Arbeitszeit: Verlängern? Verkürzen? Flexibilisieren?
Verkürzung, Verlängerung oder Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit stehen immer wieder im Zentrum der Debatten. Was wünschen sich Unternehmen und Beschäftigte? Wie kann Arbeitszeitpolitik die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze und die Sicherung vorhandener Arbeitsplätze unterstützen?
Dieses Themendossier bietet Publikationen zur Entwicklung der Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland auch im internationalen Vergleich, zur betrieblichen Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit und zu den Arbeitszeitwünschen der Beschäftigten.
Publikationen zur kontroversen Debatte um die Einführung der Vier-Tage-Woche finden Sie in unserem Themendossier Vier-Tage-Woche – Arbeitszeitmodell der Zukunft?
Im Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
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Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Work-life balance/imbalance: the dominance of the middle class and the neglect of the working class (2015)
Zitatform
Warren, Tracey (2015): Work-life balance/imbalance. The dominance of the middle class and the neglect of the working class. In: The British Journal of Sociology, Jg. 66, H. 4, S. 691-717. DOI:10.1111/1468-4446.12160
Abstract
"The paper was stimulated by the relative absence of the working class from work-life debates. The common conclusion from work-life studies is that work - life imbalance is largely a middle-class problem. It is argued here that this classed assertion is a direct outcome of a particular and narrow interpretation of work-life imbalance in which time is seen to be the major cause of difficulty. Labour market time, and too much of it, dominates the conceptualization of work-life and its measurement too. This heavy focus on too much labour market time has rendered largely invisible from dominant work-life discourses the types of imbalance that are more likely to impact the working class. The paper's analysis of large UK data-sets demonstrates a reduction in hours worked by working-class men, more part-time employment in working-class occupations, and a substantial growth in levels of reported financial insecurity amongst the working classes after the 2008-9 recession. It shows too that economic-based work-life imbalance is associated with lower levels of life satisfaction than is temporal imbalance. The paper concludes that the dominant conceptualization of work-life disregards the major work-life challenge experienced by the working class: economic precarity. The work-life balance debate needs to more fully incorporate economic-based work-life imbalance if it is to better represent class inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Giving up: how gendered organizational cultures push mothers out (2014)
Zitatform
Cahusac, Emma & Shireen Kanji (2014): Giving up: how gendered organizational cultures push mothers out. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 57-70. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12011
Abstract
"Explanations for professional and managerial mothers' departure from paid work concentrate on childcare and women's preferences or choices. In contrast, our study, based on in-depth interviews with professional and managerial mothers in London, shows that women's experiences within hegemonic masculine cultures play a key role. For example, working time norms require these mothers to work exceptionally long hours, to have permeable time boundaries even if they have negotiated reduced working hours and to 'socialize' in the evenings. Mothers are limited in their ability to protest or implement creative working time solutions because they feel they must hide their motherhood, which in itself creates tension. Mothers who are seemingly supported to work fewer hours are sidelined to lower-status roles for which they are underpaid and undervalued in relation to their experience and previous seniority. Unless mothers mimic successful men, they do not look the part for success in organizations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Long workweeks and strange hours (2014)
Zitatform
Hamermesh, Daniel S. & Elena Stancanelli (2014): Long workweeks and strange hours. (NBER working paper 20449), Cambridge, Mass., 14 S. DOI:10.3386/w20449
Abstract
"American workweeks are long compared to other rich countries'. Much less well-known is that Americans are more likely to work at night and on weekends. We examine the relationship between these two phenomena using the American Time Use Survey and time-diary data from 5 other countries. Adjusting for demographic differences, Americans' incidence of night and weekend work would drop by about 10 percent if European workweeks prevailed. Even if no Americans worked long hours, the incidence of unusual work times in the U.S. would far exceed those in continental Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working time flexibility and autonomy: Facilitating time adequacy?: a European perspective (2014)
Zitatform
Lott, Yvonne (2014): Working time flexibility and autonomy: Facilitating time adequacy? A European perspective. (WSI-Diskussionspapier 190), Düsseldorf, 20 S.
