Brain Drain? Brain Gain? Folgen der internationalen Wanderung
Arbeitskräftemobilität über Staatsgrenzen hinweg ist ein mit Hoffnungen und Ängsten verbundenes Phänomen. In der politischen Debatte konkurrieren auf Begrenzung zielende Reaktionsmuster mit Vorschlägen, die auf eine aktive Steuerung der Migration in den heimischen Arbeitsmarkt zielen.
Was bedeutet internationale Wanderung für die Herkunfts-, was für die Aufnahmeländer? Insbesondere die Migration gut ausgebildeter Menschen wurde oft unter dem Schlagwort des "Brain Drain" als schädlich für Wohlfahrt und Entwicklung ihrer Heimatländer betrachtet. Die Forschung zeichnet inzwischen jedoch ein differenzierteres Bild. Dieses Themendossier stellt eine Auswahl der theoretischen und empirischen Literatur vor.
Im Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
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Literaturhinweis
Brain drain and human capital formation in developing countries: winners and losers (2006)
Zitatform
Beine, Michel, Frédéric Docquier & Hillel Rapoport (2006): Brain drain and human capital formation in developing countries. Winners and losers. (Universite Catholique Louvain, Departement des Sciences Economiques. Discussion paper 2006-23), Louvain, 33 S.
Abstract
"The brain drain has long been viewed as a serious constraint on poor countries development. However recent theoretical literature suggests that emigration prospects can raise the expected return to human capital and foster investment in education at home. This paper empirically investigates how these positive and negative effects balance out. Using recent data on emigration rates by education levels, we find evidence of a positive effect of skilled migration prospects on pre-migration human capital levels in a cross-section of 127 developing countries. For each country we then estimate the net effect of the brain drain using counterfactual simulations. We find that countries combining relatively low levels of human capital and low skilled emigration rates are likely to experience a net gain, and conversely. There appears to be more losers than winners, and in addition the former tend to lose relatively more than what the latter gain. At an aggregate level however, and given that the largest developing countries are all among the winners, brain drain migration may be seen not only as increasing the number of skilled workers worldwide but also the number of such workers living in developing countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Measuring international skilled migration: a new database controlling for age of entry (2006)
Zitatform
Beine, Michel, Frédéric Docquier & Hillel Rapoport (2006): Measuring international skilled migration. A new database controlling for age of entry. (CReAM discussion paper 2006,13), London, 18 S.
Abstract
"Recent data on international migration of skilled workers define skilled migrants by education level without distinguishing whether they acquired their education in the home or the host country. This article uses immigrants' age of entry as a proxy for where they acquired their education. Data on age of entry are available from a subset of receiving countries that together represent 77 percent of total skilled immigration to countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Using these data and a simple gravity model to estimate the age-of-entry structure of the remaining 23 percent, alternative brain drain measures are proposed that exclude immigrants who arrived before ages 12, 18, and 22." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Economic consequences of immigration in Europe (2006)
Zitatform
Brücker, Herbert, Joachim R. Frick & Gert G. Wagner (2006): Economic consequences of immigration in Europe. In: C. A. Parsons & T. M. Smeeding (Hrsg.) (2006): Immigration and the transformation of Europe, S. 111-146.
