Niedriglohnarbeitsmarkt
Der Ausbau des Niedriglohnsektors sollte Ende der 1990er Jahre die hohe Arbeitslosigkeit reduzieren. Als Niedriglohn gilt ein Arbeitsentgelt, das trotz Vollzeitbeschäftigung keine angemessene Existenzsicherung gewährleistet – die OECD definiert den ihn als einen Bruttolohn, der unterhalb von zwei Dritteln des nationalen Medianbruttolohns aller Vollzeitbeschäftigten liegt. Betroffen von Niedriglöhnen sind überdurchschnittlich häufig Personen ohne beruflichen Abschluss, jüngere Erwerbstätige und Frauen.
Bietet der Niedriglohnsektor eine Chance zum Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt oder ist er eine Sackgasse? Das IAB-Themendossier erschließt Informationen zum Forschungsstand.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Theorie
- Politik und Maßnahmen
- Arbeitsmarkt- und Lohnentwicklung
- Arbeitswelt, Personalpolitik
- Personengruppen
- Wirtschaftszweige
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
- Alter
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Literaturhinweis
The minimum wage and inequality: the effects of education and technology (2011)
Barany, Zsofia L.;Zitatform
Barany, Zsofia L. (2011): The minimum wage and inequality. The effects of education and technology. (CEP discussion paper 1076), London, 68 S.
Abstract
"While there has been intense debate in the empirical literature about the effects of minimum wages on inequality in the US, its general equilibrium effects have been given little attention. In order to quantify the full effects of a decreasing minimum wage on inequality, I build a dynamic general equilibrium model, based on a two-sector growth model where the supply of high-skilled workers and the direction of technical change are endogenous. I find that a permanent reduction in the minimum wage leads to an expansion of low-skilled employment, which increases the incentives to acquire skills, thus changing the composition and size of high-skilled employment. These permanent changes in the supply of labour alter the investment flow into R&D, thereby decreasing the skill-bias of technology. The reduction in the minimum wage has spill-over effects on the entire distribution, affecting upper-tail inequality. Through a calibration exercise, I find that a 30 percent reduction in the real value of the minimum wage, as in the early 1980s, accounts for 15 percent of the subsequent rise in the skill premium, 18.5 percent of the increase in overall inequality, 45 percent of the increase in inequality in the bottom half, and 7 percent of the rise in inequality at the top half of the wage distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
"Einfacharbeit" im Dienstleistungssektor (2011)
Zitatform
Bosch, Gerhard & Claudia Weinkopf (2011): "Einfacharbeit" im Dienstleistungssektor. In: Arbeit. Zeitschrift für Arbeitsforschung, Arbeitsgestaltung und Arbeitspolitik, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 173-187. DOI:10.1515/arbeit-2011-0304
Abstract
"Der Anteil der Einfacharbeitsplätze im Dienstleistungssektor liegt prozentual niedriger als im Produzierenden Gewerbe. Aufgrund des hohen Anteils des Dienstleistungssektors an der Gesamtbeschäftigung entfallen aber rund drei Viertel aller Einfacharbeitsplätze in Deutschland auf den Dienstleistungssektor. Fallstudien zu Stellenbesetzungsprozessen in 25 Dienstleistungsunternehmen zeigen, dass die Anforderungen an einfache Dienstleistungstätigkeiten aufgrund der technischen Vernetzung, der zunehmenden Kundenkontakte und der teilweise ambulanten Tätigkeit beim Kunden gestiegen sind. Neben guter Allgemeinbildung werden ein ansprechendes Äußeres und soziale Schlüsselqualifikationen gefragt. Zunehmend werden beruflich Qualifizierte für diese Tätigkeiten rekrutiert. Die Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, dass das Segment einfacher Arbeit in der Segmentationstheorie ausdifferenziert werden sollte. Zu unterscheiden wäre zwischen einfachen spracharmen und komplexeren kommunikationsintensiven Dienstleistungstätigkeiten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Spillover effects of minimum wages: theory and experimental evidence (2011)
Zitatform
Dittrich, Marcus, Andreas Knabe & Kristina Leipold (2011): Spillover effects of minimum wages. Theory and experimental evidence. (CESifo working paper 3576), München, 25 S.
Abstract
"We study the spillover effects of minimum wages in a laboratory experiment. In a bilateral firm-worker bargaining setting, we find that the introduction of a minimum wage exerts upward pressure on wages even if the minimum wage is too low to be a binding restriction. Furthermore, raising the minimum wage to a binding level increases the bargained wage above the new minimum wage level. While the Nash solution cannot explain the existence of spillover effects, the Kalai-Smorodinsky solution yields results that are qualitatively more in line with our experimental findings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dual labor markets and the impact of minimum wages on atypical employment (2011)
Zitatform
Flaschel, Peter & Alfred Greiner (2011): Dual labor markets and the impact of minimum wages on atypical employment. In: Metroeconomica, Jg. 62, H. 3, S. 512-531. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-999X.2011.04122.x
Abstract
"We present a growth model that contains minimum wages as one important element of a flexicurity economy where we allow for heterogeneous labor and for real wage rigidities. We show that the wage-setting process, in its reference to the reservation wage of the first labor market, is crucial as regards stability of the economy and persistent or explosive oscillations may occur, in particular when the influence of the reservation wage on wage formation in the first labor market becomes too strong. Further, minimum wages can alleviate the negative consequences of economic downturns and help stabilize the economy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A theory of outsourcing and wage decline (2011)
Zitatform
Holmes, Thomas J. & Julia Thornton Snider (2011): A theory of outsourcing and wage decline. In: American Economic Journal. Microeconomics, Jg. 3, H. 2, S. 38-59. DOI:10.1257/mic.3.2.38
Abstract
"This paper develops a theory of outsourcing in which the circumstances under which factors of production can grab rents play the leading role. One factor has monopoly power (call this labor) while a second factor does not (call this capital). There are two kinds of production tasks: labor-intensive and capital-intensive. We show that if frictions limiting outsourcing are not too large, in equilibrium labor-intensive tasks are separated from capital-intensive tasks into distinct firms. When a capital-intensive country is opened to free trade, outsourcing increases and labor rents decline. A decrease in outsourcing frictions lowers labor rents." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Good jobs, bad jobs: the rise of polarized and precarious employment systems in the United States, 1970s to 2000s (2011)
Kalleberg, Arne L.;Zitatform
Kalleberg, Arne L. (2011): Good jobs, bad jobs. The rise of polarized and precarious employment systems in the United States, 1970s to 2000s. (American Sociological Association's Rose Series in Sociology), New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 292 S.
Abstract
"The economic boom of the 1990s veiled a grim reality: in addition to the growing gap between rich and poor, the gap between good and bad quality jobs was also expanding. The postwar prosperity of the mid-twentieth century had enabled millions of American workers to join the middle class, but as the author shows, by the 1970s this upward movement had slowed, in part due to the steady disappearance of secure, well-paying industrial jobs. Ever since, precarious employment has been on the rise - paying low wages, offering few benefits, and with virtually no long-term security. Today, the polarization between workers with higher skill levels and those with low skills and low wages is more entrenched than ever. The book traces this trend to large-scale transformations in the American labor market and the changing demographics of low-wage workers. The author draws on nearly four decades of survey data, as well as his own research, to evaluate trends in U.S. job quality and suggest ways to improve American labor market practices and social policies. The book provides an insightful analysis of how and why precarious employment is gaining ground in the labor market and the role these developments have played in the decline of the middle class. The author shows that by the 1970s, government deregulation, global competition, and the rise of the service sector gained traction, while institutional protections for workers - such as unions and minimum-wage legislation - weakened. Together, these forces marked the end of postwar security for American workers. The composition of the labor force also changed significantly; the number of dual-earner families increased, as did the share of the workforce comprised of women, non-white, and immigrant workers. Of these groups, blacks, Latinos, and immigrants remain concentrated in the most precarious and low-quality jobs, with educational attainment being the leading indicator of who will earn the highest wages and experience the most job security and highest levels of autonomy and control over their jobs and schedules." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Von der Vorherrschaft interner Arbeitsmärkte zur dynamischen Koexistenz von Arbeitsmarktsegmenten (2011)
Zitatform
Krause, Alexandra & Christoph Köhler (2011): Von der Vorherrschaft interner Arbeitsmärkte zur dynamischen Koexistenz von Arbeitsmarktsegmenten. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 64, H. 11, S. 588-596. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2011-11-588
Abstract
"Der Beitrag stellt die Frage nach der Re-Kommodifizierung des deutschen Beschäftigungssystems. Er greift dabei auf die segmentationstheoretische Unterscheidung von internen und externen sowie von primären und sekundären Teilarbeitsmärkten zurück. Als Ergebnis der empirischen Analysen zeigt sich, dass der deutsche Arbeitsmarkt in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten einen Externalisierungs- und Sekundarisierungsschub durchlaufen hat. Interne Arbeitsmärkte und das Normalarbeitsverhältnis haben ihre praktische und diskursive Vorherrschaft verloren, und es hat sich eine spannungsgeladene und instabile Koexistenz von internen und externen, primären und sekundären Arbeitsmärkten entwickelt, wobei Ostdeutschland eine Vorreiterposition übernommen hat. Ab 2006 zeichnet sich dann in beiden Landesteilen anhand statistischer Indikatoren eine Ausbremsung des Externalisierungs- und Sekundarisierungsschubs ab, die auch während und nach der Krise von 2008/09 Bestand hat. Für die Zukunft erwarten wir u. a. aufgrund der demografischen Entwicklung eine Verbesserung der Arbeitsmarktchancen für einschlägig qualifizierte Arbeit, woraus sich Chancen für abhängig Beschäftigte und Gewerkschaften ergeben können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Job search via social networks: An analysis of monetary and non-monetary returns for low-skilled unemployed (2011)
Zitatform
Krug, Gerhard & Martina Rebien (2011): Job search via social networks. An analysis of monetary and non-monetary returns for low-skilled unemployed. (IAB-Discussion Paper 23/2011), Nürnberg, 26 S.
Abstract
"Ausgehend von einem suchtheoretischen Modell analysieren wir die Effekte des Informationsflusses über soziale Netzwerke auf dem Arbeitsmarkt indem wir monetäre und nicht-monetäre Erträge aus Beschäftigung vergleichen, die über soziale Netzwerke und formale Wege gefunden wurden. Um kausale Effekte zu identifizieren wenden wir Propensity-Score-Matching auf Erhebungsdaten für geringqualifizierte Arbeitslose an. Mit Hilfe von Rosenbaum-Bounds können wir unbeobachtete Heterogenität in der Analyse berücksichtigen. Da der Vergleich nach Methode der Job-Findung irreführend sein kann, untersuchen wir auch den Effekt der reinen Jobsuche über soziale Netzwerke, unabhängig von der Methode der Job-Findung. Die Analyse zeigt keine Effekte sozialer Netzwerke für monetäre Erträge aus Beschäftigung und im besten Fall sehr schwache Hinweise auf kausale Effekte für nichtmonetäre Erträge." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Explaining differences in job search outcomes between employed and unemployed job seekers (2011)
Zitatform
Longhi, Simonetta & Mark Taylor (2011): Explaining differences in job search outcomes between employed and unemployed job seekers. (IZA discussion paper 5860), Bonn, 33 S.
Abstract
"We use individual data for Great Britain over the period 1992-2009 to compare the probability that employed and unemployed job seekers find a job and the quality of the job they find. The job finding rate of unemployed job seekers is 50 percent higher than that of employed job seekers, and this difference remains even when controlling for differences in observable worker characteristics and job search behaviour. We present evidence suggesting that these differences in the job finding probability is caused by behavioural differences between employed and unemployed job seekers rather than differences in characteristics. Consistent with search theory, we find that employed job seekers are more selective in evaluating job offers and are therefore less likely to find a job offer acceptable; for example, they are less likely to accept low-wage and temporary jobs, or jobs that do not meet their working hour requirements." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: ISER working paper , 2011-17 -
Literaturhinweis
The unequal incidence of non-standard employment across occupational groups: an empirical analysis of post-industrial labour markets in Germany and Europe (2011)
Zitatform
Marx, Paul (2011): The unequal incidence of non-standard employment across occupational groups. An empirical analysis of post-industrial labour markets in Germany and Europe. (IZA discussion paper 5521), Bonn, 23 S.
Abstract
"The paper addresses an often neglected question in labour market research: to which extent do outcomes aggregated on the national level disguise occupational diversity in employment conditions? In particular, how and why do occupational groups differ with regard to the incidence of non-standard employment? To explore these questions, the paper derives a detailed occupational scheme from the literature, capturing the variety of labour market outcomes within countries. In a second step, the scheme is theoretically linked to the topic of non-standard work. It is argued that different degrees of skill specificity across occupational groups produce diverging incentives for flexible and long-term employment, respectively. This leads to the expectation of (some) service-sector occupations showing stronger tendencies towards non-standard employment than those in the industrial sector. Based on European and German micro data, the categorisation is used to decompose various labour market indicators. The results clearly demonstrate the unequal incidence of non-standard employment along the lines of the suggested categorisation. Moreover, the longitudinal perspective suggests that traditionally functioning occupational groups will be crowded out by more destandardised ones." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Standpunkt zur Mindestlohndebatte: Ein probates Rezept (2011)
Möller, Joachim;Zitatform
Möller, Joachim (2011): Standpunkt zur Mindestlohndebatte: Ein probates Rezept. In: IAB-Forum H. 1, S. 22-25. DOI:10.3278/IFO1101W022
Abstract
"Die Beschäftigungswirkung von Mindestlöhnen wird unter Ökonomen seit langem sehr kontrovers diskutiert. Kaum eine Debatte ist ideologisch so aufgeladen. Eine kürzlich erschienene umfassende Studie aus den USA stärkt die Position der Mindestlohnbefürworter. Die Einführung von Mindestlöhnen wäre demnach ohne Beschäftigungsverluste möglich. Allerdings muss die Höhe des Mindestlohns mit Augenmaß festgesetzt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Möller, Joachim; -
Literaturhinweis
The ambiguous effect of minimum wages on hours (2011)
Zitatform
Strobl, Eric & Frank Walsh (2011): The ambiguous effect of minimum wages on hours. In: Labour economics, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 218-228. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2010.09.004
Abstract
"In a competitive model we ease the assumption that efficiency units of labour are the product of hours and workers. We show that a minimum wage may either increase or decrease hours per worker and the change will have the opposite sign to the slope of the equilibrium hours hourly wage locus. Similarly, total hours worked may rise or fall. We illustrate the results throughout with a Cobb-Douglas example." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Endogenous monopsony and the perverse effect of the minimum wage in small firms (2010)
Zitatform
Danziger, Leif (2010): Endogenous monopsony and the perverse effect of the minimum wage in small firms. In: Labour economics, Jg. 17. No. 1, S. 224-229. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2009.07.006
Abstract
"The minimum-wage rate has been introduced in many countries as a means of alleviating the poverty of the working poor. This paper shows, however, that an imperfectly enforced minimum-wage rate causes small firms to face an upward-sloping labor supply schedule. Since this turns these firms into endogenous monopsonists, the minimum-wage rate has the perverse effect of reducing employment in small firms as well as what these firms offer their workers. Thus, if there are only small firms, the minimum-wage rate makes all workers that would be employed in the absence of a minimum-wage rate worse off." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wage and employment effects of non-binding minimum wages (2010)
Zitatform
Dittrich, Marcus & Andreas Knabe (2010): Wage and employment effects of non-binding minimum wages. (CESifo working paper 3149), München, 28 S.
Abstract
"Common wisdom holds that the introduction of a non-binding minimum wage is irrelevant for actual wages and employment. Empirical and experimental research, however, has shown that the introduction of a minimum wage can raise even those wages that were already above the new minimum wage. In this paper, we analyze how these findings can be explained by theoretical wage bargaining models between unions and firms. While the Nash bargaining solution is unaffected by minimum wages below initially bargained wages, we show that such minimum wages can drive up wages - and be harmful to employment - when bargaining follows the Kalai-Smorodinsky solution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment cycles, low income work and the dynamic impact of minimum wages: a macro perspective (2010)
Zitatform
Flaschel, Peter, Alfred Greiner, Camille Logeay & Christian Proano (2010): Employment cycles, low income work and the dynamic impact of minimum wages. A macro perspective. (IMK working paper 2010,04), Düsseldorf, 28 S.
Abstract
"In dieser Studie untersuchen wir die makroökonomischen Konsequenzen der Einführung einer Arbeitslosenversicherung und eines Mindest(real)lohns für sowohl qualifizierte als auch weniger qualifizierte Arbeiter vor dem Hintergrund des Goodwin's (1967) Modell. In dem analysierten theoretischen Rahmen, der durch unbeschränktes 'hiring and firing' im ersten Arbeitsmarkt charakterisiert ist, können wir zeigen dass a) dass große Schwankungen durch eine Beschäftigungsmöglichkeit auf einem staatlich geförderten zweiten Arbeitsmarkt (zumindest teilweise) sozial akzeptabel gemacht werden können und b) ein Mindest(real)lohn durch eine Reduzierung der Ausschläge bei der Beschäftigung und der Einkommensverteilung zusätzlich zur Stabilität des Systems beitragen kann. Letzteres reduziert auch die Erosion der beruflichen Qualifikationen und der Familienstrukturen, welche in Goodwins Modell vorkommen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
In-work poverty and labour market segmentation in the EU: key lessons. Synthesis report (2010)
Frazer, Hugh; Marlier, Eric;Zitatform
Frazer, Hugh & Eric Marlier (2010): In-work poverty and labour market segmentation in the EU. Key lessons. Synthesis report. Brüssel, 64 S.
Abstract
"Until now in-work poverty and labour market segmentation have not received sufficient attention in the EU's efforts to tackle poverty and social exclusion. However, given that the 17 million working poor in the EU represent about 15% of the new Europe 2020 social inclusion target, this is likely to become a more important issue in the future. The analysis of in-work poverty and labour market segmentation presented here is a first step to fill this gap and to suggest how progress can be made on this issue. It is also intended as a contribution to the monitoring of the EU 'Active Inclusion' process, which was launched at the end of 2008 and which is a crucial part of the EU's efforts to tackle poverty and social exclusion.
The Network Core Team's Synthesis Report is based on individual country reports prepared by members of the EU Network of Independent Experts on Social Inclusion. The experts' reports cover three elements. First, they provide a general statistical overview of the situation in their country in a comparative perspective, presenting some of the agreed indicators used to monitor the Social Open Method of Coordination and European Employment Strategy objectives. This is complemented with any available national data. Secondly, they examine the main explanatory factors for inwork poverty and labour market segmentation by undertaking a critical review of national studies by Governments and researchers. They also highlight the political debate at national level on these issues. Thirdly, they present and analyse policies in Member States to address in-work poverty and labour market segmentation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Minimum wages, wage dispersion and unemployment in search models: a review (2010)
Zitatform
Garloff, Alfred (2010): Minimum wages, wage dispersion and unemployment in search models. A review. In: Zeitschrift für ArbeitsmarktForschung, Jg. 43, H. 2, S. 145-167. DOI:10.1007/s12651-010-0040-8
Abstract
"Die Studie analysiert die theoretischen Auswirkungen von Mindestlöhnen auf Beschäftigung und Lohnspreizung in einem suchtheoretischen Bezugsrahmen. Es wird ein Überblick über neue theoretische Forschungsansätze gegeben und der Einfluss von Mindestlöhnen auf Einkommen und Beschäftigung in den unterschiedlichen Szenarien diskutiert. Dabei liegt der wichtigste theoretische Schwerpunkt auf der Integration der Heterogenität auf beiden Seiten des Marktes in Gleichgewichtsmodelle. Im Falle homogener Akteure haben Mindestlöhne keinen Einfluss auf Beschäftigung, während im Falle von heterogenen Marktteilnehmern die theoretischen Ergebnisse gemischt sind. Es gibt keine eindeutige Verbindung zwischen Beschäftigung und Mindestlöhnen, und die Auswirkungen können positiv, null oder negativ sein. Die fortgeschrittensten Modelle, die die Heterogenität auf beiden Seiten des Marktes integrieren, scheinen jedoch die Hypothese zu unterstützen, dass ein Ansteigen des Mindestlohns im Allgemeinen auch ein Ansteigen der Arbeitslosigkeit zur Folge hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Workfare, monitoring, and efficiency wages (2010)
Zitatform
Holzner, Christian, Volker Meier & Martin Werding (2010): Workfare, monitoring, and efficiency wages. In: Journal of macroeconomics, Jg. 32, H. 1, S. 157-168. DOI:10.1016/j.jmacro.2009.05.002
Abstract
"The impact of a stronger work requirement for welfare recipients in a workfare program is studied in an efficiency wage model where a representative firm chooses its level of monitoring activities. A stricter workfare policy raises employment and monitoring activities. It typically increases profits and reduces the tax rate. The impact on the net wage is ambiguous. Utility levels of employed workers and welfare recipients may increase even if the net wage declines. The utility differential between these two groups of workers shrinks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Why do so many women end up in bad jobs?: a cross-country assessment (2010)
Jütting, Johannes; Morrison, Christian; Luci, Angela;Zitatform
Jütting, Johannes, Angela Luci & Christian Morrison (2010): Why do so many women end up in bad jobs? A cross-country assessment. (OECD Development Centre working papers 287), Paris, 50 S. DOI:10.1787/5kmlhlrz6br0-en
Abstract
"There is an increasing concern in the development community about the increase in the 'feminisation of bad jobs' of many developing countries. Indeed, recent analysis shows a growing proportion of women are in jobs with poor working conditions and low pay. But what is driving this phenomenon? This paper addresses this issue by looking at the role of social institutions, i.e. traditions, social norms and informal laws, in shaping labour market outcomes. By applying the newly established Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) of the OECD on 44 developing countries, the paper finds that social institutions influence to a great extent activity patterns and job quality for women. Our results suggest that addressing discriminating social institutions is crucial for advancing gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Institutional economics and the minimum wage: broadening the theoretical and policy debate (2010)
Zitatform
Kaufman, Bruce E. (2010): Institutional economics and the minimum wage. Broadening the theoretical and policy debate. In: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Jg. 63, H. 3, S. 427-453.
Abstract
"Debate among labor economists on the pros and cons of a minimum wage law has come to focus on whether labor markets are competitive or monopsonistic. The purpose of this paper is, first, to suggest that this perspective is too narrow and, second, to use principles and concepts of institutional economics to demonstrate why. In particular, I use institutional theory to develop four theoretical rationales for minimum wage legislation: imperfect competition and inequality of bargaining power; involuntary unemployment and destructive competition; efficiency and growth; and labor market externalities and social costs of labor. One revisionist implication is that a minimum wage under plausible conditions may increase economic efficiency even in a purely competitive labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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- Theorie
- Politik und Maßnahmen
- Arbeitsmarkt- und Lohnentwicklung
- Arbeitswelt, Personalpolitik
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- Alter