Abstract
"This study examines the effect of working time flexibility and autonomy on time adequacy using the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) in 2010. Drawing on gender theory and welfare state theory, gender differences and the institutional contexts of the UK, Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands are taken into account. The study reveals that time arrangements have gendered meanings. While working time flexibility and autonomy are positively related to time adequacy for women, men tend to experience overtime and work intensification in connection with working time autonomy. Furthermore, working time regimes also shape time arrangements. In the UK, employees have time adequacy primarily when they work fixed hours, while in the Netherlands, employees profit most from working time autonomy. Moreover, unlike in Germany and the UK, men and women in the Netherlands and Sweden benefit more equally from working time flexibility and autonomy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Part-time wage penalties for women in prime age: a matter of selection or segregation? evidence from four European countries (2014)
Zitatform
Matteazzi, Eleonora, Ariane Pailhe & Anne Solaz (2014): Part-time wage penalties for women in prime age. A matter of selection or segregation? evidence from four European countries. In: ILR review, Jg. 67, H. 3, S. 955-985. DOI:10.1177/0019793914537457
Abstract
"Using the European Union Statistics an Income and Living Conditions data for the year 2009, the authors evaluate how vertical and horizontal job segregation explains the differential between fulltime and part-time pay for prime-age women in four European countries: Austria, Italy, Poland, and the United Kingdom. The selected countries are representative of different welfare state regimes, Labor market regulations, and extents and forms of parttime employment. Full-time hourly wages exceed part-time hourly wages, especially in market-oriented economies, such as Poland and the United Kingdom. Results using the Neuman-Oaxaca decomposition methods show that most of the full-time -- part-time wage gap is driven by job segregation, especially its vertical dimension. Vertical segregation explains an especially large Part of the pay gap in Poland and die United Kingdom, where, more than elsewhere, part-timers are concentrated in low-skilled occupations and the wage disparities across occupations are quite large." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment, late-life work, retirement, and well-being in Europe and the United States (2014)
Zitatform
Nikolova, Milena & Carol Graham (2014): Employment, late-life work, retirement, and well-being in Europe and the United States. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 3, S. 1-30. DOI:10.1186/2193-9012-3-5
Abstract
"Flexible work arrangements and retirement options provide one solution for the challenges of unemployment and underemployment, aging populations, and unsustainable public pension systems in welfare states around the world. We examine the relationships between well-being and job satisfaction on the one hand and employment status and retirement, on the other, using Gallup World Poll data for several European countries and the United States. We find that voluntary part-time workers are happier, experience less stress and anger, and have higher job satisfaction than other employees. Using statistical matching, we show that late-life workers under voluntary part-time or full-time arrangements have higher well-being than retirees. There is no well-being premium for involuntary late-life work and self-employment compared to retirement, however. Our findings inform ongoing debates about the optimal retirement age and the fiscal burdens of public pension systems." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Part-time work, women's work-life conflict, and job satisfaction: a cross-national comparison of Australia, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom (2014)
Zitatform
Roeters, Anne & Lyn Craig (2014): Part-time work, women's work-life conflict, and job satisfaction. A cross-national comparison of Australia, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 55, H. 3, S. 185-203. DOI:10.1177/0020715214543541
Abstract
"This study uses the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) 2013 'Family and Changing Gender Roles' module (N?=?1773) to examine cross-country differences in the relationship between women's part-time work and work - life conflict and job satisfaction. We hypothesize that part-time work will lead to less favorable outcomes in countries with employment policies that are less protective of part-time employees because the effects of occupational downgrading counteract the benefits of increased time availability. Our comparison focuses on the Netherlands and Australia while using Germany, the United Kingdom, and Sweden as benchmarks. Part-time employment is prevalent in all five countries, but has the most support and protection in the Dutch labor market. We find little evidence that country of residence conditions the effects of part-time work. Overall, the results suggest that part-time work reduces work-life conflict to a similar extent in all countries except Sweden. The effects on job satisfaction are negligible. We discuss the implications for social policies meant to stimulate female labor force participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender, sexuality and male-dominated work: the intersection of long-hours working and domestic life (2014)
