Atypische Beschäftigung
Der deutsche Arbeitsmarkt wird zunehmend heterogener. Teilzeitbeschäftigung und Minijobs boomen. Ebenso haben befristete Beschäftigung und Leiharbeit an Bedeutung gewonnen und die Verbreitung von Flächentarifverträgen ist rückläufig. Diese atypischen Erwerbsformen geben Unternehmen mehr Flexibilität.
Was sind die Konsequenzen der zunehmenden Bedeutung atypischer Beschäftigungsformen für Erwerbstätige, Arbeitslose und Betriebe? Welche Bedeutung haben sie für die sozialen Sicherungssysteme, das Beschäftigungsniveau und die Durchlässigkeit des Arbeitsmarktes? Die IAB-Themendossier bietet Informationen zum Forschungsstand.
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
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Atypische Beschäftigung insgesamt
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Erosion des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses
- Prekäre Beschäftigung
- Politik, Arbeitslosigkeitsbekämpfung
- Arbeits- und Lebenssituation atypisch Beschäftigter
- Betriebliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Rechtliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Gesundheitliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Beschäftigungsformen
- Qualifikationsniveau
- Alter
- geographischer Bezug
- Geschlecht
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Literaturhinweis
Robots and firms' labour search: The role of temporary work agencies (2024)
Beneito, Pilar; Wilemme, Guillaume; Vicente-Chirivella, Oscar; Garcia-Vega, Maria;Zitatform
Beneito, Pilar, Maria Garcia-Vega, Oscar Vicente-Chirivella & Guillaume Wilemme (2024): Robots and firms' labour search: The role of temporary work agencies. (Research paper / Nottingham Centre for Research on Globalisation and Economic Policy 2024,02), Nottingham, 55 S.
Abstract
"We study the impact of industrial robots on the use of labor intermediaries or temporary work agencies (TWAs) and firm productivity. We develop a theoretical framework where new technologies increase the need for quality match workers. TWAs help firms to search for workers who better match their technologies. The model predicts that using robots increases TWA use, which increases robots' productivity. We test the model implications with panel data of Spanish firms from 1997 to 2016 with information on robot adoption and TWA use. Using staggered difference-in-difference (DiD) estimations, we estimate the causal effects of robot adoption on TWAs. We find robot adopters increase the probability of TWA use compared to non-adopters. We also find that firms that combine robots with TWAs achieve higher productivity than those who adopt robots without TWAs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The temporal dimension of parental employment: Temporary contracts, non-standard work schedules, and children's education in Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Betthäuser, Bastian A., Nhat An Trinh & Anette Eva Fasang (2024): The temporal dimension of parental employment: Temporary contracts, non-standard work schedules, and children's education in Germany. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 40, H. 6, S. 950-963. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcad073
Abstract
"The increasing prevalence of non-standard work and its adverse consequences are well documented. However, we still know little about how common non-standard work is amongst parents, and whether its negative consequences are further transmitted to their children. Using data from the German Microcensus, we document the prevalence and concentration of temporary employment and non-standard work schedules in households with children in Germany. Second, we examine the extent to which variation in this temporal dimension of parental employment is associated with children’s school track. Results show that in about half of all German households with children in lower-secondary school at least one parent has a temporary contract or regularly works evenings or Saturdays. We find that children whose mother always works evenings or Saturdays are substantially less likely to transition to the academic school track. By contrast, we find no significant association between fathers’ non-standard work schedules and children’s school track. We also find no evidence of an association between parents’ temporary employment and children’s school track placement. These divergent findings highlight the importance of disaggregating non-standard work into its specific components and differentiating between mothers' and fathers' non-standard work when investigating the consequences of parental non-standard work for children’s educational and life chances." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Temporary Employment in Markets with Frictions (2024)
Zitatform
Boeri, Tito & Pietro Garibaldi (2024): Temporary Employment in Markets with Frictions. In: Journal of Economic Literature, Jg. 62, H. 3, S. 1143-1185. DOI:10.1257/jel.20231655
Abstract
"Temporary employment has spiked in OECD countries over the last 40 years and is now a common feature of their labor market landscape. A large body of empirical literature examines the spread of temporary employment, but no systematic review and interpretation of its findings in light of economic theory exists. This survey aims at filling this gap by interpreting the key empirical results based on the predictions of the macro models in markets with frictions developed to address specific features of temporary employment. Revisions of workhorse models used so far to analyze temporary employment are also suggested." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Hiring Temps but Losing Perms? Temporary Worker Inflows and Voluntary Turnover of Permanent Employees (2024)
Zitatform
Bonet, Rocio, Marta Elvira & Stefano Visintin (2024): Hiring Temps but Losing Perms? Temporary Worker Inflows and Voluntary Turnover of Permanent Employees. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 38, H. 1, S. 83-102. DOI:10.1177/09500170221103135
Abstract
"This article investigates the effect of hiring temporary workers on the voluntary turnover of permanent employees. It argues that inflows of temporary workers erode the working conditions of permanent employees, prompting their voluntary departure. Using a unique panel dataset of individual-level monthly payroll data over an eight-year period in a sample of Spanish companies, a positive association between temporary worker inflows and the voluntary turnover of permanent workers is found. The results are robust to diverse specifications and are strongest for firms in non-manufacturing sectors and for firms that hire proportionally more low-skilled workers, contexts where the hiring of temporary workers may be more disruptive for permanent employees. Since the hiring of temporary workers is unlikely to threaten the employment of permanent employees in the dual labour market of Spain, the results indicate serious disruption costs associated with temporary hiring in organisations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Is part-time employment a temporary 'stepping stone' or a lasting 'mommy track'? Legislation and mothers' transition to full-time employment in Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Brehm, Uta & Nadja Milewski (2024): Is part-time employment a temporary 'stepping stone' or a lasting 'mommy track'? Legislation and mothers' transition to full-time employment in Germany. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 34, H. 3, S. 354-369. DOI:10.1177/09589287231224607
Abstract
"Research on reconciling family and employment debates if maternal part-time employment works as ‘stepping stone’ to full-time employment or as gateway to a long-term ‘mommy track’. We analyze how mothers’ transition from part-time to full-time employment is shaped by changing reconciliation legislations and how this is moderated by reconciliation-relevant factors like individual behaviors and macro conditions. We extend the literature on work–family reconciliation by investigating mothers’ employment behavior after the birth of their last child, i.e., after the family formative phase. We draw upon Germany with its considerable regional and historical heterogeneity. Using event history methods on SOEP-data, we observe mothers who (re)enter part-time employment (i.e., up to 30 weekly working hours) after their last childbirth. Results suggest that the impact of reconciliation legislations depends on the moderation by other factors. Recent reconciliation-friendly legislations may have contributed to the polarization of maternal employment patterns: more and less employment-oriented mothers diverge sooner after childbirth than before. Legislations co-occur with increases both in childcare institutions and part-time culture, but their moderation effects compete. Hence, boosting part-time work as either a ‘stepping stone’ or a ‘mommy track’ requires a deep understanding of the mechanisms behind legislations as well as more explicit policy incentives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
I Would Like to but I Cannot: What Influences the Involuntariness of Part-Time Employment in Italy (2024)
Zitatform
Busilacchi, Gianluca, Giovanni Gallo & Matteo Luppi (2024): I Would Like to but I Cannot: What Influences the Involuntariness of Part-Time Employment in Italy. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 173, H. 2, S. 439-473. DOI:10.1007/s11205-024-03339-2
Abstract
"Over the last two decades, involuntary part-time (IPT) employment has become a more and more pressing issue in Europe, especially in the southern countries, where IPT today constitutes most part-time employment. Using INAPP-PLUS data and different discrete choice model estimations, this paper aims to shed light on the factors that explain the IPT growth in Italy, focusing on what influences the IPT status at the individual, household and labour market levels. The main hypothesis is that what influences the IPT work derive from a combination of workers’ individual, household, and job characteristics which may engender limited power during the bargaining process. The empirical results, based on gender-specific models, highlight that characteristics associated with the IPT status significantly changed over time, reporting a convergent path between the gender profiles of IPT employment. However, IPT employment for women still appears to be mainly originated from the gendered division of domestic and care tasks, while this phenomenon seems to be mainly driven by the labour demand side for men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do temporary help agencies help? Employment transitions for low-skilled workers (2024)
