vested interest, i.e., insiders, resulting in a dualized system for most countries. However, rather than their contract status, the skill-level of the job/workers, and their perceived insecurity were found to be important. The results further show that although Northern European and some continental European countries are those where family-friendly WTAs are more readily available, it is in these countries where the division between insiders and outsiders is the greatest. The results of the article contribute to the literature by showing a need to move beyond the national level when examining family-friendly policies, and to examine a more diverse definition of outsiders when examining dualization of working conditions." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Cygan-Rehm, Kamila, Daniel Kühnle & Regina T. Riphahn (2018): Paid parental leave and families' living arrangements. (IZA discussion paper 11533), Bonn, 51 S.

Abstract

"We examine how a paid parental leave reform causally affected families' living arrangements. The German reform we examine replaced a means-tested benefit with a universal transfer paid out for a shorter period. Combining a regression discontinuity with a difference-in-differences design, we find that the reform increased the probability that a newborn lives with non-married cohabiting parents. This effect results from a reduced risk of single parenthood among women who gained from the reform. We reject the economic independence hypothesis and argue that the reform effects for those who benefited from the reform are consistent with hypotheses related to the improved financial situation of new mothers after the reform and increased paternal involvement in childcare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Depew, Briggs & Joseph Price (2018): Marriage and the economic status of women with children. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 16, H. 4, S. 1049-1061. DOI:10.1007/s11150-017-9395-8

Abstract

"Marriage is positively correlated with income, and women with children are much less likely to be in poverty if they are married. Selection into marriage makes it difficult to assess whether these correlations represent a causal effect of marriage. One instrument for marriage proposed in past research is the gender of a woman's first child. We find that women who have a boy first are about 0.33 percentage points more likely to be married at any point in time. This effect operates through both increasing the probability that unmarried mothers marry the child's father and reducing the probability of divorce. We also find that women whose first child is a boy experience higher levels of family income and are less likely to receive welfare income, be below the poverty line, and receive food stamps. Estimates using child gender as an instrumental variable for marriage suggest that marriage plays a large causal role in improving the economic well-being of women with children and that these effects are largest among women at the lower end of the income distribution." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Diener, Katharina & Anne Berngruber (2018): Die Bedeutung öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung für die Erwerbsentscheidung und den Erwerbsumfang von Müttern beim beruflichen Wiedereinstieg. In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, Jg. 30, H. 2, S. 124-150., 2017-11-07. DOI:10.3224/zff.v30i2.01

Abstract

"Der Beitrag untersucht, welche Rolle öffentliche Kinderbetreuung bei der Erwerbsentscheidung und dem Erwerbsumfang von Müttern aus Paarhaushalten nach der Elternzeit spielt. Betrachtet werden Einstellungen der Mütter zur Kinderbetreuung und die tatsächliche Nutzung verschiedener Betreuungsmöglichkeiten während der Elternzeit sowie die Betreuungsquote auf Kreisebene. Datengrundlage sind die Paneldaten der DJI-Länderstudie der Jahre 2012 bis 2014. Für die Entscheidung wieder in den Beruf einzusteigen sind insbesondere der geplante Zeitpunkt der Rückkehr und der gewünschte Stundenumfang von Bedeutung. Eine positive Einstellung zur öffentlichen Betreuung von Kindern im Alter von ein bis zwei Jahren und die Betreuung in einer Kita oder in Tagespflege während der Elternzeit, sowie eine höhere Kinderbetreuungsquote auf Kreisebene, führen dazu, dass Mütter in höherem Umfang wieder erwerbstätig werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dotti Sani, Giulia M. & Stefani Scherer (2018): Maternal Employment: Enabling Factors in Context. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 32, H. 1, S. 75-92. DOI:10.1177/0950017016677944

Abstract

"Maternal employment is still below the overall EU recommended level of 60% in many European countries. Understanding the individual, household and contextual circumstances under which mothers of children of different ages are likely to be employed is crucial to develop strategies capable of increasing maternal employment. This article takes a comparative approach to investigating the characteristics associated with maternal employment in the presence of children aged 0 - 2, 3 - 5, 6 - 9 and 10 - 12 years. We model the probability of being employed full-time, part-time or being a homemaker using EU-SILC data (2004 to 2007) from Germany, Italy, Norway and the United Kingdom - four countries belonging to different gender and welfare regimes. The results indicate that individual and household characteristics are more relevant in determining mothers' employment in countries where the state is less supportive towards maternal employment: Italy and to a lesser extent Germany and the UK - for the period observed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Evertsson, Marie & Katarina Boye (2018): The transition to parenthood and the division of parental leave in different-sex and female same-sex couples in Sweden. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 34, H. 5, S. 471-485. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcy027

Abstract

"Research on the division of paid and unpaid work at the transition to parenthood has rarely been able to separate the social construction of gender and motherhood/fatherhood identities from labour market and financial factors. By bringing in female same-sex couples (SSC) and comparing how the transition to parenthood influences the division of parental leave in SSC and different-sex couples (DSC), we can isolate parents' gender as a predictor of the division of care from physiological and identity-forming aspects linked to being a birth-mother (or her partner). Analysing Swedish register data for couples who had their first child in 2003-2011, results show that (i) the (birth) mother's leave uptake is higher than the partner's uptake for both SSC and DSC, providing support for identity formation and internalized norms linked to the child's need of its (birth) mother; (ii) birth-mothers in SSC on average take 7 weeks less parental leave than mothers in DSC, indicating that the partner's gender plays a role; and (iii) the (birth) mother's parental leave share is negatively related to her income but unrelated to her partner's income, suggesting that her labour market prospects are more important in the division of leave than any financial, family-utility maximization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Florian, Sandra M. (2018): Racial variation in the effect of motherhood on women's employment. Temporary or enduring effect? In: Social science research, Jg. 73, H. July, S. 80-91. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.02.012

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Fuller, Sylvia (2018): Segregation across workplaces and the motherhood wage gap. Why do mothers work in low-wage establishments? In: Social forces, Jg. 96, H. 4, S. 1143-1476. DOI:10.1093/sf/sox087

Abstract

"While maternal employment has become the norm in advanced industrial nations, gendered norms of parenting and employment disadvantage mothers in the labor force. This paper sheds new light on motherhood pay gaps by investigating the contribution of an understudied dynamic - mothers' overrepresentation in low-paying workplaces. Estimating between- and within-establishment wage gaps with nationally representative Canadian linked employer-employee data reveals that segregation in low-paying establishments accounts for the bulk of mothers' wage disadvantage relative to childless women. Pay gaps net of human capital differences are not chiefly a result of mothers' lower wages vis-à-vis similar women in a given workplace, but rather stem from the fact that mothers are disproportionately employed in workplaces that pay all employees relatively poorly. Having identified the importance of between-establishment segregation, additional analyses probe support for two theories about underlying mechanisms: compensating differentials tied to family-supportive work contexts, and discrimination. While each plays a role, evidence is strongest for discrimination, with organizational characteristics that tend to reduce opportunities for discrimination also dramatically reducing or eliminating motherhood pay gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gürtzgen, Nicole & Karsten Hank (2018): Maternity leave and mothers' long-term sickness absence. Evidence from West Germany. In: Demography, Jg. 55, H. 2, S. 587-615., 2017-10-09. DOI:10.1007/s13524-018-0654-y

Abstract

"Exploiting unique German administrative data, we estimate the association between an expansion in maternity leave duration from two to six months in 1979 and mothers' post-birth long-term sickness absence over a period of three decades after childbirth. Adopting a difference-in-difference approach, we first assess the reform's labor market effects and, subsequently, pre- and post-birth maternal long-term sickness absence, accounting for the potential role of the reform in mothers' selection into employment. Consistent with previous research, our estimates show that the leave extension caused mothers to significantly delay their return to work within the first year after childbirth. We then provide difference-in-difference estimates for the number and length of spells of long-term sickness absence among returned mothers. Our findings suggest that among those returned, mothers subject to the leave extension exhibit a higher incidence of long-term sickness absence as compared to mothers who gave birth before the reform. This also holds true after controlling for observable differences in pre-birth illness histories. At the same time, there are no pronounced effects on mothers' medium-run labor market attachment following the short-run delay in return to work, which might rationalize a negative causal health effect. Breaking down the results by mothers' pre-birth health status suggests that the higher incidence of long-term sickness absence among mothers subject to the reform may be explained by the fact that the reform facilitated the re-entry of a negative health selection into the labor market." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Herbst, Chris M. (2018): The impact of quality rating and improvement systems on families' child care choices and the supply of child care labor. In: Labour economics, Jg. 54, H. October, S. 172-190. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2018.08.007

