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Auswirkungen der Covid-19-Pandemie auf Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland

Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt stehen seit der Ausbreitung des Coronavirus vor großen Herausforderungen. Zur Unterstützung von Beschäftigten und Unternehmen hatte der Bundestag im Eilverfahren u.a. einen leichteren Zugang zum Kurzarbeitergeld beschlossen. Dieses Themendossier stellt Einschätzungen aus Forschung und Politik zu den Auswirkungen der Pandemie auf den Arbeitsmarkt, die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und notwendige Maßnahmen in Deutschland zusammen.
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  • Literaturhinweis

    The Gendered Impact of the COVID-19 Recession on the US Labor Market (2021)

    Albanesi, Stefania ; Kim, Jiyeon ;

    Zitatform

    Albanesi, Stefania & Jiyeon Kim (2021): The Gendered Impact of the COVID-19 Recession on the US Labor Market. (NBER working paper 28505), Cambridge, MA, 37 S. DOI:10.3386/w28505

    Abstract

    "The economic crisis associated with the emergence of the novel corona virus is unlike standard recessions. Demand for workers in high contact and inflexible service occupations has declined, while parental supply of labor has been reduced by lack of access to reliable child care and in-person schooling options. This has led to a substantial and persistent drop in employment and labor force participation for women, who are typically less affected by recessions than men. We examine real time data on employment, unemployment, labor force participation and gross job flows to document the gendered impact of the pandemic. We also discuss the potential long-term implications of this crisis, including the role of automation in depressing the recovery of employment for the worst hit service occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie auf die Berufsbildung: Blitzlichter aus acht Ländern (2021)

    Allais, Stephanie Matseleng; Dęmbowski, Horacy; Fluixá, Fernando Marhuenda; Eiríksdóttir, Elsa; Teräs, Marianne; Saldaña, Rolando López; Vantuch, Juraj; Ha, Pham Viet;

    Zitatform

    Allais, Stephanie Matseleng, Horacy Dęmbowski, Elsa Eiríksdóttir, Rolando López Saldaña, Fernando Marhuenda Fluixá, Marianne Teräs, Juraj Vantuch & Pham Viet Ha (2021): Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie auf die Berufsbildung. Blitzlichter aus acht Ländern. In: Berufsbildung in Wissenschaft und Praxis, Jg. 50, H. 2, S. 10-14.

    Abstract

    "Das Coronavirus hält die Welt in Atem. Kontaktbeschränkungen, wirtschaftliche Einbrüche und die Ungewissheit über die weiteren Entwicklungen stellen auch die Berufsbildung vor große Herausforderung. In welcher Weise hat die COVID-19-Pandemie die Berufsbildung getroffen? Welche bildungspolitischen Maßnahmen oder praktischen Lösungen wurden initiiert und welche Entwicklungen werden die Berufsbildung nachhaltig prägen? Diese Fragen haben wir Berufsbildungsexpertinnen und -experten aus acht Ländern gestellt, darunter fünf Mitgliedern der European Research Review Group. Mit ihren Blitzlichtern geben sie Eindrücke in das aktuelle Geschehen weltweit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    From Mancession to Shecession: Women's Employment in Regular and Pandemic Recessions (2021)

    Alon, Titan; Doepke, Matthias ; Koll, David ; Tertilt, Michèle ; Coskun, Sena ;

    Zitatform

    Alon, Titan, Sena Coskun, Matthias Doepke, David Koll & Michèle Tertilt (2021): From Mancession to Shecession: Women's Employment in Regular and Pandemic Recessions. (IZA discussion paper 14223), Bonn, 104 S.

    Abstract

    "We examine the impact of the global recession triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic on women's versus men's employment. Whereas recent recessions in advanced economies usually had a disproportionate impact on men's employment, giving rise to the moniker "mancessions," we show that the pandemic recession of 2020 was a "shecession" in most countries with larger employment declines among women. We examine the causes behind this pattern using micro data from several national labor force surveys, and show that both the composition of women's employment across industries and occupations as well as increased childcare needs during closures of schools and daycare centers made important contributions. While many countries exhibit similar patterns, we also emphasize how policy choices such as furloughing policies and the extent of school closures shape the pandemic's impact on the labor market. Another notable finding is the central role of telecommuting: gender gaps in the employment impact of the pandemic arise almost entirely among workers who are unable to work from home. Nevertheless, among telecommuters a different kind of gender gap arises: women working from home during the pandemic spent more work time also doing childcare and experienced greater productivity reductions than men. We discuss what our findings imply for gender equality in a post-pandemic labor market that will likely continue to be characterized by pervasive telecommuting." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Coskun, Sena ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Covid-19 and Income Inequality: Evidence from Monthly Population Registers (2021)

    Angelov, Nikolay ; Waldenström, Daniel ;

    Zitatform

    Angelov, Nikolay & Daniel Waldenström (2021): Covid-19 and Income Inequality: Evidence from Monthly Population Registers. (CESifo working paper 9178), München, 35 S.

    Abstract

    "We measure the distributional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic using newly released population register data in Sweden. Monthly earnings inequality increased during the pandemic, and the key driver is income losses among low-paid individuals while middle- and high-income earners were almost unaffected. The pandemic had a larger negative impact on private-sector workers and on women. Using data on individual take-up of government COVID-19 support, we show that policy significantly dampened the inequality increase, but did not fully offset it. Annual total market income inequality, which also includes capital income and taxable transfers, shows similar patterns of increasing inequality during the pandemic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    How Does Exposure to COVID-19 Influence Health and Income Inequality Aversion? (2021)

    Asaria, Miqdad; Cowell, Frank A.; Costa-Font, Joan;

    Zitatform

    Asaria, Miqdad, Joan Costa-Font & Frank A. Cowell (2021): How Does Exposure to COVID-19 Influence Health and Income Inequality Aversion? (IZA discussion paper 14103), Bonn, 47 S.

    Abstract

    "We study whether exposure to COVID-19 has affected individual aversion to health and income inequality in the UK, Italy, and Germany, as well as the effect of personal shocks on employment (redundancies, government replacement salary and unemployment), income and health directly linked to COVID-19. We find that conditioned on risk aversion and relevant covariates (income, education, demographics), individuals who have experienced either a health or an financial shock during the COVID-19 pandemic, exhibit lower inequality aversion in terms of health and income, compared to those who have not experienced these shocks. Comparing levels of health and income inequality aversion in the UK between the years 2016 and 2020 we find a significant increase in inequality aversion from 2016 to 2020 in both health (17.3%) and income domains (8.8%). However, our difference-in-differences (DiD) for treatment (risk) groups defined in terms of age, region and personal exposure to health and income shocks in 2020 compared to 2016, does not indicate any additional difference in inequality aversion. The exception being individuals who are both in a high-risk age group and at the same time also experienced a health shock in 2020 compared to 2016, which are significantly more inequality averse in both health and income domains." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Tracking the impact of COVID-19 on economic inequality at high frequency (2021)

    Aspachs, Oriol; Reynal-Querol, Marta; Montalvo, Jose G. ; Mestres, Josep ; Graziano, Alberto ; Durante, Ruben ;

    Zitatform

    Aspachs, Oriol, Ruben Durante, Alberto Graziano, Josep Mestres, Marta Reynal-Querol & Jose G. Montalvo (2021): Tracking the impact of COVID-19 on economic inequality at high frequency. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 16, H. 3. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0249121

    Abstract

    "Pandemics have historically had a significant impact on economic inequality. However, official inequality statistics are only available at low frequency and with considerable delay, which challenges policymakers in their objective to mitigate inequality and fine-tune public policies. We show that using data from bank records it is possible to measure economic inequality at high frequency. The approach proposed in this paper allows measuring, timely and accurately, the impact on inequality of fast-unfolding crises, like the COVID-19 pandemic. Applying this approach to data from a representative sample of over three million residents of Spain we find that, absent government intervention, inequality would have increased by almost 30% in just one month. The granularity of the data allows analyzing with great detail the sources of the increases in inequality. In the Spanish case we find that it is primarily driven by job losses and wage cuts experienced by low-wage earners. Government support, in particular extended unemployment insurance and benefits for furloughed workers, were generally effective at mitigating the increase in inequality, though less so among young people and foreign-born workers. Therefore, our approach provides knowledge on the evolution of inequality at high frequency, the effectiveness of public policies in mitigating the increase of inequality and the subgroups of the population most affected by the changes in inequality. This information is fundamental to fine-tune public policies on the wake of a fast-moving pandemic like the COVID-19." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    What Shifts Did Covid-19 Year 2020 Bring To The Labour Market In Europe? (2021)

    Baert, Stijn ;

    Zitatform

    Baert, Stijn (2021): What Shifts Did Covid-19 Year 2020 Bring To The Labour Market In Europe? (Working paper / Ghent University. Faculty of Economics and Business Administration 2021,1014), Gent, 15 S.

    Abstract

    "This article discusses the evolution of key labour market indicators in the EU-27 countries between 2019 and 2020, i.e. between the year before the covid-19 crisis broke out and the year in which it impacted the economy heavily. Whereas earlier policy-oriented studies have dealt with the evolution of unemployment in 2020, often country by country, this article focuses on the evolution of unemployment as well as inactivity across European countries. Indeed, previous crises have typically lead not only to more unemployment but also to larger numbers of discouraged unemployed and thus more inactivity. It appears that the Southern European countries, in particular, recorded increases in inactivity, while the Baltic States experienced higher unemployment. In many other countries, unemployment and inactivity remained remarkably stable despite covid-19." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Social protection and inclusion Policy responses to the COVID-19 crisis: An analysis of policies in 35 countries (2021)

    Baptista, Isabel; Spasova, Slavina; Peña-Casas, Ramón; Fronteddu, Boris; Marlier, Eric; Ghailani, Dalila; Sabato, Sebastiano; Regazzoni, Pietro ;

    Zitatform

    Baptista, Isabel, Eric Marlier, Slavina Spasova, Ramón Peña-Casas, Boris Fronteddu, Dalila Ghailani, Sebastiano Sabato & Pietro Regazzoni (2021): Social protection and inclusion Policy responses to the COVID-19 crisis. An analysis of policies in 35 countries. Brussels, 192 S. DOI:10.2767/10153

    Abstract

    "This report from the European Social Policy Network (ESPN) examines (sub)national social protection and inclusion policy responses to the COVID-19 crisis in the 27 EU Member States, the UK, and the 7 candidate and potential candidate countries. It reveals an overall rapid reaction through the introduction of (mostly) temporary measures - primarily relaxing eligibility conditions, increasing benefit levels and creating new ad hoc social and job protection schemes. These emergency measures helped avert a massive social crisis and some would have seemed impossible one year previously. Yet they also highlighted the weaknesses and gaps in existing social protection and inclusion policies, and the pressing need to address these. Although these measures were the main tools used to tackle the socio-economic impact of the pandemic, the report underlines their limited transformative potential for countries’ social protection systems. It proposes a series of specific actions that could usefully be considered at national and/or EU level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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    Country report: Germany
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  • Literaturhinweis

    After-Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prospects for Medium-Term Economic Damage (2021)

    Barrett, Philip; Wingender, Philippe; Magistretti, Giacomo; Das, Sonali; Pugacheva, Evgenia;

    Zitatform

    Barrett, Philip, Sonali Das, Giacomo Magistretti, Evgenia Pugacheva & Philippe Wingender (2021): After-Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prospects for Medium-Term Economic Damage. (IMF working paper 2021,203), Washington, DC, 23 S.

    Abstract

    "The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a severe global recession with differential impacts within and across countries. This paper examines the possible persistent effects (scarring) of the pandemic on the economy and the channels through which they may occur. History suggests that deep recessions often leave long-lived scars, particularly to productivity. Importantly, financial instabilities—typically associated with worse scarring—have been largely avoided in the current crisis so far. While medium-term output losses are anticipated to be lower than after the global financial crisis, they are still expected to be substantial. The degree of expected scarring varies across countries, depending on the structure of economies and the size of the policy response. Emerging market and developing economies are expected to suffer more scarring than advanced economies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Gender and employment in the COVID-19 recession: Cross-country evidence on “she-cessions” (2021)

    Bluedorn, John; Hansen, Niels-Jakob; Caselli, Francesca; Tavares, Marina M. ; Shibata, Ippei ;

    Zitatform

    Bluedorn, John, Francesca Caselli, Niels-Jakob Hansen, Ippei Shibata & Marina M. Tavares (2021): Gender and employment in the COVID-19 recession: Cross-country evidence on “she-cessions”. In: Covid economics H. 76, S. 87-109.

    Abstract

    "Early evidence on the pandemic’s effects pointed to women’s employment falling disproportionately, leading observers to call a “she-cession.” This paper documents the extent and persistence of this phenomenon in a quarterly sample of 38 advanced and emerging market economies. We show that there is a large degree of heterogeneity across countries, with over half to two-thirds exhibiting larger declines in women’s than men’s employment rates. These gender differences in COVID-19’s effects are typically short-lived, lasting only a quarter or two on average. We also show that she-cessions are strongly related to COVID-19’s impacts on gender shares in employment within sectors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The lockdown effect: A counterfactual for Sweden (2021)

    Born, Benjamin ; Dietrich, Alexander M.; Müller, Gernot J.;

    Zitatform

    Born, Benjamin, Alexander M. Dietrich & Gernot J. Müller (2021): The lockdown effect: A counterfactual for Sweden. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 16, H. 4. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0249732

    Abstract

    "While most countries imposed a lockdown in response to the first wave of COVID-19 infections, Sweden did not. To quantify the lockdown effect, we approximate a counterfactual lockdown scenario for Sweden through the outcome in a synthetic control unit. We find, first, that a 9-week lockdown in the first half of 2020 would have reduced infections and deaths by about 75% and 38%, respectively. Second, the lockdown effect starts to materialize with a delay of 3–4 weeks only. Third, the actual adjustment of mobility patterns in Sweden suggests there has been substantial voluntary social restraint, although the adjustment was less strong than under the lockdown scenario. Lastly, we find that a lockdown would not have caused much additional output loss." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    A Literature Review of the Economics of COVID-19 (2021)

    Brodeur, Abel ; Bhuyian, Suraiya; Islam, Anik; Gray, David ;

    Zitatform

    Brodeur, Abel, Suraiya Bhuyian, Anik Islam & David Gray (2021): A Literature Review of the Economics of COVID-19. (Working paper / Department of Economics, University of Ottawa 2103E), Ottawa, 63 S.

    Abstract

    "The goal of this piece is to survey the developing and rapidly growing literature on the economic consequences of COVID-19 and the governmental responses, and to synthetize the insights emerging from a very large number of studies. This survey: (i) provides an overview of the data sets and the techniques employed to measure social distancing and COVID-19 cases and deaths; (ii) reviews the literature on the determinants of compliance with and the effectiveness of social distancing; (iii) the macroeconomic and financial impacts, including the modelling of plausible mechanisms; (iv) summarizes the literature on the socio-economic consequences of COVID-19, focusing on those aspects related to labor, health, gender, discrimination, and the environment, and v) summarizes the literature on public policy responses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Policies to Help the Working Class in the Aftermath of COVID-19: Lessons from the Great Recession (2021)

    Burkhauser, Richard V. ; Corinth, Kevin ; Holtz-Eakin, Douglas;

    Zitatform

    Burkhauser, Richard V., Kevin Corinth & Douglas Holtz-Eakin (2021): Policies to Help the Working Class in the Aftermath of COVID-19: Lessons from the Great Recession. (IZA discussion paper 14166), Bonn, 16 S.

    Abstract

    "The COVID-19 pandemic and the associated government mandated shutdowns caused a historic shock to the U.S. economy and a disproportionate job loss concentrated among the working class. While an unprecedented social safety net policy response successfully offset earnings loses among lower-wage workers, the risk of continued and persistent unemployment remains higher among the working class. The key lesson from the Great Recession is that strong economic growth and a hot labor market do more to improve the economic wellbeing of the working class and historically disadvantaged groups than a slow recovery that relies on safety net policies to help replace lost earnings. Thus, the best way to prevent a "K-shaped" recovery is to ensure that safety net policies do not interfere with a return to the strong pre-pandemic economy once the health risk subsides, and that pro-growth policies that incentivize business investment and hiring are maintained." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    COVID-19 and Implications for Automation (2021)

    Chernoff, Alex ; Warman, Casey;

    Zitatform

    Chernoff, Alex & Casey Warman (2021): COVID-19 and Implications for Automation. (Staff working paper / Bank of Canada 2021,25), Ottawa, 29 S.

    Abstract

    "COVID-19 may accelerate the automation of jobs as employers invest in technology to safeguard against pandemics. We identify occupations that have high automation potential and also exhibit a high risk of viral infection. We examine regional variation in terms of which U.S. local labor markets are most at risk. Next, we outline the differential impacts COVID-19 may have on different demographic groups. We find that the highest-risk occupations in the U.S. are those held by females with mid- to low wage and education levels. Using comparable data for 25 other countries, we also find that women in this demographic are at the highest risk internationally. We examine monthly employment data from the U.S. and find that women in high-risk occupations experienced a larger initial decline in employment and a weaker recovery during the pandemic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The fall in income inequality during COVID-19 in four European countries (2021)

    Clark, Andrew E. ; D'Ambrosio, Conchita; Lepinteur, Anthony ;

    Zitatform

    Clark, Andrew E., Conchita D'Ambrosio & Anthony Lepinteur (2021): The fall in income inequality during COVID-19 in four European countries. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 19, H. 3, S. 489-507. DOI:10.1007/s10888-021-09499-2

    Abstract

    "We here use panel data from the COME-HERE survey to track income inequality during COVID-19 in France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Relative inequality in equivalent household disposable income among individuals changed in a hump-shaped way between January 2020 and January 2021, with an initial rise from January to May 2020 being more than reversed by September 2020. Absolute inequality also fell over this period. Due to the pandemic some households lost more than others, and government compensation schemes were targeted towards the poorest, implying that on average income differences decreased. Generalized Lorenz domination reveals that these distributive changes reduced welfare in Italy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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    Korrektur zum Artikel
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  • Literaturhinweis

    The Fall in Income Inequality during COVID-19 in Five European Countries (2021)

    Clark, Andrew; Lepinteur, Anthony ; D'Ambrosio, Conchita;

    Zitatform

    Clark, Andrew, Conchita D'Ambrosio & Anthony Lepinteur (2021): The Fall in Income Inequality during COVID-19 in Five European Countries. (HAL open science), Paris, 39 S.

    Abstract

    "We here use panel data from the COME-HERE survey to track income inequality during COVID-19 in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Sweden. Relative inequality in equivalent household disposable income among individuals changed in a hump-shaped way over 2020. An initial rise from January to May was more than reversed by September. Absolute inequality also fell over this period. As such, policy responses may have been of more benefit for the poorer than for the richer." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    A gendered lens on COVID-19 employment and social policies in Europe (2021)

    Cook, Rose ; Grimshaw, Damian ;

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    Cook, Rose & Damian Grimshaw (2021): A gendered lens on COVID-19 employment and social policies in Europe. In: European Societies, Jg. 23, H. sup1, S. S215-S227. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2020.1822538

    Abstract

    "The COVID-19 outbreak and resultant economic crisis has led to governments in Europe taking extraordinary action to support citizens. Bodies such as the International Labour Organisation (ILO) recommend such measures should include targeted support for the most affected population groups. Women form one of these groups, with disproportionate impacts on their employment and economic resources already documented. Although the disruption brought about by the COVID-19 crisis has the potential to reshape gender relations for everyone’s benefit, there are concerns that the crisis will exacerbate underlying gender inequalities. Though these impacts are likely to be felt globally, public policy has the potential to mitigate them and to ensure a gender-sensitive recovery from the crisis. This paper introduces a gendered lens on the employment and social policies European countries have established since the crisis, with a brief comparative analysis of short-time working schemes in four countries – Germany, Italy, Norway, and the UK. Ongoing research seeks to extend the comparative, gendered analysis of the design, access and impacts of COVID-19 employment and social policies across Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Will COVID-19 Cause Insolvencies, Zombification or Debt Deleveraging? (2021)

    Demary, Markus;

    Zitatform

    Demary, Markus (2021): Will COVID-19 Cause Insolvencies, Zombification or Debt Deleveraging? (IW-Kurzberichte / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2021,03), Köln, 3 S.

    Abstract

    "The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the financial positions of many companies. For the next months, a wave of insolvencies, a zombification caused by rescue measures or a debt deleveraging are on the table. Which of the three scenarios will dominate, depends, however, on the efficiency of restructuring measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Home Sweet Home: Working from home and employee performance during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK (2021)

    Deole, Sumit S. ; Huang, Yue ; Deter, Max ;

    Zitatform

    Deole, Sumit S., Max Deter & Yue Huang (2021): Home Sweet Home: Working from home and employee performance during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 791), Maastricht, 35 S.

    Abstract

    "In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic forced governments in many countries to ask employees to work from home (WFH) where possible. Using representative data from the UK, we show that increases in WFH frequency are associated with a higher self-perceived productivity per hour and an increase in weekly working hours among the employed. The WFH-productivity relationship is stronger for employees residing in regions worse affected by the pandemic and those who previously commuted longer distances, while it is weaker for mothers with childcare responsibilities. Also, we find that employees with higher autonomy over job tasks and work hours and those with childcare responsibilities worked longer hours when working from home. With prospects that WFH possibility may remain permanently open for some employees, we discuss our results' labor market policy implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    COVID-19 Disruptions Disproportionately Affect Female Academics (2021)

    Deryugina, Tatyana ; Stearns, Jenna E.; Shurchkov, Olga ;

    Zitatform

    Deryugina, Tatyana, Olga Shurchkov & Jenna E. Stearns (2021): COVID-19 Disruptions Disproportionately Affect Female Academics. (NBER working paper 28360), Cambridge, MA, 31 S. DOI:10.3386/w28360

    Abstract

    "The rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent countermeasures, such as school closures, the shift to working from home, and social distancing are disrupting economic activity around the world. As with other major economic shocks, there are winners and losers, leading to increased inequality across certain groups. In this project, we investigate the effects of COVID-19 disruptions on the gender gap in academia. We administer a global survey to a broad range of academics across various disciplines to collect nuanced data on the respondents' circumstances, such as a spouse's employment, the number and ages of children, and time use. We find that female academics, particularly those who have children, report a disproportionate reduction in time dedicated to research relative to what comparable men and women without children experience. Both men and women report substantial increases in childcare and housework burdens, but women experienced significantly larger increases than men did." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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