Auswirkungen der Covid-19-Pandemie auf Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland
Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt stehen seit der Ausbreitung des Coronavirus vor großen Herausforderungen. Zur Unterstützung von Beschäftigten und Unternehmen hatte der Bundestag im Eilverfahren u.a. einen leichteren Zugang zum Kurzarbeitergeld beschlossen. Dieses Themendossier stellt Einschätzungen aus Forschung und Politik zu den Auswirkungen der Pandemie auf den Arbeitsmarkt, die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und notwendige Maßnahmen in Deutschland zusammen.
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Auswirkungen auf Wirtschaft, Arbeitsmarkt und Soziales in Deutschland
- Wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und Maßnahmen
- Exit-Strategien zur Beendigung des Lockdowns
- Kurzarbeit - Regelungen und Inanspruchnahme während der Pandemie
- Homeoffice/mobiles Arbeiten
- Auswirkungen auf Betriebe
- Beschäftigung, Arbeitslosigkeit und Grundsicherung nach SGB II
- Einkommenseffekte
- Einzelne Berufe und Branchen
- Berufsausbildung/Lehrstellenmarkt
- Zukunftsszenarien: Wird die Wirtschaft nach Corona nachhaltiger?
- Soziale und gesundheitliche Aspekte
- Corona und Care
- Weiterbildung
- Konjunkturpaket zur Förderung der Wirtschaft
- Personengruppen
- Regionale Aspekte
- Internationale Arbeitsmärkte / Auswirkungen der Globalisierung
- Bundesländer
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Literaturhinweis
Zwei Jahre Pandemie: Wer sind die Gewinner und Verlierer? (2022)
Obst, Thomas; Schläger, Dan;Zitatform
Obst, Thomas & Dan Schläger (2022): Zwei Jahre Pandemie: Wer sind die Gewinner und Verlierer? (IW-Kurzberichte / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2022,16), Köln, 3 S.
Abstract
"Die weltweite Konjunkturerholung setzt sich trotz des Wiederauflebens der Pandemie weiter fort. Doch dahinter verbergen sich große Unterschiede. Die Corona-Krise hat Gewinner und Verlierer hervorgebracht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Corporate Training and Skill Gaps: Did COVID-19 Stem EU Convergence in Training Investments? (2022)
Pouliakas, Konstantinos; Wruuck, Patricia;Zitatform
Pouliakas, Konstantinos & Patricia Wruuck (2022): Corporate Training and Skill Gaps: Did COVID-19 Stem EU Convergence in Training Investments? (IZA discussion paper 15343), Bonn, 38 S.
Abstract
"European firms have increasingly invested in training of employees but differences across countries and types of firms remain – and the Covid-19 shock may have exacerbated them. This report analyses European firms' investment in training over the last six years examining trends, factors supporting training investment as well as the impact of the Covid-19 shock. We base the empirical analysis on a unique dataset, the European Investment Bank's Investment Survey (EIBIS), which allows tracking corporate training investment on a yearly basis. To understand dynamics underpinning firms' decision to invest in their workforce, we examine transition patterns and employ dynamic panel data estimation. Finally, we analyze the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on firms' investment in workforce training and transitions in and out of training. We find that despite a slow upward trend in training investment observed in recent years, supported by labour market recovery, differences across firms and countries have persisted. The pandemic risks aggravating these, through its asymmetric impact on labour markets and differences in corporate innovation, firm structure and resilience. While firm training can be an important element for firms and their workforce to adjust to the post-pandemic environment, asymmetries in training investment could make it harder for those already lagging. The paper concludes with a discussion of policy implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Inequalities in the Times of a Pandemic (2022)
Stantcheva, Stefanie;Zitatform
Stantcheva, Stefanie (2022): Inequalities in the Times of a Pandemic. (NBER working paper 29657), Cambridge, Mass, 51 S. DOI:10.3386/w29657
Abstract
"This paper summarizes the research on some of the major inequalities that have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic across OECD countries. It reviews findings related to inequalities across the income distribution, sectors and regions, gender, and inequalities in education inputs for children from different socioeconomic backgrounds." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Gendered Impact of the COVID-19 Recession on the US Labor Market (2021)
Zitatform
Albanesi, Stefania & Jiyeon Kim (2021): The Gendered Impact of the COVID-19 Recession on the US Labor Market. (NBER working paper 28505), Cambridge, MA, 37 S. DOI:10.3386/w28505
Abstract
"The economic crisis associated with the emergence of the novel corona virus is unlike standard recessions. Demand for workers in high contact and inflexible service occupations has declined, while parental supply of labor has been reduced by lack of access to reliable child care and in-person schooling options. This has led to a substantial and persistent drop in employment and labor force participation for women, who are typically less affected by recessions than men. We examine real time data on employment, unemployment, labor force participation and gross job flows to document the gendered impact of the pandemic. We also discuss the potential long-term implications of this crisis, including the role of automation in depressing the recovery of employment for the worst hit service occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie auf die Berufsbildung: Blitzlichter aus acht Ländern (2021)
Allais, Stephanie Matseleng; Dęmbowski, Horacy; Fluixá, Fernando Marhuenda; Eiríksdóttir, Elsa; Teräs, Marianne; Saldaña, Rolando López; Vantuch, Juraj; Ha, Pham Viet;Zitatform
Allais, Stephanie Matseleng, Horacy Dęmbowski, Elsa Eiríksdóttir, Rolando López Saldaña, Fernando Marhuenda Fluixá, Marianne Teräs, Juraj Vantuch & Pham Viet Ha (2021): Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie auf die Berufsbildung. Blitzlichter aus acht Ländern. In: Berufsbildung in Wissenschaft und Praxis, Jg. 50, H. 2, S. 10-14.
Abstract
"Das Coronavirus hält die Welt in Atem. Kontaktbeschränkungen, wirtschaftliche Einbrüche und die Ungewissheit über die weiteren Entwicklungen stellen auch die Berufsbildung vor große Herausforderung. In welcher Weise hat die COVID-19-Pandemie die Berufsbildung getroffen? Welche bildungspolitischen Maßnahmen oder praktischen Lösungen wurden initiiert und welche Entwicklungen werden die Berufsbildung nachhaltig prägen? Diese Fragen haben wir Berufsbildungsexpertinnen und -experten aus acht Ländern gestellt, darunter fünf Mitgliedern der European Research Review Group. Mit ihren Blitzlichtern geben sie Eindrücke in das aktuelle Geschehen weltweit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
From Mancession to Shecession: Women's Employment in Regular and Pandemic Recessions (2021)
Zitatform
Alon, Titan, Sena Coskun, Matthias Doepke, David Koll & Michèle Tertilt (2021): From Mancession to Shecession: Women's Employment in Regular and Pandemic Recessions. (IZA discussion paper 14223), Bonn, 104 S.
Abstract
"We examine the impact of the global recession triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic on women's versus men's employment. Whereas recent recessions in advanced economies usually had a disproportionate impact on men's employment, giving rise to the moniker "mancessions," we show that the pandemic recession of 2020 was a "shecession" in most countries with larger employment declines among women. We examine the causes behind this pattern using micro data from several national labor force surveys, and show that both the composition of women's employment across industries and occupations as well as increased childcare needs during closures of schools and daycare centers made important contributions. While many countries exhibit similar patterns, we also emphasize how policy choices such as furloughing policies and the extent of school closures shape the pandemic's impact on the labor market. Another notable finding is the central role of telecommuting: gender gaps in the employment impact of the pandemic arise almost entirely among workers who are unable to work from home. Nevertheless, among telecommuters a different kind of gender gap arises: women working from home during the pandemic spent more work time also doing childcare and experienced greater productivity reductions than men. We discuss what our findings imply for gender equality in a post-pandemic labor market that will likely continue to be characterized by pervasive telecommuting." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Covid-19 and Income Inequality: Evidence from Monthly Population Registers (2021)
Zitatform
Angelov, Nikolay & Daniel Waldenström (2021): Covid-19 and Income Inequality: Evidence from Monthly Population Registers. (CESifo working paper 9178), München, 35 S.
Abstract
"We measure the distributional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic using newly released population register data in Sweden. Monthly earnings inequality increased during the pandemic, and the key driver is income losses among low-paid individuals while middle- and high-income earners were almost unaffected. The pandemic had a larger negative impact on private-sector workers and on women. Using data on individual take-up of government COVID-19 support, we show that policy significantly dampened the inequality increase, but did not fully offset it. Annual total market income inequality, which also includes capital income and taxable transfers, shows similar patterns of increasing inequality during the pandemic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How Does Exposure to COVID-19 Influence Health and Income Inequality Aversion? (2021)
Asaria, Miqdad; Cowell, Frank A.; Costa-Font, Joan;Zitatform
Asaria, Miqdad, Joan Costa-Font & Frank A. Cowell (2021): How Does Exposure to COVID-19 Influence Health and Income Inequality Aversion? (IZA discussion paper 14103), Bonn, 47 S.
Abstract
"We study whether exposure to COVID-19 has affected individual aversion to health and income inequality in the UK, Italy, and Germany, as well as the effect of personal shocks on employment (redundancies, government replacement salary and unemployment), income and health directly linked to COVID-19. We find that conditioned on risk aversion and relevant covariates (income, education, demographics), individuals who have experienced either a health or an financial shock during the COVID-19 pandemic, exhibit lower inequality aversion in terms of health and income, compared to those who have not experienced these shocks. Comparing levels of health and income inequality aversion in the UK between the years 2016 and 2020 we find a significant increase in inequality aversion from 2016 to 2020 in both health (17.3%) and income domains (8.8%). However, our difference-in-differences (DiD) for treatment (risk) groups defined in terms of age, region and personal exposure to health and income shocks in 2020 compared to 2016, does not indicate any additional difference in inequality aversion. The exception being individuals who are both in a high-risk age group and at the same time also experienced a health shock in 2020 compared to 2016, which are significantly more inequality averse in both health and income domains." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Tracking the impact of COVID-19 on economic inequality at high frequency (2021)
Aspachs, Oriol; Reynal-Querol, Marta; Montalvo, Jose G. ; Mestres, Josep ; Graziano, Alberto ; Durante, Ruben ;Zitatform
Aspachs, Oriol, Ruben Durante, Alberto Graziano, Josep Mestres, Marta Reynal-Querol & Jose G. Montalvo (2021): Tracking the impact of COVID-19 on economic inequality at high frequency. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 16, H. 3. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0249121
Abstract
"Pandemics have historically had a significant impact on economic inequality. However, official inequality statistics are only available at low frequency and with considerable delay, which challenges policymakers in their objective to mitigate inequality and fine-tune public policies. We show that using data from bank records it is possible to measure economic inequality at high frequency. The approach proposed in this paper allows measuring, timely and accurately, the impact on inequality of fast-unfolding crises, like the COVID-19 pandemic. Applying this approach to data from a representative sample of over three million residents of Spain we find that, absent government intervention, inequality would have increased by almost 30% in just one month. The granularity of the data allows analyzing with great detail the sources of the increases in inequality. In the Spanish case we find that it is primarily driven by job losses and wage cuts experienced by low-wage earners. Government support, in particular extended unemployment insurance and benefits for furloughed workers, were generally effective at mitigating the increase in inequality, though less so among young people and foreign-born workers. Therefore, our approach provides knowledge on the evolution of inequality at high frequency, the effectiveness of public policies in mitigating the increase of inequality and the subgroups of the population most affected by the changes in inequality. This information is fundamental to fine-tune public policies on the wake of a fast-moving pandemic like the COVID-19." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What Shifts Did Covid-19 Year 2020 Bring To The Labour Market In Europe? (2021)
Zitatform
Baert, Stijn (2021): What Shifts Did Covid-19 Year 2020 Bring To The Labour Market In Europe? (Working paper / Ghent University. Faculty of Economics and Business Administration 2021,1014), Gent, 15 S.
Abstract
"This article discusses the evolution of key labour market indicators in the EU-27 countries between 2019 and 2020, i.e. between the year before the covid-19 crisis broke out and the year in which it impacted the economy heavily. Whereas earlier policy-oriented studies have dealt with the evolution of unemployment in 2020, often country by country, this article focuses on the evolution of unemployment as well as inactivity across European countries. Indeed, previous crises have typically lead not only to more unemployment but also to larger numbers of discouraged unemployed and thus more inactivity. It appears that the Southern European countries, in particular, recorded increases in inactivity, while the Baltic States experienced higher unemployment. In many other countries, unemployment and inactivity remained remarkably stable despite covid-19." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Social protection and inclusion Policy responses to the COVID-19 crisis: An analysis of policies in 35 countries (2021)
Baptista, Isabel; Spasova, Slavina ; Peña-Casas, Ramón; Fronteddu, Boris; Marlier, Eric; Ghailani, Dalila; Sabato, Sebastiano; Regazzoni, Pietro ;Zitatform
Baptista, Isabel, Eric Marlier, Slavina Spasova, Ramón Peña-Casas, Boris Fronteddu, Dalila Ghailani, Sebastiano Sabato & Pietro Regazzoni (2021): Social protection and inclusion Policy responses to the COVID-19 crisis. An analysis of policies in 35 countries. Brussels, 192 S. DOI:10.2767/10153
Abstract
"This report from the European Social Policy Network (ESPN) examines (sub)national social protection and inclusion policy responses to the COVID-19 crisis in the 27 EU Member States, the UK, and the 7 candidate and potential candidate countries. It reveals an overall rapid reaction through the introduction of (mostly) temporary measures - primarily relaxing eligibility conditions, increasing benefit levels and creating new ad hoc social and job protection schemes. These emergency measures helped avert a massive social crisis and some would have seemed impossible one year previously. Yet they also highlighted the weaknesses and gaps in existing social protection and inclusion policies, and the pressing need to address these. Although these measures were the main tools used to tackle the socio-economic impact of the pandemic, the report underlines their limited transformative potential for countries’ social protection systems. It proposes a series of specific actions that could usefully be considered at national and/or EU level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Country report: Germany -
Literaturhinweis
After-Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prospects for Medium-Term Economic Damage (2021)
Barrett, Philip; Wingender, Philippe; Magistretti, Giacomo; Das, Sonali; Pugacheva, Evgenia;Zitatform
Barrett, Philip, Sonali Das, Giacomo Magistretti, Evgenia Pugacheva & Philippe Wingender (2021): After-Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prospects for Medium-Term Economic Damage. (IMF working paper 2021,203), Washington, DC, 23 S.
Abstract
"The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a severe global recession with differential impacts within and across countries. This paper examines the possible persistent effects (scarring) of the pandemic on the economy and the channels through which they may occur. History suggests that deep recessions often leave long-lived scars, particularly to productivity. Importantly, financial instabilities—typically associated with worse scarring—have been largely avoided in the current crisis so far. While medium-term output losses are anticipated to be lower than after the global financial crisis, they are still expected to be substantial. The degree of expected scarring varies across countries, depending on the structure of economies and the size of the policy response. Emerging market and developing economies are expected to suffer more scarring than advanced economies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender and employment in the COVID-19 recession: Cross-country evidence on “she-cessions” (2021)
Zitatform
Bluedorn, John, Francesca Caselli, Niels-Jakob Hansen, Ippei Shibata & Marina M. Tavares (2021): Gender and employment in the COVID-19 recession: Cross-country evidence on “she-cessions”. In: Covid economics H. 76, S. 87-109.
Abstract
"Early evidence on the pandemic’s effects pointed to women’s employment falling disproportionately, leading observers to call a “she-cession.” This paper documents the extent and persistence of this phenomenon in a quarterly sample of 38 advanced and emerging market economies. We show that there is a large degree of heterogeneity across countries, with over half to two-thirds exhibiting larger declines in women’s than men’s employment rates. These gender differences in COVID-19’s effects are typically short-lived, lasting only a quarter or two on average. We also show that she-cessions are strongly related to COVID-19’s impacts on gender shares in employment within sectors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The lockdown effect: A counterfactual for Sweden (2021)
Zitatform
Born, Benjamin, Alexander M. Dietrich & Gernot J. Müller (2021): The lockdown effect: A counterfactual for Sweden. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 16, H. 4. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0249732
Abstract
"While most countries imposed a lockdown in response to the first wave of COVID-19 infections, Sweden did not. To quantify the lockdown effect, we approximate a counterfactual lockdown scenario for Sweden through the outcome in a synthetic control unit. We find, first, that a 9-week lockdown in the first half of 2020 would have reduced infections and deaths by about 75% and 38%, respectively. Second, the lockdown effect starts to materialize with a delay of 3–4 weeks only. Third, the actual adjustment of mobility patterns in Sweden suggests there has been substantial voluntary social restraint, although the adjustment was less strong than under the lockdown scenario. Lastly, we find that a lockdown would not have caused much additional output loss." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A Literature Review of the Economics of COVID-19 (2021)
Zitatform
Brodeur, Abel, Suraiya Bhuyian, Anik Islam & David Gray (2021): A Literature Review of the Economics of COVID-19. (Working paper / Department of Economics, University of Ottawa 2103E), Ottawa, 63 S.
Abstract
"The goal of this piece is to survey the developing and rapidly growing literature on the economic consequences of COVID-19 and the governmental responses, and to synthetize the insights emerging from a very large number of studies. This survey: (i) provides an overview of the data sets and the techniques employed to measure social distancing and COVID-19 cases and deaths; (ii) reviews the literature on the determinants of compliance with and the effectiveness of social distancing; (iii) the macroeconomic and financial impacts, including the modelling of plausible mechanisms; (iv) summarizes the literature on the socio-economic consequences of COVID-19, focusing on those aspects related to labor, health, gender, discrimination, and the environment, and v) summarizes the literature on public policy responses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Policies to Help the Working Class in the Aftermath of COVID-19: Lessons from the Great Recession (2021)
Zitatform
Burkhauser, Richard V., Kevin Corinth & Douglas Holtz-Eakin (2021): Policies to Help the Working Class in the Aftermath of COVID-19: Lessons from the Great Recession. (IZA discussion paper 14166), Bonn, 16 S.
Abstract
"The COVID-19 pandemic and the associated government mandated shutdowns caused a historic shock to the U.S. economy and a disproportionate job loss concentrated among the working class. While an unprecedented social safety net policy response successfully offset earnings loses among lower-wage workers, the risk of continued and persistent unemployment remains higher among the working class. The key lesson from the Great Recession is that strong economic growth and a hot labor market do more to improve the economic wellbeing of the working class and historically disadvantaged groups than a slow recovery that relies on safety net policies to help replace lost earnings. Thus, the best way to prevent a "K-shaped" recovery is to ensure that safety net policies do not interfere with a return to the strong pre-pandemic economy once the health risk subsides, and that pro-growth policies that incentivize business investment and hiring are maintained." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
COVID-19 and Implications for Automation (2021)
Zitatform
Chernoff, Alex & Casey Warman (2021): COVID-19 and Implications for Automation. (Staff working paper / Bank of Canada 2021,25), Ottawa, 29 S.
Abstract
"COVID-19 may accelerate the automation of jobs as employers invest in technology to safeguard against pandemics. We identify occupations that have high automation potential and also exhibit a high risk of viral infection. We examine regional variation in terms of which U.S. local labor markets are most at risk. Next, we outline the differential impacts COVID-19 may have on different demographic groups. We find that the highest-risk occupations in the U.S. are those held by females with mid- to low wage and education levels. Using comparable data for 25 other countries, we also find that women in this demographic are at the highest risk internationally. We examine monthly employment data from the U.S. and find that women in high-risk occupations experienced a larger initial decline in employment and a weaker recovery during the pandemic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Fall in Income Inequality during COVID-19 in Five European Countries (2021)
Zitatform
Clark, Andrew, Conchita D'Ambrosio & Anthony Lepinteur (2021): The Fall in Income Inequality during COVID-19 in Five European Countries. (HAL open science), Paris, 39 S.
Abstract
"We here use panel data from the COME-HERE survey to track income inequality during COVID-19 in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Sweden. Relative inequality in equivalent household disposable income among individuals changed in a hump-shaped way over 2020. An initial rise from January to May was more than reversed by September. Absolute inequality also fell over this period. As such, policy responses may have been of more benefit for the poorer than for the richer." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The fall in income inequality during COVID-19 in four European countries (2021)
Zitatform
Clark, Andrew E., Conchita D'Ambrosio & Anthony Lepinteur (2021): The fall in income inequality during COVID-19 in four European countries. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 19, H. 3, S. 489-507. DOI:10.1007/s10888-021-09499-2
Abstract
"We here use panel data from the COME-HERE survey to track income inequality during COVID-19 in France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Relative inequality in equivalent household disposable income among individuals changed in a hump-shaped way between January 2020 and January 2021, with an initial rise from January to May 2020 being more than reversed by September 2020. Absolute inequality also fell over this period. Due to the pandemic some households lost more than others, and government compensation schemes were targeted towards the poorest, implying that on average income differences decreased. Generalized Lorenz domination reveals that these distributive changes reduced welfare in Italy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Korrektur zum Artikel -
Literaturhinweis
A gendered lens on COVID-19 employment and social policies in Europe (2021)
Zitatform
Cook, Rose & Damian Grimshaw (2021): A gendered lens on COVID-19 employment and social policies in Europe. In: European Societies, Jg. 23, H. sup1, S. S215-S227. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2020.1822538
Abstract
"The COVID-19 outbreak and resultant economic crisis has led to governments in Europe taking extraordinary action to support citizens. Bodies such as the International Labour Organisation (ILO) recommend such measures should include targeted support for the most affected population groups. Women form one of these groups, with disproportionate impacts on their employment and economic resources already documented. Although the disruption brought about by the COVID-19 crisis has the potential to reshape gender relations for everyone’s benefit, there are concerns that the crisis will exacerbate underlying gender inequalities. Though these impacts are likely to be felt globally, public policy has the potential to mitigate them and to ensure a gender-sensitive recovery from the crisis. This paper introduces a gendered lens on the employment and social policies European countries have established since the crisis, with a brief comparative analysis of short-time working schemes in four countries – Germany, Italy, Norway, and the UK. Ongoing research seeks to extend the comparative, gendered analysis of the design, access and impacts of COVID-19 employment and social policies across Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Auswirkungen auf Wirtschaft, Arbeitsmarkt und Soziales in Deutschland
- Wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und Maßnahmen
- Exit-Strategien zur Beendigung des Lockdowns
- Kurzarbeit - Regelungen und Inanspruchnahme während der Pandemie
- Homeoffice/mobiles Arbeiten
- Auswirkungen auf Betriebe
- Beschäftigung, Arbeitslosigkeit und Grundsicherung nach SGB II
- Einkommenseffekte
- Einzelne Berufe und Branchen
- Berufsausbildung/Lehrstellenmarkt
- Zukunftsszenarien: Wird die Wirtschaft nach Corona nachhaltiger?
- Soziale und gesundheitliche Aspekte
- Corona und Care
- Weiterbildung
- Konjunkturpaket zur Förderung der Wirtschaft
- Personengruppen
- Regionale Aspekte
- Internationale Arbeitsmärkte / Auswirkungen der Globalisierung
- Bundesländer