Abstract

"Quality Rating and Improvement Systems (QRIS) are increasingly deployed by U.S. states to monitor and improve the quality of non-parental child care settings. By making information on program quality accessible to the public, QRIS attempts to alter parental preferences for quality-related attributes and encourage competition between providers. This paper draws on a variety of datasets to empirically characterize the way in which families and providers respond to the enactment of QRIS. Specifically, it exploits the differential timing in states' QRIS roll-out to examine two sets of outcomes: (i) families' child care choices and maternal employment and (ii) the supply and compensation of child care labor. Estimates from difference-in-differences models reveal several noteworthy findings. First, although QRIS induces families to shift from parental to non-parental care, economically disadvantaged families are more likely to use informal care, while their advantaged counterparts are more likely to use formal care. Second, QRIS increases the supply of high-skilled labor, particularly within the center-based sector. Third, all but the most highly-skilled child care workers experience rising compensation levels but also greater turnover. Finally, states that administer a wage compensation program alongside their QRIS experience larger increases in child care supply and compensation as well as lower turnover rates than states operating a QRIS in isolation." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Hipp, Lena (2018): Damned if you do, damned if you don't? Experimental evidence on hiring discrimination against parents with differing lengths of family leave. (SocArXiv Papers), 37 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/qsm4x

Abstract

"Trotz vieler Veränderungen in den letzten Jahren erfahren Mütter in Deutschland noch immer große Nachteile auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. In einem Experiment hat Lena Hipp, Leiterin der Nachwuchsgruppe Arbeit und Fürsorge, mit ihrem Team jetzt untersucht, ob sich eine veränderte Aufteilung von Kinderbetreuung positiv auf die Erwerbschancen von Müttern auswirkt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das nicht unbedingt der Fall ist. Mütter mit lediglich zwei Monaten Elternzeit werden deutlich seltener zum Vorstellungsgespräch eingeladen als Frauen, die ein Jahr Elternzeit genommen haben. Bei den Vätern dagegen spielt die Dauer der Elternzeit keine Rolle." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Hübgen, Sabine (2018): 'Only a husband away from poverty'? Lone mothers' poverty risks in a European comparison. In: L. Bernardi & D. Mortelmans (Hrsg.) (2018): Lone parenthood in the life course (Life course research and social policies, 08), S. 167-189. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-63295-7_8

Abstract

"Over the last 10 years at-risk-of-poverty rates across Europe have been rather stable or rising only slightly. However, certain demographic groups face comparatively high poverty risks. Lone mothers belong usually to the most affected groups by income poverty - but variations are striking. Though, still little research has been done for explaining this vast variation across Europe. It is argued that institutional arrangements in the labor market and the welfare state shaped by existing gender inequalities have an impact on lone mothers' poverty risks. For instance, in countries where women's access to (full time) paid work is low and/or the gender pay gap is high, lone mothers are particularly disadvantaged due to the absent (male) partner. Furthermore, the lack of public childcare and a gendered eligibility to social benefits aggravate lone mothers' poverty risk. I also hypothesize that gendered institutional arrangements mediate the effect of individual characteristics on lone mothers' poverty risks - namely the poverty-reducing effect of employment and the poverty-enhancing effect of children. To prove these hypotheses empirically, I compare 25 European countries running several multi-level models based on pooled EU-SILC data (2009 - 2012). Results show that existing gender inequalities - particularly the access to full time employment for women and gender-specific welfare eligibility - indeed account for country differences in the level of lone mothers' poverty risk. Furthermore, there is empirical evidence that gender inequalities in the labor market shape the poverty-reducing effect of full time employment. Other specific mechanisms modeled in form of cross-level interactions cannot be supported by the data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jerg-Bretzke, L., P. Krüsmann, H. C. Traue & K. Limbrecht-Ecklundt (2018): "Was ihr wollt", Ergebnisse einer empirischen Bedarfsanalyse zur Verbesserung der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf bei Ärztinnen und Ärzten. In: Das Gesundheitswesen, Jg. 80, H. 1, S. 20-26. DOI:10.1055/s-0041-111842

Abstract

"Ziel der Studie: Kliniken stehen vermehrt der Anforderung gegenüber für Ärztinnen und Ärzte Arbeitsbedingungen zu schaffen, die eine Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf ermöglichen. Dies ist gleichzeitig auch als Chance zu betrachten, sich als Arbeitgeber von anderen Kliniken abzuheben. Methode: N=120 Ärztinnen und Ärzte der Medizinischen Fakultät sowie N=679 Studierende der Humanmedizin im vorklinischen und klinischen Abschnitt wurden online befragt. Im Fokus dieser Studie stand die Erfassung des Veränderungsbedarfs an Kliniken zur Verbesserung der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. Ergebnisse: Hypothesenkonform zeigte sich in der Work-Family/Family-Work Conflict Scale (WFC/FWC) eine erschwerte Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Tätigkeit nach Eintritt in das Berufsleben - insbesondere mit Kind. Besonders die Arbeitsunterbrechung im Notfall, Teilzeitregelungen oder Notfallbetreuung für Kinder schätzen über 90% Befragten als wichtiges Instrument zur Verbesserung der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf ein. Zusätzlich wünschen sich Ärztinnen und Ärzte, dass ihre Vorgesetzten Vereinbarkeitsthemen aktiv unterstützen. Schlussfolgerung: Die Analyse der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Tätigkeit zeigt Handlungsbedarf in den untersuchten Stichproben. Durch die erfassten Maßnahmen, die als entlastend beurteilt werden, können konkrete Handlungsschritte für Kliniken abgeleitet werden. Die Analyse des WFC/FWC stellt eine Möglichkeit dar, standardisiert die Belastung durch Tätigkeit in der Familie und vice versa zu erfassen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Jergus, Kerstin, Jens Oliver Krüger & Anna Roch (Hrsg.) (2018): Elternschaft zwischen Projekt und Projektion. (Studien zur Schul- und Bildungsforschung 61), Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 319 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-15005-1

Abstract

"Dieser Band versammelt aktuelle sozialwissenschaftliche Perspektiven der Elternforschung, mit denen Elternschaft zwischen 'Projekt und Projektion' als eigenständiges Forschungsfeld konturiert wird. Gegenwärtig rücken Eltern auf vielfältige Weise in den Mittelpunkt bildungs- und sozialpolitischer, gesellschaftlicher und medialer Aufmerksamkeit. Verbunden mit dem Wandel von Familienverständnissen und Kindheitsbildern und verflochten mit veränderten Geschlechter- und Lohnerwerbsverhältnissen wird Elternschaft zunehmend zu einer zwischen Anforderung und Überforderung changierenden Gestaltungsaufgabe. Die komplexen Anforderungen an Elternschaft wie auch die heterogenen Lebenslagen und Praktiken von Eltern werden in den Einzelbeiträgen dieses Bandes zum Gegenstand theoretischer Reflexionen und empirischer Analysen gemacht." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Keller, Matthias & Irene Kahle (2018): Realisierte Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern und Vätern zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. In: Wirtschaft und Statistik H. 3, S. 54-71.

