Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Das Themendossier "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
-
Literaturhinweis
Guter Mann, echter Mann - Wie Männer im Kontext von Arbeitszeitreduktionen Männlichkeit konstruieren (2025)
Zitatform
Kammerlander, Lukas (2025): Guter Mann, echter Mann - Wie Männer im Kontext von Arbeitszeitreduktionen Männlichkeit konstruieren. (Reflexive Übergangsforschung - Doing Transitions 17), 435 S. DOI:10.3224/84743149
Abstract
"Das Modell des männlichen Ernährers scheint im Zuge gegenwärtiger Transformationen der Arbeitswelt seit Jahren an Bedeutung zu verlieren. Dennoch sind Arbeitszeitreduktionen von Männern nach wie vor als nicht-normativer Übergang in männlichen Lebensläufen zu verstehen. Mit Rückgriff auf biografische Interviews und Diskursdokumente widmet sich die qualitative Studie der Frage, wie Männer in Deutschland im Kontext von Arbeitszeitreduktionen Männlichkeit konstruieren. Ein zentrales Ergebnis besteht in der Systematisierung zweier Modi diskursiver Artikulationen, die jeweils Hegemonie beanspruchen. Die Differenzierung von Positionierungen als „moralisch guter“ und „echter Mann“ zeigt, dass eine in der Männlichkeitenforschung bisweilen vertretene Interpretation eines moralisch-bewertenden Diskurses als ‚alternative‘ oder ‚progressive‘ Männlichkeit fragwürdig ist. Während bestimmte Aspekte bürgerlich-industriegesellschaftlicher Männlichkeit (wie eine reine Konzentration auf Beruf und Öffentlichkeit oder die gewaltförmige Unterordnung von Frauen) einen Bedeutungsverlust erfahren, haben andere Elemente desselben Diskurses in veränderter Form Bestand: in einer mindestens teilweise persistenten Norm des männlichen Ernährers, aber auch in Vorstellungen individueller Unabhängigkeit und Souveränität; einer Anforderung, von der allerdings inzwischen längst nicht mehr nur Männer betroffen sind. Zudem erscheint „alternative“ Männlichkeit im Diskurs zunehmend als Chiffre der Distinktion, mittels derer sich ihre Vertreter gegenüber Männern unterer Gesellschaftsschichten abgrenzen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Budrich)
-
Literaturhinweis
Can women bridge the gender class gap by choosing a gender-atypical field of study? A study based the on the German micro-census 1996–2016 (2025)
Zitatform
Konietzka, Dirk & Sebastian Wen (2025): Can women bridge the gender class gap by choosing a gender-atypical field of study? A study based the on the German micro-census 1996–2016. In: Journal of education and work, Jg. 37, H. 7/8, S. 550-567. DOI:10.1080/13639080.2025.2487421
Abstract
"The persistence of gender-stereotyped subject choices is considered as a detrimental factor for women’s labor market opportunities. Against this background, the paperfocusses on the labor market chances of women who graduated from a male-dominated field of study in higher education. We use a position in the upper service class as a criterion for successful job placement. Analyses of German micro-census data are conducted across labor market subsectors and over the period 1996–2016. Results show that class positions of women who graduated in male-dominated fields of study vary substantially by labor market segment. They are less likely than men to be employed in the upper service class specifically in large private sector firms, but at the same time more likely to be employed in the public sector. Over time, the private sector gender class gap has narrowed, but not disappeared." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Revisiting Occupational Segregation and the Valuation of Women's Work (2025)
Liepmann, Hannah; Hegewisch, Ariane;Zitatform
Liepmann, Hannah & Ariane Hegewisch (2025): Revisiting Occupational Segregation and the Valuation of Women's Work. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 18291), Bonn, 45 S.
