Arbeitszeit: Verlängern? Verkürzen? Flexibilisieren?
Verkürzung, Verlängerung oder Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit stehen immer wieder im Zentrum der Debatten. Was wünschen sich Unternehmen und Beschäftigte? Wie kann Arbeitszeitpolitik die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze und die Sicherung vorhandener Arbeitsplätze unterstützen?
Dieses Themendossier bietet Publikationen zur Entwicklung der Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland auch im internationalen Vergleich, zur betrieblichen Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit und zu den Arbeitszeitwünschen der Beschäftigten.
Publikationen zur kontroversen Debatte um die Einführung der Vier-Tage-Woche finden Sie in unserem Themendossier Vier-Tage-Woche – Arbeitszeitmodell der Zukunft?
Im Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
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Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
How do employed women perceive the reconciliation of work and family life?: a seven-country comparison of the impact of family policies on women's employment (2012)
Zitatform
Hennig, Marina, Stefan Stuth, Mareike Ebach & Anna Erika Hägglund (2012): How do employed women perceive the reconciliation of work and family life? A seven-country comparison of the impact of family policies on women's employment. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 32, H. 9/10, S. 513-529. DOI:10.1108/01443331211257625
Abstract
"Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to analyze how employed women perceive the reconciliation of work and family life in Denmark, Germany, France, Finland, Great Britain, Sweden and Switzerland. The paper seeks to explore why women in certain countries are more successful in combining family responsibilities with gainful employment.
Design/methodology/approach - Drawing on data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) 2005, the questions are addressed by applying country specific linear regression analysis at the individual level, correlations at the country level as well as policy analysis.
Findings - The analysis shows that the most important factors influencing employed women's perception of the reconciliation are work load, the presence of children in the household and part-time employment. In addition, the findings point at cross-national differences. In countries where family policies focus on integrating men and women into the labour market, women rate the reconciliation of work and family life higher than in countries whose family policies aim at supporting the family.
Research limitations/implications - By comparing seven European countries the paper shows that family policies are closely related to employed women's perceptions of the reconciliation. In order to understand the interaction between the individual perception and the institutional framework, the paper suggests that further research is needed on women's perceptions in each country.
Originality/value - The paper explores how employed women perceive the reconciliation of work and family life in seven European countries and explains the differences by means of family policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
It's all about control: worker control over schedule and hours in cross-national context (2012)
Zitatform
Lyness, Karen S., Janet C. Gornick, Pamela Stone & Angela R. Grotto (2012): It's all about control: worker control over schedule and hours in cross-national context. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 77, H. 6, S. 1023-1049. DOI:10.1177/0003122412465331
Abstract
"Workers' ability to control their work schedules and hours varies significantly among industrialized countries. We integrate and extend prior research from a variety of literatures to examine antecedents of control and worker outcomes. Using hierarchical linear modeling and data for 21 countries from the 1997 ISSP Work Orientations Survey supplemented with national indicators developed from a variety of sources, we find that control is associated with country characteristics (affluence, welfare state generosity, union coverage, and working-time regulations), worker attributes (being male, being older, and being better educated), and job characteristics (working part-time, being self-employed, having higher earnings, and having more advancement opportunities). We also examine the relationship of control to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and strain-based work-family conflict. Generally, low levels of control are linked to negative outcomes for workers, especially for women, an effect sometimes modulated by country-level policy measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Aggregate hours worked in OECD countries: new measurement and implications for business cycles (2012)
Zitatform
Ohanian, Lee E. & Andrea Raffo (2012): Aggregate hours worked in OECD countries. New measurement and implications for business cycles. In: Journal of monetary economics, Jg. 59, H. 1, S. 40-56. DOI:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2011.11.005
Abstract
"We build a dataset of quarterly hours worked for 14 OECD countries. We document that hours are as volatile as output, that a large fraction of labor adjustment takes place along the intensive margin, and that the volatility of hours relative to output has increased over time. We use these data to reassess the Great Recession and prior recessions. The Great Recession in many countries is a puzzle in that labor wedges are small, while those in the U.S. Great Recession - and those in previous European recessions - are much larger." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work-to-family and family-to-work spillover: the implications of childcare policy and maximum work-hour legislation (2012)
Zitatform
Ruppanner, Leah & Joy E. Pixley (2012): Work-to-family and family-to-work spillover: the implications of childcare policy and maximum work-hour legislation. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 283-297. DOI:10.1007/s10834-012-9303-6
Abstract
"This paper addresses the relationship between individual-level work-to-family and family-to-work spillover and two country-level policy measures: childcare policy and maximum work hour legislation. Coupling Gornick and Meyers' (Families that work: policies for reconciling parenthood and employment, 2003) policy measures with individual-level data (N=7,895) from the 2002 International Social Survey Programme, the authors analyze whether men and women in countries with stronger childcare policies and maximum work-hour legislation exhibit work-to-family and family-to-work spillover. The authors find that neither childcare policy nor maximum work-hour legislation is significantly associated with work-to-family spillover. Stronger childcare policy is associated with lower family-to-work spillover for women, especially for women with young children. Maximum-hour legislation is associated with greater family-to-work spillover for women, with a significantly larger effect for mothers of young children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Extensive and intensive margins of labour supply: working hours in the US, UK and France (2011)
Zitatform
Blundell, Richard, Antoine Bozio & Guy Laroque (2011): Extensive and intensive margins of labour supply. Working hours in the US, UK and France. (IZA discussion paper 6051), Bonn, 35 S.
Abstract
"This paper documents the key stylised facts underlying the evolution of labour supply at the extensive and intensive margins in the last forty years in three countries: United-States, United-Kingdom and France. We develop a statistical decomposition that provides bounds on changes at the extensive and intensive margins. This decomposition is also shown to be coherent with the analysis of labour supply elasticities at these margins. We use detailed representative micro-datasets to examine the relative importance of the extensive and intensive margins in explaining the overall changes in total hours worked." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Worktime regulations and spousal labor supply (2011)
Goux, Dominique; Maurin, Eric; Petrongolo, Barbara;Zitatform
Goux, Dominique, Eric Maurin & Barbara Petrongolo (2011): Worktime regulations and spousal labor supply. (CEP discussion paper 1096), London, 56 S.
Abstract
"We investigate cross-hour effects in spousal labor supply exploiting independent variation in hours worked generated by the introduction of the short workweek in France in the late 1990s. We find that female and male employees treated by the shorter legal workweek reduce their weekly labor supply by about 2 hours, and do not experience any reduction in their monthly earnings. While wives of treated men do not seem to adjust their working time at either the intensive or extensive margins, husbands of treated wives respond by cutting their labor supply by about half an hour to one hour per week, according to specifications and samples. Further tests reveal that husbands' labor supply response did not entail the renegotiation of usual hours with employers or changes in earnings, but involved instead a reduction in (unpaid) work involvement, whether within a given day, or through an increase in the take-up rate of paid vacation and/or sick leave. These margins of adjustment are shown to have no detrimental impact on men's (current) earnings. The estimated cross-hour effects are consistent with the presence of spousal leisure complementarity for husbands, though not for wives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Worktime regulations and spousal labour supply (2011)
Goux, Dominique; Petrongolo, Barbara; Maurin, Eric;Zitatform
Goux, Dominique, Eric Maurin & Barbara Petrongolo (2011): Worktime regulations and spousal labour supply. (IZA discussion paper 5639), Bonn, 43 S.
Abstract
"We investigate spillovers in spousal labour supply exploiting independent variation in hours worked generated by the introduction of the shorter workweek in France in the late 1990s. We find that female and male employees treated by the shorter legal workweek reduce their weekly labour supply by about 2 hours, and do not experience any reduction in their monthly earnings. While wives of treated men do not seem to adjust their working time at either the intensive or extensive margins, husbands of treated wives respond by cutting their workweek by about half an hour to one hour, according to specifications and samples. In particular, managers and professionals respond much more strongly to the shorter legal workweek in their wives' firms than men in lower occupations. These effects are consistent with the presence of significant cross-hour effects on labour supply for husbands, though not for wives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fathers and work-life balance in France and the UK: policy and practice (2011)
Zitatform
Gregory, Abigail & Susan Milner (2011): Fathers and work-life balance in France and the UK. Policy and practice. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 31, H. 1-2, S. 34-52. DOI:10.1108/01443331111104797
Abstract
"Purpose - This paper seeks to focus on the role of organizations in mediating the impact of national work-life balance (WLB) policy on employees, in particular fathers.
Design/methodology/approach - It presents existing research about WLB policy implementation in organizations as well as the findings of empirical work in insurance and social work in France and the UK (questionnaire survey, case study analysis, interviews with national and sector-level trade union officials).
Findings - These indicate that fathers' take-up of WLB policies is the outcome of a complex dynamic between national fatherhood regimes, organizational and sector characteristics and the individual employee. They suggest that fathers tend to use WLB measures to spend time with their families where measures increase their sense of entitlement (state policies of paternity leave) or where measures offer non-gendered flexibility (reduced working time/organizational systems of flexi-time). In line with other studies it also finds that fathers extensively use informal flexibility where this is available (individual agency).
Practical implications - These findings have implications for the way WLB policies are framed at national and organizational level. At national level they indicate that policies work best when they give fathers a sense of entitlement, by giving specific rights linked to fatherhood (e.g. paternity leave or 'daddy month'-type arrangements), and or by providing universal rights (e.g. to reduced working time and/or flexible working time); however, where measures are linked to childcare they are often framed as mothers' rights when translated to the organizational level. The research also shows that informal flexibility is used and valued by fathers within organizations, but that such informal arrangements are highly subject to local variation and intermediation by line managers and co-workers; hence, for effective and even coverage they would need to be backed up by formal rights.
Originality/value - Cross-national comparative research into WLB policy and practice at national and organizational level is very rare. The empirical work presented in this paper, although exploratory, makes a significant contribution to our understanding of WLB policy and practice, particularly as it relates to fathers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf im europäischen Vergleich (2011)
Rohwer, Anja;Zitatform
Rohwer, Anja (2011): Die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf im europäischen Vergleich. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 64, H. 10, S. 28-32.
Abstract
"Familien sehen sich immer häufiger verschiedensten Herausforderungen gegenübergestellt, wenn sie versuchen, Familie und Beruf miteinander zu vereinbaren. In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse einiger Studien vorgestellt, die europäische Unternehmen im Hinblick auf familienfreundliche Personalpolitik befragten. Demnach weisen die meisten europäischen Unternehmen dem Thema 'Familienfreundlichkeit' einen hohen Stellenwert zu." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Sonntagsarbeit: Auswirkungen auf Sicherheit, Gesundheit und Work-Life-Balance der Beschäftigten (2011)
Wirtz, Anna; Nachreiner, Friedhelm; Rolfes, Katharina;Zitatform
Wirtz, Anna, Friedhelm Nachreiner & Katharina Rolfes (2011): Sonntagsarbeit. Auswirkungen auf Sicherheit, Gesundheit und Work-Life-Balance der Beschäftigten. In: Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft, Jg. 65, H. 2, S. 136-146.
Abstract
"Obwohl die Anzahl der Beschäftigten in biologisch und sozial ungünstigen Arbeitszeiten stetig steigt, liegen bislang nur äußerst wenige Erkenntnisse zu den Effekten der Arbeit am Wochenende, und insbesondere an Sonntagen, auf die Sicherheit, Gesundheit und soziale Teilhabe der Beschäftigten vor. Die vorliegende Studie demonstriert anhand der Daten aus zwei großen und repräsentativen europäischen Umfragen, dass Arbeit an Sonntagen das Risiko für arbeitsbedingte Unfälle sowie gesundheitliche und soziale Beeinträchtigungen deutlich erhöht. Diese Zusammenhänge lassen sich auch nach der Kontrolle potenziell konfundierender Effekte nachweisen. Das durch Sonntagsarbeit offensichtlich erhöhte Risiko für die Gefährdung von Arbeitsschutzzielen sollte daher in der Diskussion um die gesetzlichen Spielräume für die Sonntagsarbeit, z. B. im Einzelhandel, wie bei einer möglichen Revision der europäischen Arbeitszeitrichtlinie sowie insbesondere bei der Gestaltung der konkreten Arbeitszeiten auf jeden Fall angemessen berücksichtigt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitszeitverkürzung zur Umverteilung von Arbeit: internationale Beispiele (2010)
Zitatform
Flecker, Jörg, Annika Schönauer, Christoph Hermann & Bernadette Allinger (2010): Arbeitszeitverkürzung zur Umverteilung von Arbeit. Internationale Beispiele. (FORBA-Forschungsbericht 2010,01), Wien, 52 S.
Abstract
"Durch die Auswirkungen der gegenwärtigen Wirtschaftskrise auf den Arbeitsmarkt in Form stark steigender und vermutlich längere Zeit anhaltender Arbeitslosigkeit rückt die Sicherung von Beschäftigung durch eine Verkürzung und Umverteilung von Arbeitszeit wieder stärker in das öffentliche und politische Interesse. Innerhalb der Europäischen Union gibt es recht unterschiedliche nationale Traditionen und Erfahrungen, was die Verkürzung und Umverteilung von Arbeitszeit betrifft. Eine große Bandbreite an individuellen und kollektiven Maßnahmen wurde über viele Jahre mit unterschiedlichem Erfolg durchgeführt. Im Jahr 2001 legte FORBA einen vom Bundesministerium für Arbeit, Gesundheit und Soziales in Auftrag gegebenen Bericht vor, der eine Übersicht der arbeitszeitpolitischen Maßnahmen insbesondere des Staates in ausgewählten Mitgliedsstaaten in der Europäischen Union enthielt (Flecker et al. 2001). Es wurden darin insbesondere die Entstehungsbedingungen, die Umsetzung und die Wirkungen von Arbeitszeitverkürzung, -umverteilung und - flexibilisierung beschrieben. In der aktuellen Diskussion in Österreich besteht großes Interesse an den Maßnahmen und Erfahrungen in anderen Ländern. Ziel des Papiers ist es, ausgewählte Teile des genannten Berichts zu aktualisieren und neuere Entwicklungen darzustellen. Der Bericht basiert auf einer Literaturrecherche, auf der Auswertung von Datenbanken, wie dem European Industrial Relations Observatory (EIRO), einer E-Mail-Umfrage unter Delegierten von EUROCADRES und ergänzenden Informationen von weiteren ExpertInnen in den ausgewählten Ländern. Im ersten Abschnitt werden Reaktionen auf die Krise, insbesondere Kurzarbeit, beschrieben. Im zweiten Teil folgen Beispiele für die Verkürzung der Arbeitszeit durch Maßnahmen zur Gestaltung der Lebensarbeitszeit. Der dritte Teil behandelt die Verkürzung der Wochenarbeitszeit und die Begrenzung von Überstunden und der vierte Teil befasst sich mit der Differenzierung der Arbeitszeit, also der unterschiedlichen Regelung der Arbeitszeit für verschiedene Gruppen von Beschäftigten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Working time management and SME performance in Europe (2010)
Zitatform
Smith, Mark & Stefan Zagelmeyer (2010): Working time management and SME performance in Europe. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 31, H. 4, S. 392-409. DOI:10.1108/01437721011056994
Abstract
"This paper aims to explore the management of working time flexibility and firm performance, measured by operating hours, in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Europe.
Design/methodology/approach: The paper analyses the European Capital Operating time, Work and Employment Survey (EUCOWE), designed to collect workplace information on operating hours. With data on more than 17,000 establishments in six European countries - France, Germany, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the UK - the paper analyses working time patterns and operating hours.
Findings: The authors show the positive relationship between company size and operating times and how SMEs make more limited use of more advanced forms of working-time organisation that may allow them to extend their operating hours. The use of less complex working time measures such as overtime does not have the same positive association with operating hours. However, the results also highlight that smaller establishments can still benefit from the adoption of certain working time practices. The results suggest that the influence of the regulatory environment on the use of working practices or the duration of operating hours is not straightforward, and as such the impact of national regulatory frameworks cannot be discounted in the country-specific differences identified.
Originality/value: The paper uses the first comparable data on operating hours and working patterns to demonstrate the limitations on SME operating times across European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Using Alsace-Moselle local laws to build a difference-in-differences estimation strategy of the employment effects of the 35-hour workweek regulation in France (2009)
Zitatform
Chemin, Matthieu & Etienne Wasmer (2009): Using Alsace-Moselle local laws to build a difference-in-differences estimation strategy of the employment effects of the 35-hour workweek regulation in France. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 27, H. 4, S. 487-524. DOI:10.1086/605426
Abstract
"France's 1998 implementation of the 35-hour workweek has been one of the greatest regulatory shocks on labor markets. Few studies evaluate the impact of this regulation because of a lack of identification strategies. For historical reasons due to the way Alsace-Moselle was returned to France in 1918, the implementation of France's 35-hour workweek was less stringent in that region than in the rest of the country, which is confirmed by double and triple differences. Yet it shows no significant difference in employment with the rest of France, which casts doubt on the effectiveness of this regulation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Comparative analyses of operating hours and working times in the European Union (2009)
Delsen, Lei ; Schief, Sebastian; Kocoglu, Yusuf; Munoz de Bustillo, Rafael; Cette, Gilbert ; Bauer, Frank; Fernández-Macías, Enrique ; Sieglen, Georg ; Smith, Mark ; Zagelmeyer, Stefan ; Smits, Jeroen; Groß, Hermann; Sylvain, Arnaud;Zitatform
(2009): Comparative analyses of operating hours and working times in the European Union. (Contributions to economics), Heidelberg u.a.: Physica-Verl., 217 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-7908-2185-7
Abstract
Der Band ist die zweite Veröffentlichung im Rahmen des Projekts EUCOWE 'Working Times and Operating Hours in Europe'. In sechs europäischen Ländern - Frankreich, Großbritannien, Niederlande, Portugal, Spanien und Deutschland - wurde im Jahre 2003 eine Unternehmensbefragung zum Thema Arbeits- und Betriebszeiten durchgeführt. Das Projekt EUCOWE stellt die erste repräsentative und standardisierte europäische Betriebserhebung dar, die Unternehmen aller Kategorien und Größen sowie alle Wirtschaftszweige abdeckt. Der Band baut auf der ersten im Jahre 2007 erschienenen Publikation auf, in der die Untersuchungsmethode und deskriptive nationale Ergebnisse sowie erste vergleichende Analyseergebnisse präsentiert wurden, und ergänzt diese. In diesem zweiten Buch präsentiert das Forschungsteam von EUCOWE detaillierte ländervergleichende Analysen zur Beziehung zwischen Betriebszeiten, Arbeitszeiten und Beschäftigung in der Europäischen Union. In sechs empirischen Kapiteln des Bandes werden detaillierte vergleichende Analysen der Determinanten und Konsequenzen der Dauer und Flexibilität von Öffnungszeiten und Betriebszeiten vorgelegt. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Gender differences in time availability: evidence from France (2009)
Zitatform
Devetter, Francois-Xavier (2009): Gender differences in time availability. Evidence from France. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 16, H. 4, S. 429-450. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2009.00439.x
Abstract
"The aim of the article is to examine differences in work time from a gender perspective. To this end, a concept broader than mere duration of work time is constructed. This concept, which we call time availability, encompasses not only the volume of hours worked but also the scheduling and predictability of those hours. It is measured by a synthetic indicator showing the extent to which a given group of workers exceeds the societal time norm. After a presentation of the French context, we show that women seem to have less time availability, particularly at the ages that are most decisive in career terms. But these differences do not concern the same aspects of time availability. Thus the time constraints experienced mainly by women are less socially visible and hence undervalued by employers. This lower visibility comes, for a large part, from the social perception of women professionals." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
International comparisons of hours worked: an assessment of the statistics (2009)
Fleck, Susan E.;Zitatform
Fleck, Susan E. (2009): International comparisons of hours worked: an assessment of the statistics. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 132, H. 5, S. 3-31.
Abstract
"A study of 13 countries reveals that measures of hours worked based on administrative sources are relatively low while measures based on establishment and labor force surveys are relatively high; thus, although ever improving, these measures cannot yet be taken at face value and are useful only for broad comparisons." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
European vs American hours worked: assessing the role of the extensive and intensive margins (2009)
Zitatform
Langot, François & Coralia Quintero-Rojas (2009): European vs American hours worked. Assessing the role of the extensive and intensive margins. In: Economics Bulletin, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 531-543.
Abstract
"Europeans have worked less than Americans since the 1970s. In this paper, we quantify the relative importance of the extensive and intensive margins of aggregate hours of market work on the observed differences. Our counterfactual exercises show that the two dimensions of the extensive margin, the employment rate and the participation rate, explain the most of the total-hours-gap between regions. Moreover, both ratios have similar weight. Conversely, the intensive margin, measured by the number of hours worked per employee, has the smallest role." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Small and medium-sized establishments in Europe: operating hours and working time patterns (2009)
Zitatform
Smith, Mark, Stefan Zagelmeyer & Georg Sieglen (2009): Small and medium-sized establishments in Europe: operating hours and working time patterns. In: L. Delsen, F. Bauer, G. Cette & M. Smith (Hrsg.) (2009): Comparative analyses of operating hours and working times in the European Union, S. 117-142. DOI:10.1007/978-3-7908-2185-7_5
Abstract
In dem Beitrag wird der Zusammenhang zwischen Betriebszeiten und Arbeitszeitformen in Abhängigkeit von der Betriebsgröße untersucht. Im Mittelpunkt der Studie, der Daten aus dem Projekt EUCOWE 'Working Times and Operating Hours in Europe' zugrunde liegen, steht die Frage nach spezifischen Mustern der Nutzung unterschiedlicher Arbeitszeitformen zur Entkopplung und Flexibilisierung von Arbeits- und Betriebzeiten von kleinen und mittelgroßen Betrieben im Unterschied zu Großbetrieben. Berücksichtigung finden dabei auch verschiedene weitere betriebliche Charakteristika wie die betriebliche Eigenständigkeit, die Wirtschaftszweigzugehörigkeit und die Wettbewerbsorientierung. Darüber hinaus werden länderspezifische Unterschiede der Betriebszeitorganisation zwischen den untersuchten Ländern (Deutschland, Spanien, Portugal, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Niederlande) aufgezeigt. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Working hours and job sharing in the EU and USA: are Europeans lazy? Or Americans crazy? (2008)
Boeri, Tito ; Zylberberg, Andre; Cahuc, Pierre ; Crépon, Bruno ; Burda, Michael; Schank, Thorsten ; Hamermesh, Daniel S. ; Weil, Philippe ; Lomwel, Gijsbert van; Kramarz, Francis; Nordström Skans, Oskar ;Zitatform
Boeri, Tito, Michael Burda & Francis Kramarz (Hrsg.) (2008): Working hours and job sharing in the EU and USA. Are Europeans lazy? Or Americans crazy? (Report for the Fondazione Rodolfo DeBenedetti), Oxford u. a.: Oxford University Press, 269 S.
Abstract
"In the last 50 years the gap in labour productivity between Europe and the US has narrowed considerably with estimates in 2005 suggesting a EU-US labour productivity gap of about 5 per cent. Yet, average per capita income in the EU is still about 30 % lower than in the US. This persistent gap in income per capita can be almost entirely explained by Europeans working less than Americans. Why do Europeans work so little compared to Americans? What do they do with their spare time outside work? Can they be induced to work more without reducing labour productivity? If so, how? And what is the effect on well-being if policies are created to reward paid work as opposed to other potentially socially valuable activities, like childbearing? More broadly, should the state interfere at all when it comes to bargaining over working hours? This volume explores these questions and many more in an attempt to understand the changing nature of the hours worked in the USA and EU, as well as the effects of policies that impose working hour reductions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Flexibilité interne et flexibilité externe: complémentarité, substitution et impact des 35 heures (2008)
Bunel, Matthieu;Zitatform
Bunel, Matthieu (2008): Flexibilité interne et flexibilité externe. Complémentarité, substitution et impact des 35 heures. (Centre d'Etudes de l'Emploi. Document de travail 98), Noisy-le-Grand, 36 S.
Abstract
"This paper deals with the French firm's organizational design practices, as well as the factors which determine organizational design by using a 6000 firms representative sample drawn in 2000 (Acémo survey). The use of overtime and short term contracts are the must useful flexible practices. Econometric tests analyze successively the probability to use one of these flexible practices. I identify the variables explaining such choices and I point out the existence of complementary and substitution effects related to the use of such flexible practices regarding the firm's working time reduction process and regarding the firm's modulation/annualisation workplace agreement. Econometrics tests suggest the intern/extern flexible practice choice or the quantita-tive/qualitative flexible practice choice is not related to demand characteristics as assumed by theoretical studies. For instance, the fluctuation forecast does not affect the flexible practice choice. Finally a working time agreement does not affect the use of the other flexible practices. However, when such agreement is associated with a modulation/annualisation workforce agreement it seems to increase intern flexible practice." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
"Cet article étudie les modes de flexibilité utilisés par les entreprises françaises pour faire face aux fluctuations d'activité en s'appuyant sur les données de l'enquête Acémo flexibilité réalisée en 2000 auprès de plus de 6 000 établissements. Les heures supplémentaires, les contrats à durée déterminée et l'intérim constituent les modes de flexibilité les plus fréquents. Les estimations proposées portent successivement sur la probabilité de recourir à ces modes de flexibilité interne et externe. L'objectif est d'analyser les mécanismes de complémentarité et de substitution associés à leur utilisation en fonction des caractéristiques de la demande et de la main-d'oeuvre de l'établissement ainsi que de sa situation à l'égard des 35 heures et de la mise en oeuvre d'un dispositif de modulation/annualisation. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l'arbitrage entre l'utilisation des modes de flexibilité interne/externe ou flexibilité quantitative/qualitative n'est pas lié aux caractéristiques de la demande comme le suppose habituellement la littérature sur l'organisation de la main-d'oeuvre."
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Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug