Zitatform

(2006): International migration outlook. SOPEMI 2006, annual report. (International migration outlook 30), Paris, 329 S. DOI:10.1787/migr_outlook-2006-en

Abstract

"This first edition of the International Migration Outlook, a revised and expanded version of what was previously published under the title Trends in International Migration, brings the reader detailed analysis of recent trends in migration movements and policies in OECD countries. For the first time, it includes harmonised statistics on long-term international migration inflows for most OECD countries. The report highlights the growing importance of immigrants from Russia, Ukraine, China and Latin America, as well as the increasing feminisation of the flows.
This volume covers the increasing interest of member countries in the recruitment of highly skilled immigrants as well as the recourse to temporary, often seasonal, low-skilled immigrants. Special attention is paid to improving the management of migration flows and integration policies focusing on programmes for newcomers, from compulsory language courses to job-oriented initiatives, and to the strengthening of anti-discrimination and diversity measures. Developments in international co-operation for labour migration as well as for better border control in the fight against irregular migration are also described, with a special focus on the impact of the European Union enlargement on inflows of immigrant workers to OECD countries.
This publication also includes special chapters dealing with the management of migration inflows through quotas and numerical limits and a new look at the links between migration, remittances and the economic development of sending countries. Country notes, under a new format for this edition, describe recent trends in migration movements and policies, including re-designed standardised tables. The statistical annex contains the latest data on foreign and foreign-born populations, migration flows and naturalisations." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ackers, Louise (2005): Moving people and knowledge. Scientific mobility in the European Union. In: International migration, Jg. 43, H. 5, S. 99-129.

Abstract

"This paper considers the relationship between highly skilled scientific migration (HSM) and the transfer of knowledge within the European Union (EU). To understand these processes we need to conceptualize the phenomenon and then develop appropriate operational tools. HSM engages two key concepts: (1) the concept of skill or knowledge; and (2) the concept of migration. Analysing the impact of HSM requires an understanding of who is moving (and the quality of their skills) and the nature of their migration. This might include consideration of the direction of flows; their frequency, duration, and permanency; and the propensity to return. In order to evaluate the impact of these processes on the regions concerned and develop appropriate policy responses, we need to examine the relationship between scientific mobility and the transfer of knowledge. Much existing literature focuses on the size and direction of migratory flows assuming a clear correlation between human mobility and the transfer of knowledge to identify the 'winning' and 'losing' regions. More recent work emphasizing 'circulation'. questions these assumptions and suggests that flows may not be unidirectional, homogenous, or permanent and may be mitigated by certain 'compensatory' mechanisms This article considers some of the issues raised in the literature and the ways in which the variables identified may interact to shape these relationships with important implications for sending and receiving countries and individual scientists. This article does not endeavour to present new conclusions. Drawing on a pilot project concerned with the mobility of Italian scientists, it begins to map out a research agenda capable of informing a new study of scientific migration in the context of EU enlargement that may potentially inform other research in this field." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Chiswick, Barry R. (2005): High skilled immigration in the international arena. (IZA discussion paper 1782), Bonn, 11 S.

Abstract

"This conceptual paper, prepared for a United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Migration and Development, is concerned with the international mobility of high-skilled workers, previously referred to as the 'brain drain'. After discussing the historical background of high-skilled international migration, the paper examines the reasons for the recent growth in demand for high-skilled workers in the technologically advanced nations. If then examines the impact of high-skilled migration on the level and distribution of income in the destinations. The causes and consequences of high-skilled emigration from the perspective of the origins or sending countries are examined. Educational finance and taxing policies that encourage emigration, emigrant remittances, and the 'brain gain' from returning emigrants are discussed. Alternative public policies are considered." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Diehl, Claudia & David Dixon (2005): Zieht es die Besten fort? Ausmaß und Formen der Abwanderung deutscher Hochqualifizierter in die USA. In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Jg. 57, H. 4, S. 714-734.

Abstract

"Gegenstand des Beitrags sind die Wanderungsbewegungen deutscher Hochqualifizierter in die USA seit Beginn der 1990er Jahre. Um Ausmaß und Entwicklung dieses Phänomens zu analysieren, werden deutsche Auswanderungsdaten, amerikanische und deutsche (Mikro-) Zensusdaten sowie Daten der amerikanischen Einwanderungsbehörden herangezogen. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Auswanderung deutscher Hochqualifizierter in die USA vor allem seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre an Bedeutung gewonnen hat. Dieser Befund muss aber in zweierlei Hinsicht relativiert werden. Zum einen lassen sich absolut betrachtet nur wenige Deutsche dauerhaft zu Erwerbszwecken in den USA nieder. Zum anderen ist der Anstieg in der Zahl der hochqualifizierten Auswanderer in erster Linie eine Folge des Anstiegs der zeitlich befristeten US-Aufenthalte. Darüber hinaus gibt es keine Hinweise darauf, dass das Risiko der Verstetigung dieser temporären Aufenthalte im Untersuchungszeitraum substanziell zugenommen hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Dreher, Axel & Panu Poutvaara (2005): Student flows and migration. An empirical analysis. (CESifo working paper 1490), Berlin, 29 S.

Abstract

"Using panel data for 78 countries of origin we examine the impact of student flows to the United States on subsequent migration there over the period 1971-2001. What we find is that the stock of foreign students is an important predictor of subsequent migration. This holds true whether or not the lagged endogenous variable is included. The relationship is robust to the inclusion of time and country dummies, and remains when we account for outliers. The basic results also hold for a cross section of 36 countries of origin and 9 host countries. Our results have important policy implications which we discuss in the last section." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dumont, Jean-Christophe & Georges Lemaitre (2005): Beyond the headlines. New evidence on the brain drain. In: Revue economique, Jg. 56, H. 6, S. 1275-1300.

Abstract

"Since the end of the 1990s, issues related to international migration, and more particularly to the international mobility of highly-qualified workers, are receiving once again increasing attention from policy makers. Despite the fact that the brain drain debate is an old one, however, little in the way of solid data was available until recently to inform the discussions in this area. This paper describes a new data source on the foreign-born population in oecd countries, by country of birth and educational attainment, and provides a number of preliminary results from this database. Expatriation of the highly qualified is seen to be associated with small country size, insularity and a low incidence of persons with high attainment, suggesting that limited opportunities with respect to education and labour markets would appear to be important factors affecting the expatriation decision." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kaczmarczyk, Paweł & Marek Okólski (2005): Migracje specjalistów wysokiej klasy w kontekscie czlonkostwa Polski w Unii Europejskiej. Warszawa, 154 S.

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Kutasi, Gábor (2005): Labour migration and competitiveness in the European Union. In: Transition Studies Review, Jg. 12, H. 3, S. 512-526. DOI:10.1007/s11300-005-0073-9

Abstract

"The study is about the characteristics and phenomena of the labour migration that fluxes from, through, and into the East Central European region. The typical groups of migrant workers are emphasized, like the qualified employees, the commuters, the illegal workers, or the migrants according to the family's income optimization. The brain drain is analyzed as a problem of the absence of experts in the region. The tools and possibilities of migration policy are discussed, too, to find suggestions for the state how to turn the direction of migration to the desired way. Through this topic, the countries of destination are introduced with the competitive position of the eastern migrants. The study also reflects on the problem of asymmetric flux of labour out of the region." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lien, Donald & Yan Wang (2005): Brain drain or brain gain. A revisit. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 18, H. 1, S. 153-163. DOI:10.1007/s00148-003-0174-x

Abstract

"Recent literature has turned to the brain gain effect, instead of the brain drain effect, that emigration may bring to a source country. This paper, however, suggests brain drain remains a likely outcome. Suppose that foreign language skill affects an individual productivity when working abroad. A brain drain may occur when the (exogenously or endogenously determined) probability of immigration is large. We also consider the case that the probability of immigration is determined by a signal, and provide a condition under which the individual will under-invest in education, which results in a brain drain for the source country." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schaeffer, Peter (2005): Human capital, migration strategy, and brain drain. In: The journal of international trade and economic development, Jg. 14, H. 3, S. 319-335. DOI:10.1080/09638190500203344

Abstract

"This research was motivated by the increasing number of foreign students and scientists who are in the United States on temporary visas and who are able to change their status to permanent immigrant. Origin countries, among them industrialized western European nations, are concerned about losing many of their best-educated and most talented citizens. This article modifies and extends a theoretical model of optimal human capital investment before and after migration to shed new light on the emigration/immigration of the highly skilled, and explores some possible implications for the study of the so-called 'brain drain' phenomenon." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schiff, Maurice (2005): Brain gain: Claims about its size and impact on welfare and growth are greatly exaggerated. (IZA discussion paper 1599), Bonn, 38 S.

Abstract

"Based on static partial equilibrium analysis, the 'new brain drain' literature argues that, by raising the return to education, a brain drain generates a brain gain that is, under certain conditions, larger than the brain drain itself, and that such a net brain gain results in an increase in welfare and growth due to education's positive externalities. This paper, on the other hand, argues that these claims are exaggerated. In the static case, and based on both partial and general equilibrium considerations, the paper shows that i) the size of the brain gain is smaller than suggested in that literature; ii) the impact on welfare and growth is smaller as well (for any brain gain size); iii) a positive brain gain is likely to result in a smaller human capital gain and may even have a negative impact on the stock of human capital; iv) an increase in the stock of human capital may have a negative impact on welfare and growth; and v) in a dynamic framework, the paper shows that the brain drain is unambiguously larger than the brain gain, i.e., that the steady state is characterized by a net brain loss." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schneider, Lutz (2005): Ost-West-Binnenwanderung: Gravierender Verlust an Humankapital. In: Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 11, H. 10, S. 309-314.

Abstract

"Ende der 90er Jahre mußte für Ostdeutschland eine negative Trendumkehr in den Wanderungsbewegungen konstatiert werden: Die in den Jahren nach der deutschen Einigung gesunkenen Wanderungsverluste stiegen bis ins Jahr 2001 wieder erheblich an. Zwar ist das Defizit seither erneut rückläufig, dessen Niveau ist mit über 50 000 pro Jahr aber immer noch beträchtlich. Dies gilt umso mehr, als - wie der Beitrag zeigt - der Großteil der Abwanderung im Alter von 18-30 Jahren stattfindet, vorwiegend Personen mit überdurchschnittlicher schulischer Bildung betrifft und häufig zu Ausbildungsbeginn oder zum Berufsstart erfolgt. Da andererseits die Zuwanderung seit Jahren auf annähernd gleichem Niveau verharrt und sich in der Bildungsstruktur nicht wesentlich von der Abwanderung unterscheidet, entsteht in der Folge ein Humankapitalverlust, der sowohl Facharbeiter als auch Akademiker betrifft. Weil Westdeutsche überdies vergleichsweise selten in den Osten ziehen, um eine Ausbildung zu beginnen bzw. die berufliche Karriere zu starten, ergibt sich für diese Kategorie ein besonders deutliches Defizit, was negative Konsequenzen vor allem für das zukünftige Potential an Mittel- und Hochqualifizierten in den neuen Bundesländern haben dürfte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schupp, Jürgen, Janina Söhn & Nicole Schmiade (2005): Internationale Mobilität von deutschen Staatsbürgern. Chance für Arbeitslose oder Abwanderung der Leistungsträger? In: Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, Jg. 30, H. 2/3, S. 279-292.

Abstract

"Deutschland verlassen jährlich mehr als 100.000 deutsche Staatsbürger. Die Datenlage zu dieser Migration ist in Deutschland bislang unzureichend, ein verallgemeinerbares Bild der sozio-demographischen Zusammensetzung dieser Gruppe lässt sich auf der Basis der amtlichen Statistik schwer zeichnen. Der Beitrag präsentiert eine Bestandsaufnahme vorliegender Studien sowie Ergebnisse einer auf dem Sozio-oekonomischen Panel (SOEP) basierenden Längsschnittstudie. Im Rahmen dieser Zufallstichprobe privater Haushalte, die seit 1984 in Westdeutschland und seit 1990 in Ostdeutschland läuft, werden auch Fortzüge von Deutschen identifiziert. Insgesamt liegen den Analysen die Angaben von 320 repräsentativen Fällen zugrunde. Inhaltlich zeigen die statistischen Auswertungen, dass die Hochqualifizierten signifikant häufiger unter der Gruppe deutscher Auswanderer zu finden sind, auch wenn sie in absoluten Zahlen nicht die Mehrheit stellen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Stark, Oded (2005): The new economics of the brain drain. In: World economics, Jg. 6, H. 2, S. 137-140.

Abstract

"For nearly four decades now, the conventional wisdom has been that the migration of human capital (skilled workers) from a developing country to a developed country is detrimental to the developing country. However, this perception need not hold. A well designed migration policy can result in a 'brain gain' to the developing country rather than in just a 'brain drain' from it, as well as in a welfare increase for all of its workers - migrants and non-migrants alike - as new research suggests." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Südekum, Jens (2005): The pitfalls of regional education policy. In: Finanzarchiv, Jg. 61, H. 3, S. 327-352.

Abstract

Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, ob die Förderung von Studenten in armen Regionen ein geeignetes Mittel der Regionalpolitik darstellt. Es wird gezeigt, dass eine solche Politik zum Gegenteil der angestrebten Auswirkungen führen und die Regionalentwicklung beeinträchtigen kann. Die regionale Mobilität steigt mit dem individuellen Bildungsniveau. Die Förderung von Bildung führt dazu, dass Individuen stärker in Humankapital investieren. Am Ende eines Bildungsabschnittes haben sie möglicherweise ein Bildungsniveau erreicht, bei dem sich eine Wanderung in ein Wirtschaftszentrum rechnet. Eine solche Politik führt zu einem Brain Drain von Regionen, worunter diejenigen leiden, die in der Region bleiben. Je geringer die Mobilität und je besser der Zugang zu Finanzmärkten ist, umso wirkungsvoller ist Bildungsförderung. Darüber hinaus können die kontraproduktiven Auswirkungen von Bildungsförderung auch durch die Konzentration auf die Förderung niedrig Qualifizierter vermieden werden. (IAB)

Zitatform

(2005): Trends in international migration. Annual report 2004. (Trends in international migration 29), Paris, 388 S. DOI:10.1787/migr_outlook-2004-en

Abstract

"This annual publication analyses recent trends in migration movements and policies in all OECD member countries and selected non-member economies. It includes a detailed description of the flows, the different channels of immigration and the diversity of nationalities involved. Particular attention is paid to the growing number of migrants from China and Russia in recent flows. More detailed regional analyses examine migration within and from Central and Eastern Europe, East and South-East Asia, Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. This volume highlights the role of immigration in population and labour force growth, as well as changes in foreigners' status with respect to the labour market. This year, particular attention is paid to the rates and determinants of the employment of foreigners. In the first part, a series of thematic boxes serves as a common thread which makes it possible to produce an inventory of statistical methods and assess the quality of data on international migration in various fields (migration flows, irregular migration, stocks of foreigners and immigrants, naturalizations ...). The report also presents measures aimed at improving the management of migration flows and combating irregular immigration. It reflects the increasing interest of member countries in migration for employment, notably in the case of highly qualified workers. Special attention is paid to measures aimed at supporting the integration of immigrants. Three types of initiatives, which can be summarised as 'information, incentives, sanctions', arise from the recently adopted measures. The reader will also find in this publication: A special chapter devoted to the identification and measurement of immigrants and expatriates in OECD countries. This information results from a new database which classifies foreign-born population by level of qualification and country of origin, thus making international comparisons across OECD countries possible for the first time. A statistical annex containing the latest data on foreign and foreign-born populations, foreign workers, migration flows and naturalisations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Baláz, Vladimír, Allan M. Williams & Daniel Kollár (2004): Temporary versus permanent youth brain drain. Economic implications. In: International migration, Jg. 42, H. 4, S. 3-34. DOI:10.1111/j.0020-7985.2004.00293.x

Abstract

"Existing high levels of temporary migration between Central and Eastern Europe and the European Union (EU) have highlighted a number of concerns relating to the eastern enlargement of the Union. While much of the debate has focused on the destinations, we use Slovakia as a case study to explore economic implications for the countries of origin of highly skilled migrants. First, the paper examines estimates of the scale of 'youth brain migration', comparing survey-based and expert-opinion estimates with our own estimate based on reconciling labour market and educational data. This identifies a substantial loss of graduate workers from the labour force through migration, accounting for a potentially significant proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth. Second, we consider whether such migration will constitute 'brain drain/overflow' or 'brain circulation': in other words will it be temporary or permanent? In some ways, however, this is a false dichotomy, for there are strong links between initial temporary migration and intended permanent migration, explored here through a survey of the motivations and social networks of returned migrants. Third, we address the ability of national states to intervene to mediate such losses. We generally concur with other commentators on the need for a multi-scalar and multi-functional approach, focusing especially on economic development. However, we are pessimistic about the likely speed of economic convergence and, moreover, argue that initial temporary migration (with implications for permanent migration) will continue to be driven by non-economic goals." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bauer, Thomas K. & Astrid Kunze (2004): The demand for high-skilled workers and immigration policy. In: Brussels economic review, Jg. 47, H. 1, S. 57-75.

Abstract

"Unter Verwendung eines neuen Unternehmensdatensatzes - dem IZA International Employer Survey 2000 - gibt das Papier eine deskriptive Analyse der Nachfrage nach hoch qualifizierten Arbeitskräften. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass Arbeitskräfte aus EU-Ländern meist die Fähigkeiten einheimischer hoch qualifizierter Arbeitnehmer ergänzen. Hochqualifizierte aus Nicht-EU-Ländern werden hingegen meist auf Grund eines Mangels an einheimischen hoch qualifizierten Arbeitskräften eingestellt. Zudem werden in dem Papier die Politikinitiativen der jüngsten Vergangenheit bezüglich der zeitlich begrenzten Zuwanderung hoch qualifizierter Arbeitskräfte beschrieben. Nach den Ergebnissen der deskriptiven Untersuchung können sie die Nachfrage von Unternehmen nach hoch qualifizierten Arbeitnehmern nur teilweise erfüllen. Eine umfassendere Zuwanderungspolitik, die auch die dauerhafte Zuwanderung Hochqualifizierter ermöglicht, scheint notwendig zu sein." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Chaudhuri, Sarbajit (2004): International migration of skilled and unskilled labour, welfare and skilled-unskilled wage inequality. A simple model. In: Journal of Economic Integration, Jg. 19, H. 4, S. 727-741.

Abstract

"The paper shows that in a reasonable production structure for a developing economy a brain drain of skilled labour may raise the welfare of the economy while an emigration of unskilled labour is welfare reducing. Also an emigration of skilled/unskilled labour lowers the urban unemployment of unskilled labour and widens the skilled-unskilled wage-gap. The paper provides an alternative explanation for the increasing wage inequality in many less developed countries in the regime of liberalized trade and investment in terms of higher international mobility of skilled and unskilled labour during this period using a Harris-Todaro (1970) framework where the central principle of the Stolper-Samuelson theorem holds." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Commander, Simon, Rupa Chanda, Mari Kangasniemi & L. Alan Winters (2004): Must skilled migration be a brain drain? Evidence from the Indian software industry. (IZA discussion paper 1422), Bonn, 32 S.

Abstract

"We provide a first empirical attempt at understanding the scale and type of skilled migration from the Indian software sector and the consequences for firms experiencing loss of skilled workers. The paper draws on some unique survey evidence of software firms in India. The results are not generally consistent with an adverse or brain drain story but provide a more nuanced interpretation. Not only has skilled migration taken a variety of firms - including significant temporary migration - but the evidence suggests that the impact of mobility on performance in the sending firms has not been unambiguously adverse. There is some evidence of associated wage pressure at the height of the software boom in the late 1990s. But there is also evidence of a strong supply side response as workers acquired training and entered the sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))