Abstract

"This report documents how the ongoing digital transformation is affecting people's lives across the 11 key dimensions that make up the How's Life? Well-being Framework (Income and wealth, Jobs and earnings, Housing, Health status, Education and skills, Work-life balance, Civic engagement and governance, Social connections, Environmental quality, Personal security, and Subjective well-being). A summary of existing studies highlights 39 key impacts of the digital transformation on people's well-being. The review shows that these impacts can be positive as digital technologies expand the boundaries of information availability and enhance human productivity, but can also imply risks for people's well-being, ranging from cyber-bullying to the emergence of disinformation or cyber-hacking. In sum, making digitalisation work for people's well-being would require building equal digital opportunities, widespread digital literacy and strong digital security. Continued research and efforts in improving statistical frameworks will be needed to expand our knowledge on the many topics covered in this report." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"The OECD Skills Strategy provides a strategic and comprehensive approach for ensuring that people and countries have the skills to thrive in a complex, interconnected and rapidly changing world. The updated 2019 OECD Skills Strategy takes account of the lessons learned from applying the original skills strategy in 11 countries since 2012, while also incorporating new OECD evidence about the skills implications of megatrends, such as globalisation, digitalisation, population ageing, and migration. The Strategy also incorporates new learning from across the OECD about skills policies that work in these three broad components: developing relevant skills over the life course, using skills effectively in work and society, and strengthening the governance of skills systems." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Measuring the Digital Transformation: A Roadmap for the Future provides new insights into the state of the digital transformation by mapping indicators across a range of areas - from education and innovation, to trade and economic and social outcomes - against current digital policy issues, as presented in Going Digital: Shaping Policies, Improving Lives. In so doing, it identifies gaps in the current measurement framework, assesses progress made towards filling these gaps and sets-out a forward-looking measurement roadmap. The goal is to expand the evidence base, as a means to lay the ground for more robust policies for growth and well-being in the digital era." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2019): Determinants and impact of automation. An analysis of robots' adoption in OECD countries. (OECD digital economy papers 277), Paris, 35 S. DOI:10.1787/ef425cb0-en

Abstract

"This report analyses automation trends and its effect on employment in OECD countries. On average, robots are found to be associated with a reduction in employment in elementary occupations - those requiring the lowest levels of skills - and an increase in employment in high-skill occupation such as professionals and technicians. For occupations in the middle of the skills distribution the correlation is strong and negative. In general, therefore, these estimates do not support the hypothesis of labour market polarisation, i.e.: an increase in both high-skill and low-skill employment. However, in a few countries - notably the United States - this report finds evidence of labour market polarisation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"An overview of the report is presented in the graph on page 15. Going left to right, the figure shows interconnected 'trends': digitalisation, globalisation, the rising diversity of work arrangements and aging workforce. These trends have 'implications' for labour markets. They include rising inequality, changing business models, job displacement, workers' skill depreciation and rising skill gaps. There are 'challenges' for policymakers from the implications. At the level of workers and human resource policies, these challenges mainly relate to workers' skills to keep people employable in the future. At the level of businesses and labour relations, the challenge is to provide decent work by creating high-quality jobs and safeguarding worker well-being and a healthy work-life balance. Finally, at the most aggregate level of markets and their institutions, the challenge is to build a more inclusive society by preventing economic and social polarisation in labour markets. The figure further shows 'policies' with specific innovative policy recommendations that result from these challenges2. Our policy recommendations are structured under three main categories: 'a skilled work-force'; 'new labour relations' and 'a new social contract'." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berger, Thor, Carl Benedikt Frey, Guy Levin & Santosh Rao Danda (2018): Uber happy? Work and well-being in the "gig economy". Working paper to be presented at the 68th Panel Meeting of Economic Policy in October 2018. Oxford, 54 S.

Abstract

"We explore the rise of the so-called 'gig economy' through the lens of Uber and its drivers in the United Kingdom. Using administrative data from Uber and a new representative survey of London drivers, we explore their backgrounds, earnings, and well-being. We find that the vast majority of Uber's drivers are male immigrants primarily drawn from the bottom half of the London income distribution. Most transitioned out of permanent part- or full-time jobs and about half of drivers' report that their incomes increased after partnering with Uber. After covering vehicle operation costs and Uber's service fee, we estimate that the median London driver earns about £11 per hour spent logged into the app. But while Uber drivers remain at the lower end of the London income distribution, they report higher levels of life satisfaction than other workers. Consistent with a trade-off between evaluative and emotional well-being observed among the self-employed, they also report higher anxiety levels. We hypothesize that the higher life satisfaction among Uber drivers partly reflects their preferences for flexibility and the autonomy that the platform offers. We provide suggestive evidence showing that drivers that emphasize flexibility as an important motivation to join Uber also report higher levels of subjective well-being. Meanwhile, a minority of drivers who report that they would prefer work as an employee report lower levels of life satisfaction and higher levels of anxiety. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of non-monetary factors in shaping the welfare of workers in the gig economy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berger, Thor, Chinchih Chen & Carl Benedikt Frey (2018): Drivers of disruption? Estimating the Uber effect. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 110, H. November, S. 197-210. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2018.05.006

Abstract

"A frequent belief is that the rise of so-called 'gig work' has led to the displacement of workers in a wide range of traditional jobs. This paper examines the impacts of the flagship of the gig economy - Uber - on workers employed in conventional taxi services. Our analysis exploits newly collected data on the staggered rollout of Uber across metropolitan areas in the United States and a difference-in-differences design to document that incumbent taxi drivers experienced a relative earnings decline of about 10 percent subsequent to Uber's entry into a new market, while there are no significant effects on their labor supply. Additional evidence from a battery of placebo tests, event study estimates, and specifications using Google Trends data to capture differences in treatment intensity underlines these findings. A triple-differences design that compares changes among taxi drivers relative to bus, tractor, and truck drivers that were unaffected by the arrival of Uber, provides further supporting evidence that the diffusion of Uber has reduced the earnings potential of incumbent drivers in conventional taxi services in the United States." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Biletta, Isabella & Catherine Cerf (2018): Work on demand: Recurrence, effects and challenges. Working conditions. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, IV, 45 S. DOI:10.2806/463459

Abstract

"This report examines the issues in relation to 'work on demand', a topic that has received considerable attention in the media recently, mainly due to its links with the platform economy. Work on demand is often presented as a 'win - win situation': workers get to tailor their work according to their personal responsibilities outside work, while businesses can design their workforce according to their needs. However, this type of work, characterised as a non-standard form of employment, can have negative impacts on working conditions and business models. This study presents the findings on work on demand in 11 EU Member States and Norway where the prevailing situation is quite nuanced. The overarching European debate on precarious forms of work could support countries in devising measures and policies to address work on demand and its consequences for both workers and companies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Böheim, Michael & Matthias Firgo (2018): Auswirkungen der Digitalisierung auf die Entwicklung von Wirtschaftsräumen. In: Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung. Monatsberichte, Jg. 91, H. 12, S. 881-890.

Abstract

"Digitalisierung verändert die Bedeutung von Raum und Distanz. Aufgrund der Verringerung der Transaktionskosten nehmen die Möglichkeiten der Leistungserbringung über größere Distanzen deutlich zu. Trotzdem bringt Digitalisierung nicht zwingend eine wirtschaftliche Konvergenz zwischen peripheren und zentralen Räumen mit sich. Agglomerationsvorteile und eine bessere Ausstattung mit Technologie, Humankapital und Infrastruktur verstärken, wenn die menschliche Arbeit komplexer wird, die Standortvorteile von zentralen Räumen weiter. Digitale Technologien bieten dennoch Entwicklungschancen für ländliche Räume, wenn die notwendige Ausstattung mit Infrastruktur und qualifiziertem Humankapital gegeben ist. Digitalisierung verändert zudem die weltweiten Handelsströme und fragmentiert die Wertschöpfungsketten. Besonders für kleine und mittlere Unternehmen sowie den Dienstleistungssektor erhöht der zunehmende Einsatz digitaler Technologien die Exportfähigkeit." (Autorenreferat, © WIFO - Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung)

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Böheim, Michael & Julia Bock-Schappelwein (2018): Politischer Handlungsspielraum zur optimalen Nutzung der Chancen der Digitalisierung für Wirtschaftswachstum, Beschäftigung und Wohlstand. Synthese. In: Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung. Monatsberichte, Jg. 91, H. 12, S. 909-920.

Abstract

"Digitale Technologien stellen bestehende Marktmechanismen, wirtschaftspolitische Instrumente, Strukturen sowie ökonomische und soziale Interaktionen grundlegend in Frage. Während auf traditionellen Märkten den Preisen von Gütern und Dienstleistungen die zentrale Allokationsfunktion zukommt, wird der Konnex zwischen Preis und Wert in der datengetriebenen Ökonomie weitgehend aufgelöst. Die Ursache dafür liegt in der spezifischen Kostenstruktur, die durch hohe Fixkosten bei gleichzeitig äußerst niedrigen Grenzkosten (nahe Null) gekennzeichnet ist. Diese Kostenstruktur begünstigt die monetär (fast) kostenlose Skalierung digitaler Produkte und Dienstleistungen auf 'Plattformmärkten'. In der digitalen Ökonomie bildet die Verfügungsmacht über Daten den entscheidenden Wettbewerbsfaktor. Im Extremfall entstehen daraus (natürliche) Monopole. Auf der Grundlage von sechs Themenfeldanalysen (Makroökonomie, öffentlicher Sektor, Wettbewerb, Raum, soziale Sicherheit, Umwelt und Energie) werden die Erkenntnisse zu drei Metahypothesen verdichtet, die den Handlungsspielraum zur optimalen Nutzung der Vorteile der Digitalisierung für Wirtschaftswachstum, Beschäftigung und Wohlstand abstecken. Die durch digitale Daten bestimmte 'neue' Ökonomie, die Strukturbrüche mit sich bringt und sich in Extremen manifestiert, bedarf der politischen Gestaltung, um Wohlstand und Beschäftigung nachhaltig absichern zu können." (Autorenreferat, © WIFO - Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung)

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Graetz, Georg & Guy Michaels (2018): Robots at work. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 100, H. 5, S. 753-768. DOI:10.1162/rest_a_00754

Abstract

"We analyze for the first time the economic contributions of modern industrial robots, which are flexible, versatile, and autonomous machines. We use novel panel data on robot adoption within industries in seventeen countries from 1993 to 2007 and new instrumental variables that rely on robots' comparative advantage in specific tasks. Our findings suggest that increased robot use contributed approximately 0.36 percentage points to annual labor productivity growth, while at the same time raising total factor productivity and lowering output prices. Our estimates also suggest that robots did not significantly reduce total employment, although they did reduce low-skilled workers' employment share." (Author's abstract, 䗏 MIT Press Journals) ((en))

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Heiling, Michael & Simon Schumich (2018): "Sharing-Economy-Plattformen" in Österreich. Erkenntnisse aus dem AK-Branchenreport. In: WISO, Jg. 41, H. 2, S. 151-165.

Abstract

"Der AK-Branchenreport 'Sharing-Economy' untersucht 121 deutschsprachige Online-Plattformen. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass die Datenlage sehr unbefriedigend ist. Unternehmen, die Online-Plattformen in der sogenannten 'Sharing-Economy' betreiben, verfügen oftmals über keine Niederlassungen in jenen regionalen Märkten, in denen sie agieren. Lediglich 17 von ursprünglich 121 Plattformen wurden auch von österreichischen (Tochter-)Gesellschaften betrieben. Für diese deutlich kleinere Stichprobe zeigt sich mehrheitlich eine Einbindung in größere Beteiligungsstrukturen, eine oftmals sehr geringe Beschäftigungsintensität - die mitunter mit dem Dienstleistungscharakter vieler Plattformen schwer vereinbar scheint - und eine eher schwache Eigenkapitalausstattung. Es wird vorgeschlagen, Maßnahmen zur Schaffung einer erhöhten Transparenz und besseren Datenlage - insbesondere auch als Grundlage für faire Arbeitsbedingungen und eine faire europäische Steuerpolitik - zu diskutieren." (Autorenreferat, © ISW-Linz)

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Lange, Steffen & Tilman Santarius (2018): Smarte grüne Welt? Digitalisierung zwischen Überwachung, Konsum und Nachhaltigkeit. München: oekom, 265 S.

Abstract

"'Alles wird sich ändern!' Dieser prophetische Ruf aus der IT-Branche ist inzwischen zur gängigen Einschätzung über die Tragweite der Digitalisierung geworden. Doch was bringt die Digitalisierung für Ökologie und Gerechtigkeit? Führt sie uns in eine smarte grüne Welt, in der alle vom technologischen Fortschritt profitieren und wir zugleich schonender mit der Umwelt umgehen? Oder steuern wir in einen digitalen Kapitalismus, in dem sich Geld und Macht auf wenige konzentrieren und die Wirtschaft noch weiter über die planetaren Grenzen hinauswächst? Steffen Lange und Tilman Santarius analysieren, wie sich die Digitalisierung bisher auf Energie- und Ressourcenverbräuche, Arbeitsplätze und Einkommensverteilung ausgewirkt hat, und entwickeln Design-Prinzipien für eine nachhaltige Digitalisierung. Damit die Digitalisierung die Welt auch wirklich smarter macht." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Mayrhuber, Christine & Julia Bock-Schappelwein (2018): Digitalisierung und soziale Sicherheit. In: Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung. Monatsberichte, Jg. 91, H. 12, S. 891-897.

Abstract

"Der Einsatz digitaler Technologien verändert und flexibilisiert Arbeitsabläufe, Arbeitsformen und Entlohnungsstrukturen. Erwerbs- und Einkommensverläufe und damit auch die soziale Absicherung werden für die Betroffenen zunehmend unsicherer. Die Stärkung der Erwerbseinkommen in einkommenszentrierten Systemen und eine Anpassung der Finanzierungsgrundlagen an die neuen Arbeitsmarktentwicklungen sind Fragen, die im Zuge der Digitalisierung verstärkt in den Vordergrund treten." (Autorenreferat, © WIFO - Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung)

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Patel, Pankaj C., Srikant Devaraj, Michael J. Hicks & Emily J. Wornell (2018): County-level job automation risk and health: Evidence from the United States. In: Social Science & Medicine, Jg. 202, S. 54-60. DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.02.025

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Schoukens, Paul, Alberto Barrio & Saskia Montebovi (2018): The EU social pillar. An answer to the challenge of the social protection of platform workers? In: European Journal of Social Security, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 219-241. DOI:10.1177/1388262718798393

Abstract

"With atypical work gaining popularity, platform work seems to combine all the elements which, by deviating significantly from the standard employment relationship, challenge social security systems. After an overview of the features of the standard employment relationship and the different ways in which non-standard forms of work diverge from them, the article focuses on the nature of platform work. It then analyses how platform work is regulated in five European social security systems (i.e. Germany, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Belgium), and how this regulation may fare when analysed under the lens of the recent European Commission's proposal for a Council Recommendation on access to social protection for workers and the self-employed. The article concludes by highlighting the need for further adaptation of social security systems to the specific features of platform work, and by noting the risks of a regulatory approach towards this new form of work being dominated by the exclusion of low-paid work from the scope of labour-related social insurance schemes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tyrowicz, Joanna & Magdalena Smyk (2018): Wage inequality and structural change. (IAAEU discussion paper series in economics 2018,01), Trier, 30 S.

Abstract

"Income inequality in the context of large structural change has received a lot of attention in the literature, but most studies relied on household post-transfer inequality measures. This study utilizes a novel and fairly comprehensive collection of micro data sets from between 1980's and 2010 for both advanced market economies and economies undergoing transition from central planning to market based system. We show that wage inequality was initially lower in transition economies and immediately upon the change of the economic system surpassed the levels observed in advanced economies. We find a very weak link between structural change and wages in both advanced and post-transition economies, despite the predictions from skill-biased technological change literature. The decomposition of changes in wage inequality into a part attributable to changes in characteristics (mainly education) and a part attributable to changes in rewards does not yield any leading factors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2018): Online work in OECD countries. (Policy brief on the future of work), Paris, 8 S.

Abstract

"Labour markets are undergoing major transformations as a result of globalisation, technological and demographic changes. The digital revolution, in particular, is promoting new forms of employment mediated by online platforms. The scale and scope of these changes are hard to assess because conventional labour market statistics and economic indicators are ill-suited to measure platform work. This brief provides estimates of the importance of online work (one type of platform work that is carried out entirely online) in OECD countries using the Online Labour Index (OLI) - an indicator based on real-time data from five of the world's largest English-language online labour platforms. Early signs show that online work has been growing rapidly but the sources of this demand and where it is carried out vary considerably across countries and regions. Most tasks are posted in OECD countries (particularly in the United States), but the majority of workers are based in non-OECD countries (with India being a particularly important player). Estimates adjusted by GDP and population size reveal that online work plays a relatively more important role in small countries with prominent IT sectors (such as Estonia, Ireland and Latvia). Platforms appear to give clients in OECD countries access to a much wider pool of talent and they are more likely to seek certain skills abroad than others." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Globalisation, technological progress and demographic changes are having a profound impact on the world of work. These mega-trends are affecting the number and quality of jobs that are available, how they are carried out and the skills that workers will need in the future to succeed in an increasingly competitive landscape. Although the timing and the speed of these developments differ across countries, it is expected that changes in labour market demands will continue or even accelerate in the coming decades affecting advanced and emerging and developing countries alike.
The OECD Skills for Jobs Database provides country-level (as well as subnational) information on shortages and surpluses of a wide range of dimensions, including cognitive, social and physical skills. Information is disaggregated into more than 150 job-specific Knowledge, Skills and Abilities and is available for 40 countries among OECD and emerging economies. Detailed information on both qualification and field of study mismatch is also presented." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Nagl, Wolfgang, Gerlinde Titelbach & Katarina Valkova (2017): Digitalisierung der Arbeit. Substituierbarkeit von Berufen im Zuge der Automatisierung durch Industrie 4.0. Projektbericht. Wien, 34 S.

Abstract

"Die Veränderung der Produktionsprozesse hat strukturelle Veränderungen der Arbeitsorganisation und eine veränderte Arbeitskräftenachfrage hinsichtlich Fähigkeiten und Kompetenzen zur Folge. In der vorliegenden Studie wird ein differenziertes Bild des Potentials von Automatisierung aufgrund von Industrie 4.0 am österreichischen Arbeitsmarkt aufgezeigt. Im Zuge dessen wird geschätzt, wie hoch der potentielle Anteil der Arbeitsplätze ist, der durch digitale System ersetzt werden könnte. Um das Ausmaß der potentiellen Betroffenheit von Industrie 4.0 der österreichischen Beschäftigten abzuschätzen, werden existierende internationale Analysen herangezogen und adaptiert. Grundlage unserer Schätzung bilden die von Frey und Osborne (2013) erhobenen Automatisierungswahrscheinlichkeiten der Berufe in den USA. Dabei wurde auf Berufsebene untersucht, wie wahrscheinlich es ist, dass in naher Zukunft programmierbare Maschinen bestimmte Tätigkeitsbereiche der Beschäftigten ersetzen. Diese Ergebnisse für die Berufe in den USA wurden u.a. in einer Studie von Bonin et al. (2015) über die potentiellen Auswirkungen der Digitalisierung auf die Beschäftigten in Deutschland herangezogen und angepasst. Die vorliegende Studie orientiert sich an dem Vorgehen von Bonin et al. (2015), diesmal jedoch für Österreich, und untersucht tätigkeitsbezogen die Substituierbarkeit von österreichischen Arbeitsplätzen im Zuge von Industrie 4.0. Zunächst werden bisherige Befunde und Konzepte dargestellt. Darauf aufbauend werden in Kapitel 3 die Methode und die verwendeten Daten beschrieben. Die Ergebnisse zu den Automatisierungspotentialen der Berufe in Österreich werden in Kapitel 4 präsentiert. Den Abschluss bildet ein Fazit ." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)