Abstract
In dem Beitrag wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob internationale Wanderung ein Nullsummenspiel darstellt, und ob für die beteiligten Ökonomien ein ökonomischer Nutzen feststellbar ist. Der Beitrag analysiert die Auswirkungen der Einwanderung nach Europa, insbesondere auf die wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Arrangements, auf Wirtschafts-, Beschäftigungs- und Lohnentwicklung sowie auf die Altersstruktur der Bevölkerung. Weiterhin wird auf die wirtschaftliche Situation der Einwanderer eingegangen, und es wird gezeigt, wie die Auswirkungen von Einwanderung auf unterschiedliche gesellschaftliche Subgruppen die Einstellungen Einwanderern gegenüber beeinflussen. Auch die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung von Heimatüberweisungen und der Rückwanderung hoch Qualifizierter in ihre Heimatländer wird thematisiert. Als Fazit wird festgehalten, dass die Einwanderungsländer in jedem Fall von Einwanderung profitieren. Dies gilt auch für den Fall, dass Ausländer überproportional von Arbeitslosigkeit betroffen sind und damit staatliche Unterstützung beanspruchen. Selbst in diesem Fall tragen sie mehr zu den öffentlichen Finanzen und zur Sozialversicherung bei, als sie an Leistungen erhalten. Einwanderung trägt zudem dazu bei, den demographischen Druck auf die westlichen Industrieländer zu mildern. Bevölkerungswachstum durch Einwanderung vermehrt auch die Anzahl der zukünftigen Steuerzahler. Die Herkunftsländer hingegen leiden in sozial- und haushaltspolitischer Hinsicht unter der Bevölkerungsalterung durch Auswanderung. Dies kann durch öffentliche Investitionen in das Humankapital der Herkunftsländer kompensiert werden. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
International migration and economic growth: a source country perspective (2006)
Zitatform
Chen, Hung-Ju (2006): International migration and economic growth. A source country perspective. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 19, H. 4, S. 725-748. DOI:10.1007/s00148-005-0023-1
Abstract
Die Studie analysiert die Auswirkungen der internationalen Migration auf das Wirtschaftswachstum eines Herkunftslandes nach dem Zufallsprinzip. Das Modell berücksichtigt endogene Fortpflanzungsentscheidungen und unterscheidet zwischen öffentlichen und privaten Schulsystemen. Die Untersuchung kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass Wirtschaftswachstum entscheidend von der internationalen Migration abhängt, weil die Möglichkeit zur Migration sowohl Rückwirkungen auf Fortpflanzungsentscheidungen als auch auf die Höhe für schulische Aufwendungen hat. Eine Lockerung der Restriktionen für die Auswanderung hochqualifizierter Arbeitnehmer wird langfristig das Wirtschaftswachstum der Herkunftsländer beschädigen, obwohl kurzfristig auch der Effekt des 'Brain Gain' eintreten kann. Darüber hinaus erweist sich die Wachstumsrate eines Herkunftslandes mit einem privaten Schulsystem als anfälliger für die Möglichkeit der Migration als die eines Landes mit einem öffentlichen Schulsystem. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
The globalization of the labour market for health-care professionals (2006)
Clark, Paul F.; Stewart, James B.; Clark, Darlene A.;Zitatform
Clark, Paul F., James B. Stewart & Darlene A. Clark (2006): The globalization of the labour market for health-care professionals. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 145, H. 1/2, S. 37-64.
Abstract
"The worldwide shortage of health-care workers has led to a brain drain that is negatively affecting the health-care systems of less affluent countries. The authors study the factors encouraging nurses and doctors to migrate, measure the costs and benefits of such migration and analyse methods of foreign recruitment. They then look at the theories that help explain this phenomenon: human capital theory, theories of neo-colonialism and of globalization. They conclude with a policy discussion of possible strategies, which include addressing the 'push' factors motivating migration, focusing training on local health-care needs, signing bilateral agreements that limit migration, etc." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
International migration and "educated unemployment" (2006)
Zitatform
Fan, C. Simon & Oded Stark (2006): International migration and "educated unemployment". (ZEF discussion papers on development policy 110), Bonn, 19 S.
Abstract
"Dieser Aufsatz liefert einen neuen Erklärungsansatz für Arbeitslosigkeit bei gebildeten Personen, einem hervorstechenden Kennzeichen des Arbeitsmarktes in vielen Entwicklungsländern. In einem einfachen Stellensuchmodell wird gezeigt, dass die Arbeitslosigkeit von gebildeten Personen durch die Aussicht auf internationale Migration verursacht ist, d.h. durch die Möglichkeit der Abwanderung hoch qualifizierter Arbeitskräfte. Darüber hinaus zeigt die Untersuchung, dass ein Entwicklungsland trotz der Abwanderung hoch qualifizierter Arbeitskräfte und trotz der Arbeitslosigkeit von gebildeten Personen letztendlich dennoch über eine größere Anzahl gebildeter Arbeitskräfte verfügen könnte." (Autorenreferat, IZ-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Labor mobility and the world economy (2006)
Foders, Federico; Wolf, Holger; Kleinert, Jörn ; Kapur, Devesh; Willmann, Gerald; Jain, Sanjay; Williamson, Jeffrey G.; Hatton, Thimothy J.; Pasquetti, Stefania; Greenaway, David; Nelson, Douglas R.; Gang, Ira N. ; Paldam, Martin; Langhammer, Rolf J.; Mukand, Sharun W.; Lundborg, Per; Bonin, Holger ; König, Doris; Gaggermeier, Christian; Wong, Kar-yiu; Foders, Federico; Silva, Jaquim Ramos; Felbermayr, Gabriel ; Langhammer, Rolf J.; Epstein, Gil S. ; Barry, Frank; Chand, Sheetal K.; Kohler, Wilhelm ; Brücker, Herbert ; Allmendinger, Jutta; Bröcker, Johannes;Zitatform
Foders, Federico & Rolf J. Langhammer (Hrsg.) (2006): Labor mobility and the world economy. Berlin u.a.: Springer London, 357 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-31045-7
Abstract
"The recent landings of illegal immigrants on the Italian and Spanish coasts, the immigrant riots in France, and the migratory pressure faced by many countries are an indication that migration will remain high on the agenda of international public policy for some time. In order to generate insights urgently needed by policy makers, this book takes stock of current migration research and seeks to contribute to the ongoing debate on the implications of labor flows and the scope for designing strategies to improve the management of migration both at the national and international levels. In this book, prominent and innovative scholars focus on such topics as the impact of brain drain on growth, the relationship between labor, trade, and capital flows, outsourcing and social values as determinants of migration, the benefits of immigration for different types of receiving countries, and EU migration policies vis-a-vis third countries" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
"Brain drain competition" policies in Europe: a survey (2006)
Giannoccolo, Pierpaolo;Zitatform
Giannoccolo, Pierpaolo (2006): "Brain drain competition" policies in Europe. A survey. (Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Faculta di Scienze Statistiche. Working papers 2006/201), Milano, 25 S.
Abstract
"In this paper we give a survey of the principal 'Brain Drain Competition' policies implemented in Europe. The key strategies and mechanisms found are: making the academic system more open and flexible; improving the regulatory conditions particularly on immigration; better sign-posting and information at national level; dedicated grants for foreign researchers; adapting income situations to market forces; providing tax reductions specifically for researchers and knowledge workers; more active international marketing and support for international researchers. Finally, we analyse the effects of these policies on the Brain Drain in Europe by giving examples of countries (i.e. UK, France, Germany, Belgium, etc) that that effectively reverse the Brain Drain and attract foreign researchers, and the exemplum of the Italy that it is 'a countries that supplies talent to Europe and the Americas'." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Brain drain from Turkey: an investigation of students' return intentions (2006)
Güngör, Nil Demet; Tansel, Aysit;Zitatform
Güngör, Nil Demet & Aysit Tansel (2006): Brain drain from Turkey. An investigation of students' return intentions. (IZA discussion paper 2287), Bonn, 46 S.
Abstract
"The emigration of skilled individuals from Turkey attracted greater media attention and the interest of policymakers in Turkey, particularly after the experience of recurrent economic crises that have led to an increase in unemployment among the highly educated young. This study estimates a model of return intentions using a dataset compiled from an Internet survey of Turkish students residing abroad. The findings of this study indicate that, as expected, higher salaries offered in the host country and lifestyle preferences, including a more organized environment in the host country, increase the probability of student non-return. However, the analysis also points to the importance of prior return intentions and the role of the family in the decision to return to Turkey or stay overseas. It is also found that the compulsory service requirement attached to government scholarships increases the probability of student return. Turkish Student Association membership also increases return intentions. Longer stay durations, on the other hand, decrease the probability of return. These findings have important policy implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The international migration of knowledge workers: when is brain drain beneficial? (2006)
Kuhn, Peter; McAusland, Carol;Zitatform
Kuhn, Peter & Carol McAusland (2006): The international migration of knowledge workers. When is brain drain beneficial? (NBER working paper 12761), Cambridge, Mass., 22 S. DOI:10.3386/w12761
Abstract
"We consider the welfare effects of the emigration of workers who produce a public good (knowledge). We distinguish between the knowledge diversion and knowledge creation effects of such emigration, and show that the remaining residents of a country can gain from emigration, even when tastes for knowledge goods exhibit a kind of 'home bias'. In contrast to existing models of beneficial brain drain (BBD), our results do not require agglomeration economies, education-related externalities, remittances, return migration, or an emigration 'lottery'. Instead, they are driven purely by the public nature of knowledge goods, combined with differences in market size that induce greater knowledge creation by emigrants abroad than at home. BBD is even more likely in the presence of weak sending-country intellectual property rights (IPRs), or when source country IPR policy is endogenized." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA discussion paper , 2493 -
Literaturhinweis
The international migration of knowledge workers: when is brain drain beneficial? (2006)
Kuhn, Peter; McAusland, Carol;Zitatform
Kuhn, Peter & Carol McAusland (2006): The international migration of knowledge workers. When is brain drain beneficial? (IZA discussion paper 2493), Bonn, 25 S.
Abstract
"We consider the welfare effects of the emigration of workers who produce a public good (knowledge). We distinguish between the knowledge diversion and knowledge creation effects of such emigration, and show that the remaining residents of a country can gain from emigration, even when tastes for knowledge goods exhibit a kind of 'home bias'. In contrast to existing models of beneficial brain drain (BBD), our results do not require agglomeration economies, education-related externalities, remittances, return migration, or an emigration 'lottery'. Instead, they are driven purely by the public nature of knowledge goods, combined with differences in market size that induce greater knowledge creation by emigrants abroad than at home. BBD is even more likely in the presence of weak sending-country intellectual property rights (IPRs), or when source country IPR policy is endogenized." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: NBER working paper series , 12761 -
Literaturhinweis
Competing for global talent (2006)
Kuptsch, Christiane; Fong, Pang Eng;Zitatform
Kuptsch, Christiane & Pang Eng Fong (Hrsg.) (2006): Competing for global talent. Geneva, 286 S.
Abstract
"Global talent has never been more mobile or sought after. A complex phenomenon that takes many forms, the movement of people with skills includes migrants crossing borders for temporary stays abroad as well as settlement, students moving for degrees and temporary and permanent stays, and even tourists and refugees who decide to stay abroad and use their skills. Countries attracting global talent increase their stock of human and technological skills, and in the past decade many have welcomed foreign professionals and students to redress domestic skill shortages and to quicken economic growth. This book includes general and theoretical papers on skilled migration and also papers on the country experiences of Australia, India, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It addresses the socio-economic and cultural challenges created by increased mobility in a world where globalizing and localizing forces are at work simultaneously." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The brain drain of Ph.Ds from Europe to the United States: what we know and what we would like to know (2006)
Moguerou, Philippe;Zitatform
Moguerou, Philippe (2006): The brain drain of Ph.Ds from Europe to the United States. What we know and what we would like to know. (EUI working paper RSCAS 2006,11), Fiesole, 34 S.
Abstract
"In this paper we discuss the widely acknowledged so-called 'European brain drain'. We find that there is an asymmetry in the flows of Ph.D. students and post-doctorate researchers between Europe and the United States, to the advantage of the latter. However, we point out that this conclusion is based on incomplete and imperfect data, particulary at the post-doctoral level. This does not allow us to draw any definitive conclusion on the European brain-drain question. We argue that, in the context of increasingly knowledge-based economies, brain drain is a complex question as the current situation tends to imply many types of return, circulation and recirculation of the highly educated. We identify three main unsolved issues. Firstly, few things are known on the return migration of European Ph.D.s. Secondly, tha net balances in the brain-gain and brain-loss have to be placed in relation to the stock of Ph.D.s. Thirdly, uncertainty remains about the 'quality' of Ph.D.s who 'circulate'. We argue that a correct assessment of the European brain drain would have to seriously consider these issues and would require a European statistical information system on Ph.D. mobility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Costs and benefits of migration for Central European countries (2006)
Okolski, Marek;Zitatform
Okolski, Marek (2006): Costs and benefits of migration for Central European countries. (CMR Working Papers 07/65), Warszawa, 91 S.
Abstract
"The part 1 (Overview of the literature on the Central European experience with migration during the transition period) contains a descriptive review of literature on the costs and benefits of migration in Central European countries. The literature here means the selected and highly representative analytical reports of wide circulation, both published and unpublished, available in languages known to the author (Czech, Slovak, English, French, German, Polish and Russian).
In the following section 2.1. (Remittances) I present the selected research results on the micro and macroeconomic level.
In the following section 2.2. (Labour market allocations) selected aspects of labour market allocations related to international mobility - both in terms of outflow and inflow of labour force - will be presented and discussed. The first part is based on the Polish example due to the fact that currently it is the only country in the region where emigration is of relative importance. Additionally, Polish economy suffered the most painful negative effects of its labour market restructuring, which caused extremely high unemployment rates. Migration was perceived as a possible solution to labour market disequilibrium. The second part is devoted to the effects of migrants' inflow to the most important receiving countries in the region.
The following section 2.3. (Brain exchange) contains a discussion of the scale, mechanisms and consequences of the temporary or permanent migration of highly qualified people from CE. I will discuss mainly the Polish experience (as it seems, quite representative for the rest of the countries in the region), but the analysis will be enriched by the results of the studies in other CE countries, mainly Hungary.
Section 2.4. will discuss micro-regional and micro-socio-economic effects in a home country perspective (the case of Poland).
Section 2.5. will discuss Micro-regional or sector-specific effects in a receiving country perspective.
Section 3. will discuss distinct (country-specific and topic-specific) gaps in the literature (research) concerning the effects of migration.
Section 4. deals with major policy challenges an proposal of specific migration policy solutions and research activities." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Migration: who gains, who loses (2006)
Panagariya, Arvind;Zitatform
Panagariya, Arvind (2006): Migration. Who gains, who loses. In: Brookings Trade Forum.
Abstract
Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über das komplexe Phänomen der internationalen Wanderung zwischen Entwicklungsländern und Industrieländern. Mittels eines Ein Gut-Zwei Faktoren-Modells werden die Grundzüge der Migration erläutert. Die Frage, ob befristete Auswanderung für Entwicklungsländer eine Entwicklungsstrategie sein kann, wird kritisch diskutiert. Anhand eines Zwei Güter-Zwei Faktoren-Modells werden Asymmetrien in der Wohlfahrtsökonomie der Migration diskutiert. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Auswanderer selbst in jedem Fall von der Auswanderung profitierten; auf die Wohlfahrt der zurückbleibenden Bevölkerung in den Entwicklungsländern wirkt sich Auswanderung jedoch negativ aus. Dies gilt vor allem für kleine Entwickungsländer und für die Auswanderung Hochqualifizierter. Für die Einwanderungsländer ist Einwanderung Niedrigqualifizierter mit der Befürchtung verbunden, dass diese die gesellschaftliche Wohlfahrt beeinträchtigt, indem sie für die niedrigqualifizierten Inländer zu Lohnsenkungen führt und die steuerfinanzierten Sozialsysteme belastet. Diese Befürchtungen können empirisch nicht belegt werden. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, dass Einwanderer nicht nur eine steuerliche Belastung für die inländische Bevölkerung darstellen, sondern für diese auch Werte schaffen. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
The new argonauts: regional advantage in a global economy (2006)
Saxenian, AnnaLee;Zitatform
Saxenian, AnnaLee (2006): The new argonauts. Regional advantage in a global economy. Cambridge u.a.: Harvard University Press, 424 S.
Abstract
"Like the Greeks who sailed with Jason in search of the Golden Fleece, the new Argonauts--foreign-born, technically skilled entrepreneurs who travel back and forth between Silicon Valley and their home countries--seek their fortune in distant lands by launching companies far from established centers of skill and technology. Their story illuminates profound transformations in the global economy. Economic geographer AnnaLee Saxenian has followed this transformation, exploring one of its great paradoxes: how the 'brain drain' has become 'brain circulation', a powerful economic force for development of formerly peripheral regions. The new Argonauts - armed with Silicon Valley experience and relationships and the ability to operate in two countries simultaneously - quickly identify market opportunities, locate foreign partners, and manage cross-border business operations." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A simple model of brain circulation (2006)
Zitatform
Schmitt, Nicolas & Antoine Soubeyran (2006): A simple model of brain circulation. In: Journal of International Economics, Jg. 69, H. 2, S. 296-309. DOI:10.1016/j.jinteco.2005.06.011
Abstract
"This paper analyzes the allocation of two types of individuals differentiated by talent between two countries where they choose to be workers or entrepreneurs. An equilibrium with international migration exists when countries' talent endowments are sufficiently different. It is consistent with one-way or two-way migration whether individuals are entrepreneurs or workers. Although allowing migration increases domestic welfare in one country and decreases it in the other, it is always supported by majority voting in both countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The human face of global mobility: international highly skilled migration in Europe, North America and the Asia-Pacific (2006)
Smith, Michael Peter ; Feldblum, Miriam; Freeman, Gary P.; Falsirom, Dana Zartner; Recchi, Ettore ; Batalova, Jeanne; Favell, Adrian ; Chakravartty, Paula; Hill, David K.; Bozkurt, Odül; Lowell, B. Lindsay; Szelenyi, Katalin; Money, Jeanette;Zitatform
Smith, Michael Peter & Adrian Favell (Hrsg.) (2006): The human face of global mobility. International highly skilled migration in Europe, North America and the Asia-Pacific. (Comparative urban and community research 08), New Brunswick u.a.: Transaction Publ., 314 S.
Abstract
"Alongside flows of trade and capital. the free movement of professionals. technical personnel. and students is seen as a key aspect of globalization. Yet not much detailed empirical research has been completed about the trajectories and experiences of these highly skilled or highly educated international migrants. What little is known about these forms of 'global mobility,' and the politics that surround them, contrasts with the abundant theories and accounts of other topes of international migration - such as low income economic migration from less developed to core countries in the international political economy. Drawing on the work of a long-standing discussion group at the Center for Comparative and Global Research of UCLA's International Institute, this collection bridges conventional methodological divides, bringing together political scientists, sociologists, demographers, and ethnographers. It explores the reality behind assumptions about these new global migration trends. It challenges widely held views about the elite characteristics of these migrants. the costs and consequences of the brain drain said to follow from the migration of skilled workers. the determinants of national policies on high skilled migrants. and the presumed 'effortlessness' of professional mobility in an integrating world. The volume also sheds new light on international student migration, the politics of temporary, non-immigrant workers in the United States, new international forms of regulating movement, and the realities of the everyday lives of multinational employees in the world's transnational cities. Key differences between the regional contexts of this migration in Europe, North America, and the Asia-Pacific are also emphasized." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Brain drain versus brain gain: an exploratory study of ex-host country nationals in Central and East Europe (2006)
Tung, Rosalie L.; Lazarova, Mila;Zitatform
Tung, Rosalie L. & Mila Lazarova (2006): Brain drain versus brain gain. An exploratory study of ex-host country nationals in Central and East Europe. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 17, H. 11, S. 1853-1872.
Abstract
"To fuel further growth and development, many countries in Central and East Europe that have made the transition from socialist to market economies are anxious to reverse the brain drain by attracting their nationals who have studied and/or worked abroad to return. This study seeks to examine the experiences and challenges encountered by nationals upon their return home, after having lived abroad for an extensive period of time. These people are referred to as 'ex-holt country nationals' (EHCNs). The findings of this exploratory study of 86 EHCNs, all recipients of prestigious scholarships to study abroad, have important implications, both theoretical and practical, for international human resource management, including governmental attempts to curb or reverse brain drain from their respective countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
International migration, remittances, and the brain drain (2006)
Zitatform
Özden, Caglar & Maurice Schiff (Hrsg.) (2006): International migration, remittances, and the brain drain. Houndmills u.a.: Palgrave Macmillan, 274 S. DOI:10.1596/978-0-8213-6372-0
Abstract
"International migration, the movement of people across international boundaries, has enormous economic, social, and cultural implications in both origin and destination countries. It is estimated that some one hundred and eighty million people (three per cent of the world's population) are living in countries in which they were not born. Among these are millions of highly-educated people who moved to developed countries from developing countries that already suffer from low levels of human capital and skilled workers. Moreover, the flow of formal remittances from migrants to their relatives in their countries of birth has exhibited a very rapid and accelerating rate of growth. Estimated to exceed one hundred billion dollars annually, remittances surpass foreign aid and account for the largest source of foreign capital for dozens of countries. This timely volume provides an in-depth examination of the relationship between - and the impacts on - migration, remittances, and development. Using new household surveys and census data, the determinants of migration and the impact of migration and remittances on various measures of welfare are analyzed. Others issues discussed include the migration of skilled workers, the impact of international students and skilled migration in the United States, the determinants of internal and international migration from rural areas whilst providing a critical examination of the new 'brain drain' literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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