Niedriglohnarbeitsmarkt
Der Ausbau des Niedriglohnsektors sollte Ende der 1990er Jahre die hohe Arbeitslosigkeit reduzieren. Als Niedriglohn gilt ein Arbeitsentgelt, das trotz Vollzeitbeschäftigung keine angemessene Existenzsicherung gewährleistet – die OECD definiert den ihn als einen Bruttolohn, der unterhalb von zwei Dritteln des nationalen Medianbruttolohns aller Vollzeitbeschäftigten liegt. Betroffen von Niedriglöhnen sind überdurchschnittlich häufig Personen ohne beruflichen Abschluss, jüngere Erwerbstätige und Frauen.
Bietet der Niedriglohnsektor eine Chance zum Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt oder ist er eine Sackgasse? Das IAB-Themendossier erschließt Informationen zum Forschungsstand.
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- Theorie
- Politik und Maßnahmen
- Arbeitsmarkt- und Lohnentwicklung
- Arbeitswelt, Personalpolitik
- Personengruppen
- Wirtschaftszweige
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
- Alter
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Literaturhinweis
Statistical discrimination from composition effects in the market for low-skilled workers (2014)
Zitatform
Masters, Adrian (2014): Statistical discrimination from composition effects in the market for low-skilled workers. In: Labour economics, Jg. 26, H. January, S. 72-80. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2013.12.002
Abstract
"In a random search environment with two racial groups each composed of identical numbers of high and low productivity workers, firms use an imperfect screening device (interviews) to control hiring. If inconclusive interviews lead firms to hire majority workers but not minority workers, then the unemployment pool for majority workers is of higher average quality. This can justify the initial hiring choices. Color-blind hiring always eliminates racial disparities but is not necessarily beneficial; in the USA it would improve welfare with only a brief small increase in white unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Cognitive skills matter: the employment disadvantage of low-educated workers in comparative perspective (2013)
Zitatform
Abrassart, Aurélien (2013): Cognitive skills matter: the employment disadvantage of low-educated workers in comparative perspective. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 707-719. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcs049
Abstract
"It is now a widely acknowledged fact that the low-educated workers are facing important risks of labour market exclusion in modern economies. However, possessing low levels of educational qualifications leads to very different situations from one country to another, as the cross-national variation in the unemployment rates of these workers attest. While conventional wisdom usually blames welfare states and the resulting rigidity of labour markets for the low employment opportunities of low-educated workers, empirical evidence tends to contradict this predominant view. Using microdata from the International Adult Literacy Survey that was conducted between 1994 and 1998, we examine the sources of the cross-national variation in the employment disadvantage of low-educated workers in 14 industrialized nations. In particular, we test the validity of the conventional theories concerning the supposedly harmful effect of labour market regulation against a new and promising hypothesis on the importance of cognitive skills for the employment opportunities of the low-educated workers. Our findings support the latter and suggest that the greater the cognitive gap between the low-educated workers and those with intermediate education, the lower the chances of being employed for the former relatively to their higher educated counterparts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum wage increases in a recessionary environment (2013)
Zitatform
Addison, John T., McKinley L. Blackburn & Chad D. Cotti (2013): Minimum wage increases in a recessionary environment. In: Labour economics, Jg. 23, H. August, S. 30-39. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2013.02.004
Abstract
"Do seemingly large minimum-wage increases in an environment of deep recession produce clearer evidence of disemployment than is often observed in the modern minimum wage literature? This paper uses three data sets to examine the employment effects of the most recent increases in the U.S. minimum wage. We focus on two high-risk groups - restaurant-and-bar employees and teenagers - for the years 2005 - 2010. Although the evidence for a general disemployment effect is not uniform, estimates do suggest the presence of a negative minimum wage effect in states hardest hit by the recession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minimum wages, earnings, and migration (2013)
Zitatform
Boffy-Ramirez, Ernest (2013): Minimum wages, earnings, and migration. In: IZA journal of migration, Jg. 2, S. 1-24. DOI:10.1186/2193-9039-2-17
Abstract
"Does increasing a state's minimum wage induce migration into the state? Previous literature has shown mobility in response to welfare benefit differentials across states, yet few have examined the minimum wage as a cause of mobility. Focusing on low-skilled immigrants, this paper empirically examines the effect of minimum wages on location decisions within the United States. This paper expands upon minimum wage and immigration literatures by demonstrating that the choice of destination is sensitive to minimum wage changes, and that the effects are highly dependent on the number of years an immigrant has resided in the U.S." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Earned Income Tax Credit, health, and happiness (2013)
Zitatform
Boyd-Swan, Casey, Chris M. Herbst, John Ifcher & Homa Zarghamee (2013): The Earned Income Tax Credit, health, and happiness. (IZA discussion paper 7261), Bonn, 41 S.
Abstract
"This paper contributes to the small but growing literature evaluating the health effects of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). In particular, we use data from the National Survey of Families and Households to study the impact of the 1990 federal EITC expansion on several outcomes related to mental health and subjective well-being. The identification strategy relies on a difference-in-differences framework to estimate intent-to-treat effects for the post-reform period. Our results suggest that the 1990 EITC reform generated sizeable health benefits for low-skilled mothers. Such women experienced lower depression symptomatology, an increase in self-reported happiness, and improved self-efficacy relative to their childless counterparts. Consistent with previous work, we find that married mothers captured most of the health benefits, with unmarried mothers' health changing very little following the 1990 EITC reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
When unionization disappears: state-level unionization and working poverty in the United States (2013)
Zitatform
Brady, David, Regina S. Baker & Ryan Finnigan (2013): When unionization disappears: state-level unionization and working poverty in the United States. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 78, H. 5, S. 872-896. DOI:10.1177/0003122413501859
Abstract
"Although the working poor are a much larger population than the unemployed poor, U.S. poverty research devotes much more attention to joblessness than to working poverty. Research that does exist on working poverty concentrates on demographics and economic performance and neglects institutions. Building on literatures on comparative institutions, unionization, and states as polities, we examine the influence of a potentially important labor market institution for working poverty: the level of unionization in a state. Using the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) for the United States, we estimate (1) multi-level logit models of poverty among employed households in 2010; and (2) two-way fixed-effects models of working poverty across seven waves of data from 1991 to 2010. Further, we replicate the analyses with the Current Population Survey while controlling for household unionization, and assess unionization's potential influence on selection into employment. Across all models, state-level unionization is robustly significantly negative for working poverty. The effects of unionization are larger than the effects of states' economic performance and social policies. Unionization reduces working poverty for both unionized and non-union households and does not appear to discourage employment. We conclude that U.S. poverty research can advance by devoting greater attention to working poverty, and by incorporating insights from the comparative literature on institutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of the minimum wage on covered teenage employment (2013)
Zitatform
Coomer, Nicole M. & Walter J. Wessels (2013): The effect of the minimum wage on covered teenage employment. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 34, H. 3, S. 253-280. DOI:10.1007/s12122-013-9160-6
Abstract
"Unlike previous studies on the minimum wage, which focused on its effect on total teenage employment, we examine its effect on covered employment. A covered job was defined to be one paying the minimum wage or more. Using contemporary wages to classify workers this way may inflate the estimated effect of minimum wages on covered employment. To avoid this bias, covered jobs are identified using a logit procedure run over years in which the minimum age was not increased. We find that minimum wages reduced covered employment significantly more than total employment. We also show that covered employment may be overstated in the period following an increase in the minimum wage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The growth of low-skill service jobs and the polarization of the US labor market (2013)
Zitatform
Dorn, David (2013): The growth of low-skill service jobs and the polarization of the US labor market. In: The American economic review, Jg. 103, H. 5, S. 1553-1597. DOI:10.1257/aer.103.5.1553
Abstract
"We offer a unified analysis of the growth of low-skill service occupations between 1980 and 2005 and the concurrent polarization of US employment and wages. We hypothesize that polarization stems from the interaction between consumer preferences, which favor variety over specialization, and the falling cost of automating routine, codifiable job tasks. Applying a spatial equilibrium model, we corroborate four implications of this hypothesis. Local labor markets that specialized in routine tasks differentially adopted information technology, reallocated low-skill labor into service occupations (employment polarization), experienced earnings growth at the tails of the distribution (wage polarization), and received inflows of skilled labor." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Degraded work: the struggle at the bottom of the labor market (2013)
Zitatform
Doussard, Marc (2013): Degraded work. The struggle at the bottom of the labor market. University of Minnesota Press 275 S.
Abstract
"Critics on the left and the right typically agree that globalization, the loss of manufacturing jobs, and the expansion of the service sector have led to income inequality and rising numbers of low-paying jobs with poor working conditions. In Degraded Work, Marc Doussard demonstrates that this decline in wages and working conditions is anything but the unavoidable result of competitive economic forces. Rather, he makes the case that service sector and other local-serving employers have boosted profit with innovative practices to exploit workers, demeaning their jobs in new ways - denying safety equipment, fining workers for taking scheduled breaks, requiring unpaid overtime - that go far beyond wage cuts. Doussard asserts that the degradation of service work is a choice rather than an inevitability, and he outlines concrete steps that can be taken to help establish a fairer postindustrial labor market.
Drawing on fieldwork in Chicago, Degraded Work examines changes in two industries in which inferior job quality is assumed to be intrinsic: residential construction and food retail. In both cases, Doussard shows how employers degraded working conditions as part of a successful and intricate strategy to increase profits. Arguing that a growing service sector does not have to mean growing inequality, Doussard proposes creative policy and organizing opportunities that workers and advocates can use to improve job quality despite the overwhelming barriers to national political action." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Minimum wages and youth unemployment (2013)
Gorry, Aspen;Zitatform
Gorry, Aspen (2013): Minimum wages and youth unemployment. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 64, H. November, S. 57-75. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2013.08.004
Abstract
"This paper constructs a labor search model to explore the effects of minimum wages on youth unemployment. To capture the gradual decline in unemployment for young workers as they age, the standard search model is extended so that workers gain experience when employed. Experienced workers have higher average productivity and lower job finding and separation rates that match wage and worker flow data. In this environment, minimum wages can have large effects on unemployment because they interact with a worker's ability to gain job experience. The increase in minimum wages between 2007 and 2009 can account for a 0.8 percentage point increase in the steady state unemployment rate and a 2.8 percentage point increase in unemployment for 15-24 year old workers in the model parameterized to simulate outcomes of high school educated workers. Minimum wages can also help explain the high rates of youth unemployment in France compared to the United States." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does self-employment increase the economic well-being of low-skilled workers? (2013)
Lofstrom, Magnus;Zitatform
Lofstrom, Magnus (2013): Does self-employment increase the economic well-being of low-skilled workers? In: Small business economics, Jg. 40, H. 4, S. 933-952. DOI:10.1007/s11187-011-9402-z
Abstract
"Low-skilled workers do not fare well in today's skill intensive economy and their opportunities continue to diminish. Utilizing data from the survey of income and program participation, this paper provides an analysis of the economic returns to business ownership among low-skilled workers and addresses the essential question of whether self-employment is a good option for low-skilled individuals that policymakers might consider encouraging. The analysis reveals substantial differences in the role of self-employment among low-skilled workers across gender and nativity - women and immigrants are shown to be of particular importance from both the perspectives of trends and policy relevance. We find that, although the returns to low-skilled self-employment among men is higher than among women, the analysis shows that wage/salary employment is a more financially rewarding option for most low-skilled workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Spillovers from high-skill consumption to low-skill labor markets (2013)
Zitatform
Mazzolari, Francesca & Giuseppe Ragusa (2013): Spillovers from high-skill consumption to low-skill labor markets. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 95, H. 1, S. 74-86. DOI:10.1162/REST_a_00234
Abstract
"The least-skilled workforce in the United States is disproportionally employed in the provision of time-intensive services that can be thought of as market substitutes for home production activities. At the same time, skilled workers, with their high opportunity cost of time, spend a larger fraction of their budget in these services. Given the skill asymmetry between consumers and providers in this market, product demand shifts - such as those arising when relative skilled wages increase - should boost relative labor demand for the least-skilled workforce. We estimate that this channel may explain one-third of the growth of employment of noncollege workers in low-skill services in the 1990s." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Simulating the economic impacts of living wage mandates using new public and administrative data: evidence for New York City (2013)
Zitatform
Neumark, David, Matthew Thompson, Francesco Brindisi, Leslie Koyle & Clayton Reck (2013): Simulating the economic impacts of living wage mandates using new public and administrative data. Evidence for New York City. In: Economic Development Quarterly, Jg. 27, H. 4, S. 271-283. DOI:10.1177/0891242413490795
Abstract
"Policy researchers often have to estimate the future effect of imposing a policy in a particular location. There is often evidence on the effects of similar policies in other jurisdictions but no information on the effects of the policy in the jurisdiction in question. And the policy may have specific features not reflected in the experiences of other areas. It is then necessary to combine the evidence from other locations with detailed information and data specific to the jurisdiction in question, with which to simulate the effects of the policy in the new jurisdiction. We illustrate and use this approach in estimating the impact of a proposed living wage mandate for New York City, emphasizing how our ex ante simulations make use of detailed location-specific information on workers, families, and employers using administrative data and other new public data sources." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Modelling demand for low skilled/low paid labour: exploring the employment trade-offs of a living wage (2013)
Riley, Rebecca;Zitatform
Riley, Rebecca (2013): Modelling demand for low skilled/low paid labour. Exploring the employment trade-offs of a living wage. (NIESR discussion paper 404), London, 37 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyses labour demand for low skill/low pay labour in order to explore the potential employment trade-offs associated with moving to a Living Wage. Using industry sector panel data we model demand for labour classified into 5 groups defined by age and highest educational qualification. Low pay is most prevalent amongst the less skilled and the young. Amongst the 11 market sector industry groups we consider, the three sectors that would face the largest rise in their wage bill were all employers to sign up to the Living Wage are: Wholesale & Retail, Hotels & Catering; Other Community, Social & Personal Services; and less skill intensive manufacturing industries. Our calculations suggest that, conditional on the level of output and worker effort, these cost increases would reduce employers' demand for young low-skilled employees in the private sector by approximately 300,000. The analysis highlights the importance of allowing for labour substitution in considering the employment demand effects of exogenous shifts in wages. We find that in aggregate the reduction in conditional labour demand with the Living Wage is around 160,000; this is around half the reduction in the demand for young lower-skilled employees because employers substitute younger with more experienced workers. The number of employees who would see their earnings rise with a Living Wage far outweighs the estimated reduction in labour demand." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Offshoring, wages, and employment: theory and evidence (2013)
Sethupathy, Guru;Zitatform
Sethupathy, Guru (2013): Offshoring, wages, and employment. Theory and evidence. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 62, H. August, S. 73-97. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2013.04.004
Abstract
"This paper investigates the wage and employment effects of offshoring. I use firm-level data and two events in Mexico as a natural experiment to identify the effects of a fall in the marginal cost of offshoring to Mexico. I find that domestic wages actually rise at US firms likely to take advantage of this new offshoring opportunity. At the same time, domestic wages fall at US firms unlikely to take advantage of this opportunity. Furthermore, I find no evidence of greater domestic job loss at the former compared to the latter firms. These findings are consistent with productivity effects from offshoring. To explain the mechanism, I develop a theoretical framework that combines heterogeneous firms with imperfect labor markets and rent-sharing. Firms likely to take advantage of new offshoring opportunities increase their productivity and profitability at the expense of their competitors. Through rent-sharing, this channel leads to higher domestic wages at the former firms relative to the latter. Further, there is no empirical evidence of greater domestic job loss at the firms likely to expand their offshoring compared to their competitors that are unlikely to increase their offshoring." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Did the Work Opportunity Tax Credit cause subsidized worker substitution? (2012)
Zitatform
Ajilore, Olugbenga (2012): Did the Work Opportunity Tax Credit cause subsidized worker substitution? In: Economic Development Quarterly, Jg. 26, H. 3, S. 231-237. DOI:10.1177/0891242412453306
Abstract
"This article questions whether the implementation of the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) created an incentive for employers to substitute subsidized workers for incumbent workers. To see if this substitution occurs, the author uses a differences-in-differences methodology to test whether the implementation of the WOTC caused both an increase in employment from a representative target group and a decrease in employment of a group that is a close substitute for members of the target group. The author finds no evidence that subsidized worker substitution occurred in the period after the WOTC was implemented. There is evidence that the WOTC is effective in increasing the employment rates of long-term welfare recipients." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The growth of low skill service jobs and the polarization of the U.S. labor market (2012)
Zitatform
Autor, David & David Dorn (2012): The growth of low skill service jobs and the polarization of the U.S. labor market. (IZA discussion paper 7068), Bonn, 58 S.
Abstract
"We offer an integrated explanation and empirical analysis of the polarization of U.S. employment and wages between 1980 and 2005, and the concurrent growth of low skill service occupations. We attribute polarization to the interaction between consumer preferences, which favor variety over specialization, and the falling cost of automating routine, codifiable job tasks. Applying a spatial equilibrium model, we derive, test, and confirm four implications of this hypothesis. Local labor markets that were specialized in routine activities differentially adopted information technology, reallocated low skill labor into service occupations (employment polarization), experienced earnings growth at the tails of the distribution (wage polarization), and received inflows of skilled labor." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment, hours of work and the optimal taxation of low income families (2012)
Zitatform
Blundell, Richard & Andrew Shephard (2012): Employment, hours of work and the optimal taxation of low income families. In: The Review of Economic Studies, Jg. 79, H. 2, S. 481-510. DOI:10.1093/restud/rdr034
Abstract
"The optimal design of low-income support is examined using a structural labour supply model. The approach incorporates unobserved heterogeneity, fixed costs of work, childcare costs and the detailed non-convexities of the tax and transfer system. The analysis considers purely Pareto improving reforms and also optimal design under social welfare functions with different degrees of inequality aversion. We explore the gains from tagging and also examine the case for the use of hours-contingent payments. Using the tax schedule for lone parents in the U.K. as our policy environment, the results point to a reformed non-linear tax schedule with tax credits only optimal for low earners. The results also suggest a welfare improving role for tagging according to child age and for hours-contingent payments, although the case for the latter is mitigated when hours cannot be monitored or recorded accurately by the tax authorities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The (non) impact of minimum wages on poverty: regression and simulation evidence for Canada (2012)
Zitatform
Campolieti, Michele, Morley Gunderson & Byron Lee (2012): The (non) impact of minimum wages on poverty. Regression and simulation evidence for Canada. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 287-302. DOI:10.1007/s12122-012-9139-8
Abstract
"We estimate the effect of minimum wages on poverty for Canada using data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) for 1997 to 2007 and find that minimum wages do not have a statistically significant effect on poverty and this finding is robust across a number of specifications. Our simulation results, based on the March 2008 Labour Force Survey (LFS), find that only about 30 % of the net earnings gain from minimum wage increases goes to the poor while about 70 % 'spill over' into the hands of the non-poor. Furthermore, we find that job losses are disproportionately concentrated on the poor. Our results highlight that, political rhetoric not-withstanding, minimum wages are poorly targeted as an anti-poverty device and are at best an exceedingly blunt instrument for dealing with poverty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The 1993 EITC expansion and low-skilled single mothers' welfare use decision (2012)
Chyi, Hau;Zitatform
Chyi, Hau (2012): The 1993 EITC expansion and low-skilled single mothers' welfare use decision. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 44, H. 13, S. 1717-1736. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2011.554372
Abstract
"Previous studies on low-skilled single mothers focus generally either on the binary welfare use or work decision. However, work among welfare participants has increased steadily since the mid-1990s. This study estimates the role of the 1993 Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) expansion on the decline of welfare caseloads using a bivariate probit model. Using monthly Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) information, I find that the 1993 EITC expansion has at least the same effect on reducing welfare use as the welfare reform initiatives. Moreover, the elasticity estimates indicate that single mothers, especially those who were not employed and dependent solely on welfare before the expansion, were the most responsive to the policy initiatives. Finally, the increase in work among welfare participants is due to the relative ineffectiveness of the policies in reducing the net population of those who are on welfare and work simultaneously." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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- Theorie
- Politik und Maßnahmen
- Arbeitsmarkt- und Lohnentwicklung
- Arbeitswelt, Personalpolitik
- Personengruppen
- Wirtschaftszweige
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
- Alter