Abstract

"Die Organisation des Zusammenlebens in Familien erfordert von Eltern in der Regel einen Kompromiss zwischen der Kinderbetreuung und dem Erwirtschaften des Lebensunterhaltes. Dies gilt insbesondere für Eltern mit kleinen Kindern unter drei Jahren, die in besonders starkem Umfang der Betreuung bedürfen. Der vorliegende Aufsatz stellt aktuelle Zahlen zur Erwerbstätigkeit von Eltern aus dem Mikrozensus 2016 dar, dabei wird das Konzept der 'realisierten Erwerbstätigkeit' zugrunde gelegt (Personen, die ihre Erwerbstätigkeit durch Mutterschutz oder Elternzeit unterbrochen haben, werden bei diesem Konzept nicht zu den Erwerbstätigen gezählt). Im Mittelpunkt der Betrachtung stehen Mütter und Väter mit mindestens einem minderjährigen Kind. Es zeigt sich, dass vor allem Mütter mit Kleinkindern seltener einer realisierten Erwerbstätigkeit nachgehen als Väter und dazu noch erheblich häufiger in Teilzeit tätig sind." (Autorenreferat, © Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden)

Zitatform

Keller, Wolfgang & Hâle Utar (2018): Globalization, gender, and the family. (NBER working paper 25247), Cambrige, Mass., 96 S. DOI:10.3386/w25247

Abstract

"This paper shows that globalization has far-reaching implications for the economy's fertility rate and family structure because they influence work-life balance. Employing population register data on new births, marriages, and divorces together with employer-employee linked data for Denmark, we show that lower labor market opportunities due to Chinese import competition lead to a shift towards family, with more parental leave taking and higher fertility as well as more marriages and fewer divorces. This pro-family, pro-child shift is driven largely by women, not men. Correspondingly, the negative earnings implications of the rising import competition are concentrated on women, and gender earnings inequality increases. We show that the choice of market versus family is a major determinant of worker adjustment costs to labor market shocks. While older workers respond to the shock rather similarly whether female or not, for young workers the fertility response takes away the adjustment advantage they typically have - if the worker is a woman. We find that the female biological clock - women have difficulties to conceive beyond their early forties - is central for the gender differential, rather than the composition of jobs and workplaces, as well as other potential causes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kil, Tine, Karel Neels, Jonas Wood & Helga A. G. De Valk (2018): Employment After Parenthood. Women of Migrant Origin and Natives Compared. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 34, H. 3, S. 413-440. DOI:10.1007/s10680-017-9431-7

Abstract

"Motherhood negatively affects female employment in majority populations across Europe. Although employment levels are particularly low among women of migrant origin, little is known about the motherhood - employment link in migrant populations. This paper investigates whether family formation differentially affects the labour market position of migrant women and their descendants compared to natives. Using longitudinal microdata from the Belgian social security registers, 12,167 women are followed from 12 months before until 48 months after the birth of their first child for the period 1999 - 2010. Levels of activity (versus inactivity), employment (versus unemployment) and full-time employment (versus part-time employment) are compared between natives and first- and second-generation women of Southern European, Eastern European, Turkish and Moroccan origin. We find that activity and employment levels decrease to a larger extent following the transition to parenthood among women of migrant origin than among natives. With respect to activity levels, differences between second-generation women and natives are largely explained by socio-demographic and pre-birth job characteristics, while differences between first-generation women and natives are not, suggesting that other factors such as tied migration patterns determine labour market attachment among first-generation mothers. With respect to employment levels, unemployment is increasing more among women of migrant origin of both generations than among natives, also when controlling for background characteristics, which signals differential access to stable job positions as well as to family policies. In sum, the results draw attention to the challenge that parenthood creates for mothers of migrant origin in terms of retaining and gaining employment, but also to the role of labour market entry and early career positions." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Kim, Jungho (2018): Duration of parental leave and women's employment. (IZA discussion paper 11383), Bonn, 31 S.

Abstract

"The impact of the duration of parental leave on women's employment in Korea is examined by focusing on the heterogeneous effects. The results of the extension of the maximum job-protected leave from 12 months to 15 months are as follows. First, the policy change led to more female employees taking leave more often and for longer periods. The impact of leave take-up on high wage earners is found to be smaller than that on their low wage counterparts, but that on duration is larger; this points to a fixed cost in switching between own and paid child care. Further, those in large firms tend to benefit more than those in small- or medium-sized firms. Second, the extension encouraged women to return to work 2-3 years after childbirth, but this effect diminished after 4 years. The findings suggest that the distributional effect should be considered in designing leave policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kluve, Jochen & Sebastian Schmitz (2018): Back to work: parental benefits and mothers' labor market outcomes in the medium run. In: ILR review, Jg. 71, H. 1, S. 143-173. DOI:10.1177/0019793917710933

Abstract

"The authors estimate policy impacts of a generous parental benefit in Germany by using a natural experiment and German census data. They estimate policy effects for the short run (first two years after childbirth) as well as for the medium run (that is, three to five years after childbirth). Although the results confirm the evidence from previous studies for the short run, pronounced patterns emerge for the medium run. First, effects on mothers' employment probability are positive, significant, and large, ranging up to 10%. These gains are driven primarily by increases in part-time employment and working hours but also by full-time employment for high-income mothers. Moreover, mothers return to their previous employers at significantly higher rates, and employers reward this by raising job quality. The overall positive and sizeable impacts of the reform are centered on mothers from the medium and high terciles of the income distribution; low-income mothers do not benefit." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kreyenfeld, Michaela & Anja Vatterrott (2018): Salmon migration and fertility in East Germany. An analysis of birth dynamics around German reunification. In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 247-266. DOI:10.3224/zff.v30i3.02

Abstract

"In diesem Beitrag werden die Registerdaten der deutschen Rentenversicherung verwendet, um die Übergänge zum ersten Kind und das 'Spacing' weiterer Kinder in der Zeit nach der Wiedervereinigung zu beschreiben. Wir untersuchen dabei das Geburtenverhalten von ostdeutschen und westdeutschen sowie jenen Frauen, die zwischen den beiden Landesteilen migriert sind. Da in den Rentenregistern monatsgenaue Angaben zum Wohnort enthalten sind, erlauben sie es den Zusammenhang von räumlicher Mobilität und Geburtenverhalten zu analysieren. Insbesondere untersuchen wir die 'Salmon Hypothesis' (Lachshypothese), der zufolge Geburten bis zur Rückkehr der Migrantinnen in ihre Herkunftsregion aufgeschoben werden. Unsere Analysen zeigen, dass ein erheblicher Teil der ostdeutschen Frauen der Geburtsjahrgänge 1965-74 nach Westdeutschland migrierte, jedoch bis zum Alter 40 etwa 50% von ihnen nach Ostdeutschland zurückgekehrt sind. Die Erstgeburtenraten der Rückkehrerinnen sind erhöht, was darauf hinweist, dass die 'Salmon Hypothesis' das Verhalten eines großen Teils der Ost-West-Migrantinnen beschreiben kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Kümmerling, Angelika (2018): Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in den Arbeitszeiten. Fortschritt auf der einen, Stagnation auf der anderen Seite. (IAQ-Report 2018-08), Duisburg, 23 S. DOI:10.17185/duepublico/47961

Abstract

"Zwischen 2010 und 2016 sind die durchschnittlichen Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland stabil geblieben. Im Mittel arbeiteten abhängig Beschäftigte 2016 35,2 Stunden in der Woche. Von einem unterschiedlichen Niveau ausgehend, haben sich die Arbeitszeiten von Männern seit 2010 leicht verringert, während Frauen heute länger arbeiten. Als Folge davon hat sich der Gender Time Gap (von 9,3 Std. auf 8,7 Std.) deutlich reduziert. Grund hierfür ist ein Trend zu längerer Teilzeit bei den Frauen, insbesondere bei Müttern. Frauen und Männer und vor allem Mütter und Väter haben weiterhin grundsätzlich andere Arbeitszeitrealitäten. Teilzeit hat sich dabei als die Arbeitszeitform von Müttern weiter manifestiert. Im EU-Vergleich sind die Arbeitszeiten von Frauen in Deutschland die zweitkürzesten. Nur in den Niederlanden arbeiten Frauen weniger Stunden in der Woche. Mütter in Deutschland sind im EU-Vergleich deutlich schlechter in den Arbeitsmarkt eingebunden als Frauen ohne Kinder. Kinder zu haben stellt also einen Risikofaktor für die Erwerbstätigkeit und finanzielle Absicherung von Frauen dar. Das Ehegattensplitting steht im Widerspruch zu familienpolitischen Maßnahmen wie KiTa-Ausbau und Elterngeld und erweist sich als Hemmschuh für eine gleichberechtigte Arbeitsteilung von Frauen und Männern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Liwiński, Jacek (2018): The impact of compulsory education on employment and earnings in a transition economy. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 193), Maastricht, 46 S.

Abstract

"In 1966 the minimum school-leaving age was increased from 14 to 15 years in Poland. This was a result of extending the primary school education from 7 to 8 years. At the same time, the reform did not affect the education system at post-primary levels, that is the system of secondary and higher education. In result, all education tracks were extended by one year. Using the regression discontinuity design and data from the Polish LFS (2001-2005), we find that the reform had no impact on men's and women's hourly earnings and employment rate. A similar finding was reported earlier for a few Western European countries. However, our study is the first one to estimate the impact of the compulsory schooling extended in a centrally planned economy on the individuals' labour market outcomes in the period of economic transition. Besides, we find that the reform had a negative impact on the hourly earnings of individuals with primary education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lubotsky, Darren & Javaeria A. Qureshi (2018): Assessing the smooth rise in mothers' employment as children age. In: Journal of Human Capital, Jg. 12, H. 4, S. 604-639. DOI:10.1086/700077

Abstract

"We study the trajectory of maternal employment as children age and assess the factors underlying the smooth increase in mothers' employment as their youngest child ages. Our results indicate that the rising employment profile is largely not associated with falling child care costs, changes in nonlabor income, or marital dissolution as children age. Differences in educational attainment and wage opportunities are related to some of the increase in employment when children are under 4 years old but do not explain any after that age. We discuss explanations for the rising pattern of mothers' employment that might be consistent with our results." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Magda, Iga, Aneta Kielczewska & Nicola Brandt (2018): The effects of large universal child benefits on female labour supply. (IZA discussion paper 11652), Bonn, 19 S.

Abstract

"In 2016 the Polish government introduced a large new child benefit, called 'Family 500+', with the aim to increase fertility from a low level and reduce child poverty. The benefit is universal for the second and every further child and means-tested for the first child. Increasing out-of-work income significantly, the transfer can reduce incentives to participate in the labour market. We study the impact of the new benefit on female labour supply, using Polish Labour Force Survey data. Based on a difference-in-differences methodology we find that the labour market participation rates of women with children decreased after the introduction of the benefit compared to childless women. The estimates suggest that by mid-2017 the labour force participation rate of mothers dropped by 2-3 percentage points, depending on the estimation specification, as a result of the 'Family 500+' benefit. The effect was higher among women with lower levels of education and living in small towns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Müller, Kai-Uwe, Michael Neumann & Katharina Wrohlich (2018): The family working-time model. Towards more gender equality in work and care. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 28, H. 5, S. 471-486. DOI:10.1177/0958928717753581

Abstract

"Since the millennium, the labour market participation of women and mothers is increasing across European countries. Several work/care policy measures underlie this evolution. At the same time, the labour market behaviour of fathers, as well as their involvement in care work, is relatively unchanging, meaning that employed mothers are facing an increased burden with respect to gainful employment and providing care. We propose a family working-time model that incentivizes fathers and mothers to both work in extended part-time employment. It provides a benefit in the form of a lump-sum transfer or income replacement for each parent if, and only if, both parents work 30?hours/week. Thus, it explicitly addresses fathers and - contrary to most conventional family policies - actively promotes the dual earner/dual carer paradigm. Combining microsimulation and labour supply estimation, we empirically analyse the potential of the family working-time model in the German context. The relatively small share of families already choosing the symmetric distribution of about 30 working hours would increase by 60?percent. By showing that a lump-sum transfer especially benefits low-income families, we contribute to the debate about redistributive implications of family policies. The basic principles of the model generalize to other European countries where families increasingly desire an equal distribution of employment and care. In order to enhance the impact of such a policy, employers' norms and workplace culture as well as the supply of high-quality childcare must catch up with changing workforce preferences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Müller, Kai-Uwe, Michael Neumann & Katharina Wrohlich (2018): Labor supply under participation and hours constraints. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1758), Berlin, 50 S.

Abstract

"The paper extends a static discrete-choice labor supply model by adding participation and hours constraints. We identify restrictions by survey information on the eligibility and search activities of individuals as well as actual and desired hours. This provides for a more robust identification of preferences and constraints. Both, preferences and restrictions are allowed to vary by and are related through observed and unobserved characteristics. We distinguish various restrictions mechanisms: labor demand rationing, working hours norms varying across occupations, and insufficient public childcare on the supply side of the market. The effect of these mechanisms is simulated by relaxing different constraints at a time. We apply the empirical framework to evaluate an in-work benefit for low-paid parents in the German institutional context. The benefit is supposed to increase work incentives for secondary earners. Based on the structural model we are able to disentangle behavioral reactions into the pure incentive effect and the limiting impact of constraints at the intensive and extensive margin. We find that the in-work benefit for parents substantially increases working hours of mothers of young children, especially when they have a low education. Simulating the effects of restrictions shows their substantial impact on employment of mothers with young children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Müller, Kai-Uwe & Katharina Wrohlich (2018): Does subsidized care for toddlers increase maternal labor supply? Evidence from a large-scale expansion of early childcare. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1747), Berlin, 50 S.

Abstract

"Expanding public or publicly subsidized childcare has been a top social policy priority in many industrialized countries. It is supposed to increase fertility, promote children's development and enhance mothers' labor market attachment. In this paper, we analyze the causal effect of one of the largest expansions of subsidized childcare for children up to three years among industrialized countries on the employment of mothers in Germany. Identification is based on spatial and temporal variation in the expansion of publicly subsidized childcare triggered by two comprehensive childcare policy reforms. The empirical analysis is based on the German Microcensus that is matched to county level data on childcare availability. Based on our preferred specification which includes time and county fixed effects we find that an increase in childcare slots by one percentage point increases mothers' labor market participation rate by 0.2 percentage points. The overall increase in employment is explained by the rise in part-time employment with relatively long hours (20-35 hours per week). We do not find a change in full-time employment or lower part-time employment that is causally related to the childcare expansion. The effect is almost entirely driven by mothers with medium-level qualifications. Mothers with low education levels do not profit from this reform calling for a stronger policy focus on particularly disadvantaged groups in coming years." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Müller, Kai-Uwe, Michael Neumann & Katharina Wrohlich (2018): Labor supply under participation and hours constraints. An extended structural model for policy evaluations. (IZA discussion paper 12003), Bonn, 50 S.

Abstract

"The paper extends a static discrete-choice labor supply model by adding participation and hours constraints. We identify restrictions by survey information on the eligibility and search activities of individuals as well as actual and desired hours. This provides for a more robust identification of preferences and constraints. Both, preferences and restrictions are allowed to vary by and are related through observed and unobserved characteristics. We distinguish various restrictions mechanisms: labor demand rationing, working hours norms varying across occupations, and insufficient public childcare on the supply side of the market. The effect of these mechanisms is simulated by relaxing different constraints at a time. We apply the empirical frame- work to evaluate an in-work benefit for low-paid parents in the German institutional context. The benefit is supposed to increase work incentives for secondary earners. Based on the structural model we are able to disentangle behavioral reactions into the pure incentive effect and the limiting impact of constraints at the intensive and extensive margin. We find that the in-work benefit for parents substantially increases working hours of mothers of young children, especially when they have a low education. Simulating the effects of restrictions shows their substantial impact on employment of mothers with young children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Osuna, Victoria (2018): What accounts for the increase in female labor force participation in Spain. In: Economics. The open-access, open-assessment e-journal, Jg. 12, S. 1-26. DOI:10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2018-16

Abstract

"Over the last three decades, Spanish female labor force participation (LFP) has tremendously increased, particularly, that of married women. At the same time, the income tax structure, the fiscal treatment of families, policies to reconcile family and work, and the education distribution of married couples have substantially changed. By contrast, the gender wage gap has remained quite stable. In this paper the author investigates the relevance of these factors in accounting for the growth in Spanish married women labor force participation from 1994 to 2008. For that purpose, she uses Kaygusuz' model of household labor market participation, and data from Eurostat to calibrate the model and evaluate its performance. The model successfully accounts for the rise in aggregate female labor force participation, and matches hours worked by males and females. The model is also able to replicate the pattern of female labor force participation by age and education. From this analysis we can conclude that changes in tax rates and in the education distribution are the main factors behind the increase in female LFP during the late nineties, while changes in child care costs and earning profiles are mainly responsible for the subsequent growth in the 2000s." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Papapetrou, Evangelia & Pinelopi Tsalaporta (2018): Is there a case for intergenerational transmission of female labour force participation and educational attainment? Evidence from Greece during the crisis. In: Labour, Jg. 32, H. 4, S. 237-258. DOI:10.1111/labr.12134

Abstract

"The paper investigates the intergenerational transmission of female educational attainment and the intergenerational transmission of labour force participation in Greece, in 2011. Results show that parental educational background, and especially maternal, is identified as a key determinant of women's high level of educational achievement. A wife's labour force participation decision is related to her husband's mother's and mother's participation, and even more strongly related to her own level of educational achievement along with the number of children in the household. The labour force participation of the mother of the husband is more important than that of the woman's own mother, indicating a strong transmission of the husband's cultural model. Results point to the presence of heterogeneity of cultural transmission of female labour supply conditional on household income." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Pohl, R. Vincent (2018): Medicaid and the labor supply of single mothers. Implications for health care reform. In: International Economic Review, Jg. 59, H. 3, S. 1283-1313. DOI:10.1111/iere.12304

Abstract

"The Medicaid expansions and health insurance subsidies of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) change work incentives for single mothers. To evaluate the employment effects of these policies ex ante, I estimate a model of labor supply and health insurance choice exploiting variation in pre-ACA Medicaid policies. Simulations show that single mothers increase their labor supply at the extensive and intensive margin by 12% and 7%, respectively, uninsurance rates decline by up to 40%, and an average family's welfare improves by 1,600 dollars per year. Health insurance subsidies and not Medicaid expansions mostly drive these effects." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Pollmann-Schult, Matthias (2018): Parenthood and Life Satisfaction in Europe : The Role of Family Policies and Working Time Flexibility. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 34, H. 3, S. 387-411. DOI:10.1007/s10680-017-9433-5

Abstract

"The life satisfaction of parents residing with dependent children varies greatly between countries. This article examines how country-level characteristics -- the provision of family allowances and formal child care, and the level of working time flexibility -- account for these cross-national differences, using data from the European Social Survey from 2004 and 2010 for 27 countries. Parents report greater life satisfaction in countries that offer generous financial benefits to families, high child care provision, and high working time flexibility than parents residing in counties with low levels of support. Results also show that these national contextual factors are associated with lower levels of financial strain and work - life conflicts among parents. These findings suggest that the mitigating effect of family benefits, child care provision, and working time flexibility on the psychosocial and financial burdens of parenthood is a key mechanism in the association between national contextual factors and parental life satisfaction." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Reichelt, Malte (2018): Frauen stoßen noch immer an die gläserne Decke - trotz betrieblicher Förderung der Chancengleichheit. In: IAB-Forum H. 16.07.2018, o. Sz.

Abstract

"Der Lohnunterschied zwischen Männern und Frauen ist in Deutschland noch immer groß. Betriebliche Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Chancengleichheit von Frauen und Männern und formalisierte Personalprozesse sollen dazu beitragen, diese Kluft zu verringern und faire Löhne sicherzustellen. Dabei zeigt sich: Im Niedriglohnbereich wirken diese Maßnahmen zwar durchaus. Sie tragen aber kaum dazu bei, die "gläserne Decke" für Frauen zu durchbrechen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Rodríguez-Planas, Núria, Anna Sanz-de-Galdeano & Anastasia Terskaya (2018): Independent thinking and hard working, or caring and well behaved? Short- and long-term impacts of gender identity norms. (IZA discussion paper 11694), Bonn, 40 S.

Abstract

"Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we explore the causal effect of gender-identity norms on female teenagers' engagement in risky behaviors relative to boys in the US. To do so, we exploit idiosyncratic variation across adjacent grades within schools in the proportion of high-school peers' mothers who think that important skills for both boys and girls to possess are traditionally masculine ones, such as to think for him or herself or work hard, as opposed to traditionally feminine ones, namely to be well-behaved, popular or help others. We find that a higher proportion of mothers who believe that independent thinking and working hard matter for either gender reduces the gender gap in risky behaviors, traditionally more prevalent among males, both in the short and medium run. We also find evidence of convergence in the labor market in early adulthood. Short- and medium-run results are driven by a reduction in males' engagement in risky behaviors; long-run results are driven by females' higher annual earnings and lower welfare dependency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ruby, Sophie & Sylka Scholz (2018): Care, care work and the struggle for a careful world from the perspective of the sociology of masculinities. In: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 43, H. 1, S. 73-83. DOI:10.1007/s11614-018-0284-z

Abstract

"Das Thema Fürsorge und Fürsorgearbeit wird in der feministischen Forschung sowohl theoretisch als auch empirisch oftmals mit dem weiblichen Geschlecht verbunden. In unserem Beitrag beschäftigen wir uns mit dem Aspekt, dass im Gegensatz zur feministischen Theorie in der Männlichkeitstheorie Care und Carework noch stark untertheoretisiert sind. So stellt zum Beispiel Vaterschaft und Care im Konzept der hegemonialen Männlichkeit weitgehend eine Leerstelle dar. Herausgearbeitet werden soll, in welcher Hinsicht Männer und die Konstruktion von Männlichkeiten von den aktuellen Umstrukturierungsprozessen vom Fordismus zum Postfordismus betroffen sind. Caring Masculinities gelten in der europäischen Männlichkeitspolitik als zentraler Weg zur Entwicklung nicht-dominanter Männlichkeiten. Erörtert wird, inwieweit es ein brauchbares theoretisches Konstrukt für die Forschung in diesem Feld sein kann." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Schiefer, Katrin (2018): Familienleitbilder in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Dimensionierung, Struktur und Determinanten. (Familie und Gesellschaft 34), Würzburg: Ergon, 275 S.

Abstract

"Die Studie untersucht die Familienleitbilder in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Es wird angenommen, dass sich aufgrund der Etablierung völlig unterschiedlicher Familienmodelle (male vs. dual breadwinner) während der Teilung Deutschlands auch unterschiedliche Familienvorstellungen entwickelt haben. Diese werden eingehend untersucht, um beantworten zu können, inwiefern sie heute noch in den Köpfen der Bevölkerung verankert sind. Dabei werden folgende Fragen analysiert: Welche Dimensionen von Familienleitbildern bzw. welche Familienleitbildtypen können unterschieden werden? Welche Ost-West-Unterschiede existieren und wie können diese erklärt werden? Die umfassenden empirischen Analysen auf der Basis der Familienleitbildstudie des Bundesinstituts für Bevölkerungsforschung belegen den Fortbestand der unterschiedlichen Familienmodelle in der deutschen Gesellschaft. Wobei sich insbesondere die pro-egalitäre Doppelverdienerfamilie als ostdeutsches Leitbild identifizieren lässt. Dabei scheint es sich trotz der (politischen) Veränderungen nach der Wiedervereinigung um ein stabiles Leitbild zu handeln. Diese Situation dürfte zusätzlich durch die aktuelle Entwicklung der Familienpolitik hinsichtlich einer egalitäreren Aufteilung von Kinderbetreuung und Erwerbsarbeit befördert werden." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Schmidt, Eva-Maria (2018): Breadwinning as care? The meaning of paid work in mothers' and fathers' constructions of parenting. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 21, H. 4, S. 445-462. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2017.1318112

Abstract

"As some scholars have argued for a distinct conceptualisation of breadwinning and for understanding breadwinning as a form of care, this study addresses parents' constructions of breadwinning and its connections to care. It is based on an in-depth interpretive analysis of multiple-perspective, qualitative longitudinal interviews with 22 Austrian mothers and fathers from three points in time during their transition to parenthood. The analysis revealed four different types of breadwinning concepts by considering the jointly constructed meaning of mothers' and fathers' paid work within a parental couple and further relied on Tronto's [(1993). Moral boundaries. A political argument for an ethic of care. New York, NY: Routledge] conceptualisation of care as a four-step process. The results indicate that respondents construct a clear difference between earning money and breadwinning. Additionally, a difference is made between breadwinning and taking care of the family's subsistence, predominantly so for mothers. In conclusion, breadwinning can definitely be considered a form of care and thus a form of involvement in parenting, but it cannot be regarded a form of involvement in caregiving. The holistic picture of parents' joint constructions enabled us to contribute to the existing conceptualisations of breadwinning and of parental involvement, thus providing a novel perspective on matters of gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schröder, Martin (2018): How working hours influence the life satisfaction of childless men and women, fathers and mothers in Germany. In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 47, H. 1, S. 65-81. DOI:10.1515/zfsoz-2018-1004

Abstract

"Dieser Artikel zeigt mit Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels, dass Väter - und in geringerem Maße kinderlose Männer und Frauen - am zufriedensten sind, wenn sie Vollzeit oder länger arbeiten. Die Lebenszufriedenheit von Müttern ist dahingegen kaum von ihren Arbeitszeiten beeinflusst. Rationale Einkommensmaximierung kann dieses Muster nicht erklären, da es sogar in Haushalten auftritt, in denen Frauen mehr verdienen als Männer. Die Ergebnisse zeigen sich ebenfalls bei Menschen mit sehr sicheren Arbeitsplätzen und sehr wenig Haus- und Kinderbetreuungsarbeit. Damit widersprechen sie den Prognosen der expansionistischen Rollentheorie, dass Männer und Frauen zufriedener sind, wenn sie beide gleich umfangreich erwerbstätig sind. Für Männer passen die Ergebnisse am besten zu den Vorhersagen der traditionellen Rollentheorie, wonach Menschen zufriedener sind, wenn sie stereotypen Geschlechterrollen entsprechen." (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)

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Skora, Thomas (2018): Die räumliche Dimension der Vereinbarkeitsfrage. Wechselwirkungen zwischen Arbeitsweg und Elternschaft. In: Bevölkerungsforschung aktuell, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 8-11.

Abstract

"Bei den gestiegenen Herausforderungen für Eltern, berufliche und familiäre Ziele miteinander vereinbaren zu können, wurde bisher im öffentlichen und wissenschaftlichen Diskurs der Aspekt des täglichen Pendelns zum Arbeitsplatz nur selten berücksichtigt. Diese Forschungslücke greift der Beitrag auf und untersucht, ob und inwieweit große Pendelentfernungen die Entscheidung zur Erstelternschaft beeinflussen. Gleichzeitig wird analysiert, welche Veränderungen die Familiengründung beim Pendel- und Erwerbsverhalten nach sich zieht. So zeigt sich zum Beispiel, dass vor allem westdeutsche Frauen im Zuge der Erstgeburt ihre Pendeldistanz im Durchschnitt reduzieren. Ergänzend dazu gibt der Autor, Dr. Thomas Skora, in einem Interview mit Bevölkerungsforschung Aktuell Auskunft über zentrale Ergebnisse seiner Studie, die zugleich auch seine Dissertation darstellt." (Autorenreferat)

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Stahl, Juliane Frederike & Pia Sophia Schober (2018): Convergence or divergence? Educational discrepancies in work-care arrangements of mothers with young children in Germany. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 32, H. 4, S. 629-649. DOI:10.1177/0950017017692503

Abstract

"This study examines how educational differences in work-care patterns among mothers with young children in Germany changed between 1997 and 2013. Since the mid-2000s, Germany has undergone a paradigm shift in parental leave and childcare policies. Our comparative analysis of East and West Germany provides new evidence on whether the long-standing gender regime differences interact with recent developments of social class inequalities in the changing family policy context. The analyses include pooled binary and multinomial logistic regressions based on 17,764 observations of 8604 children below the age of three years from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP). The findings point to growing educational divergence in work-care arrangements in East and West Germany: employment and day-care use increased more strongly among families with medium and highly educated mothers compared to those with low education. This has critical implications for the latter's economic security. The decline in the use of informal childcare options was, however, fairly homogenous." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Stier, Haya, Noah Lewin-Epstein & Michael Braun (2018): Institutional change and women's work patterns along the family life course. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 57, H. October, S. 46-55. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2018.07.001

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Tamm, Marcus (2018): Fathers' parental leave-taking, childcare involvement and mothers' labor market participation. (Ruhr economic papers 773), Essen, 23 S.

Abstract

"This study analyzes the effect of fathers' parental leave-taking on the time fathers spend with their children and on mothers' and fathers' labor supply. Fathers' leave-taking is highly selective and the identification of causal effects relies on within-father differences in leave-taking for first and higher order children that were triggered by a policy reform promoting more gender equality in leave-taking. Results show that even short periods of fathers' parental leave may have long-lasting effects on fathers' involvement in childcare and housework. Effects on maternal labor supply are also significantly positive but do not persist over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tyrowicz, Joanna, Lucas van der Velde & Karolina Goraus (2018): How (not) to make women work? In: Social science research, Jg. 75, H. September, S. 154-167. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.06.009

Abstract

"Women in developed economies have experienced an unparalleled increase in employment rates, to the point that the gap with respect to men was cut in half. This positive trend has often been attributed to changes in the opportunity costs of working (e.g. access to caring facilities) and the opportunity costs of not-working (notably, relative growth in wages in positions more frequently occupied by women, improved educational attainment). Meanwhile, the gender employment gaps were stagnant in transition economies. Admittedly, employment equality among genders was initially much higher in transition countries. We exploit this unique evidence from transition and advanced countries, to analyze the relationship between the institutional environment and the (adjusted) gender employment gaps. We estimate comparable gender employment gaps on nearly 1500 micro databases from over 40 countries. Changes in both types of the opportunity costs exhibited strong correlation with gender employment equality where the gap was larger, i.e. advanced economies. We provide some evidence that these results are not explained away by transition-related phenomena. We argue that the ob-served divergence in time trends reflects a level effect: the lower the gender employment gap, the lower the strength of the relationship between gender employment equality and the opportunity costs of working. An implication from our study is that the existing instruments might be insufficient to further reduce the gender employment gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Verniers, Catherine & Jorge Vala (2018): Justifying gender discrimination in the workplace. The mediating role of motherhood myths. In: PLoS one, Jg. 13, H. 1, S. 1-23. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0190657

Abstract

"The issue of gender equality in employment has given rise to numerous policies in advanced industrial countries, all aimed at tackling gender discrimination regarding recruitment, salary and promotion. Yet gender inequalities in the workplace persist. The purpose of this research is to document the psychosocial process involved in the persistence of gender discrimination against working women. Drawing on the literature on the justification of discrimination, we hypothesized that the myths according to which women's work threatens children and family life mediates the relationship between sexism and opposition to a mother's career. We tested this hypothesis using the Family and Changing Gender Roles module of the International Social Survey Programme. The dataset contained data collected in 1994 and 2012 from 51632 respondents from 18 countries. Structural equation modellings confirmed the hypothesised mediation. Overall, the findings shed light on how motherhood myths justify the gender structure in countries promoting gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Vuri, Daniela (2018): Joint custody law and mothers' labor market outcomes. Evidence from the USA. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 31, H. 4, S. 1203-1237. DOI:10.1007/s00148-017-0680-x

Abstract

"This paper studies the economic implications for mothers of the changes in child custody law from maternal preference to joint custody using the 1960 - 2000 Census Public Use Micro Sample (IPUMS). Variation in the timing of the joint custody reform across states provides a natural experimental framework to study the causal effect of shared custody on mothers' economic outcomes. The results show that only single mothers experience a decrease in earnings as a consequence of the adoption of the joint custody law, exposing them to a higher risk of poverty. The paper discusses a possible explanation for these findings, namely that the higher child support payment the mother receives from the non-custodial father in case of joint custody might discourage her from looking for high paid jobs or investing in her career." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Yu, Haiyue, Jin Cao & Shulong Kang (2018): Fertility cost, intergenerational labor division, and female employment. (CESifo working paper 7293), München, 36 S.

Abstract

"China has set to increase the minimum retirement age, to ease the pressure from pension expenditure and the falling labor supply caused by the aging population. However, policy debates have so far neglected the crucial fact that families in China largely rely on retired grandparents for childcare. Using novel and high-quality survey data, we demonstrate that intrafamily downward labor transfer towards childcare significantly increases young females' labor force participation rate and their labor income, and such effects do not exist for males. Furthermore, we show that the positive effects from grandparental childcare are higher for better-educated, urban females with younger children. This paper thus reveals a large, hidden cost in the new retirement policy -- the reduced feasibility of grandparental support, due to postponed retirements, may crowd out productive labor of young females, -- and rationalizes a series of social protection policies to accompany the phase-in of the new retirement scheme." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2018): Anspruch und Wirklichkeit des ElterngeldPlus und der Partnerschaftsmonate. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion der FDP (Drucksache 19/3310). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 19/3533 (23.07.2018)), 11 S.

Abstract

"Das Elterngeld mit ElterngeldPlus und Partnerschaftsbonus ist nicht nur die beliebteste Familienleistung, sondern auch der größte Einzelposten im Haushalt des Bundesministeriums für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ). Deshalb begrüßen wir die Flexibilisierung des Elterngeldes durch das ElterngeldPlus und den Partnerschaftsbonus. Leider gibt es in der Umsetzung erhebliche Mängel. Dies wird deutlich anhand des Untersuchungsberichts 'Das Eltergeld- Plus nach zwei Jahren - Befragung der Bezieherinnen und Bezieher im Auftrag des BMFSFJ' des Instituts für Demoskopie Allensbach, der seit wenigen Wochen vorliegt. Auf diesem umfassenden Bericht über das Elterngeld, ElterngeldPlus und den Partnerschaftsbonus basiert zum größten Teil der Bericht der Bundesregierung (Bundestagsdrucksache 19/400). Ergänzt wird der Bericht durch die Quartalsstatistiken zum Elterngeld des Statistischen Bundesamtes." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Das ElterngeldPlus bietet Müttern und Vätern die Möglichkeit, länger staatliche Unterstützung für die Betreuung ihrer neugeborenen Kinder zu erhalten als durch das herkömmliche Elterngeld. Über drei Viertel der Nutzerinnen und Nutzer sind mit dem ElterngeldPlus vollständig zufrieden (77 Prozent). Das zeigt eine schriftliche Befragung von Müttern und Vätern, die ElterngeldPlus beziehen. Im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend ermittelte das Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach dabei 2017 die Muster bei der Nutzung der Leistung, die wirtschaftliche Lage der Beziehenden und die Auswirkungen des Bezugs auf die Berufstätigkeit der Eltern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Aaronson, Daniel, Rajeev Dehejia, Andrew Jordan, Cristian Pop-Eleches, Cyrus Samii & Karl Schulze (2017): The effect of fertility on mothers' labor supply over the last two centuries. (IZA discussion paper 10559), Bonn, 102 S.

Abstract

"This paper documents the evolving impact of childbearing on the work activity of mothers between 1787 and 2014. It is based on a compiled data set of 429 censuses and surveys, representing 101 countries and 46.9 million mothers, using the International and U.S. IPUMS, the North Atlantic Population Project, and the Demographic and Health Surveys. Using twin births (Rosenzweig and Wolpin 1980) and same gendered children (Angrist and Evans 1998) as instrumental variables, we show three main findings: (1) the effect of fertility on labor supply is small and often indistinguishable from zero at low levels of income and large and negative at higher levels of income; (2) these effects are remarkably consistent both across time looking at the historical time series of currently developed countries and at a contemporary cross section of developing countries; and (3) the results are robust to other instrument variation, different demographic and educational groups, rescaling to account for changes in the base level of labor force participation, and a variety of specification and data decisions. We show that the negative gradient in female labor supply is consistent with a standard labor-leisure model augmented to include a taste for children. In particular, our results appear to be driven by a declining substitution effect to increasing wages that arises from changes in the sectoral and occupational structure of female jobs into formal non-agricultural wage employment as countries develop." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Adda, Jérôme, Christian Dustmann & Katrien Stevens (2017): The career costs of children. In: Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 125, H. 2, S. 293-337. DOI:10.1086/690952

Abstract

"We estimate a dynamic life cycle model of labor supply, fertility, and savings, incorporating occupational choices, with specific wage paths and skill atrophy that vary over the career. This allows us to understand the trade-off between occupational choice and desired fertility, as well as sorting both into the labor market and across occupations. We quantify the life cycle career costs associated with children, how they decompose into loss of skills during interruptions, lost earnings opportunities, and selection into more child-friendly occupations. We analyze the long-run effects of policies that encourage fertility and show that they are considerably smaller than short-run effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Adema, Willem, Chris Clarke, Valérie Frey, Angela Greulich, Hyunsook Kim, Pia Rattenhuber & Olivier Thévenon (2017): Work/life balance policy in Germany. Promoting equal partnership in families. In: International social security review, Jg. 70, H. 2, S. 31-55. DOI:10.1111/issr.12134

Abstract

"Across the OECD, public policies seek to support parents in achieving their desired work/life balance. This article introduces the background to and issues at stake in promoting equal partnerships in families in Germany. Families in Germany face considerable challenges to spending more time together and achieving a more gender-balanced reconciliation of work and family life, as paid work hours for fathers are long on full-time jobs and many women are in part-time jobs. Family policy can play an important role and Germany has made substantial progress in supporting families ahead of and after the birth of a child. Important in this regard are the parental leave reforms of 2007 and 2015 and the extension of childcare supports that better enable fathers and mothers to combine work and family commitments. The article assesses recent developments in family policies in Germany while also drawing from the experiences of countries with longstanding policies to support work/life balance and strengthen gender equality." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Aisenbrey, Silke & Anette Fasang (2017): The interplay of work and family trajectories over the life course. Germany and the United States in comparison. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 122, H. 5, S. 1448-1484. DOI:10.1086/691128

Abstract

"This article uses sequence analysis to examine how gender inequality in work-family trajectories unfolds from early adulthood until middle age in two different welfare state contexts. Results based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the German National Education Panel Study demonstrate that in Germany, all work-family trajectories are highly gender-specific irrespective of social class. In contrast, patterns of work-family interplay across the life course in the United States are, overall, less gendered, but they differ widely by social class. In fact, work-family patterns characterized by high occupational prestige are fairly equally accessible for men and women. However, women are far more likely than men to experience the joint occurrence of single parenthood and unstable low-prestige work careers in the United States. The authors contribute to the literature by bringing in a longitudinal, process-oriented life course perspective and conceptualizing work-family trajectories as interlocked, multidimensional processes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Akbulut-Yuksel, Mevlude, Melanie Khamis & Mutlu Yuksel (2017): Women make houses, women make homes. In: Labour economics, Jg. 49, H. December, S. 145-161. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.05.004

Abstract

"This paper examines the persistent effects of historical labor market institutions and policies on women's long-term labor market outcomes. We quantify these enduring effects by exploring quasi-experimental variation in Germany's post-World War II mandatory reconstruction policy, which compelled women to work in the rubble removal and reconstruction process. Using difference-in-differences and instrumental variable approaches, we find that mandatory employment during the postwar era generated persistent adverse effects on women's long-term labor market outcomes. An increase in marriage and fertility rates in the postwar era and a physical and mental exhaustion associated with manual labor are some of the direct and indirect channels potentially explaining our results." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Alemann, Annette von, Sandra Beaufaÿs & Beate Kortendiek (Hrsg.) (2017): Alte neue Ungleichheiten? Auflösungen und Neukonfigurationen von Erwerbs- und Familiensphäre. (Gender. Sonderheft 04), Opladen: Budrich, 181 S.

Abstract

"Wie sehen die Lebensrealitäten von Frauen und Männern in den Lebensbereichen 'Erwerbssystem' und 'Familie' aus? Welche Interdependenzen und damit möglicherweise einhergehenden Ungleichheiten im Geschlechterverhältnis ergeben sich hieraus? Das Heft präsentiert theoretische und empirische Beiträge, die sich mit der Auflösung und Neubestimmung der gesellschaftlichen Sphären 'Erwerbsarbeit' und 'private Lebensführung' auseinandersetzen. Dabei werden neben der Analyse des Bestehenden auch aktuelle Tendenzen und Perspektiven diskutiert. "(Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Andersson Joona, Pernilla (2017): Are mothers of young children more likely to be self-employed? The case of Sweden. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 15, H. 1, S. 307-333. DOI:10.1007/s11150-016-9349-6

Abstract

"Previous studies, mostly from Anglo-Saxon countries, find a positive correlation between the presence of young children in the household and self-employment probabilities among women. This has been seen as an indication of women with young children choosing self-employment as a way of balancing work and family commitments. This paper studies the relationship between children and female self-employment in a country with family friendly policies and a generous welfare system: Sweden. The initial hypothesis is that we will not find evidence of a positive effect of children on self-employment among Swedish women since there are other institutions in place aiming at facilitating the combination of work and family. Using Swedish register data for the period 2004 - 2008 we do, however, find that the presence of young children increases the probability of choosing self-employment also among Swedish women. The effect is strongest for women with very young children, 0 - 3 years of age. These results also hold in a panel data model that takes individual unobserved heterogeneity into account. We also analyze time-use data and find, contrary to what has been found in many other countries, that self-employed women spend more, or as much, time on market work than wage-earning women. This raises doubts about whether women in Sweden chose self-employment as a way of balancing work and family commitments." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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André, Christophe & Hugo Bourrousse (2017): Fighting gender inequality in Sweden. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1395), Paris, 31 S. DOI:10.1787/37b4d789-en

Abstract

"Sweden ranks among the best OECD countries in terms of gender equality. Women have a high employment rate, outperform men in education and are well represented in government and parliament. Nevertheless, without further policy measures, achieving parity is still a distant prospect in several areas. Wage differences between genders persist; women are under-represented on private company boards, in senior management positions, in many well-paid and influential professions and among entrepreneurs. Hence, there is scope to make further progress on gender equality. The share of the parental leave reserved for each parent should be increased further, as inequality in leave-taking and long parental leaves harm women's career prospects. Fighting stereotypes in education is necessary to improve women's access to professions where they are under-represented. Government programmes need to promote women's entrepreneurship further. Special attention should also be paid to the integration of foreign-born women, whose employment rate is much lower than for their male counterparts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Barigozzi, Francesca, Helmuth Cremer & Kerstin Roeder (2017): Women's career choices, social norms and child care policies. (IZA discussion paper 10502), Bonn, 34 S.

Abstract

"Our model explains the observed gender-specific patterns of career and child care choices through endogenous social norms. We study how these norms interact with the gender wage gap. We show that via the social norm a couple's child care and career choices impose an externality on other couples, so that the laissez-faire is inefficient. We use our model to study the design and effectiveness of three commonly used policies. We find that child care subsidies and women quotas can be effective tools to mitigate or eliminate the externality. Parental leave, however, may even intensify the externality and decrease welfare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bernhardt, Janine (2017): Geschlechter(un)gerechtigkeit: Zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. In: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, Jg. 67, H. 30/31, S. 28-33.

Abstract

"Während sich viele Mütter mehr Teilhabe am Erwerbsleben wünschen, wollen viele Väter mehr Zeit für Familie haben. Die geschlechts-spezifische Aufteilung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit hat gravierende Folgen für Geschlechterungleichheiten im Lebensverlauf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Boll, Christina & Andreas Lagemann (2017): Public childcare and maternal labour supply. New evidence for Germany. (HWWI research paper 180), Hamburg, 34 S.

Abstract

"This study explores the linkage between nine policy indicators of public childcare provision and maternal employment in terms of employment propensity and (conditional) working hours. We apply different identification strategies with a two-way fixed effects specification with individual and macro-level confounders as well as year and state fixed effects as our most ambitious specification. Based on German microcensus data for waves 2006-2014, our findings show that identification, particularly in terms of state fixed effects, is crucial for the estimated effects. For three indicators however, we are left with significant associations even in the most complex model: For 1-2 year old children cared for by a childminder (3-5 year old children in daycare centres), an increase in the share of children taken care for less than 25 weekly hours on all same-age children attending public care by 10 percentage points is associated with a decrease of maternal employment propensity by 2 (4) percentage points. Thirdly, the existence of a legal claim on childcare from the age of one is associated with an increase in weekly working hours by 4.3 %, compared to a situation without such an entitlement. Compared to medium-level educated mothers, associations with respect to employment propensity are stronger (weaker) for mothers with a high (low) educational level whereas hours associations are weaker for highly skilled mothers. Compared to mothers in couples, single mothers respond less sensitively concerning both the extensive and the intensive margin of employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Boll, Christina & Andreas Lagemann (2017): Elterliche Erwerbstätigkeit und Kinderbetreuung in Hamburg. Entwicklung und Zusammenhänge im Kontext knapper werdender Fachkräfte. Eine Studie im Auftrag des Hamburger Fachkräftenetzwerks, der Handelskammer Hamburg und der "Hamburger Allianz für Familien". (HWWI policy paper 103), Hamburg, 144 S.

Abstract

"Hamburg ist seit Einführung des Kita-Gutscheinsystems im August 2003 viele Schritte gegangen, um das Angebot an Kinderbetreuung zu erweitern. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die Entwicklung der Kinderbetreuung und der elterlichen Erwerbstätigkeit in Hamburg darzustellen und mögliche inhaltliche Zusammenhänge zu untersuchen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Brewer, Mike & Sahra Cattan (2017): Universal pre-school and labor supply of mothers. In: ifo DICE report, Jg. 15, H. 2, S. 8-12.

Abstract

Der Ausbau der Vorschulerziehung wurde in den letzten 30 Jahren in vielen Ländern vorangetrieben. Hiermit sollte die kindliche Entwicklung gefördert, soziale Unterschiede ausgeglichen und die Beschäftigung von Müttern gesteigert werden. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die empirische Literatur zum Zusammenhang von Vorschulerziehung und der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern in OECD-Staaten. Es zeigt sich, dass das Angebot einer subventionierten Vorschulbildung in den untersuchten Ländern sehr unterschiedliche Auswirkungen auf die Erwerbsbeteiligung hat. So kam es in einigen Ländern, wie Spanien, Argentinien und Kanada zur erheblichen Steigerungen der Müttererwerbstätigkeit, während es in den USA und einigen nordischen Ländern nahezu keinen Einfluss hatte. (IAB)

Zitatform

Bächmann, Ann-Christin & Dörthe Gatermann (2017): The duration of family-related employment interruptions. The role of occupational characteristics. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 143-160., 2017-03-23. DOI:10.1007/s12651-017-0226-4

Abstract

"Nach der Geburt eines Kindes unterbrechen viele Frauen ihre Erwerbstätigkeit. Diese familienbedingten Erwerbspausen führen zu Karrierenachteilen, deren Ausmaß entscheidend von der Dauer der Unterbrechung abhängt. Aufgrund der nachhaltigen Bedeutung des Berufs für den gesamten Erwerbsverlauf in Deutschland untersuchen wir, inwieweit berufliche Merkmale diese Dauer beeinflussen. Dabei konzentrieren wir uns auf den Effekt beruflicher Geschlechtersegregation und die damit einhergehenden Berufsmerkmale Lohnniveau und Teilzeitquote und testen gegenläufige Hypothesen: Einerseits sollte das geringere Lohnniveau in frauendominierten Berufen durch niedrigere Opportunitätskosten zu längeren Erwerbsunterbrechungen führen. Andererseits sollten sich hohe Teilzeitquoten in frauendominierten Berufen aufgrund der besseren Vereinbarkeitsmöglichkeiten verkürzend auf Erwerbsunterbrechungen auswirken. Zudem wird untersucht, ob der Frauenanteil selbst darüber hinaus einen eigenständigen Effekt auf die Unterbrechungsdauer aufweist. Wir testen diese Hypothesen anhand von Daten des Nationalen Bildungspanels (Startkohorte 6), die um berufliche Merkmale beruhend auf der Stichprobe der Integrierten Arbeitsmarktbiographien und des Mikrozensus erweitert werden. Wir betrachten dazu Erwerbsunterbrechungen nach der Geburt des ersten Kindes in den Jahren 1992 bis 2010. Anhand von diskreten Ereignisdatenmodellen zeigt sich, dass ein hohes berufliches Lohnniveau die Rückkehr von Müttern auf den Arbeitsmarkt beschleunigt, während der Teilzeitanteil und der Frauenanteil selbst keinen signifikanten Einfluss aufweisen." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

Zitatform

Cukrowska-Torzewska, Ewa (2017): Cross-country evidence on motherhood employment and wage gaps. The role of work-family policies and their interaction. In: Social Politics, Jg. 24, H. 2, S. 178-220. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxx004

Abstract

"This article investigates the effects of work - family policies on motherhood employment and wage gaps. We study twenty-eight European countries, including Central and Eastern European countries. We show that unless the leave period is exceptionally long, enhanced childcare and leave policies help women combine family responsibilities with paid work. The positive effect of leaves is, however, much weaker in countries where childcare is limited. In these countries, improving access to childcare is therefore a more efficient policy than offering extended leaves. Because extended leaves encourage women to stay outside of the labor market, they are found to lead to wage penalties." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))