Zitatform
Carrasco, Raquel, Ismael Gálvez-Iniesta & Belén Jerez (2024): Do temporary help agencies help? Employment transitions for low-skilled workers. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 90. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102586
Abstract
"We investigate the impact of working for a temporary help agency (THA) compared to being directly hired on the employment transitions of low-skilled male temporary workers aged 20 to 45. Using data from Spanish administrative records, we employ competing risk discrete-time duration models to analyze multiple temporary employment spells. Our analysis reveals the importance of accounting for short-duration dependence and workers’ unobserved heterogeneity. We find that, across all durations, agency workers are more likely to transition either to unemployment or to a new THA contract than their direct-hire counterparts. Transitions to permanent positions, although infrequent in our sample, are also more likely for agency workers. Our qualitative findings hold when unobserved heterogeneity is not controlled for. However, this model underestimates the effect of agency contracts on the risk of entering unemployment and overestimates the impact on the probability of re-entering THA. This suggests that positive self-selection plays a relevant role in explaining the higher persistence of THA employment, but not the associated higher risk of unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job polarization and non-standard work: Evidence from France (2024)
Zitatform
Charlot, Olivier, Idriss Fontaine & Thepthida Sopraseuth (2024): Job polarization and non-standard work: Evidence from France. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 88. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102534
Abstract
"Using annual and quarterly data from the French LFS, we investigate the interplay between the extensive and intensive margins of labor adjustment, job polarization, and non-standard work (N S) along the business cycle. We find that the declines in aggregate work hours during economic downturns can primarily be attributed to the reduction in routine standard employment (R, S) during past recessions in France. We then study the dynamics of routine standard employment, highlighting several key findings: (i) The primary drivers of R,S employment are inflows from routine non-standard work (R, N S) and unemployment. (ii) Individuals who lose R, S jobs are more likely to transition to R, N S positions following a brief period of unemployment. (iii) A majority of transitions within this employment category occur within the same employer, resulting in asymmetric adjustments in individual working hours. This often involves a notable increase in hours following either a contractual upgrade or a change in employer. Finally, we draw a comparative analysis between these findings and the United States, where the dynamics of routine employment appear distinct, despite a similar trend in job polarization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Minijobs as stepping stones to regular employment: overall trends and the role of Midijob reforms (2024)
Zitatform
Collischon, Matthias, Anna Herget & Regina T. Riphahn (2024): Minijobs as stepping stones to regular employment: overall trends and the role of Midijob reforms. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 58, 2024-07-02. DOI:10.1186/s12651-024-00377-8
Abstract
"Minijobs are subsidized small jobs below a fixed earnings threshold. Since a reform in 2003, they are viewed as stepping stones to the first labor market. However, the Minijob subsidy generates a ‘Minijob trap’ that causes vast bunching at the Minijob earnings threshold. Therefore, Midijobs were designed to reduce this bunching and to eliminate the ‘Minijob trap’. Midijobs are employments that earn between the Minijob earnings threshold and the Midijob earnings threshold. In this range, Midijobs subsidize social insurance contributions on a sliding scale. This paper describes time trends in the propensity to leave Minijobs for regular employment and studies the role of Midijobs for transitions out of Minijobs. We find a strong increase in transitions from Minijobs to regular employment over time. However, there is no convincing evidence that Midijobs are connected to this development. Instead, behavioral changes and aggregate developments such as the business cycle and a booming labor market may have contributed to this development." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Subsidized Small Jobs and Maternal Labor Market Outcomes in the Long Run (2024)
Zitatform
Collischon, Matthias, Kamila Cygan-Rehm & Regina T. Riphahn (2024): Subsidized Small Jobs and Maternal Labor Market Outcomes in the Long Run. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17473), Bonn, 60 S.
Abstract
"This paper investigates whether incentives generated by public policies contribute to motherhood penalties. Specifically, we study the consequences of subsidized small jobs, the German Minijobs, which are frequently taken up by first-time mothers upon labor market return. Using a combination of propensity score matching and an event study applied to administrative data, we compare the long-run child penalties of mothers who started out in a Minijob employment versus unsubsidized employment or non-employment after birth. We find persistent differences between the Minijobbers and otherwise employed mothers up to 10 years after the first birth, which suggests adverse unintended consequences of the small jobs subsidy program for maternal earnings and pensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A model of risk sharing in a dual labor market (2024)
Créchet, Jonathan;Zitatform
Créchet, Jonathan (2024): A model of risk sharing in a dual labor market. In: Journal of monetary economics, Jg. 147. DOI:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2024.103591
Abstract
"In OECD countries, the labor market features a coexistence of open-ended, permanent jobs subject to strict employment protection and fixed-term, temporary jobs. This paper studies a search-and-matching model with risk-averse workers and dynamic employment contracts subject to limited commitment. In equilibrium, permanent and temporary jobs coexist when the match quality is sufficiently dispersed: firing costs generate insurance gains implying that permanent contracts are optimal for high-quality matches. Consistent with recent empirical evidence, quantitative analysis of the model shows that temporary contracts crowd out permanent jobs and do not generate employment gains." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Navigating the precarious path: Understanding the dualization of the Italian labor market through the lens of involuntary part-time employment (2024)
Zitatform
Cuccu, Liliana, Vicente Royuela & Sergio Scicchitano (2024): Navigating the precarious path: Understanding the dualization of the Italian labor market through the lens of involuntary part-time employment. In: Papers in Regional Science, Jg. 103, H. 6. DOI:10.1016/j.pirs.2024.100061
Abstract
"This article investigates the surge in Involuntary Part-Time (IPT) employment in Italy from 2004 to 2019, exploring its impact on various socio-economic groups and adopting a spatial perspective. The study tests the hypothesis that technological shifts, specifically routine biased technological change (RBTC), and the expansion of household substitution services contribute to IPT growth. There is a widening negative gap in IPT prevalence among marginalized groups - women, young, and less skilled workers. After controlling for sector and occupation, the higher IPT propensity diminishes but remains significant, hinting at persistent discrimination. Additionally, segregation into more exposed occupations and sectors intensifies over time. Leveraging province-level indicators, and using a Partial Adjustment model, there is statistical support for RBTC’s correlation with IPT, especially among women. The impact of household substitution services is notably pronounced for women, highlighting sector segregation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Regional Science Association International.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Skill, Productivity, and Wages: Direct Evidence from a Temporary Help Agency (2024)
Zitatform
Dong, Xinwei, Dean Hyslop & Daiji Kawaguchi (2024): Skill, Productivity, and Wages: Direct Evidence from a Temporary Help Agency. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 42, H. S1, S. S133-S181. DOI:10.1086/728809
Abstract
"Firms frequently provide general skill training for workers. Theories propose that labor market frictions entail wage compression, generate larger productivity gains than wage growth to skill acquisition, and motivate a firm to offer general skill training, but few studies directly test them. We use unusually rich data from a temporary help service firm that records both workers' wages and their productivity as measured by the fees charged to client firms. We find that skill acquired through training and learning by doing increases productivity more than wages, with such wage compression accounting for half of the average 40% productivity growth over 5 years of tenure." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Starting flexible, always flexible? The relation of early temporary employment and young workers employment trajectories in the Netherlands (2024)
Zitatform
Eberlein, Laura, Dimitris Pavlopoulos & Mauricio Garnier-Villarreal (2024): Starting flexible, always flexible? The relation of early temporary employment and young workers employment trajectories in the Netherlands. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 89. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2023.100861
Abstract
"Using register data from Statistics Netherlands (2009–2019), this paper examines whether the first employment contract is related to early career outcomes for a cohort of young workers who entered the Dutch labor market in the period from late 2009–2013. Instead of looking at the timing of isolated transitions between employment states, 6-year-long trajectories are considered to identify differences in early career paths. Applying a Mixture Hidden Markov Model, eight distinct states of employment quality characterized by different contract types and incomes are identified. Transitions between these employment states reveal four early career patterns that differ according to their upward and downward mobility. Our results show that entering the labor market with a permanent contract does not necessarily lead to immediate wage growth, but provides a safeguard against volatile careers with frequent transitions in and out of employment. While entering the labor market with a fixed-term contract facilitates upward mobility, on-call and temporary agency work early in the career may negatively affect long-term labor market integration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A longitudinal analysis of the impact of multidimensional precarious employment on the mental health of men and women (2024)
Zitatform
Ervin, Jennifer, Yamna Taouk, Belinda Hewitt, Tania King & Tinh Doan (2024): A longitudinal analysis of the impact of multidimensional precarious employment on the mental health of men and women. In: Scientific Reports, Jg. 14, H. 1. DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-78843-z
Abstract
"This study aimed to investigate the effect of precarious employment (PE) on the mental health of Australians. Building on previous research, we conceptualised PE as a multidimensional construct, accounted for gender differences in the associations, and our modelling strategy addressed the possibility of reverse causality bias. Data was pooled panel data from 15 waves (2005–2019) of the HILDA survey (n = 14,237). Using PCA, we created two multidimensional measures of PE: objective and subjective. Fixed effects (FE) regression models (attending to unmeasured time-invariant confounders) estimated the change in mental health associated with a change in PE, and instrumental variable (IV) analyses (addressing endogeneity bias) obtained an unbiased estimate of effect of subjective PE on mental health (with ordinary least squares (OLS) models as baseline). For both genders, FE models showed that objective and subjective multidimensional PE both had a strong negative association with mental health (stronger for subjective PE). IV analysis indicated OLS models overestimate the relationship between subjective PE and mental health for men but underestimate it for women, providing causal evidence that subjective PE is important for women’s mental health. Overall, findings suggest that targeted PE policies have the potential to provide significant population mental health gains, particularly for working women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Let's Roll Back! The Challenging Task of Regulating Temporary Contracts (2024)
Zitatform
Fiaschi, Davide & Cristina Tealdi (2024): Let's Roll Back! The Challenging Task of Regulating Temporary Contracts. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16777), Bonn, 32 S.
Abstract
"In this paper, we evaluate the impact of a reform introduced in Italy in 2018 (Decreto Dignità), which increased the rigidity of employment protection legislation (EPL) of temporary contracts, rolling back previous policies, to reduce job instability. We use longitudinal labor force data from 2016 to 2019 and adopt a time-series technique within a Rubin Casual Model (RCM) framework to estimate the causal effect of the reform. We find that the reform was successful in reducing persistence into temporary employment and increasing the flow from temporary to permanent employment, in particular among women and young workers in the North of Italy, with significant effects on the stocks of permanent employment (+), temporary employment (-) and unemployment (-). However, this positive outcome came at the cost of higher persistence into inactivity, lower outflows from unemployment to temporary employment and higher outflows from unemployment to inactivity among males and low-educated workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How do firms attain internal and external flexibility of employment? (2024)
Zitatform
Fukai, Taiyo, Daiji Kawaguchi, Ayako Kondo & Izumi Yokoyama (2024): How do firms attain internal and external flexibility of employment? In: Labour Economics, Jg. 91. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102628
Abstract
"While firms in many developed countries increasingly rely on workers with nonstandard contracts, the underlying economic factor distinguishing workers on standard contracts from those on nonstandard contracts is poorly understood. Thus, we explore the asymmetric employment and wage adjustments of these two groups to examine whether differences in the importance of firm–worker relation specificity between the two types of workers is a fundamental source of the heterogeneity. We use unique firm-level panel data that records the number of dispatched workers from temporary help agencies, matched with payroll records. Leveraging the exogenous shock that stems from exchange rate fluctuation and heterogeneous trade exposure among firms, we find that firms absorb temporary shocks by adjusting the number of dispatched workers while refraining from changing the employment of in-house workers. Instead, firms opt to change the wages of in-house workers by adjusting their yearly bonuses, rather than their monthly wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.)((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Befristungen bei Neueinstellungen 2023: Stand: 10. Mai 2024 (2024)
Zitatform
Gürtzgen, Nicole, Alexander Kubis & Martin Popp (2024): Befristungen bei Neueinstellungen 2023. Stand: 10. Mai 2024. (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Aktuelle Daten und Indikatoren), Nürnberg, 8 S.
Abstract
"Im Rahmen der IAB-Stellenerhebung gaben die Betriebe an, im Jahr 2023 in Deutschland rund 4,7 Mio. sozialversicherungspflichtige Neueinstellungen (ohne Auszubildende und ohne MiniJobs) vorgenommen zu haben. Hiervon waren 26 Prozent, also rund 1,2 Mio. Stellen (zunächst) befristet (Tabelle 1). Die Befristung von Neueinstellungen ermöglicht den Betrieben, die Fähigkeiten von Bewerberinnen und Bewerbern zu überprüfen, bevor ein unbefristetes Arbeitsverhältnis eingegangen wird. Durch den Abschluss von befristeten Arbeitsverträgen können Betriebe ohne langfristige Mittelbindung häufig auch Jobs anbieten, die sonst vielleicht nicht finanzierbar gewesen wären. Darüber hinaus haben Befristungen für Betriebe zudem den Vorteil, dass sie (Entlassungs-)Kosten vermeiden können, die gegebenenfalls im Rahmen des allgemeinen oder tarifvertraglich erweiterten Kündigungsschutzes entstehen können (Bossler et al. 2017). Als weiteres wichtiges betriebliches Motiv für befristete Neueinstellungen ist zudem ein vorübergehender Mehrbedarf an Arbeitskräften etwa infolge temporärer Auftragsspitzen zu nennen (siehe hierzu z.B. Gürtzgen und Küfner 2023). Die Tatsache, dass Betriebe befristete Neueinstellungen vornehmen können, kann u.a. darin begründet sein, dass Betriebe über Marktmacht verfügen, die den Abschluss von befristeten Verträgen erleichtert (Bassanini et al. 2024). Zu beachten ist, dass die Befristungsquoten bei Neueinstellungen deutlich oberhalb des Anteils befristeter Beschäftigung an der Gesamtbeschäftigung liegen. Rund 2,6 Millionen Beschäftigte in Deutschland hatten laut IAB-Betriebspanel im Jahr 2022 einen befristeten Arbeitsvertrag. Das entspricht einem Anteil an allen Beschäftigten (ohne Auszubildende) von 6,6 Prozent (Hohendanner / IAB 2023). Die Diskrepanz zwischen dem Anteil befristeter Neueinstellungen und dem Befristungsanteil aller Beschäftigter zeigt, dass befristete Beschäftigungsverhältnisse in nennenswertem Ausmaß in unbefristete Arbeitsverträge umgewandelt werden (Müller et al. 2017)." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Einführung der Brückenteilzeit: bislang keine spürbaren Folgen für Teilzeitjobs (2024)
Zitatform
Gürtzgen, Nicole (2024): Einführung der Brückenteilzeit: bislang keine spürbaren Folgen für Teilzeitjobs. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 02/2024), Nürnberg, 27 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2402
Abstract
"Seit der Einführung der so genannten Brückenteilzeit zum 1. Januar 2019 können Beschäftigte ihre vertragliche Arbeitszeit für einen befristeten Zeitraum reduzieren und danach ihre ursprünglich vereinbarte Arbeitszeit wieder aufnehmen. Die Ergebnisse des vorliegenden Beitrages zeigen, dass die Reform bislang nur geringe Veränderungen der Teilzeitbeschäftigung in denjenigen Betrieben (bis 200 Beschäftigten) nach sich gezogen hat, in denen Beschäftigte vom Recht auf Brückenteilzeit Gebrauch machen können. Als von der Reform nicht betroffene Betriebe werden in der vorliegenden Analyse diejenigen Betriebe bezeichnet, die zu Unternehmen mit bis zu 45 Beschäftigten gehören. Als von der Reform betroffen werden in der Studie diejenigen Betriebe betrachtet, wenn sie zu einem Unternehmen gehören, dass mehr als 45 und bis zu 200 Beschäftigte hat. Betriebe, die zu Unternehmen mit mehr als 200 Beschäftigten gehören, waren auch von der Einführung der Brückenteilzeit betroffen, werden jedoch der schlechteren Vergleichbarkeit halber für die vorliegende Untersuchung nicht herangezogen. Der Vergleich der Teilzeitquoten in von der Reform betroffenen und nicht betroffenen Betrieben zeigt, dass die Teilzeitquoten über den gesamten Beobachtungszeitraum, also von 2014 bis 2021, in nicht betroffenen Betrieben höher ausfielen als die in betroffenen Betrieben. Dieser grundsätzliche Niveauunterschied blieb auch nach Inkrafttreten der Brückenteilzeit im Jahr 2019 bestehen. Insgesamt verzeichneten die Betriebe mit Beginn der Covid-19-Rezession einen etwas geringeren Zuwachs der sozialversicherungspflichtigen Teilzeitbeschäftigung. Der geringere Zuwachs ist sowohl bei betroffenen Betrieben zu beobachten (also bei Betrieben, die zu Unternehmen mit mehr als 45 und bis zu 200 Beschäftigten gehören) als auch bei kleineren Betrieben, die von den Regelungen ausgenommen sind. Nach der Reform hat sich jedoch der Zuwachs der Teilzeitbeschäftigung in den Betrieben, in denen Beschäftigte einen Anspruch auf Brückenteilzeit geltend machen können, etwas weniger stark abgeschwächt. Hier ist jedoch zu beachten, dass die Entwicklungen in den Jahren 2020 und 2021 nur schwer von Effekten der durch die Covid-19-Pandemie verursachten Rezession abzugrenzen sind. Insgesamt lässt sich die ermittelte Veränderung für einen Betrieb mit durchschnittlich 200 Beschäftigen dahingehend beziffern, dass über den Gesamtzeitraum nach der Reform die Zunahme an Teilzeitbeschäftigten im Mittel um 1 Person höher ausfällt als bei vergleichbaren nicht betroffenen Betrieben. Diese Zunahme ist jedoch zu gering, als dass die Teilzeitquoten in betroffenen Betrieben mit den höheren Quoten nicht betroffener Betriebe gleichziehen würden. Die sogenannte Zumutbarkeitsregel, welche eine Obergrenze von Umwandlungen in Unternehmen mit mehr als 45 und bis zu 200 Beschäftigten vorsieht, kann diese geringe Veränderung nicht plausibel erklären. Gemäß dieser Regel sind Arbeitgeber, die mehr als 45 und bis zu 200 Beschäftigte haben, verpflichtet, nur einer Person pro 15 angefangenen Beschäftigten einen Anspruch auf Brückenteilzeit zu gewähren. Eine weitere Erklärung könnte darin bestehen, dass die derzeit geltenden Regeln von vielen Beschäftigten als zu unflexibel wahrgenommen werden. So sieht die Regelung zur Brückenteilzeit vor, dass Beschäftigte einen Antrag auf befristete Teilzeit für mindestens ein Jahr und für maximal fünf Jahre stellen können. Während der beantragten Laufzeit ist es zudem nicht möglich, wieder zur ursprünglich vereinbarten Arbeitszeit zurückzukehren. Zudem können die bezifferten Veränderungen während der Covid-19-Rezession möglicherweise auch widerspiegeln, dass Beschäftigte in diesem Zeitraum eine größere Zurückhaltung bei der Reduzierung der Arbeitszeit an den Tag gelegt haben. Inwiefern die Reform im Zuge der wirtschaftlichen Erholung einen langfristigen Effekt auf die Inanspruchnahme befristeter Arbeitszeitreduzierungen hat, bleibt daher abzuwarten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
What sustains feminized part-time work at the gender equality frontier? Evidence from a vignette experiment (2024)
Zitatform
Helgøy, Anna (2024): What sustains feminized part-time work at the gender equality frontier? Evidence from a vignette experiment. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 34, H. 5, S. 542-555. DOI:10.1177/09589287241290751
Abstract
"Feminized part-time work has been deemed a family policy conundrum yet to be solved by any welfare regime. To identify ways forward, this article examines structural drivers of part-time work decisions through a vignette experiment fielded in the gender-egalitarian context of Norway (N = 3500). Six theory-grounded factors are tested in this multidimensional, causal framework: partner income level, physical and cognitive household labor burdens, the presence of a part-time culture at the workplace, and consequences of part-time work for career advancement and future pensions. Results show that overall, factors that regulate individuals’ material self-interest (partner income, career and pension consequences) have the largest impact on working-time decisions. Additionally, a priming treatment is given with a split sample concerning the factor of cognitive household labor – the organizational dimension of household work. Results from sub-group analyzes show that non-primed respondents prefer significantly higher working hours when their cognitive labor burden is lower. Respondents who received experimental priming, however, portray the opposite behavior (lower working-hour preference when cognitive labor burden is low). The pattern is driven by women, whereas men are left largely unaffected by both the priming and vignette treatment of cognitive labor. Thus, robust findings imply that gender inequality in material circumstances sustains feminized part-time work patterns. Suggestive evidence further indicates that gender inequality in cognitive labor loads may also contribute to sustaining feminized part-time work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
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Atypische Beschäftigung insgesamt
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Erosion des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses
- Prekäre Beschäftigung
- Politik, Arbeitslosigkeitsbekämpfung
- Arbeits- und Lebenssituation atypisch Beschäftigter
- Betriebliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Rechtliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Gesundheitliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Beschäftigungsformen
- Qualifikationsniveau
- Alter
- geographischer Bezug
- Geschlecht