Abstract
"While population ageing increases the demand for care work, new technologies, including AI, reinforce the importance of human interaction, with recent research finding significant wage premiums for social skills. Against this background, we investigate two factors behind the gender wage gap: occupational gender segregation and lower pay in female-dominated occupations, especially care work, where social skills are central. Using 1972-2024 CPS data, we show that occupational gender segregation remains pronounced in the United States, with many care occupations remaining female-dominated. This continues to correlate with lower wages. Conditional on observable characteristics, a 1 percentage point increase in the occupational share of women during 2015-24 was associated with a wage decrease of 0.22 percent for women and 0.20 percent for men. We then analyze whether returns to social skills are distorted in the care sector, where we hypothesize that the wage returns on workers' performance are lower due to the public-goods aspect of care work. Based on combined CPS and O*Net data, we investigate occupation-level skills returns for 2015-24. They are indeed insignificant for care workers but sizeable for business services workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Masculinity Norms and Their Economic Consequences (2025)
Zitatform
Matavelli, Ieda, Pauline Grosjean, Ralph De Haas & Victoria Baranov (2025): Masculinity Norms and Their Economic Consequences. (CEPR discussion paper / Centre for Economic Policy Research 20549), London, 37 S., Anhang.
Abstract
"While economists have extensively studied gender norms affecting women, masculinity norms — the informal rules that guide and constrain the behaviors of boys and men — remain underexplored. This review first examines how other disciplines have studied masculinity, providing economists with conceptual foundations and empirical patterns for understanding masculinity norms. We then discuss how the study of masculinity norms can inform the economics literature on gender gaps and men's outcomes across multiple domains: health behavior, labor supply and occupational choice, violence and aggression, and political preferences. We also discuss the paths for transmission and persistence of masculinity norms. Finally, using novel survey data from 70 countries, we present five stylized facts about masculinity norms. We document substantial global variation in these norms and demonstrate their predictive power for various socioeconomic and political Outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Are recruiters driving gender segregation? Evidence from the German apprenticeship market (2025)
Zitatform
Minssen, Luisa, Mark Levels, Harald Pfeifer & Caroline Wehner (2025): Are recruiters driving gender segregation? Evidence from the German apprenticeship market. In: German Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 39, H. 4, S. 336-366. DOI:10.1177/23970022241300060
Abstract
"Potential drivers of gender discrimination are recruiters, who are more likely to select applicants with characteristics similar to their own. This study explores whether recruiter characteristics (age, gender, and job position) drive gender discrimination in the recruitment of apprentices for gender-segregated occupations. A factorial survey experiment among 1872 firms in Germany estimates recruiters’ heterogeneous gender choices in male, female, and gender-mixed occupations. The study finds that female applicants are chosen less often for male-dominated occupations and more often for female-dominated occupations than male applicants. Moreover, older recruiters and firm owners are less likely to recruit female applicants for male-dominated occupations but more likely to recruit them for female-dominated occupations than younger recruiters and non-firm owners. By contrast, younger recruiters and HR professionals are more likely to recruit gender-neutrally to an occupation ’s dominating gender than older recruiters and non-HR professionals. This study shows that apprenticeship applicants of a gender opposed to the dominant gender of an occupation have a disadvantage in the apprenticeship market and that certain recruiters’ characteristics further impact this disadvantage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender Differences in Job Requirements: Change Within Careers and Across Cohorts (2025)
Zitatform
Schwartz, Shoshana, Peter Cappelli & Yang Yang (2025): Gender Differences in Job Requirements: Change Within Careers and Across Cohorts. In: Human Resource Management, Jg. 64, H. 2, S. 331-373. DOI:10.1002/hrm.22256
Abstract
"We examine differences in jobs held by men and women based on a measure not used before, the standard human resources measures of “knowledge, skills, and abilities” generated by job analyses. While there is an abundance of evidence on gender disparities in pay, we know much less in detail about differences in the work men and women perform and especially how these differences have changed over time. We use nationally representative data for two cohorts of college graduates, one entering the post-college workforce in 1994 and another in 2009, and we follow them for the first 10 years of their careers. We find that women generally held jobs with lower requirements relative to men. The gender gap in job requirements grew over the course of individuals' careers for the first cohort (1994–2003) but declined sharply for the second (2009–2018). We also find that among the second cohort, women received a wage premium for social skills that was greater than what men received." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Telework and Occupational Segregation in Europe (2025)
Zitatform
Siegert, Anja, Rafael Granell & Francisco G. Morillas-Jurado (2025): Telework and Occupational Segregation in Europe. In: Economies, Jg. 13, H. 10. DOI:10.3390/economies13100292
Abstract
"Occupational segregation between men and women and between rural and urban areas is a persistent driver of labor market inequality in Europe. Women and rural workers are often overrepresented in lower-paid and lower-status occupations, reflecting structural barriers to occupational mobility. This paper investigates how occupational segregation varies across gender, space, and telework status and examines the potential of telework to reduce these inequalities. Using microdata from the 2023 European Labor Force Survey, we calculate segregation indices to measure occupational segregation and monetary gains, as well as losses due to segregation. We further analyze the relationship of segregation and telework. We find the highest segregation and economic disadvantages due to segregation for rural men. Female teleworkers are less clustered in feminized roles compared to non-teleworking women, suggesting that remote work can broaden occupational opportunities. Telework shows reduced segregation when primarily working remotely, but not in hybrid settings. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of spatial and gendered labor market disparities. We further identify the potential of telework to promote a more equitable occupational integration across gender and space." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Die Arbeitsmarktsituation von Frauen und Männern 2024 (2025)
Singer, Kirsten; Deyerler, Yvonne;Zitatform
Singer, Kirsten & Yvonne Deyerler (2025): Die Arbeitsmarktsituation von Frauen und Männern 2024. (Berichte: Blickpunkt Arbeitsmarkt / Bundesagentur für Arbeit), Nürnberg, 26 S.
Abstract
"In den vergangenen 10 Jahren gab es in Deutschland deutliche Anstiege bei der Erwerbsbeteiligung. Nur in wenigen anderen europäischen Ländern war diese 2024 sowohl insgesamt, als auch insbesondere bei Frauen, so ausgeprägt. Frauen und Männer sind in sehr unterschiedlichem Maße in den verschiedenen Formen der Erwerbstätigkeit vertreten: Während das Geschlechterverhältnis bei Männern und Frauen in der sozialversicherungspflichtigen Beschäftigung und im Beamtenstatus relativ ausgeglichen ist, werden rund drei Fünftel der Minijobs von Frauen ausgeübt. Männer hingegen entscheiden sich mit zwei Dritteln deutlich häufiger für die Selbständigkeit als Frauen. Im Laufe der letzten 10 Jahre stieg die sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung bei beiden Geschlechtern, bei Frauen relativ gesehen etwas stärker. Die sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung ist 2024 im Vergleich zum Vorjahr bei den 15- bis unter 65- Jährigen ausschließlich bei Frauen gestiegen, bei Männern leicht gesunken. Frauen sind überproportional im tertiären Sektor, Männer häufiger im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe, dem Bereich Verkehr und Logistik sowie im Baugewerbe beschäftigt. Daher sind in konjunkturellen Schwächephasen typischerweise vorrangig Männer vom Arbeitsplatzabbau betroffen, weil häufig industrielle Arbeitsplätze leiden. Jedoch haben Männer auch bessere Chancen, Arbeitslosigkeit durch die Aufnahme einer Beschäftigung zu überwinden. Im Jahr 2024 erreichte die Teilzeitbeschäftigung bei Männern und Frauen einen neuen Höchststand. Bei Frauen ist diese Beschäftigungsform nach wie vor weiter verbreitet. Männer erzielen im Mittel nach wie vor ein höheres monatliches Bruttoarbeitsentgelt als Frauen, was vielfältige Gründe wie u.a. die Berufswahl, die Wahrnehmung von Familienpflichten oder die Rahmenbedingungen für eine vertikale berufliche Weiterentwicklung hat. Der Gender Pay Gap schmilzt, jedoch nur in kleinen Schritten. Frauen üben – auch beigleicher Qualifikation – seltener eine Führungsposition aus. Die Arbeitslosenquote der Frauen liegt seit 2009, wenn auch teils sehr knapp, unter der Quote der Männer. 2024 stieg sie bei beiden Geschlechtern zum zweiten Mal in Folge. Arbeitslose Frauen und Männer sind mit jeweils einem Drittel etwa in gleichem Maße von Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit betroffen. Frauen stehen erheblich häufiger als Männer vor der Herausforderung, neben der Arbeitsuche allein für die Erziehung eines oder mehrerer Kinder verantwortlich zu sein. Das SGB III sieht die Beteiligung von Frauen an der arbeitsmarktpolitischen Förderung gemäß ihrem Anteil an den Arbeitslosen und ihrer relativen Betroffenheit von Arbeitslosigkeit vor. In der Umsetzung sind spürbare Unterschiede zwischen den Rechtskreisen erkennbar." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Link zur aktuellen Version, ältere Fassungen online nicht mehr verfügbar. -
Literaturhinweis
Domestic Labor in the Shadow of Paid Work: A Gendered US Time-Use Analysis (2025)
Smyk, Magdalena;Zitatform
Smyk, Magdalena (2025): Domestic Labor in the Shadow of Paid Work: A Gendered US Time-Use Analysis. (GRAPE working paper / Group for Research in Applied Economics 108), Warszawa, 23 S., App.
Abstract
"Using data from the American Time Use Survey and hurdle regression models, this study examines how the gender composition of occupations relates to time spent on housework and childcare. We find that women in male-dominated occupations spend more time on housework than those in female-dominated or gender-neutral fields, suggesting that breaking occupational norms in the labor market does not necessarily translate into less traditional domestic roles. Such mothers are less likely to engage in childcare, although when involved spent the same amount of time on childcare and quality time, and higher earnings are associated with more time spent with children. For men, the patterns differ: fathers in gender-neutral or female-dominated occupations are more likely to participate in childcare and devote more time to it, while those in male-dominated jobs are more likely to report no childcare at all. Increased paternal childcare does not coincide with more housework, indicating a selective reallocation of time. The findings highlight the need for policies that address both occupational segregation and the domestic division of labor to promote gender equality at work and at home." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
How Psychological Barriers Constrain Men’s Interest in Gender-Atypical Jobs and Facilitate Occupational Segregation (2025)
Zitatform
Suh, Eileen Y., Evan P. Apfelbaum & Michael I. Norton (2025): How Psychological Barriers Constrain Men’s Interest in Gender-Atypical Jobs and Facilitate Occupational Segregation. In: Organization Science, Jg. 36, H. 4, S. 1314-1332. DOI:10.1287/orsc.2023.17550
Abstract
"Scholarship regarding occupational gender segregation has almost exclusively focused on women’s experiences (e.g., as targets of discrimination in masculine domains), yet understanding factors that perpetuate men’s underrepresentation in traditionally feminine occupations is equally important. We examine a consequential dynamic early in the job search process in which individuals come to learn that an occupation that fits them is perceived as feminine versus masculine. Our research develops and tests the prediction that femininity or masculinity of occupations will exert a stronger impact on men’s (versus women’s) interest in them such that men will be less interested in gender-atypical occupations than women. Across five studies (n = 4,477), we consistently observed robust evidence for this prediction among diverse samples, including high school students (Study 1), unemployed job seekers (Study 2), U.S. adults (Study 3), and undergraduates (Study 4) and using experimental and archival methods. We observed this asymmetry after controlling for alternative accounts related to economic factors (e.g., expected salary), suggesting that they alone cannot fully explain men’s lack ofinterest in feminine occupations as previously discussed in the literature. Further, we consistently observed that men, compared with women, show heightened sensitivity to gender-based occupational status, and this greater sensitivity explains men’s (versus women’s) reduced interest in gender-atypical occupations. Though past scholarship suggests that increasing pay is key to stoking men’s interest in feminine occupations, our research suggests that targeting men’s underlying psychological concern—sensitivity to gender-based occupational status—may be an underappreciated pathway to reducing gender segregation. Supplemental Material: The data, materials, preregistration, and ancillary analyses for all studies are available at https://osf.io/h4mgx/?view_only=9a4dbfc9d122417c880354d6b3462072 and at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2023.17550 ." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Fairness Evaluations of Higher Education Graduates’ Earnings: The Role of Female Preference for Equality and Self‐Interest (2025)
Zitatform
Zamberlan, Anna, Diana Roxana Galos, Susanne Strauss & Thomas Hinz (2025): Fairness Evaluations of Higher Education Graduates’ Earnings: The Role of Female Preference for Equality and Self‐Interest. In: The British journal of sociology, Jg. 76, H. 3, S. 541-552. DOI:10.1111/1468-4446.13192
Abstract
"Educational and occupational horizontal segregation contribute significantly to economic inequalities, especially in contexts with a strong correspondence between fields of study and occupational outputs, such as in Germany. However, the extent to which individuals perceive disparities in economic returns across different fields of study as fair and the factors influencing these fairness evaluations remain largely unexplored. This study aims to understand fairness evaluations by assessing two theoretical explanations and their interrelation: (1) female preference for equality, where women generally favour smaller earnings disparities, and (2) biases leading to higher reward expectations for individuals in the same field of study as the evaluator. Our empirical research draws on a novel survey experiment from the German Student Survey (2021), in which higher education students evaluated the fairness of realistic earnings for graduates from various fields of study. These earnings relate to the entry phase of an individual's career, reflecting differences in economic returns exclusively tied to fields of study, independent of occupational or life trajectories. Our findings support the female preference for equality and self-interest theoretical perspectives, revealing that women and respondents in fields associated with lower-earning jobs tend to perceive greater unfairness. We further find evidence of an interaction between the two mechanisms, with women being particularly likely to perceive greater unfairness when it aligns with their self-interest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gleichstellung in der sozial-ökologischen Transformation: Gutachten für den Vierten Gleichstellungsbericht der Bundesregierung (2025)
Zitatform
(2025): Gleichstellung in der sozial-ökologischen Transformation. Gutachten für den Vierten Gleichstellungsbericht der Bundesregierung. (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 20/15105 Vierter), Berlin, 259 S.
Abstract
"Der Vierte Gleichstellungsbericht widmet sich dem Klimawandel und Klimapolitiken in Deutschland unter dem Aspekt der Geschlechtergerechtigkeit. Die Sachverständigen waren beauftragt Ursachen und Auswirkungen des Klimawandels sowie Auswirkungen umwelt- und klimapolitischer Maßnahmen auf die Geschlechterverhältnisse darzustellen, Empfehlungen zur gleichstellungsorientierten Gestaltung der ökologischen Transformation zu erarbeiten, und Empfehlungen zu Strukturen, Instrumenten und institutionellen Mechanismen für eine an Art. 3 Abs. 2 und 3 Grundgesetz orientierte Gleichstellungs-, Umwelt- und Klimapolitik zu entwickeln. Die von Bundesgleichstellungsministerin Lisa Paus im März 2023 berufene Sachverständigenkommission übergab ihr Gutachten Anfang Januar 2025 an die Ministerin. Dieses wurde Anfang März 2025 veröffentlicht. Am 12. März 2025 beschloss das Bundeskabinett die Stellungnahme der Bundesregierung zum Vierten Gleichstellungsbericht, die zusammen mit dem Gutachten als Gleichstellungsbericht veröffentlicht wurde (Bundestags-Drucksache 20/15105). Der Bericht wurde anschließend dem Bundestag und dem Bundesrat vorgelegt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Hier finden Sie die Expertisen und Hintergrundberichte zum Vierten Gleichstellungsbericht. -
Literaturhinweis
Gender Equality in a Changing World: Taking Stock and Moving Forward (2025)
Zitatform
(2025): Gender Equality in a Changing World. Taking Stock and Moving Forward. (Gender Equality at Work), Paris: OECD Publishing, 311 S. DOI:10.1787/e808086f-en
Abstract
"Despite significant progress over the last century, women still fare worse than men in most economic, social and political outcomes in EU and OECD countries. Drawing on novel data and using a lifecycle approach, this report presents a comprehensive stocktaking of how women, men, girls and boys are faring across seven key policy areas – education and skills, paid and unpaid work, leadership and representation, health, gender-based violence, the green transition and the digital transitions. The challenges are significant. Recognising that closing gender gaps requires serious and co-ordinated policy commitments and actions, this report presents countries’ good practices in gender mainstreaming, encourages breaking down silos, and identifies useful policy combinations to advance gender equality. A conceptual framework is included for governments seeking to assess their own legal, policy and budgetary measures, to help countries transform gender equality commitments into action." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Green Jobs and the Future of Work for Women and Men (2024)
Alexander, Naomi-Rose; Cazzaniga, Mauro ; Mondragon, Jorge; Jaumotte, Ms. Florence; Fabrizio, Ms. Stefania; Li, Longji; Priano, Sahar; Tavares, Ms. Marina Mendes;Zitatform
Alexander, Naomi-Rose, Mauro Cazzaniga, Ms. Stefania Fabrizio, Ms. Florence Jaumotte, Longji Li, Jorge Mondragon, Sahar Priano & Ms. Marina Mendes Tavares (2024): Green Jobs and the Future of Work for Women and Men. (IMF staff discussion note / International Monetary Fund 2024,003), Washington, DC, 46 S.
Abstract
"The transition to a sustainable and green economy requires workers to move out of carbon-intensive jobs and workers to move into green jobs. The pace and effectiveness of the transition hinge not only on climate policies but also on the skills and adaptability of workers. Evidence suggests that economies with a robust supply of STEM-educated workers and a more equal treatment of women are better placed to transition faster and at a lower cost to a green economy, even after controlling for other country characteristics, because these economies generate more green innovation and face lower bottlenecks in expanding the green workforce. Altogether, climate policies, particularly energy taxes, in these economies are associated with emission reductions that are 2 to 4 percentage points larger than in economies with a less inclusive and educated workforce. While green jobs have been growing worldwide, men currently hold close to two-thirds of these positions and women only one-third. Green jobs are associated with a 7 percent premium for men and an even higher premium of 12 percent for women, suggesting that men's and women's labor supply may not meet demand. These findings highlight the critical need for educational and labor policies that promote skill enhancement and gender inclusivity, to ensure a sufficient supply of workers for the green economy and that all workers can benefit from the green transition. Finally, AI could be beneficial for workers in green jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Self-reinforcing Glass Ceilings (2024)
Avenancio-León, Carlos F.; Piccolo, Alessio; Shen, Leslie Sheng;Zitatform
Avenancio-León, Carlos F., Alessio Piccolo & Leslie Sheng Shen (2024): Self-reinforcing Glass Ceilings. (Working papers / Federal Reserve Bank of Boston 2024-14), Boston, 89 S.
Abstract
"After the gender pay gap narrows, what labor choices do men and women make? Several factors contribute to the persistence of the pay gap, such as workplace flexibility, systemic discrimination, and career costs of family. We show that how the labor market responds to the narrowing of the gap is just as pivotal for understanding this persistence. When the gender pay gap declines in a specific sector, women are relatively more likely to seek jobs in that sector, while men readjust their search to less equitable sectors. These compositional effects decrease female participation in less equitable sectors, which typically offer higher wages, reinforcing gender stereotypes and social norms that contribute to the glass ceiling. Through these effects, the same forces that reduce the gender pay gap at the bottom of the pay distribution also contribute to the persistence of gender inequities at the top. This self-reinforcing cycle underscores the need for reforms that are cross-sectoral and comprehensive to effectively achieve meaningful reductions in gender inequities across the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Technological Progress, Occupational Structure, and Gender Gaps in the German Labour Market (2024)
Zitatform
Bachmann, Ronald & Myrielle Gonschor (2024): Technological Progress, Occupational Structure, and Gender Gaps in the German Labour Market. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 1207), Berlin, 52 S.
Abstract
"We analyze if technological progress and the change in the occupational structure have improved women’s position in the labor market. We show that women increasingly work in non-routine manual and in interactive occupations. However, the observed narrowing of the gender wage gap is entirely driven by declining gender wag gaps within, rather than between, occupations. A decomposition exercise reveals that while explained factors have become more important contributors to the gender wage gap, the importance of unexplained factors factors has strongly declined. Therefore, unequal treatment based on unobservables, i.e. discrimination, is likely to have declined over time. Finally, technological change as measured by job tasks plays an ambiguous role. Institutional factors, and in particular part-time employment, are still a major driver of the gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
- frühere (möglicherweise abweichende) Version erschienen u.d.T. "Technological Progress, Occupational Structure and Gender Gaps in the German Labour Market" als: IZA discussion paper, 15419
- spätere (möglicherweise abweichende) Version erschienen in: International Journal of Manpower, 47 (2026), 2, 403-422
-
Literaturhinweis
Fifty Years of Breakthroughs and Barriers: Women in Economics, Policy, and Leadership (2024)
Zitatform
Blau, Francine D. & Lisa M. Lynch (2024): Fifty Years of Breakthroughs and Barriers: Women in Economics, Policy, and Leadership. In: The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Jg. 711, H. 1, S. 225-244. DOI:10.1177/00027162241292175
Abstract
"We provide an overview of what has happened for women over the past 50 years as they worked to break through professional barriers in economics, policy, and institutional leadership. We chart the progress of women in higher education at the college level and beyond and then examine women’s representation at the upper levels of academia, government, law, medicine, and management. We begin our description of trends in 1972, when Title IX was enacted to prohibit sex-based discrimination in federally funded educational programs. The data paint a picture of considerable progress but also persistent inequities. We then go on to consider possible explanations for the continuing gender differences and some of the empirical evidence on the factors identified." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender Inequality in the Labor Market: Continuing Progress? (2024)
Zitatform
Blau, Francine D. (2024): Gender Inequality in the Labor Market: Continuing Progress? (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17558), Bonn, 48 S.
Abstract
"This article examines the trends in women's economic outcomes in the United States focusing primarily on labor force participation, occupational attainment, and the gender wage gap. The author first highlights considerable progress on all dimensions prior to the 1990s followed by a slowing or stalling of gains thereafter, with a plateauing of female labor force participation trends and a slowing of women's occupational and wage convergence with men. She considers the likelihood of a resumption of progress in narrowing gender gaps in these areas, concluding it is unlikely without policy intervention. She then considers some new policy initiatives addressing work-family issues and labor market discrimination that may hold potential for increasing female labor force participation and narrowing gender inequities in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Selbstwahrnehmung von Frauen in nicht-traditionellen Berufsrollen: Eine Determinante zur Erklärung der geschlechtsspezifischen Arbeitsmarktsegregation in Deutschland? (2024)
Bojić, Birthe;Zitatform
Bojić, Birthe (2024): Selbstwahrnehmung von Frauen in nicht-traditionellen Berufsrollen. Eine Determinante zur Erklärung der geschlechtsspezifischen Arbeitsmarktsegregation in Deutschland? (Studien zur Berufs- und Professionsforschung 44), Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovač, 256 S.
Abstract
"Die Studie „Selbstwahrnehmung von Frauen in nicht-traditionellen Berufsrollen“ analysiert die Herausforderungen, denen Frauen in einem Männerberuf gegenüberstehen. Die qualitative Studie fokussiert Frauen in MINT-Berufen sowie im Handwerk und deckt Selbstzuschreibungen zu beruflich notwendigen Fähigkeiten auf. Eine zentrale Rolle nehmen Geschlechterstereotype ein, die sowohl die Frauen selbst als auch ihr Umfeld beeinflussen. In Folge der stereotypgeprägten Wahrnehmung besteht das Empfinden, sich als Frau in einem männlich dominierten Arbeitsumfeld besonders beweisen zu müssen. Frauen als Minderheit sind in einem Männerberuf besonders sichtbar, was zu einer unerwünschten Aufmerksamkeit führt. Damit einhergehend sind Erwartungen an die Leistungsfähigkeit mit dem Geschlecht verknüpft .Die Selbstwahrnehmung von Frauen in nicht-traditionellen Berufsrollen wird einerseits durch individuelle Eigenschaftszuschreibungen, andererseits durch selbst- und fremderzeugte Barrieren beeinflusst. Selbst- und Fremderzeugte Barrieren, die u.a. auf in den Berufsfeldern vorherrschende männliche Normen und Strukturen zurückzuführen sind, hemmen den beruflichen Aufstieg und erschweren den beruflichen Alltag. Es werden Einblicke in das berufliche Erleben und die Bewältigungsstrategien gegeben. Die angewendeten Bewältigungsstrategien stehen dabei in einem engen Zusammenhang mit den selbst zugeschriebenen Eigenschaften.Diese qualitative Studie zeigt, dass Frauen in nicht-traditionellen Berufsrollen nach wie vor nachhaltig durch das Vorherrschen eines männlich dominierten Umfeldes beeinflusst werden. Das männlich dominierte Berufsumfeld zeichnet sich durch geschlechtsspezifische Stereotype und stereotypisierte Zuschreibungen aus. Diese beeinflussen signifikant die Kommunikations- und Verhaltensmuster und damit das alltägliche berufliche Erleben von Frauen in nicht-traditionellen Berufsrollen." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender Prescribed Occupations and the Wage Gap (2024)
Broso, Matteo; Muratori, Caterina; Gallice, Andrea;Zitatform
Broso, Matteo, Andrea Gallice & Caterina Muratori (2024): Gender Prescribed Occupations and the Wage Gap. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1529), Essen, 20 S.
Abstract
"Men and women often sort into different jobs, and male-dominated jobs typically pay more than female-dominated ones. Why is that the case? We propose a model where workers have heterogeneous attitudes with respect to the social norms that define gender prescribed occupations and face endogenous social costs when entering jobs deemed "appropriate" for the other gender. We show that: (i) workers trade off identity and wage considerations in deciding where to work; (ii) asymmetric social norms contribute to the gender pay gap by deterring women from entering higher-paying male-dominated sectors; (iii) breaking social norms generates positive externalities, reducing social stigma for everyone. Therefore, in equilibrium, there are too few social norm breakers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug