Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Das Themendossier "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Determinants of child care participation (2007)
Coneus, Katja; Goeggel, Kathrin; Muehler, Grit;Zitatform
Coneus, Katja, Kathrin Goeggel & Grit Muehler (2007): Determinants of child care participation. (ZEW discussion paper 2007-074), Mannheim, 21 S.
Abstract
"When estimating the determinants of child care participation, the simultaneity in mothers' decision to work and in the decision to use child care is a major challenge. In this study, we provide evidence on the determinants of institutional child care use accounting for the endogeneity of mothers' labor supply by applying an instrumental variables approach. This endogeneity has been neglected in studies on this issue so far, even though the decision to use child care outside the home is strongly connected to mothers' decision to work after childbirth and vice versa. Based on the German Socio-economic Panel (GSOEP) from 1989-2006 we show that children living in Western Germany have a higher probability to attend institutional care if their mothers increase their actual weekly working time. Estimating the determining factors of child care participation without correcting for simultaneity underestimates the influence of maternal working time by more than a half." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Part-time employment can be a life-time setback for earnings: a study of British women 1975-2001 (2007)
Zitatform
Connolly, Sara & Mary Gregory (2007): Part-time employment can be a life-time setback for earnings. A study of British women 1975-2001. (IZA discussion paper 3101), Bonn, 30 S.
Abstract
"Two particular features of the position of women in the British labour market are the extensive role of part-time work and the large part-time pay penalty. Part-time work features most prominently when women are in their 30s, the peak childcare years and, particularly for more educated women, a crucial period for career building. This makes it essential to understand its impact on women's subsequent earnings trajectories. We find that the wage return to part-time experience is low - negligible in lower skill occupations. Even more important channels contributing to the pay disadvantage of women working part-time are job changing, particularly when this involves occupational downgrading. Downgrading can lead to a permanent pay disadvantage for women following a spell in part-time work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Getting a job: is there a motherhood penalty? (2007)
Zitatform
Correll, Shelley J., Stephen Benard & In Paik (2007): Getting a job. Is there a motherhood penalty? In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 112, H. 5, S. 1297-1338.
Abstract
"Survey research finds that mothers suffer a substantial wage penalty, although the causal mechanism producing it remains elusive. The authors employed a laboratory experiment to evaluate the hypothesis that status-based discrimination plays an important role and an audit study of actual employers to assess its real-world implications. In both studies, participants evaluated application materials for a pair of same-gender equally qualified job candidates who differed on parental status. The laboratory experiment found that mothers were penalized on a host of measures, including perceived competence and recommended starting salary. Men were not penalized for, and sometimes benefited from, being a parent. The audit study showed that actual employers discriminate against mothers, but not against fathers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor force status of families: a visual essay (2007)
Cromartie, Stella Potter;Zitatform
Cromartie, Stella Potter (2007): Labor force status of families. A visual essay. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 130, H. 7/8, S. 35-41.
Abstract
"This visual essay presents highlights of data on employment and unemployment within families. Over time, work patterns within families have changed dramatically, particularly as women - notably married women and mothers - have entered the labor force. Labor force patterns vary by family type and by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. The estimates in this visual essay are based on data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national sample survey of about 60,000 households conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Effects of job features on domestic outsourcing as a strategy for combining paid and domestic work (2007)
Zitatform
De Ruijter, Esther & Tanja van der Lippe (2007): Effects of job features on domestic outsourcing as a strategy for combining paid and domestic work. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 34, H. 2, S. 205-230. DOI:10.1177/0730888406296510
Abstract
"This article examines the influence of job features on domestic outsourcing. The central hypothesis is that households use outsourcing more often if the partners are less available for domestic chores and caregiving because of job demands. Analyses of data on 795 Dutch couples show that if they work longer hours, there is more of a demand for the outsourcing of female tasks. Flexible availability resulting from autonomy and working at home facilitates the use of outsourcing alternatives. Working at home by women reduces the amount of formal child care; however, for men it increases the outsourcing of child care." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Tipping the balance: the problematic nature of work-life balance in a low-income neighbourhood (2007)
Zitatform
Dean, Hartley (2007): Tipping the balance: the problematic nature of work-life balance in a low-income neighbourhood. In: Journal of social policy, Jg. 36, H. 4, S. 519-537. DOI:10.1017/S004727940700116X
Abstract
"The article attempts to locate the contested notion of work-life balance within the context of global trends and recent policy developments. It describes a small-scale qualitative study of work-life balance as it is experienced within a low-income neighbourhood in the UK. The study findings are used to inform reflections on the powerlessness experienced by many working parents seeking to accommodate family life with paid employment; and on the nature of the calculative responsibilities that are imposed upon working parents by recent shifts in social and labour market policy. It is contended that policy makers should tip the balance of the work-life equation from the current preoccupation with business interests in favour of wider social responsibility concerns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Why are mothers working longer hours in Austria than in Germany?: a comparative micro simulation analysis (2007)
Zitatform
Dearing, Helene, Helmut Hofer, Christine Lietz, Rudolf Winter-Ebmer & Katharina Wrohlich (2007): Why are mothers working longer hours in Austria than in Germany? A comparative micro simulation analysis. (IZA discussion paper 2845), Bonn, 30 S.
Abstract
"Labor force participation rates of mothers in Austria and Germany are similar, however full-time employment rates are much higher among Austrian mothers. In order to find out to what extent these differences can be attributed to differences in the tax transfer-system, we perform a comparative micro simulation exercise. After estimating structural labor supply models of both countries, we interchange two important institutional characteristics of the two countries, namely (i) the definition of the tax unit within the personal income tax and (ii) the parental leave benefit scheme. As our analysis shows, differences in mothers' employment patterns can partly be explained by the different tax systems: While Germany has a system of joint taxation with income splitting for married couples, Austria taxes everyone individually, which leads to lower marginal tax rates for secondary earners than the German system." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: DIW-Diskussionspapiere , 695 -
Literaturhinweis
Why Are Mothers Working Longer Hours in Austria than in Germany? A Comparative Microsimulation Analysis (2007)
Zitatform
Dearing, Helene, Helmut Hofer, Christine Lietz, Rudolf Winter-Ebmer & Katharina Wrohlich (2007): Why Are Mothers Working Longer Hours in Austria than in Germany? A Comparative Microsimulation Analysis. In: Fiscal Studies, Jg. 28, H. 4, S. 463-495. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-5890.2007.00064.x
Abstract
"Labour force participation rates of mothers in Austria and Germany are similar; however, full-time employment rates are much higher among Austrian mothers. In order to find out to what extent these differences can be attributed to differences in the tax-transfer system, we perform a comparative microsimulation exercise. After estimating structural labour supply models for both countries, we interchange two important institutional characteristics of the two countries - namely, (i) the definition of the tax unit within the personal income tax and (ii) the parental leave benefit scheme. As our analysis shows, differences in mothers’employment patterns can partly be explained by the different tax systems: while Germany has a system of joint taxation with income splitting for married couples, Austria taxes everyone individually, which leads to lower marginal tax rates for secondary earners than in the German system." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Regional earnings inequality in Great Britain: evidence from quantile regressions (2007)
Zitatform
Dickey, Heather (2007): Regional earnings inequality in Great Britain. Evidence from quantile regressions. In: Journal of regional science, Jg. 47, H. 4, S. 775-806.
Abstract
"The increase in national earnings inequality in Great Britain over the last two decades has predominantly been a result of increasing earnings inequality within the regions of Great Britain, and not rising inequality between regions. However, there is a severe lack of empirical research exploring the evolution of earnings inequality within regions. This paper investigates the causes of rising within-region inequality in Great Britain. It examines the changes that have taken place between 1976 and 1995, and regional quantile regressions are estimated to reveal those factors that have contributed to the rise in within-region inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor market participation in France: an asymptotic least squares analysis of couples' decisions (2007)
Zitatform
Duguet, Emmanuel & Veronique Simonnet (2007): Labor market participation in France. An asymptotic least squares analysis of couples' decisions. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 5, H. 2, S. 159-179. DOI:10.1007/s11150-007-9008-z
Abstract
"This paper examines the interactions between spouses' decisions to join the labor force. We use the asymptotic least squares method in order to estimate a system of equations with limited dependent variables. We find that when spouse's decision-making is modelled as simultaneous, this affects primarily the man's participation equation who appears to be positively influenced by whether the woman works or not, by the number of children and by the birth of a child. The woman's decision to participate is not affected by whether the man participates or not and depends negatively of the number of children and the birth of a child. This implies that there is a female leadership in decisions to participate in the labor market and that the added-worker effect should be reinterpreted as a function of demography rather than unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of child and maternal health indicators on female labor force participation after childbirth: evidence for Germany (2007)
Zitatform
Dunkelberg, Annalena & C. Katharina Spieß (2007): The impact of child and maternal health indicators on female labor force participation after childbirth. Evidence for Germany. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 686), Berlin, 27 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyzes the influence of children's health and mothers' physical and mental wellbeing on female labor force participation after childbirth in Germany. Our analysis uses data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) study, which enables us to measure children's health based on the occurrence of severe health problems including mental and physical disabilities, hospitalizations, and preterm births. Since child health is measured at a very young age, we can rule out any of the reverse effects of maternal employment on child health identified in US studies. Within a two-year time period, we investigate the influence of these indicators on various aspects of female labor force participation after childbirth, including continuous labor force participation in the year of childbirth and the transition to employment in the year following childbirth. Since the majority of women in Germany do not go back to work within a year after childbirth, we also investigate their intention to return to work, and the preferred number of working hours. We find that the child's severe health problems have a significant negative effect on the mothers' labor force participation and a significant positive effect on her preferred number of working hours, but that hospitalizations or preterm births have no significant effect. For the mothers' own health, we find a significant negative effect of poor mental and physical wellbeing on female labor force participation within a year of childbirth. To our knowledge, this is the first empirical study of this kind on data outside the US." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
International differences in the family gap in pay: the role of labor market institutions (2007)
Dupuy, Arnaud; Fernandez-Kranz, Daniel;Zitatform
Dupuy, Arnaud & Daniel Fernandez-Kranz (2007): International differences in the family gap in pay. The role of labor market institutions. (IZA discussion paper 2719), Bonn, 38 S.
Abstract
"Using microdata for 35 countries over the period 1985-1994-2002 we find that labor market institutions traditionally associated to more compressed wage structures are associated to a higher family gap. Our results indicate that these policies reduce the price effect of having children but aggravate the human capital loss due to motherhood. We also find evidence that policies that help women continue in the same job after childbirth decrease the family gap. Of all the countries we study, mothers in Southern Europe suffer the biggest family gap and our analysis indicates that this is due to the bad combination of labor market policies in these countries. Our results are robust to specification changes and indicate that the main reason mothers lag behind other women in terms of earnings is the loss of accumulated job market experience caused by career breaks around childbirth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf im internationalen Vergleich: zwischen Paradigma und Praxis (2007)
Eichhorst, Werner; Thode, Eric; Kaiser, Lutz C.; Tobsch, Verena;Zitatform
Eichhorst, Werner, Lutz C. Kaiser, Eric Thode & Verena Tobsch (2007): Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf im internationalen Vergleich. Zwischen Paradigma und Praxis. Gütersloh: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, 132 S.
Abstract
"Bei der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen liegt Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich weit zurück - aber nicht, weil Frauen hierzulande nicht arbeiten gehen wollen. Im Gegenteil: Gerade junge Eltern wünschen sich eine Berufstätigkeit für die Mutter, vom Teilzeitjob bis zur vollen Stelle. Doch die gesellschaftspolitischen Rahmenbedingungen sind dafür bislang wenig günstig. Was muss sich ändern, damit Frauen berufliche Entwicklung und Kindererziehung miteinander in Einklang bringen können? Die Autorinnen und Autoren dieses Buches beleuchten familienpolitische Instrumente, sozial- und arbeitsmarktpolitische Regelungen sowie die Möglichkeiten, die Krippen, Kindergärten und Schulen für die Kinderbetreuung bieten. Einbezogen werden Beispiele aus dem Ausland, die wichtige Denkanstöße für die deutsche Debatte geben können. Hier geht es nicht nur um Chancengleichheit für Frauen. Erst wenn ihr Arbeitskräftepotenzial mobilisiert wird, kann es gelingen, die Engpässe auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, die der demographische Wandel mit sich bringt, zu begrenzen. Die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf wird so zu einer zentralen Aufgabe der Beschäftigungspolitik." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Hier finden Sie eine Zusammenfassung. -
Literaturhinweis
Persistence of occupational segregation: the role of the intergenerational transmission of preferences (2007)
Escriche, Luisa;Zitatform
Escriche, Luisa (2007): Persistence of occupational segregation. The role of the intergenerational transmission of preferences. In: The economic journal, Jg. 117, H. 520, S. 837-857. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2007.02052.x
Abstract
"This article provides an explanation of the evolution and persistence of the women's segregation in jobs with less on-the-job training opportunities within the framework of an overlapping generations model with intergenerational transmission of preferences. 'Job-priority' and 'family-priority' preferences are considered. Firms' policy and the distribution of women's preferences are endogenously and simultaneously determined in the long run. The results show though the gender gap in training will diminish, it will also persist over time. This is because both types of women's preferences coexist at the steady state due to the socialisation effort of parents to preserve their own cultural values." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Patterns of work across the OECD (2007)
Zitatform
Faggio, Giulia & Stephen Nickell (2007): Patterns of work across the OECD. In: The economic journal, Jg. 119, H. 521, S. F416-F440. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2007.02062.x
Abstract
"Market work per person of working age differs widely across the OECD countries and there have been some significant changes in the last forty years. How to explain this pattern? Taxes are part of the story but much remains to be explained. The story favoured by Alesina et al. (2005) is that the nexus of strong unions, generous welfare and social democracy implies both high taxes and pressure in favour of work-sharing in response to adverse shocks. This is not borne out in Scandinavian countries. Scandinavian trade unions have understood that wage restraint rather than work-sharing is the way to sustain employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment and fertility choice: a differential game approach (2007)
Zitatform
Faria, Joao Ricardo & Le Wang (2007): Employment and fertility choice. A differential game approach. In: Economics Bulletin, Jg. 10, H. 9, S. 1-10.
Abstract
"For OECD countries there is an intriguing variety of combinations between total fertility rate (TFR) and female labor force participation rate (FPR) suggesting the existence of multiple equilibria. This paper provides a differential game framework where the employment choices by husband and wife affect a family's fertility. The model has multiple open-loop equilibria characterized by different combinations of FPR and TFR that are consistent with the empirical cross-country evidence. The dynamic trajectory from one equilibrium point to another also sheds lights on possible demographic transition of individual countries as displayed in their time series data. The model stresses that the husband's employment decisions are as important as wife's in determining family size." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Culture as learning: the evolution of female labor force participation over a century (2007)
Fernandez, Raquel;Zitatform
Fernandez, Raquel (2007): Culture as learning. The evolution of female labor force participation over a century. (NBER working paper 13373), Cambridge, Mass., 38 S. DOI:10.3386/w13373
Abstract
"Married women's labor force participation has increased dramatically over the last century. Why this has occurred has been the subject of much debate. This paper investigates the role of culture as learning in this change. To do so, it develops a dynamic model of culture in which individuals hold heterogeneous beliefs regarding the relative long-run payoffs for women who work in the market versus the home. These beliefs evolve rationally via an intergenerational learning process. Women are assumed to learn about the long-term payoffs of working by observing (noisy) private and public signals. They then make a work decision. This process generically generates an S-shaped figure for female labor force participation, which is what is found in the data. The S shape results from the dynamics of learning. I calibrate the model to several key statistics and show that it does a good job in replicating the quantitative evolution of female LFP in the US over the last 120 years. The model highlights a new dynamic role for changes in wages via their effect on intergenerational learning. The calibration shows that this role was quantitatively important in several decades." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Inequalities within couples: market incomes and the role of taxes and benefits in Europe (2007)
Zitatform
Figari, Francesco, Herwig Immervoll, Horacio Levy & Holly Sutherland (2007): Inequalities within couples. Market incomes and the role of taxes and benefits in Europe. (IZA discussion paper 3201), Bonn, 41 S.
Abstract
"In spite of there being few elements of tax or cash benefit systems in developed countries that are any longer explicitly gender-biased in a discriminatory sense, it is well recognised that they have significant gender effects. To the extent that women earn less than men on average under tax-benefit systems that are progressive, there is some redistribution from men to women overall. However, an aggregate perspective is insufficient for understanding how earning opportunities and public policies affect living arrangements at the family level in general and the circumstances of men and women in particular. Arguably, it is within the household that a gendered division of labour is most relevant. It is difficult to observe how income and other resources get allocated within households. We can, however, observe the incomes brought into the household and to what extent taxes and benefits mitigate (or indeed exacerbate) any inequality of income between men and women. We explore the effects of tax and benefit systems on differences in income and in incentives to earn income between men and women within couples in a selection of the member countries of the European Union (EU) using EUROMOD, the EU tax-benefit microsimulation model. This comparative perspective allows us to establish the relative effects of different policy regimes, given the underlying characteristics of each national population, using a consistent approach and set of incidence assumptions across countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: ISER working paper , 2007-28 -
Literaturhinweis
Long-run effects of training programs for the unemployed in East Germany (2007)
Zitatform
Fitzenberger, Bernd & Robert Völter (2007): Long-run effects of training programs for the unemployed in East Germany. (IZA discussion paper 2630), Bonn, 34 S.
Abstract
"Public sector sponsored training was implemented at a large scale during the transition process in East Germany. Based on new administrative data, we estimate the differential effects of three different programs for East Germany during the transition process. We apply a dynamic multiple treatment approach using matching based on inflows into unemployment. We find positive medium- and long-run employment effects for the largest program, Provision of Specific Professional Skills and Techniques. In contrast, the programs practice firms and retraining show no consistent positive employment effects. Furthermore, no program results in a reduction of benefit recipiency and the effects are quite similar for females and males." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work-life balance (2007)
Fleetwood, Steve; MacKenzie, Robert ; Perret, Rob; Lewis, Suzan; Tomlinson, Jennifer ; Fleetwood, Steve; Collins, Gráinne; Gambles, Richenda; Peters, Pascale ; Gatrell, Caroline; Ransome, Paul; Lippe, Tanja van der ; Rapoport, Rhona; Gardiner, Jean; Smithson, Janet ; Forde, Chris ; Stuart, Mark ; Greenwood, Ian ; Sullivan, Cath;Zitatform
MacKenzie, Robert, Rob Perret, Suzan Lewis, Jennifer Tomlinson, Steve Fleetwood, Gráinne Collins, Richenda Gambles, Pascale Peters, Caroline Gatrell, Paul Ransome, Tanja van der Lippe, Rhona Rapoport, Jean Gardiner, Janet Smithson, Chris Forde, Mark Stuart, Ian Greenwood & Cath Sullivan (sonst. bet. Pers.) (2007): Work-life balance. In: The international journal of human resource management, Jg. 18, H. 3, S. 351-489.
Abstract
Die Beiträge des Sonderhefts zu 'Work-Life-Balance' beleuchten verschiedene Aspekte dieses Konzepts. Das Konzept der 'Work-Life-Balance' wird kritisch hinterfragt, und Annahmen, die ihm zugrunde liegen, sowie Probleme, die mit Work-Life-Balance-Diskursen und -Praktiken verbunden sind, werden herausgearbeitet. Die Reichweite und die Grenzen des Konzepts werden anhand empirischer Studien illustriert. Deren inhaltliche Schwerpunkte liegen auf Heim- und Telearbeit, auf dem Geschlechterverhältnis sowie auf dem Berufsausstieg älterer Arbeitnehmer. (IAB)
Aspekt auswählen:
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug