Zitatform

Mogstad, Magne, Kjell G. Salvanes & Gaute Torsvik (2025): Income Equality in The Nordic Countries: Myths, Facts, and Lessons. (BFI Working Papers / University of Chicago, Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics 2025,25), Chicago, 58 S. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.5133608

Abstract

"Policymakers, public commentators, and researchers often cite the Nordic countries as examples of a social and economic model that successfully combines low income inequality with prosperity and growth. This article aims to critically assess this claim by integrating theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence to illustrate how the Nordic model functions and why these countries experience low inequality. Our analysis suggests that income equality in the Nordics is primarily driven by a significant compression of hourly wages, reducing the returns to labor market skills and education. This appears to be achieved through a wage bargaining system characterized by strong coordination both within and across industries. This finding contrasts with other commonly cited explanations for Nordic income equality, such as redistribution through the tax-transfer system, public spending on goods that complement employment, and public policies aimed at equalizing skills and human capital distribution. We consider the potential lessons for other economies that seek to reduce income equality. We conclude by discussing several underexplored or unresolved questions and issues." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Morosow, Kathrin & Marika Jalovaara (2025): Single and partnered mothers’ labor market consequences of long family leave. In: Community, work & family, S. 1-22. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2025.2535739

Abstract

"This study examines the heterogenous labor market effects of family leave policies for single and partnered mothers. Longer family leave has been shown to weaken women’s labor market positions and some studies have found heterogenous effects across population groups. However, whether the effect differs by partnership status remains unexplored. Using Finnish register data from 1989 to 2014 (ca. 2.5 million person-years) and controlling for selection into single motherhood by comparing estimates from OLS and FE models, this study compares single and partnered mothers’ unemployment and earnings consequent to extended family leaves. In line with predictions that single mothers may face greater work-family reconciliation issues or cumulative disadvantage leading to greater labor market penalties, the results showed that longer leave increases the length of unemployment for single mothers more than for partnered ones. This is not solely because of selection into single motherhood. Earnings penalties after family leave (net of employment status) are the same for single and partnered mothers. We conclude that similar long- lengths of family leave are penalized more among single mothers in terms of employment, which increases and reproduces social inequalities. This means that existing inequalities are reinforced by labor market absences supported by leave policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Peters, Vinzenz, Susanne Schlepphorst & Rosemarie Kay (2025): Selbstständige Handwerkerinnen als (werdende) Mütter – Ergebnisse einer NRW-weiten Befragung. (IfM-Materialien / Institut für Mittelstandsforschung Bonn 311), Bonn, 46 S.

Abstract

"Diese Studie richtet sich auf die beruflichen Folgen der Schwanger- und Mutterschaft von selbstständigen Handwerkerinnen in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Die Befunde zeigen, dass die Mehrheit der Handwerkerinnen, die während der Selbstständigkeit Mutter geworden sind, keine Form von Lohnersatzleistungen aus der gesetzlichen oder privaten Krankenversicherung in Anspruch genommen hat – aus Unwissenheit ob dieser Möglichkeit. Obwohl ein großer Teil der Handwerkerinnen erst kurz vor der Geburt die Arbeit ruhen lässt und diese zeitnah nach der Geburt wieder aufnimmt, erleiden sie deutliche Einbußen beim Umsatz und damit in ihrem Einkommen. Dies ist den notwendigen organisatorischen Maßnahmen rund um die Geburt geschuldet, vornehmlich weil sie ihre Arbeitszeit reduzieren, teils Aufträge ablehnen oder das Unternehmen vorüberhegend ruhen lassen bzw. schließen (müssen). Darüber hinaus führen die Handwerkerinnen in vielen Fällen Tätigkeiten aus, die abhängig Beschäftigten im Rahmen des Mutterschutzgesetzes untersagt wären. Die Mehrheit der selbstständigen Handwerkerinnen hält die E" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Petts, Richard J., Daniel L. Carlson & Chris Knoester (2025): Paternity leave-taking and US Fathers’ participation in housework. In: Journal of Social Policy, S. 1-24. DOI:10.1017/s0047279425100901

Abstract

"Paternity leave may promote greater gender equality in domestic labor. Though numerous studies show that paternity leave promotes greater fathers ’ involvement in childcare, less is known about whether paternity leave-taking may facilitate fathers’ involvement in other forms of domestic labor such as housework. Using repeated cross-sectional data on different-gender partnered US parents from the Study on Parents’ Divisions of Labor During COVID-19 (SPDLC), this study examines the extent to which paternity leave-taking and length of paternity leave are associated with US fathers’ shares of, and time spent on, housework. Findings suggest that paternity leave-taking is positively associated with fathers’ shares of, and time spent on, housework tasks. Longer paternity leaves are also associated with fathers performing greater shares of housework. Overall, this study indicates that the benefits of paternity leave likely extend to fathers’ greater participation in housework, providing additional support for the belief that increased use of paternity leave may help to promote gender equality in domestic labor." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Reaves, John, Hope O. Akaeze, Holli A. Schlukebir, Steven R. Miller, Henry O. Akaeze & Jamie Heng-Chieh Wu (2025): More Care, More Workers? Gauging the Impact of Child Care Access on Labor Force Participation. In: Social Sciences, Jg. 14, H. 8. DOI:10.3390/socsci14080458

Abstract

"This study investigates the critical link between child care accessibility and local labor force participation, addressing a gap in current research that often lacks local spatial granularity. While over half of the U.S. population resides in child care deserts, disproportionately affecting rural, low-income, and minority communities, the economic implications for local labor markets remain underexplored. Leveraging Michigan child care license data and Census tract-level demographic and employment characteristics, this research employs a spatial econometric approach to estimate the impact of geographic distance to child care facilities on labor supply using descriptive data. Our findings consistently demonstrate that increased distance to child care is significantly associated with reduced labor force participation. While female labor force participation is lower in areas with constrained access to child care, we also found that households with two parents are also less likely to have full labor force participation when access to child care is constrained. The cost-effective framework used here can be replicated to identify specific communities most impacted by child care-related employment disruptions. The analytical findings can be instrumental in targeting and prioritizing child care policy interventions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Rowold, Carla (2025): Full-time employment is all that matters? Quantifying the role of relevant and gender-exclusive life-course experiences for gender pension gaps. In: Social forces. DOI:10.1093/sf/soaf143

Abstract

"Gender pension gaps (GPGs) represent crucial indicators of gender inequalities over the life course. Despite reaching higher levels, they have received less attention than other gender inequalities, such as gender wage gaps. More generally, research typically focuses on selected sets of life course summary measures, predominantly the employment duration, to explain gender inequalities across the life course. This oversimplifies gender-specific life courses in particular. Taking a life-course perspective and using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe for the Netherlands and West Germany, I propose an innovative combination of machine learning, sequence analysis, and decomposition techniques, allowing for a new perspective on gender inequalities over the life course. The study disentangles which specific life-course elements are most relevant for pension inequalities and quantifies the role of gender-exclusive life-course experiences for gender disparities. I find that the duration, timing, order of life-course events, and overall life-course complexity matter for pension income inequalities in both pension systems. Specifically, the duration, timing, and order of care work experiences are more crucial pension predictors than the employment duration, which has been the primary focus of previous research. This holds for the GPGs: the largest shares are attributable to gender-exclusive life-course experiences because of the lack of a male counterpart for female engagement in care work, which is poorly rewarded in pension systems. Future research and policymakers will benefit from considering such gender-specific combinations of life-course experiences for the gender pension gap and other inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schepan, Marie Lisanne, Malte Sandner, Gabriella Conti, Sören Kliem & Tilman Brand (2025): Maternal and Child Health Following 2 Home Visiting Interventions vs Control. Five-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Clinical Trial. In: JAMA pediatrics, Jg. 179, H. 4, S. 367-374., 2024-11-05. DOI:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.5929

Abstract

"Home-based interventions targeting socially disadvantaged families may help to improve maternal and child health. Only a few studies have investigated how different staffing models affect early home visiting program outcomes. To assess the effects of 2 staffing models of an early childhood intervention on mother and child outcomes. The baseline assessment of this randomized trial was conducted between November 2006 and December 2009 in 15 municipalities in Germany. The follow-up assessment at offspring age 7 years was carried out by interviewers masked to treatment conditions from April 2015 to December 2017. Data analysis was performed from March to August 2023. Pregnant women with no previous live birth, low-income, and at least 1 additional psychosocial risk factor were eligible. A total of 1157 women were referred to the study by gynecologists, psychosocial counseling services, or employment agencies; 755 were randomized to treatment conditions (2 intervention groups and 2 control groups); and 525 completed the follow-up. Based on the Nurse-Family Partnership program, women assigned to the intervention groups received visits by either a midwife (midwife-only model) or by a team consisting of a social worker and a midwife (tandem model) until child age 2 years. Women assigned to control groups had access to the standard health and social services. Average treatment effects (ATEs) on the following primary outcomes were assessed using adjusted regression models with inverse probability weighting: developmental disorders, child behavioral problems, adverse, neglectful and abusive parenting, maternal mental health, and life satisfaction. The mean (SD) age at follow-up was 29.6 (4.36) years for mothers and 7.55 (0.75) years for children; 272 (52.2%) of the children were female. Mothers in the tandem model reported fewer internalizing child behavioral problems compared to their control group (ATE, 2.98; 95% CI, −5.49 to −0.47; absolute reduction, 13.3 percentage points). Beneficial intervention effects were found in the midwife-only group on abusive parenting (ATE, −4.00; 95% CI, −6.82 to −1.18), parenting stress (ATE, −0.13; 95% CI, −0.20 to −0.06), and maternal mental health burden (ATE, −3.63; 95% CI, −6.03 to −1.22; absolute reduction, 6.6 percentage points in depressive symptoms), but not in the tandem group. Both staffing models produced positive intervention effects, with more effects seen in the midwife-only model. These insights can guide future early childhood intervention designs and may help improve health care for socially disadvantaged families." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © JAMA Network) ((en))

Abstract

"Discrimination remains a persistent challenge in the European Union, despite efforts to enhance anti‑discrimination laws and inclusion policies. In the absence of comparable official data sources, this report draws on survey data and the OECD Anti‑Discrimination Questionnaire to analyze discrimination against people from racialized communities, LGBTI people, persons with disability and religious minorities in OECD EU countries. Self‑reported discrimination rates are rising in many OECD EU countries and discrimination, particularly when it occurs frequently, is associated with severe effects on people’s lives – constraining income‑earning opportunities, exacerbating housing and financial stress, increasing concerns about exposure to violence, and contributing to loneliness and mental ill-health. These consequences come at a considerable personal cost to the individuals directly affected and to society as a whole. While OECD EU countries have made progress in prohibiting discrimination and promoting inclusion, legal and policy gaps persist for some at‑risk groups, such as LGBTI people and religious minorities. Strengthening anti‑discrimination protections, harmonizing EU legislation across all protected grounds, and improving data collection could help foster greater inclusion and equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Seidlitz, Arnim, Ann-Christin Bächmann & Corinna Frodermann (2025): In familienfreundlichen Betrieben nehmen Väter häufiger Elternzeit in Anspruch. In: IAB-Forum H. 28.07.2025. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20250728.01

Abstract

Daten des IAB zeigen: Die Entscheidung von Vätern, in Elternzeit zu gehen, hängt stark vom Betrieb ab, in dem sie tätig sind. So ist der Anteil verheirateter Väter, die Elternzeit in Anspruch nehmen, in Betrieben mit familienfreundlichen Maßnahmen höher als in solchen ohne entsprechende Angebote. Dieser Zusammenhang bleibt auch dann bestehen, wenn weitere betriebliche und persönliche Merkmale berücksichtigt werden.

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Simintzi, Elena, Sheng-Jun Xu & Ting Xu (2025): The Effect of Childcare Access on Women's Careers and Firm Performance. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 33835), Cambridge, Mass, 72 S.

Abstract

"We study the effects of government-subsidized childcare on women's careers and firm outcomes using linked tax filing data. Exploiting cohort-level variation in childcare access based on a Quebec universal childcare reform, we show that earlier access to childcare not only increases new mothers' employment and earnings, but also prompts them to reallocate careers to firms previously unattractive to new mothers. These firms subsequently benefited from the reform, drawing more young, productive female workers and experiencing better performance. Our results suggest that childcare frictions hamper women's career progression and the allocation of human capital in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Valentova, Marie (2025): How do parents care together? Dyadic parental leave take-up strategies, wages and workplace characteristics. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 39, H. 1, S. 91-114. DOI:10.1177/09500170241229281

Abstract

"The article explores the association between within-household couples’ parental leave take-up strategies and parents’ earning capacity (hourly wages) and their workplace characteristics. The results, based on the social security register data from Luxembourg, reveal that a couple strategy where both partners take parental leave is more likely when the partners have equal earning capacity, when the mother works in the sector of education, health and social services rather than in other sectors, and when the father is employed in a larger-sized company. Couples where the mother earns more than the father are more likely to opt for a strategy where neither parent takes any leave. The economic sector moderates the effect of fathers’ wages on the probability of choosing the strategy where both partners take leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Valentova, Marie, Roland Maas & Alison Koslowski (2025): Parental Leave Challenges From the Perspective of Employers: Understanding Sectors With Low Take‐Up by Fathers. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 32, H. 5, S. 1966-1981. DOI:10.1111/gwao.13259

Abstract

"Parental leave policies are designed to facilitate the reconciliation of family and work life. Usage of leave is related to various factors, including the parent's gender, as well as their workplace and employer's characteristics. A wealth of research has explored employees' perceptions of the role of workplaces on leave-taking, yet considerably less is known about the perspective of employers. This paper examines the challenges employers face while implementing parental leave reforms aimed at increasing take up by men. We conducted semi-structured interviews with staff responsible for implementing leave in Luxembourg-based companies where low take-up by fathers is most prevalent. We explore the perceptions of difficulties related to leave usage that companies encounter. The results show that that full-time leave remains the most common choice, while part-time or split leave is less utilized. The employers in the study report difficulties in reorganizing work, finding replacements, and reintegrating employees. The organization of replacement cover appears more challenging when employees take full-time rather than part-time leave and when employees with a highly-specialized job (irrespective of their level of education) take parental leave. These employers tend to cope with replacement issues by negotiating with employees to take more informal forms of leave or by simply not hiring employees in a certain life stage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Waights, Sevrin (2025): Parental Leave Benefits and Gender Inequality: Evidence from a Benefits Cap for High-Earning Mothers. In: The Economic Journal, S. 1-47. DOI:10.1093/ej/ueaf078

Abstract

"I use the universe of tax returns in Germany and a regression kink design to estimate the impacts of mothers’ parental leave benefit amounts on couple earnings inequality. I make use of a benefits cap to estimate the causal impacts for high-earning women; a group for which earnings inequality is particularly large. A lower mothers’ benefit amount results in a reduced gender gap in earnings that persists beyond the benefit period for at least nine years after the birth. The longer-term impacts are driven by couples where the mother earned more than her partner pre-birth. Simulations suggest that a 10% reduction in the benefit amount could reduce long-run child penalties in sample couples from 63 to 46%." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Wang, Buyi, Meredith Slopen, Irwin Garfinkel, Elizabeth Ananat, Sophie Collyer, Robert Paul Hartley, Anastasia Koutavas & Christopher Wimer (2025): The Benefits and Costs of Paid Parental Leave in the United States. In: Social Service Review, Jg. 99, H. 2, S. 258-297. DOI:10.1086/735565

Abstract

"To inform US policy debates about the introduction of a national paid leave program, we conduct a benefit-cost analysis of its introduction. We identify high-quality, quasi-experimental studies on the impact of paid parental leave on infants and parents. Using both the most conservative estimates and the mean estimates from this review, we estimate that every $1,000 investment in paid parental leave would generate, respectively, $7,251 and $29,369 in net social benefits. We use these estimates to conduct a microsimulation of the benefits and costs of two national paid parental leave policy proposals with variations in eligibility and wage replacement rates. The proposed national 4-week program’s initial fiscal cost would be under $2 billion and generate long-term net social benefits with a present discounted value of either $13 billion or $55 billion. The initial fiscal costs and long-term net social benefits of the 12-week program would be about 3.7 times larger." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wanger, Susanne (2025): Die Arbeitszeitunterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern verringern sich nur langsam (Serie "Equal Pay Day 2025"). In: IAB-Forum H. 18.03.2025. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20250318.01

Abstract

"Die Zahl der von berufstätigen Frauen jährlich geleisteten Arbeitsstunden liegt im Schnitt 24 Prozent unter der der Männer. Sie ist damit nur 4 Prozentpunkte niedriger als vor 25 Jahren. Hauptgrund sind die über den gesamten Erwerbsverlauf hinweg deutlich höheren Teilzeitquoten von Frauen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Wu, Mengyao, Silvia Loi, D. Susie Lee & Alberto del Rey Poveda (2025): Bridging the gap? The moderating role of non-parental childcare use in the gap in maternal employment between immigrants and non-immigrants. (MPIDR working paper / Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research 2025-008), Rostock, 24 S. DOI:10.4054/MPIDR-WP-2025-008

Abstract

"While the growing inequalities between non-immigrant and immigrant mothers’ labour market outcomes have been extensively studied, the extent to which these disparities vary across nonparental childcare arrangements remains relatively underexplored. This study examines different types of childcare support – informal care only, formal care only, and mixed care arrangements – as potential moderators of the gap in maternal employment by migration background, while taking into account the immigrant mothers’ length of stay in the receiving country. Using data from the 2018 Fertility Survey in Spain, our results paint a complex picture of the distinctive roles played by different types of childcare arrangements in shaping the employment gap between immigrant and non-immigrant mothers: while long-term immigrant mothers who rely on informal or mixed childcare arrangements have higher employment rates than their non-immigrant counterparts, recent immigrant mothers benefit more from formal childcare services, which are associated with greater participation in paid work. Given that maternal employment is essential for the economic integration of immigrant families, our findings have important implications for developing more inclusive family policies aimed at improving the social inclusion of immigrant women with diverse childcare needs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ziegler, Lennart & Omar Bamieh (2025): Does a flexible parental leave system stimulate maternal employment? In: Labour Economics, Jg. 95. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102762

Abstract

"While many women stop working for an extended period after the birth of a child, well-designed parental leave policies can incentivize mothers to return to the labor market sooner. This study examines the effect of two recent parental leave reforms in Austria that allow parents to choose leave schemes with varying duration. Using a regression discontinuity design, we find that the introduction of more flexible scheme choices led mothers to take, on average, 1-2 months less of leave. This decrease in leave duration, however, was not accompanied by an employment increase of similar magnitude. To understand the absence of labor supply effects, we examine data on work preferences from the Austrian Microcensus. Child care duties are cited as the primary reason for not seeking work but few mothers indicate that they would start working if better access to formal childcare were available. Switching to the more flexible leave system had a minimal effect on the labor market choices of mothers, as the majority continue to prioritize child care responsibilities and do not consider nurseries as a desirable alternative. Our findings suggest that policy efforts to shorten parental leave may not be effective in the presence of strong family norms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Authors. Publishedby Elsevier B.V.) ((en))

Zitatform

(2025): Zehnter Familienbericht: Unterstützung allein- und getrennterziehender Eltern und ihrer Kinder - Bestandsaufnahme und Handlungsempfehlungen. Mit Stellungnahme der Bundesregierung. (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 20/14510 (16.01.2025)), Berlin, 448 S.

Abstract

"Der Zehnte Familienbericht baut auf den Leitlinien einer zukunftsorientierten und nachhaltigen Familienpolitik auf, die in den vorangegangenen Berichten entwickelt wurden. Er betont die Notwendigkeit einer Politik, die die Resilienz sowohl des Individuums als auch der Gesellschaft stärkt, insbesondere in krisenhaften Lebensphasen wie Trennung, Scheidung oder dem Verlust einer Partnerin/ eines Partners. Zugleich sollten Eltern und Kinder auf die Unterstützung durch die Solidargemeinschaft vertrauen können. In diesem Sinne formuliert die Kommission folgende vier zentrale Ziele: 1. Die Förderung der ökonomischen Eigenständigkeit von Müttern wie Vätern, 2. die Stärkung der gemeinsamen Elternverantwortung, 3. die Berücksichtigung von Vulnerabilitäten – also von Familien, die auf Grund ihrer besonderen Lebenslage belastet sind – und 4. die Anerkennung sowie Förderung der Vielfalt von Familienformen." (Textauszug, Dokumentations- und Informationssystem Bundestag und Bundesrat - DIP)

Zitatform

(2025): Zur Einführung des Elterngeldes und zur Einkommenssituation der Begünstigten. (Sachstand / Deutscher Bundestag, Wissenschaftliche Dienste), Berlin, 18 S.

Abstract

"Im Jahr 2007 wurde das Elterngeld eingeführt, um das pauschale Erziehungsgeld durch eine einkommensabhängige Leistung zu ersetzen. Als Lohnersatzleistung soll das Elterngeld finanzielle Einbußen nach der Geburt eines Kindes kompensieren. Zugleich soll es Anreize für eine partnerschaftlichere Aufteilung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit schaffen. Im Vergleich zum früheren Erziehungsgeld, das vorrangig als Sozialleistung konzipiert war, richtet sich das Elterngeld an alle Mütter und Väter, so auch an Erwerbstätige mit höheren Einkommen, und sichert diese ökonomisch in der Phase der Familiengründung ab. Das Elterngeld stellt mit 7,99 Milliarden Euro im Haushalt 2024 den größten Einzelposten der gesetzlichen Leistungen für Familien dar (insgesamt 12,45 Milliarden Euro). In der öffentlichen Debatte ist das Elterngeld vor kurzem grundsätzlich kritisiert worden. So stellte der Ifo-Präsident Clemens Fuest angesichts angespannter Haushaltslagen in einem Interview die fiskalische Tragfähigkeit und Wirksamkeit des Elterngeldes grundsätzlich infrage. Diese Aussage rief Widerspruch hervor: Befürworter betonen vor allem die gleichstellungspolitische Bedeutung der Leistung sowie die Förderung der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. Die Befürworter kritisieren allerdings die bisher ausgebliebene Erhöhung des Elterngeldes. Seit seiner Einführung hat es keine finanziellen Anpassungen – insbesondere keinen inflationären Ausgleich – erfahren. So zeigt eine Studie des Instituts der deutschen Wirtschaft aus dem Jahr 2024 einen realen Kaufkraftverlust des Elterngeldes von rund 38 Prozent seit 2007 auf. Der vorliegende Sachstand befasst sich auftragsgemäß mit den Hintergründen zur Einführung des Elterngeldes und gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der Forschung zu den Auswirkungen des Elterngeldes mit Blick auf die Veränderungen der Einkommenssituation der Begünstigten. Darüber hinaus werden auch die neusten Analysen zum fehlenden Inflationsausgleich dargestellt." (Textauszug; IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

(2025): Gleichstellung in der sozial-ökologischen Transformation. Gutachten für den Vierten Gleichstellungsbericht der Bundesregierung. (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 20/15105 Vierter), Berlin, 259 S.

Abstract

"Der Vierte Gleichstellungsbericht widmet sich dem Klimawandel und Klimapolitiken in Deutschland unter dem Aspekt der Geschlechtergerechtigkeit. Die Sachverständigen waren beauftragt Ursachen und Auswirkungen des Klimawandels sowie Auswirkungen umwelt- und klimapolitischer Maßnahmen auf die Geschlechterverhältnisse darzustellen, Empfehlungen zur gleichstellungsorientierten Gestaltung der ökologischen Transformation zu erarbeiten, und Empfehlungen zu Strukturen, Instrumenten und institutionellen Mechanismen für eine an Art. 3 Abs. 2 und 3 Grundgesetz orientierte Gleichstellungs-, Umwelt- und Klimapolitik zu entwickeln. Die von Bundesgleichstellungsministerin Lisa Paus im März 2023 berufene Sachverständigenkommission übergab ihr Gutachten Anfang Januar 2025 an die Ministerin. Dieses wurde Anfang März 2025 veröffentlicht. Am 12. März 2025 beschloss das Bundeskabinett die Stellungnahme der Bundesregierung zum Vierten Gleichstellungsbericht, die zusammen mit dem Gutachten als Gleichstellungsbericht veröffentlicht wurde (Bundestags-Drucksache 20/15105). Der Bericht wurde anschließend dem Bundestag und dem Bundesrat vorgelegt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)