Zitatform
Wright, Tessa (2014): Gender, sexuality and male-dominated work. The intersection of long-hours working and domestic life. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 28, H. 6, S. 985-1002. DOI:10.1177/0950017013512713
Abstract
"The UK construction and transport sectors remain the most heavily male-dominated industries, showing minimal progress in women's participation. Long and inflexible working hours presume a male model of the worker unconstrained by caring responsibilities. Yet the experiences of the minority of women who work in these sectors are of interest to those concerned with reducing occupational gender segregation. Sexuality is often overlooked in differentiating women's experience of male-dominated work, and gender conflated with heterosexuality. Through examining the interaction of domestic circumstances and work arrangements of heterosexual women and lesbians, this article finds that atypical domestic circumstances may be required to support male-dominated work. Heterosexual 'breadwinner' norms were challenged by women's capacity for higher earnings from male-dominated work, but often required strategies to manage associated emotions. Evidence from lesbian relationships indicates a possible shift from prioritization of financial self-sufficiency in the context of legal status for same-sex partnerships." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
EU employers take family-friendly working seriously (2013)
Broughton, Andrea;Zitatform
Broughton, Andrea (2013): EU employers take family-friendly working seriously. Dublin, 12 S.
Abstract
"A survey investigating family-friendly working policies in companies in six European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Sweden, UK) finds that employers take family-friendly working seriously and have put in place a range of policies to support this, especially in areas such as flexible working and parental support. The main driver for this in most countries was compliance with legislation or collective agreements. The economic crisis has had little impact on the provision of family-friendly working policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Homeworking: negotiating the psychological contract (2013)
Zitatform
Collins, Alison M., Susan Cartwright & Donald Hislop (2013): Homeworking. Negotiating the psychological contract. In: Human resource management journal, Jg. 23, H. 2, S. 211-225. DOI:10.1111/j.1748-8583.2012.00200.x
Abstract
"This article explores the psychological contract of female clerical homeworkers who work from home full-time and are employed at a local authority. Qualitative interviews were carried out with homeworkers and their supervisors. Temporal flexibility was desired by all the homeworkers in order to achieve a better work - life balance, and was deemed important by women without children as well as those with childcare responsibilities. Our findings highlight that homeworkers were able to negotiate their own idiosyncratic deals with line managers in order to attain their desired levels of temporal flexibility. However, the issue of flexibility remains ambiguous with some supervisory staff being more comfortable with the concept than others, leading to some homeworkers enjoying different levels of temporal flexibility than their co-workers. Our findings suggest that employees perceive flexibility idiosyncratic deals of co-workers as fair as long as they achieve their own personal levels of temporal flexibility. The potential implications for organisations are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Overtime working and contract efficiency (2013)
Zitatform
Hart, Robert A. & Yue Ma (2013): Overtime working and contract efficiency. (IZA discussion paper 7560), Bonn, 32 S.
Abstract
"We present a wage-hours contract designed to minimize costly job turnover given investments in on the job training combined with firm and worker information asymmetries. It may be optimal for the parties to work 'long hours' remunerated at premium rates for guaranteed overtime hours. Based on British plant and machine operatives, we test three predictions. First, trained workers with longer job tenure are more likely to work overtime. Second, hourly overtime pay exceeds the value of marginal product while the basic hourly wage is less than the value of marginal product. Third, the basic hourly wage is negatively related to the overtime premium." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Management und Teilzeitarbeit: Wunsch und Wirklichkeit (2013)
Zitatform
Hipp, Lena & Stefan Stuth (2013): Management und Teilzeitarbeit. Wunsch und Wirklichkeit. (WZBrief Arbeit 15), Berlin, 6 S.
Abstract
"Manager und Managerinnen arbeiten in Europa selten Teilzeit. Auch auf Führungsebene ist Teilzeit 'Frauendomäne'. Teilzeitarbeit im Management wird stark von der Arbeitszeit- und Geschlechterkultur in den Ländern beeinflusst." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Conflict between work and family: An investigation of four policy measures (2013)
Zitatform
Ruppanner, Leah (2013): Conflict between work and family: An investigation of four policy measures. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 110, H. 1, S. 327-347. DOI:10.1007/s11205-011-9929-z
Abstract
"Welfare states enact a range of policies aimed at reducing work-family conflict. While welfare state policies have been assessed at the macro-level and work-family conflict at the individual-level, few studies have simultaneously addressed these relationships in a cross-national multi-level model. This study addresses this void by assessing the relationship between work-family and family-work conflict and family-friendly policies in 10 countries. Applying a unique multi-level data set that couples country-level policy data with individual-level data (N=7,895) from the 2002 International Social Survey Programme, the author analyzes the relationship between work-family and family-work conflict and four specific policy measures: family leave, work scheduling, school scheduling, and early childhood education and care. The results demonstrate that mothers and fathers report less family-work and mothers less work-family conflict in countries with more expansive family leave policies. Also, in countries with longer school schedules mothers report less and women without children more work-family conflict." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A matter of time: young professionals' experiences of long work hours (2013)
Zitatform
Sturges, Jane (2013): A matter of time: young professionals' experiences of long work hours. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 27, H. 2, S. 343-359. DOI:10.1177/0950017012460318
Abstract
"This article examines young construction industry professionals' experiences of working long hours from the perspective of the meanings that they ascribe to work time and how these influence the hours that they work. It considers how such notions of 'qualitative' time spent on work may shape attitudes and behaviour relating to 'quantitative' work hours. The findings show that, for the interviewees, work time has meanings chiefly associated with enjoyment, being professional and being part of a work family. The article contributes to the long work hours literature by broadening our understanding of how young professionals experience long work hours, why they may not always view them negatively and how the meanings that they attach to them can lead to particular patterns of work hours. It also highlights gender differences in this regard." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Mothers and work-life balance: exploring the contradictions and complexities involved in work-family negotiation (2013)
Zitatform
Wattis, Louise, Kay Standing & Mara A. Yerkes (2013): Mothers and work-life balance. Exploring the contradictions and complexities involved in work-family negotiation. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 16, H. 1, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2012.722008
Abstract
"This article presents data from a project exploring women's experiences of work and care. It focuses primarily on work-life balance as a problematic concept. Social and economic transformations across advanced post-industrial economies have resulted in concerns about how individuals manage their lives across the two spheres of work and family and achieve a work-life balance. Governments across the European Union have introduced various measures to address how families effectively combine care with paid work. Research within this area has tended to focus on work-life balance as an objective concept, which implies a static and fixed state fulfilled by particular criteria and measured quantitatively. Qualitative research on women's experiences reveals work-life balance as a fluctuating and intangible process. This article highlights the subjective and variable nature of work-life balance and questions taken-for-granted assumptions, exploring problems of definition and the differential coping strategies which women employ when negotiating the boundaries between work and family." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Access to flexible working and informal care (2012)
Zitatform
Bryan, Mark L. (2012): Access to flexible working and informal care. In: Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 59, H. 4, S. 361-389. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9485.2012.00585.x
Abstract
"We use matched employer-employee data to explore the relationship between employees' access to flexible working arrangements and the amount of informal care they provide to sick or elderly friends and relatives. Flexitime and the ability to reduce working hours are each associated with about 10% more hours of informal care, with effects concentrated among full-time workers providing small amounts of care. The wider workplace environment beyond formal flexible work also appears to facilitate care. Workplaces do not respond to the presence of carers by providing flexible work, instead there is some underlying selection of carers into flexible workplaces." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The motherhood penalty in cross-national perspective: the importance of work-family policies and cultural attitudes (2012)
Zitatform
Budig, Michelle J., Joya Misra & Irene Boeckmann (2012): The motherhood penalty in cross-national perspective. The importance of work-family policies and cultural attitudes. In: Social Politics, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 163-193. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxs006
Abstract
"Mothers' employment and earnings partly depend on social policies and cultural norms supporting women's paid and unpaid work. Previous research suggests that work-family policies are deeply shaped by their cultural context. We examine country variation in the associations between motherhood and earnings, in cultural attitudes surrounding women's employment, and in childcare and parental leave policies. We model how cultural attitudes moderate the impact of policies on women's earnings across countries. Parental leaves and public childcare are associated with higher earnings for mothers when cultural support for maternal employment is high, but have less positive or even negative relationships with earnings where cultural attitudes support the male breadwinner/female caregiver model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
La régulation du temps de travail en Grande-Bretagne: à la croisée des changements politiques nationaux et de l'influence de l'Union européenne (2012)
Dimitrakopoulos, Dionyssis;Zitatform
Dimitrakopoulos, Dionyssis (2012): La régulation du temps de travail en Grande-Bretagne. À la croisée des changements politiques nationaux et de l'influence de l'Union européenne. In: Travail et emploi H. 128, S. 55-68.
Abstract
"Working time patterns are multi-faceted and more than one discipline can shed light an their determinants. Existing explanations of trends in working time highlight several socio-economic factors, while the relevance of political factors has been associated with the combination of party policies and welfare institutions that lead to diverging Social Democratic, Liberal, and Christian Democratic ' worlds' of work time. This article examines the case of the UK and demonstrates that party government - and, through it, democratic politics - can make a difference within a given model of capitalism or ' world of working time'. One notable additional characteristic of this case is the role of trade unions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How do employed women perceive the reconciliation of work and family life?: a seven-country comparison of the impact of family policies on women's employment (2012)
Zitatform
Hennig, Marina, Stefan Stuth, Mareike Ebach & Anna Erika Hägglund (2012): How do employed women perceive the reconciliation of work and family life? A seven-country comparison of the impact of family policies on women's employment. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 32, H. 9/10, S. 513-529. DOI:10.1108/01443331211257625
Abstract
"Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to analyze how employed women perceive the reconciliation of work and family life in Denmark, Germany, France, Finland, Great Britain, Sweden and Switzerland. The paper seeks to explore why women in certain countries are more successful in combining family responsibilities with gainful employment.
Design/methodology/approach - Drawing on data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) 2005, the questions are addressed by applying country specific linear regression analysis at the individual level, correlations at the country level as well as policy analysis.
Findings - The analysis shows that the most important factors influencing employed women's perception of the reconciliation are work load, the presence of children in the household and part-time employment. In addition, the findings point at cross-national differences. In countries where family policies focus on integrating men and women into the labour market, women rate the reconciliation of work and family life higher than in countries whose family policies aim at supporting the family.
Research limitations/implications - By comparing seven European countries the paper shows that family policies are closely related to employed women's perceptions of the reconciliation. In order to understand the interaction between the individual perception and the institutional framework, the paper suggests that further research is needed on women's perceptions in each country.
Originality/value - The paper explores how employed women perceive the reconciliation of work and family life in seven European countries and explains the differences by means of family policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
It's all about control: worker control over schedule and hours in cross-national context (2012)
Zitatform
Lyness, Karen S., Janet C. Gornick, Pamela Stone & Angela R. Grotto (2012): It's all about control: worker control over schedule and hours in cross-national context. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 77, H. 6, S. 1023-1049. DOI:10.1177/0003122412465331
Abstract
"Workers' ability to control their work schedules and hours varies significantly among industrialized countries. We integrate and extend prior research from a variety of literatures to examine antecedents of control and worker outcomes. Using hierarchical linear modeling and data for 21 countries from the 1997 ISSP Work Orientations Survey supplemented with national indicators developed from a variety of sources, we find that control is associated with country characteristics (affluence, welfare state generosity, union coverage, and working-time regulations), worker attributes (being male, being older, and being better educated), and job characteristics (working part-time, being self-employed, having higher earnings, and having more advancement opportunities). We also examine the relationship of control to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and strain-based work-family conflict. Generally, low levels of control are linked to negative outcomes for workers, especially for women, an effect sometimes modulated by country-level policy measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug