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Carriero, Andrea, Todd E. Clark & Massimiliano Marcellino (2018): Measuring uncertainty and its impact on the economy. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 100, H. 5, S. 799-815. DOI:10.1162/rest_a_00693

Abstract

"We propose a new model for measuring uncertainty and its effects on the economy, based on a large vector autoregression with stochastic volatility driven by common factors representing macroeconomic and financial uncertainty. The uncertainty measures reflect changes in both the conditional mean and volatility of the variables, and their impact on the economy can be assessed within the same framework. Estimates with U.S. data show substantial commonality in uncertainty, with sizable effects of uncertainty on key macroeconomic and financial variables. However, historical decompositions show a limited role of uncertainty shocks in macroeconomic fluctuations." (Author's abstract, © MIT Press Journals) ((en))

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González-Alegre, Juan (2018): Active labour market policies and the efficiency of the European Social Fund in Spanish regions. In: Regional Studies. Journal of the Regional Studies Association, Jg. 52, H. 3, S. 430-443.

Abstract

"In diesem Beitrag werden die Determinanten von staatlichen Ausgaben für aktive Arbeitsmarktpolitik auf regionaler Ebene mithilfe der Paneldaten einer Stichprobe von 17 spanischen Regionen (1989 - 2010) untersucht. Bei den Schätzungen werden die Endogenität, die Dynamik und die räumliche Abhängigkeit zwischen Regionen berücksichtigt. Die Ergebnisse der Schätzungen werden mithilfe eines einfachen theoretischen Modells von Finanzausgleichszahlungen interpretiert. Aus den Ergebnissen geht hervor, dass der Europäische Sozialfonds das Ziel der Förderung von Ausgaben für aktive Arbeitsmarktpolitik nicht wirksam erreicht und dass Rent-Seeking beim Wettbewerb zwischen Regionen zum Erhalt von Mitteln aus einem gemeinsamen Pool das Gegenteil bewirkt, was sich im Fall von Imitationen noch verschlechtert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Michaelides, Marios & Peter Mueser (2018): Are reemployment services effective? Experimental evidence from the Great Recession. In: Journal of policy analysis and management, Jg. 37, H. 3, S. 546-570. DOI:10.1002/pam.22063

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Murtin, Fabrice & Jean-Marc Robin (2018): Labor market reforms and unemployment dynamics. In: Labour economics, Jg. 50, H. March, S. 3-19. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2016.05.025

Abstract

"We quantify the contribution of labor market reforms to unemployment dynamics in nine OECD countries (Australia, France, Germany, Japan, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, UK, US). We estimate a dynamic stochastic search-matching model with heterogeneous workers and aggregate productivity shocks. The heterogeneous-worker mechanism proposed by Robin (2011) explains unemployment volatility by productivity shocks well in all countries. Placement and employment services, UI benefit reduction and product market deregulation are found to be the most prominent policy levers for unemployment reduction. Business cycle shocks and LMPs explain about the same share of unemployment volatility (except for Japan, Portugal and the US)." (Author's abstract, © 2016 Elsevier) ((en))

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Novella, Rafael, Graciana Rucci, Claudia Vazquez & David S. Kaplan (2018): Training vouchers and labour market outcomes in Chile. In: Labour, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 243-260. DOI:10.1111/labr.12115

Abstract

"This paper evaluates the impact of a training voucher programme in Chile, called Bono Trabajador Activo, on two labour market outcomes: monthly earnings and employment probabilities. Using detailed administrative datasets of the National Employment Service and the unemployment insurance system, we combine matching and difference-in-difference estimators to measure these effects up to five years after the application to the programme. Our main results indicate that the voucher has an overall positive impact on earnings, on the order of 3.2 per cent, and a small negative impact on formal employment. We find that the programme particularly improves earnings for less educated workers." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Rasmussen, Erling & Michael Fletcher (2018): Employment relations reforms and NewZzealand's 'Productivity Paradox'. In: Australian Journal of Labour Economics, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 75-92.

Abstract

"In Australia, it has been debated whether the Fair Work Act (FWA) has a negative or positive impact on productivity growth. Likewise, in New Zealand, there has also been considerable interest and debate about that country's so-called 'productivity paradox', though this has yet to be linked to employment relations legislation in recent debates. This is surprising since it has been an explicit aim to raise productivity growth of the two last employment relations reforms. This paper will focus on how employment relations has been supposed to impact on productivity growth during the Employment Contracts Act 1991 and the Employment Relations Act 2000 periods. It will discuss why employment relations reforms have yet to shift the productivity growth and explanations of the 'productivity paradox' so far. This includes how employer attitudes and behaviours may be part of the productivity 'paradox' as well as a brief overview of the research and approaches of the Productivity Commission. The paper suggests that, while employment relations can play a part in lifting productivity levels, what is crucial are contextual factors and how employment relations and other policies combine to reinforce each other." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2018): Living and working in Europe 2017. (Eurofound yearbook : living and working in Europe), Dublin, IV, 81 S. DOI:10.2806/603802

Abstract

"Living and working in Europe, Eurofound's 2017 yearbook, provides a snapshot of the latest developments in the work and lives of Europeans as recounted in the Agency's research activities over the course of 2017. As economies recover, Eurofound reported on the positive trends in employment, with rising numbers in work and a continued expansion of employment in good jobs. It also provided an updated account of quality of life in Europe post-crisis, showing that on many dimensions Europeans are doing as well as before the crisis, if not better. Challenges remain, nevertheless: labour markets are beset by long-term unemployment, underemployment and high levels of inactivity; quality of life in many dimensions is poor within certain population groups, and disparities between countries are sometimes stark. Eurofound's work provides a reservoir of knowledge to inform policymakers at EU and national levels in addressing such challenges. The yearbook is accompanied by the Consolidated annual activity report of the Authorising Officer for 2017, which is the Agency's formal reporting on operations, staff and budgets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Barnow, Burt S. & Jeffrey Smith (2015): Employment and training programs. (NBER working paper 21659), Cambrige, Mass., 154 S. DOI:10.3386/w21659

Abstract

"This chapter considers means-tested employment and training programs in the United States. We focus in particular on large, means-tested federal programs, including the Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA), its successor the Workforce Investment Act (WIA), that program's recent replacement, the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA), the long-running Job Corps program, and the Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) program. The first part of the chapter provides details on program history, organization, expenditures, eligibility rules, services, and participant characteristics. In the second part of the chapter, we discuss the applied econometric methods typically used to evaluate these programs, which in the United States means primarily social experiments and methods such as matching that rely on an assumption of 'selection on observed variables.' The third part of the chapter reviews the literature evaluating these programs, highlighting both methodological and substantive lessons learned as well as open questions. The fourth part of the chapter considers what lessons the evaluation literature provides on program operation, especially how to best allocate particular services to particular participants. The final section concludes with the big picture lessons from this literature and discussion of promising directions for future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Considine, Mark & Siobhan O'Sullivan (2015): Contracting-out welfare services. Comparing national policy designs for unemployment assistance. (Broadening Perspectives on social policy), Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, 173 S.

Abstract

Contracting-out Welfare Services focuses on the design and overhaul of welfare-to-work systems around the world in the light of the radical re-design of the welfare system; internationally based authors utilise a national/program case study, considering employment services policy and activation practices.
Content:
Mark Considine; Siobhan O'Sullivan: Introduction: Contracting out welfare services: comparing national policy designs for unemployment assistance (1-9);
Katharina Zimmermann, Patrizia Aurich, Paolo R. Graziano, Vanesa Fuertes: Local worlds of marketization - employment policies in Germany, Italy and the UK compared (11-32);
Ludo Struyven: Varieties of market competition in public employment services - a comparison of the emergence and evolution of the new system in Australia, the Netherlands and Belgium (33-53);
Mark Considine, Siobhan O'Sullivan, Phuc Nguyen: Governance, Boards of directors and the impact of contracting on not-for-profits organizations - an Australian study (55-74);
Rik van Berkel: Quasi-markets and the delivery of activation - a frontline perspective (75-90);
Isabel Shutes, Rebecca Taylor: Conditionality and the financing of employment services - implications for the social divisions of work and welfare (91-108);
James Rees, Adam Whitworth, Elle Carter: Support for all in the UK work programme? Differential payments, same old problem (109-128);
Matthias Knuth: Broken hierarchies, quasi-markets and supported networks - a governance experiment in the second tier of Germany's Public employment service (129-150);
Avishai Benish: The public accountability of privatized activation - the case of Israel (151-166).

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Kuo, Chun-Hung & Hiroaki Miyamoto (2015): Fiscal stimuli in the form of job creation subsidies. In: Journal of macroeconomics, Jg. 43, H. March, S. 267-284. DOI:10.1016/j.jmacro.2014.12.004

Abstract

"This paper examines the effects of fiscal stimuli in the form of job creation subsidies in a DSGE model with search friction and endogenous job separation. We consider two types of job creation subsidies: a subsidy for the cost of posting vacancies and a hiring subsidy. This paper finds that the effects of job creation subsides on unemployment differ between models with and without endogenous job separation. While a positive job creation subsidy shock lowers unemployment in a model without endogenous job separation, it increases unemployment in a model with endogenous job separation. We also find that while qualitatively the effects of a vacancy cost subsidy on the economy are similar to those of a hiring subsidy, quantitatively they are different." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Butschek, Sebastian & Thomas Walter (2014): What active labour market programmes work for immigrants in Europe? A meta-analysis of the evaluation literature. In: IZA journal of migration, Jg. 3, S. 1-18. DOI:10.1186/s40176-014-0023-6

Abstract

"In vielen europäischen Ländern sind Immigranten eine benachteiligte Gruppe auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Sie sind häufig in Arbeitslosigkeit überrepräsentiert und in Beschäftigung unterrepräsentiert. Um die Beschäftigungschancen von Immigranten zu erhöhen, setzen europäische Regierungen auf vielfältige Maßnahmen der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik. Diese beinhalten Sprach- und Integrationskurse, Unterstützungsmaßnahmen bei der Jobsuche, Trainingsmaßnahmen sowie subventionierte Beschäftigung im öffentlichen und privaten Sektor. Eine wachsende Anzahl an empirischen Evaluationsstudien untersucht die Beschäftigungseffekte dieser arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen für Immigranten. Bisher ergibt sich daraus allerdings noch kein klares Bild, welche Maßnahmen für die Arbeitsmarktintegration von Immigranten förderlich sind und welche nicht. Um den politischen Entscheidungsträgern zu helfen, die Maßnahmen effizient einzusetzen, verdichten wir die Ergebnisse der vorhandenen Studien durch eine Meta-Analyse. Eine Meta-Analyse ermöglicht es zu identifizieren, in welchem Maße bestimmte Elemente der zugrunde liegenden Studien (z. B. die untersuchten Maßnahmen, die verwendeten Methoden und Daten) Einfluss auf die Ergebnisse haben, zu denen diese Studien gelangen. In unserer Analyse sind wir am Einfluss des untersuchten Maßnahmentyps auf die Beschäftigungschancen der teilnehmenden Immigranten interessiert. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass nur der Einsatz von Lohnsubventionen im privaten Sektor als beschäftigungswirksam für Immigranten eingestuft werden kann. Die meisten Evaluationsstudien ermitteln für Lohnsubventionen positive Beschäftigungseffekte. Evaluationen von Trainingsmaßnahmen finden hingegen überwiegend insignifikante Effekte. Dasselbe gilt für Unterstützungsmaßnahmen bei der Jobsuche und subventionierte Beschäftigung im öffentlichen Sektor." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Halvorsen, Rune & Bjørn Hvinden (2014): Nordic reforms to improve the labour market participation of vulnerable youth. An effective new approach? In: International social security review, Jg. 67, H. 2, S. 29-47. DOI:10.1111/issr.12037

Abstract

"This article asks how the legitimacy (recognition or misrecognition) of 'ethnicity' and 'disability' influences public policies to promote the inclusion of young adults in the Nordic labour markets. The article assesses the case for seeing misrecognition and lack of accommodation as significant factors behind troubled transitions from school to work, and the case for regarding social regulation (or self-regulation) as important ways of preventing, counteracting and correcting exclusionary factors in the transition from school to work among the two groups. The article argues that increased attention at the implementation stage of the policy process is necessary to be able to assess whether seemingly novel or innovative regulatory policies and measures actually enhance equal opportunities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Barnow, Burt S. & David Greenberg (2013): Replication issues in social experiments: lessons from US labor market programs. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 46, H. 3, S. 239-252. DOI:10.1007/s12651-013-0133-2

Abstract

"Bei der Bewertung eines Pilot- oder Testprogramms besteht die Gefahr, aus einem einzelnen Test Rückschlüsse zu ziehen. In dieser Arbeit werden die Erfahrungen mit Wiederholungen von Testprogrammstudien anhand einer randomisierten, kontrollierten Studie für die erstmalige Auswertung und die Wiederholungen besprochen. Auch wenn Wiederholungsstudien vielversprechender Programme primär zur Erhöhung des Stichprobenumfangs durchgeführt werden, dienen sie auch zum Sammeln von Erfahrungswerten dahingehend, ob die Intervention auch bei anderen Zielgruppen und an anderen geografischen Standorten erfolgreich ist, und um einige der Interventionsmerkmale zu variieren. In vielen Fällen sind Wiederholungsstudien nicht so erfolgreich wie die ursprüngliche Erhebung. In dieser Arbeit werden die für ein solches Fehlschlagen vorgebrachten Begründungen besprochen. Außerdem werden die Erfahrungen aus den Wiederholungsstudien unter Anwendung einer randomisierten Zuweisung in sechs Fällen dargelegt: Experimente zur Einkommenssicherung, Experimente zu Bonuszahlungen bei der Arbeitslosenversicherung, Programm des Center for Employment Training, Job-Clubs, Experimente zur Stellensuche und 'Quantum Opportunity'-Programm (Programm für höhere Chancen). Zum Abschluss der Arbeit werden die Erkenntnisse aus der Besprechung zusammengefasst sowie Bereiche aufgezeigt, in denen weitere Forschung notwendig ist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Frumento, Paolo, Fabrizia Mealli, Barbara Pacini & Donald B. Rubin (2012): Evaluating the effect of training on wages in the presence of noncompliance, nonemployment, and missing outcome data. In: Journal of the American Statistical Association, Jg. 107, H. 498, S. 450-466. DOI:10.1080/01621459.2011.643719

Abstract

"The effects of a job training program, Job Corps, on both employment and wages are evaluated using data from a randomized study. Principal stratification is used to address, simultaneously, the complications of noncompliance, wages that are only partially defined because of nonemployment, and unintendedmissing outcomes. The first two complications are of substantive interest, whereas the third is a nuisance. The objective is to find a parsimonious model that can be used to inform public policy. We conduct a likelihood-based analysis using finite mixture models estimated by the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. We maintain an exclusion restriction assumption for the effect of assignment on employment and wages for noncompliers, but not on missingness. We provide estimates under the 'missing at random' assumption, and assess the robustness of our results to deviations from it. The plausibility of meaningful restrictions is investigated by means of scaled log-likelihood ratio statistics. Substantive conclusions include the following. For compliers, the effect on employment is negative in the short term; it becomes positive in the long term, but these effects are small at best. For always employed compliers, that is, compliers who are employed whether trained or not trained, positive effects on wages are found at all time periods. Our analysis reveals that background characteristics of individuals differ markedly across the principal strata. We found evidence that the program should have been better targeted, in the sense of being designed differently for different groups of people, and specific suggestions are offered. Previous analyses of this dataset, which did not address all complications in a principled manner, led to less nuanced conclusions about Job Corps." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Michaelides, Marios & Jacob Benus (2012): Are self-employment training programs effective? Evidence from Project GATE. In: Labour economics, Jg. 19, H. 5, S. 695-705. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2012.04.004

Abstract

"We examine the efficacy of providing self-employment training to unemployed and other individuals interested in self-employment using data from Project GATE. This experimental design program offered self-employment training services to a random sample of individuals who expressed a strong interest in self-employment. We find that Project GATE was effective in helping unemployed participants to start their own business, leading to significant impacts in self-employment and overall employment soon after program entry. The program also helped unemployed participants remain self-employed and avoid unemployment even five years after program entry.However, the program was not effective in improving the labor market outcomes of participants who were not unemployed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"This report on the recent Australian experience with activation policies contains valuable lessons for other countries that need to improve the effectiveness of employment services and control benefit expenditure. It provides overview and assessment of labour market policies in Australia including the main institutions, benefit system, training programmes, employment incentives, and disability employment assistance. Australia is unique among OECD countries in that its mainstream employment services are all delivered by over 100 for-profit and non-profit providers competing in a 'quasi-market', with their operations financed by service fees, employment outcome payments, and a special fund for measures that tackle jobseekers' barriers to employment. In most other OECD countries, these services are delivered by the Public Employment Service. In the mid 2000s, several benefits previously paid without a job-search requirement were closed or reformed, bringing more people into the effective labour force. Australia now has one of the highest employment rates in the OECD and this report concludes that its activation system deserves some of the credit for this relatively good performance. The Job Services Australia model, introduced in 2009, reinforced the focus on employment outcomes for highly-disadvantaged groups. This report assesses the latest model for activation and puts forward some recommendations to improve its effectiveness." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Borland, Jeff & Yi-Ping Tseng (2011): Does 'Work for the Dole' work? An Australian perspective on work experience programmes. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 43, H. 28, S. 4353-4368. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2010.491457

Abstract

"This study examines the effect of Work for the Dole (WfD), a community-based work experience programme, on transitions out of unemployment in Australia. To evaluate the WfD programme, a quasi-experimental exact matching approach is applied. Participation in the WfD programme is found to be associated with a large and significant adverse effect on the likelihood of exiting unemployment payments. The main potential explanation is the existence of a 'lock-in' effect whereby programme participants reduce job search activity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cray, Adam, Tram Nguyen, Carol Pranka, Christine Schildt, Julie Scheu & Erika Rincon Whitcomb (2011): Job creation. A review of policies and strategies. (IRLE working paper 2011-105), Berkeley, CA, 57 S.

Abstract

"This report provides a broad survey of economic development policies and strategies that seek to create jobs. With the U.S. economy struggling to recover from the Great Recession, job losses and stagnant employment remain pressing challenges across the country and in nearly every community.
Our report is structured according to four major categories through which to view job creation strategies:
Federal- and State-Level Strategies. This category can be thought of as encompassing strategies used to 'grow the economic pie.' They consist of fiscal and investment policies undertaken at the federal or state level to stimulate job creation and economic growth. The primary ways to influence job creation at these levels are: interest rate reductions, government hiring and purchases, infrastructure investments, short-time compensation programs, worker subsidies, and federal hiring credits.
Place-Based Strategies. Much economic development takes place at the local level, with local governments undertaking a range of activities to attract and retain businesses for the purposes of increasing jobs in their locality and increasing the tax base. Local strategies include: provision of local economic data, marketing, tax incentives, industrial protection zones, enterprise zones, and redevelopment areas to target tax benefits and subsidies to businesses in disadvantaged areas.
Business- and Sector-Based Strategies. Which types of firms to target for job creation is an unsettled question. Here, we examine sources of net new job creation through small businesses and high-growth sectors. Specifically, we review subsidized and low-cost loan programs, programs administered by the Small Business Administration and U.S. Department of Agriculture, government procurement mandates, business incubators, and green job strategies.
Worker-Based Strategies. Finally, we discuss strategies focused on increasing equity and job quality - through local hire, wage increases, and high road policies - as a critical piece of long-term economic health.
We used three general research methods in preparing and structuring this report: literature review; information gathering from a lecture series and separate interviews with economic development scholars and practitioners; and peer review comments from staff at the Institute for Research on Labor and Employment at the University of California, Berkeley." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Froy, Francesca, Sylvain Giguere, Lucy Pyne & Donna E. Wood (2011): Building flexibility and accountability into local employment services. Synthesis of OECD studies in Belgium, Canada, Denmark and The Netherlands. (OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers 2011,10), Paris, 91 S. DOI:10.1787/5kg3mkv3tr21-en

Abstract

"The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and its Local Economic and Employment (LEED) Programme conducted a study on Managing Accountability and Flexibility in Labour Market Policy in four countries: Belgium (Flanders), Canada (Alberta and New Brunswick), Denmark and the Netherlands to identify:
- What degree of flexibility is available at the local and regional level regarding active labour market policy measures?
- How can more flexibility at the local level go together with more effective policy measures while preserving accountability and the achievement of national policy goals?
For this project, the OECD has analysed the management of flexibility and accountability in active labour market regimes in four OECD countries: Canada (looking at the provinces of Alberta and New Brunswick), Belgium (focusing on the region of Flanders), the Netherlands and Denmark. All represent examples of political decentralisation within a multilevel governance structure. Using the same procedure in each country, country experts assessed the balance between flexibility and accountability in the local management of labour market programmes and policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Konle-Seidl, Regina (2011): Use of profiling for resource allocation, action planning and matching. (Profiling systems for effective labour market integration), Brüssel, 21 S.

Abstract

"Profiling is in many European countries part of a customized 'expert system'. These service delivery systems are characterized by 1) profiling as a quantitative (statistical forecasts) or qualitative (structured interviews, capability tests) diagnostic tool to identify clients' risks 2) customer differentiation for giving different customers different access to employment services according to their needs with the aim to target resources. The idea behind customized or personalized services is that individuals differ in their employability and that such employability declines as the duration of non-employment increases. However, in all European Public Employment Services (PES), it's the caseworker who makes the final decision on the services to be provided. This stands in contrast to the US profiling system where 'hard' (statistical) profiling is compulsory for caseworkers and where the results of statistical profiling are the only factor that determines whether a client has to be transferred to further re-employment support.
A review of experiences with profiling in seven countries (Australia, Germany, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Sweden and the US) show no clear trend, but rather diverging developments in relation to the intensity of using profiling and early intervention strategies. The degree of customer differentiation, as well as the degree of coordination between customer segments and integration measures is very dissimilar across countries. Only few PES (e.g. the German BA and the French Pole d'Emploi) follow a coherent and integrated strategy based on profiling, client segmentation and targeted resource allocation.
Compared to the situation in the mid-2000s, dynamic profiling, i.e. the regular follow-up of the labour market prospects of clients is nowadays mainstream in most countries. Beyond the aim of predicting client needs, there are additional goals linked to profiling and streaming employment services. In countries like Denmark or Germany where UI and non-insured welfare clients are administered now by a single organisation, the aim of providing a common framework for different customer groups has a high priority.
Although there is widespread agreement among researchers and policy makers that prevention and early intervention is the best way of reducing the negative psychological, social and labour market effects of unemployment, only few impact studies have tried to quantify the possible efficiency gains of profiling and early intervention so far. Moreover, there is a general evidence gap in all countries with respect to the impact of different service delivery systems on on/off-flow rates from unemployment or benefit receipt.
Based on the country review, a number of lessons for implementation, i.e. implications for caseworkers and PES managers to further develop profiling and targeting systems can be highlighted. How to balance intensive support with a self-help strategy is a crucial challenge for the years to come. The need for differentiation depends very much on the diversity of client groups the PES is in charge of. However, against the background of stretched budgets, the proof of the cost-effectiveness of labour market programmes and early intervention strategies will be a critical factor." (author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))