Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Das Themendossier "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
-
Literaturhinweis
Challenging the rhetoric of choice in maternal labour-force participation: preferred versus contracted work hours (2006)
McDonald, Paula K.; Bradley, Lisa M.; Guthrie, Diane;Zitatform
McDonald, Paula K., Lisa M. Bradley & Diane Guthrie (2006): Challenging the rhetoric of choice in maternal labour-force participation. Preferred versus contracted work hours. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 13, H. 5, S. 470-491. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2006.00318.x
Abstract
"The notion of choice in maternal labour-force participation (LFP) is a contentious one, with assertions that LFP is a direct result of either personal inclinations, such as employment commitment or external factors, such as historically available opportunities. This article suggests an alternative framework for understanding and testing choice in LFP using preferred versus contracted work hours. It explores these constructs quantitatively in a group of working mothers (N = 275) with dependent children and investigates qualitatively the underlying reasons for discrepant preferred versus contracted work hours in a sub-sample of these women with under-school-aged children (N = 20). The results show that nearly two-thirds of women working full time would prefer to work part time and the major reasons for not acting on their preferences is because of the nature of the job and the lack of career opportunities available for part-time employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Connecting time and space: the significance of transformations in women's work in the city (2006)
Zitatform
McDowell, Linda, Kevin Ward, Colette Fagan, Diane Perrons & Kath Ray (2006): Connecting time and space. The significance of transformations in women's work in the city. In: International journal of urban and regional research, Jg. 30, H. 1, S. 141-158.
Abstract
"Growing numbers of women with children living in western cities are entering the labour market, raising new questions about changes in the allocation of the tasks of social reproduction between household members and others and about the effects of the increasing time women now spend in the workplace. As Manuel Castells noted over 25 years ago, women's unpaid labour has long been essential, not only in the domestic arena, but also in patching together facilities separated in space. The spatial layout of cities, with its specialized and segregated land-uses, only works, he argued, if women's unpaid labour is available to connect urban locations. But many women now spend many more hours in the labour market, replacing their former domestic labour with a range of commodified goods and services as well as by help from a range of related or unrelated others, sometimes but not always remunerated and/or by state-provided or supported services. This article examines the consequences of the growth of women's employment in Britain and the concomitant decline of the old breadwinner family, the growth of workfare policies that assume all individuals are available for waged work and the rise of commodified caring. The arguments are illustrated by empirical examples from interviews undertaken with middle-class mothers in waged work in London and Manchester in the UK." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Male-female earnings differentials among lawyers in Britain: a legacy of the law or a current practice? (2006)
Zitatform
McNabb, Robert & Viktoria Wass (2006): Male-female earnings differentials among lawyers in Britain. A legacy of the law or a current practice? In: Labour economics, Jg. 13, H. 2, S. 219-235. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2004.10.001
Abstract
"On average, female solicitors earn only 56 per cent as much as men. An historical underrepresentation of women in the profession, differences in preferences and discrimination are the most frequently quoted explanations. The data cover private practice solicitors in Britain and are unusual in two respects: hours of work are distinguished by whether or not they are billed to clients and periods of parental leave are recorded. We find that a significant part of the pay-gap is due to women's limited access to partnership status and lower earnings growth once promoted. Fewer hours worked and billed and lower postqualification experience are also important. The results presented are consistent with labour market models that emphasise end-load compensation incentive systems where the extent to which compensation is deferred is greater for women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Welfare reform, work requirements, and employment barriers (2006)
Zitatform
Meara, Ellen & Richard Frank (2006): Welfare reform, work requirements, and employment barriers. (NBER working paper 12480), Cambridge, Mass., 43 S. DOI:10.3386/w12480
Abstract
"The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act imposed work requirements on welfare recipients. Using 1999-2001 data from Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio, we compared the labor market and welfare experience of women with four employment barriers: poor mental health, moderate to heavy drug and alcohol use, a child with a behavior problem, and a child under the age of 3. Women with poor mental health and drug and alcohol users were much less likely to move into work than other groups, and more likely to be sanctioned for noncompliance with welfare requirements in 2000-2001 as federal work participation requirements increased." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Labor supply and the demand for child care: an intertemporal approach (2006)
Zitatform
Minagawa, Junichi & Thorsten Upmann (2006): Labor supply and the demand for child care. An intertemporal approach. (CESifo working paper 1819), München, 34 S.
Abstract
"In this paper, we present a model of a one parent-one child household where parental decisions on labor supply, leisure, and the demand for private and public child care are simultaneously endogenized and intertemporally determined. We characterize the path of the optimal decisions and investigate the impact of various public child care fees and of the quality of public child care services on the parent's time allocation and the child's performance level. Our results show that different public child care policies may induce substantially diverging effects, and reveal that each policy frequently faces a trade off between an encouragement of labor supply and an enhancement of the child's performance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Trends in labor force participation in the United States (2006)
Mosisa, Abraham; Hipple, Steven;Zitatform
Mosisa, Abraham & Steven Hipple (2006): Trends in labor force participation in the United States. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 129, H. 10, S. 35-57.
Abstract
"After a long-term increase, the overall labor force participation rate has declined in recent years. Although there was a sharp rise in participation among individuals aged 55 years and older, this increase did not offset declines in the participation rates of younger persons. Using labor force estimates from the Current Population Survey (CPS), this article analyzes historical trends in labor force participation, focusing primarily on recent trends. The analysis highlights changes in labor force participation among various demographic groups, discusses possible reasons for those changes, and explains how the changes affected the overall participation rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Modes of entrance by gender and wage differential in the French labour market (2006)
Moulin, Stephane;Zitatform
Moulin, Stephane (2006): Modes of entrance by gender and wage differential in the French labour market. In: Labour, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. 581-599. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2006.00354.x
Abstract
"This paper explores the gender wage differential after the exit from school in France. Using survey longitudinal data on young men and women leaving the French school system in 1998, we show that the residual entrance-level wage differential by gender may be explained by the expected gender differential of access to job opportunities. A hierarchical classification is used to estimate the probability to obtain easy access to non-subsidized jobs. After control for hours worked and hierarchical levels, and for the predicted values of this previous estimation, we find no significant impact of gender on entrance-level wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Kontinuität trotz Wandel: die Bedeutung traditioneller Familienleitbilder für die Berufsverläufe von Müttern und Vätern (2006)
Zitatform
Mühling, Tanja, Harald Rost, Marina Rupp & Florian Schulz (2006): Kontinuität trotz Wandel. Die Bedeutung traditioneller Familienleitbilder für die Berufsverläufe von Müttern und Vätern. (Juventa Materialien), Weinheim u.a.: Juventa Verlag, 160 S.
Abstract
"Individuell zufrieden stellende Lösungen zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf schaffen entspannte Eltern und zufriedene Arbeitnehmer, so die These. Staat und Wirtschaft versuchen deshalb, durch zielgerichtete Förderprogramme die Problematik der Vereinbarkeit von Kind und Beruf aufzugreifen. Doch die Aufteilung von Erwerbstätigkeit, Kinderbetreuung und -erziehung und Hausarbeit zwischen Mutter und Vater hängt nicht nur von staatlichen Transferleistungen, den äußeren Bedingungen der Arbeitswelt und den Kinderbetreuungsmöglichkeiten ab. Entscheidend sind auch die Werthaltungen, Familienbilder und Rollenkonzepte, die Eltern internalisiert haben. Der Band untersucht die Zusammenhänge von gesellschaftlichen Normen, Familienleitbildern und den Berufsverläufen von Müttern und Vätern. Anhand empirischer Studien werden die Berufsbiographien nach dem Übergang zur Elternschaft aufgezeigt. Dabei wird sichtbar, dass eine Abkehr von der traditionellen Rollenstruktur nur sehr langsam erfolgt und die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf nach wie vor ein Problem ist, das sich überwiegend Müttern stellt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Type of education and the gender wage gap (2006)
Napari, Sami;Zitatform
Napari, Sami (2006): Type of education and the gender wage gap. (Helsinki Center of Economic Research. Discussion paper 128), Helsinki, 43 S.
Abstract
"This paper investigates the role of university majors in explaining the gender wage gap. Using data from the Confederation of Finnish Industries, significant gender differences in majors among whitecollars are found. These differences in education account for 36.8 % of the gender wage gap among young whitecollars with a bachelor level degree after controlling for age, year, gender, region, industry and firm size. The corresponding number for young whitecollars with a master level degree is 30.4 %. There are no considerable differences in the effects of majors between new entrants and whitecollars having more work experience. Furthermore, similarity of results between OLS and fixed effects estimations implies that the effect of university majors is unlikely to reflect unobserved heterogeneity. Finally, women's gains from equalizing educational distributions do not depend in significant way on the price structures used. In conclusion, the findings in this paper strongly support the idea that steering women toward maledominated majors would significantly reduce the observed gender inequality in wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Essays on unemployment duration and programme evaluation (2006)
Zitatform
Nivorozhkin, Anton (2006): Essays on unemployment duration and programme evaluation. (Göteborg University, Department of Economics. Economic studies 149), Göteborg: Göteborg University, Getr. Sz.
Abstract
"The process of labour market transformation in the 1990s attracted a lot of attention from economists and policy makers. Unprecedented changes, like rapid reforms in Central and Eastern Europe and later the expansion of the European Union, require a deeper understanding of current labour-market trends. This dissertation provides three essays focusing on the impact of the active labour market programmes and the determinants of unemployment duration in the second half of the 1990s in Russia and Sweden. The first two chapters of my dissertation provide a foundation for a policy analysis of issues related to unemployment duration and for an evaluation of the effect of training programmes offered by the state to unemployed individuals in urban Russia. Paper 1 investigates the impact of training programmes on wages of individuals. Using data from the official unemployment register combined with the information from the follow-up survey, I use the method of 'propensity-score matching' to evaluate the effect of training programmes. The result suggests that participants of training programmes receive higher wages after deregistering from the employment office. The paper identifies important gender differences; the effect of training was smaller for females. Paper 2 examines the determinants of unemployment duration of individuals registered as unemployed. The results of a piece-wise constant proportional hazard model imply that the hazard of finding a job is non-monotonic and tends to decrease with time spent in unemployment. An important finding is that only 29% of the unemployed obtained a job simultaneously with deregistering from the Public Employment Office (PEO). Others continued to search for job on their own. I find that the intensity of the job search increases after individuals leave the public employment office. The final chapter of the thesis, Paper 3, addresses the question of whether the possibility of exit from unemployment to the previous employer affects the duration of unemployment spells in Sweden. The empirical analysis is performed using an employee-employer dataset that includes a number of enterprise characteristics and provides information on individual tenure. The econometric approach employs estimation of a competing risk duration model to distinguish between exits to the previous employer and exits to a new job. The findings suggest that greater tenure raises the risks of transitions to the previous employer, while high education levels increase the risk of obtaining a new job. Moreover, the impact of benefit exhaustion is observed only for transitions to new employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Framing comparisons: gendering perspectives on cross-national comparative research on work and welfare (2006)
O'Reilly, Jacqueline;Zitatform
O'Reilly, Jacqueline (2006): Framing comparisons. Gendering perspectives on cross-national comparative research on work and welfare. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. 731-750. DOI:10.1177/0950017006069812
Abstract
"This article critically reviews a range of analytical frameworks used in cross-national comparative employment and welfare state research. The approaches examined include the societal effect, varieties of capitalism, welfare state regimes and benchmarking approaches, and their feminist critiques.The article concludes by assessing the critical merits and implicit assumptions of using such frameworks to examine the differential impact of work and welfare for men and women in different societies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Unequal pay or unequal employment?: a cross-country analysis of gender gaps (2006)
Olivetti, Claudia; Petrongolo, Barbara;Zitatform
Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2006): Unequal pay or unequal employment? A cross-country analysis of gender gaps. (IZA discussion paper 1941), Bonn, 48 S.
Abstract
"Gender wage and employment gaps are negatively correlated across countries. We argue that non-random selection of women into work explains an important part of such correlation and thus of the observed variation in wage gaps. The idea is that, if women who are employed tend to have relatively high-wage characteristics, low female employment rates may become consistent with low gender wage gaps simply because low-wage women would not feature in the observed wage distribution. We explore this idea across the US and EU by estimating gender gaps in potential wages. We recover information on wages for those not in work in a given year using alternative imputation techniques. Imputation is based on (i) wage observations from other waves in the sample, (ii) observable characteristics of the nonemployed and (iii) a statistical repeated-sampling model. We then estimate median wage gaps on the resulting imputed wage distributions, thus simply requiring assumptions on the position of the imputed wage observations with respect to the median, but not on their level. We obtain higher median wage gaps on imputed rather than actual wage distributions for most countries in the sample. However, this difference is small in the US, the UK and most central and northern EU countries, and becomes sizeable in Ireland, France and southern EU, all countries in which gender employment gaps are high. In particular, correction for employment selection explains more than a half of the observed correlation between wage and employment gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Unequal pay or unequal employment?: a cross-country analysis of gender gaps (2006)
Olivetti, Claudia; Petrongolo, Barbara;Zitatform
Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2006): Unequal pay or unequal employment? A cross-country analysis of gender gaps. (CEPR discussion paper 5506), Boston, 46 S.
Abstract
"Gender wage and employment gaps are negatively correlated across countries. We argue that non-random selection of women into work explains an important part of such correlation and thus of the observed variation in wage gaps. The idea is that, if women who are employed tend to have relatively high-wage characteristics, low female employment rates may become consistent with low gender wage gaps simply because low-wage women would not feature in the observed wage distribution. We explore this idea across the US and EU countries estimating gender gaps in potential wages. We recover information on wages for those not in work in a given year using alternative imputation techniques. Imputation is based on (i) wage observations from other waves in the sample, (ii) observable characteristics of the nonemployed and (iii) a statistical repeated-sampling model. We then estimate median wage gaps on the resulting imputed wage distributions, thus simply requiring assumptions on the position of the imputed wage observations with respect to the median, but not on their level. We obtain higher median wage gaps on imputed rather than actual wage distributions for most countries in the sample. However, this di┐erence is small in the US, the UK and most central and northern EU countries, and becomes sizeable in Ireland, France and southern EU, all countries in which gender employment gaps are high. In particular, correction for employment selection explains more than a half of the observed correlation between wage and employment gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender differences in transitions from unemployment: micro evidence from Finland (2006)
Ollikainen, Virve;Zitatform
Ollikainen, Virve (2006): Gender differences in transitions from unemployment. Micro evidence from Finland. In: Labour, Jg. 20, H. 1, S. 159-198. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2006.00337.x
Abstract
"This paper examines gender differences in labour market transitions in Finland. The empirical analysis carried out using multinomial logit model is based on a 1996 sample of unemployed people. The results indicate that female labour market position is inferior to male and that female labour market outcomes are more responsive to family-related background characteristics. Previous unemployment is observed to be particularly scarring on male labour market position. According to the results education improves female labour market position significantly. Higher education diminishes gender differences in the labour market and is therefore a particularly equalizing factor." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Die Institutionalisierung der Geschlechterdifferenz: wie die Berufsberatung der Bundesagentur den Gleichstellungsauftrag untergräbt (2006)
Ostendorf, Helga;Zitatform
Ostendorf, Helga (2006): Die Institutionalisierung der Geschlechterdifferenz. Wie die Berufsberatung der Bundesagentur den Gleichstellungsauftrag untergräbt. In: Zeitschrift für Frauenforschung und Geschlechterstudien, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 3-22.
Abstract
Die Arbeit untersucht das Handeln der Berufsberatung der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA) aus der Perspektive der politikwissenschaftlichen Institutionenforschung. Neben der Darstellung berufsberaterischer Einflussnahme soll der Aufsatz den Erklärungsgehalt einer Vorgehensweise verdeutlichen, die in der Frauenforschung bislang nur selten angewendet wird. Die Berufsberatung der BA hat die Aufgabe der politischen Steuerung. Sie hat dazu beizutragen, 'dass ein hoher Beschäftigungsgrad erreicht und die Beschäftigtenstruktur ständig verbessert wird.' Dabei hat sie 'die Gleichstellung von Männern und Frauen als durchgängiges Ziel zu verfolgen' bzw. 'dazu beizutragen, dass (...) der geschlechtsspezifische Ausbildungsstellen- und Arbeitsmarkt überwunden wird.' Die Ergebnisse der vorgestellten empirischen Untersuchung besagen jedoch, dass die Berufsberatung die Geschlechtersegmentation verstärkt. Da Erwerbsverläufe entscheidend vom erlernten Erstberuf geprägt werden, verursacht sie so die unzureichenden Arbeitsmarkt- und Verdienstchancen vieler Frauen mit. Zunächst wird der theoretische Rahmen der Studie erläutert, anschließend werden die empirischen Befunde erläutert und abschließend die für eine mädchengerechtere Berufsberatung notwendigen Veränderungen herausgearbeitet. Diese betreffen 1.) Die Entrümpelung der Handlungsabläufe und Arbeitsmaterialien vom Leitbild der Geschlechterdifferenz, 2.) die Aktualisierung des Wissens der Beratungsfachkräfte und vermehrte Berufsforschung und 3.) eine fachlich fundierte politische Kontrolle der Berufsberatung. (IAB)
-
Literaturhinweis
Earnings inequality and market work in husband-wife families (2006)
Pencavel, John;Zitatform
Pencavel, John (2006): Earnings inequality and market work in husband-wife families. (IZA discussion paper 2235), Bonn, 54 S.
Abstract
"Constructing pseudo-panel data from successive Current Population Surveys, this paper analyzes earnings inequality in husband and wife families over the life cycle and over time. Particular attention is devoted to the role of labor supply in influencing measures of earnings inequality. Compact and accurate descriptions of earnings inequality are derived that facilitate the analysis of the effect of the changing market employment of wives on earnings inequality. The growing propensity of married women to work for pay has mitigated the increase in family earnings inequality. Alternative measures of earnings inequality covering people with different degrees of attachment to the labor market are constructed. Inferences about the extent and changes in earnings inequality are sensitive to alternative labor supply definitions especially in the case of wives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
A life cycle perspective on changes in earnings inequality among married men and women (2006)
Pencavel, John;Zitatform
Pencavel, John (2006): A life cycle perspective on changes in earnings inequality among married men and women. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 88, H. 2, S. 232-242.
Abstract
"The connection between changes in earnings inequality of individuals and changes in family earnings involves several links: the movements in the employment of different family members, the association between changes in husbands' and in wives' earnings, and patterns of assortative mating. A decomposition of the logarithm of the coefficient of variation in family earnings identifies these links. The data on the dispersion of family earnings are organized not simply over time, but also by age. The growth in wives' relative employment and earnings has partly offset the effects on family earnings inequality of the increase in husbands' earnings inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Atypische Beschäftigung - Frauensache?: Formen, Verbreitung, Bestimmungsfaktoren flexibler Arbeit (2006)
Zitatform
Pernicka, Susanne & Bettina Stadler (2006): Atypische Beschäftigung - Frauensache? Formen, Verbreitung, Bestimmungsfaktoren flexibler Arbeit. In: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 31, H. 3, S. 3-21.
Abstract
"In dem Aufsatz fragen wir nach objektiven und subjektiven Erklärungsfaktoren für den hohen Anteil von Frauen in jenen Wirtschaftssektoren, in denen atypische Beschäftigung dominiert, und gelangen dabei teils zu erwartbaren und teils zu kontraintuitiven Ergebnissen: Frauen arbeiten zu einem großen Anteil Teilzeit und geringfügig und konzentrieren sich in jenen Wirtschaftssektoren, die für ein hohes physisches und psychisches Anspruchsniveau, niedrige Löhne und wenig Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten bekannt sind (z. B. Handel, Gesundheits- und soziale Berufe, persönliche Dienste). Zudem sind Frauen mit Kindern und ohne Kinder häufiger als Männer atypisch beschäftigt, sodass die Vermutung nahe liegt, dass nicht nur das Vorhandensein von Kindern Frauen in atypische Beschäftigung drängt, sondern das Geschlecht per se ebenfalls eine Erklärungswirkung für die Atypisierung aufweist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
The gender pay gap: Origins and policy responses: a comparative review of thirty European countries. The co-ordinators' synthesis report prepared for the Equality Unit, European Commission. Final report (2006)
Zitatform
Plantenga, Janneke & Chantal Remery (2006): The gender pay gap: Origins and policy responses. A comparative review of thirty European countries. The co-ordinators' synthesis report prepared for the Equality Unit, European Commission. Final report. Brüssel, 60 S.
Abstract
"Reducing the gender pay gap is an important topic on the European political agenda. Since 1999 it has been part of the European Employment Strategy and policy efforts have intensified over the years. In 2003 member states were called on to formulate targets in this respect in order 'to achieve by 2010 a substantial reduction in the gender pay gap in each Member State through a multi-faceted approach addressing the underlying factors of the gender pay gap including sectoral and occupational segregation, education and training, job classifications and pay systems, awareness raising and transparency'. This report addresses the gender pay gap. Data will be provided on the extent and the development of the gender pay gap for 25 EU member states. In addition, the report contains information from three EEA countries, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and two candidate countries, Bulgaria and Romania. In particular the report focuses on how public policies try to reduce wage differences between women and men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Work-life balance and industrial relations in Italy (2006)
Ponzellini, Anna M.;Zitatform
Ponzellini, Anna M. (2006): Work-life balance and industrial relations in Italy. In: European Societies, Jg. 8, H. 2, S. 273-294. DOI:10.1080/14616690600645043
Abstract
"This article examines the work-life balance system in Italy, with particular regard to the role played by extra-statutory arrangements and provision - extra leave, benefits and allowances for parents provided by employers, in-company creches, family-friendly working hours, etc. - originated from collective bargaining and industrial relations at company-level. The Italian pattern of welfare state and women's employment is characterised by weak state support, a relevant role of intergenerational solidarity, one of the lowest fertility rates and still low women's activity rates. As for human resource management and industrial relations' contribution to work-life balance, empirical evidence shows that a certain number of extra-statutory arrangements and provision has been implemented at company level. Though, they are not enough to fill the gap with countries where state social protection is higher. The articles argue that industrial relations may play an important role in fostering a better work-life balance, on condition that a priority is given to decentralised collective bargaining and new 'territorial pacts' involving a wider range of social actors - not only unions and the companies, but also families, local governments, caregivers and the cared-for. Particularly for unions, this could be a possible response to unionisation decline." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug