Digitale Arbeitswelt – Chancen und Herausforderungen für Beschäftigte und Arbeitsmarkt
Der digitale Wandel der Arbeitswelt gilt als eine der großen Herausforderungen für Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Wie arbeiten wir in Zukunft? Welche Auswirkungen hat die Digitalisierung und die Nutzung Künstlicher Intelligenz auf Beschäftigung und Arbeitsmarkt? Welche Qualifikationen werden künftig benötigt? Wie verändern sich Tätigkeiten und Berufe? Welche arbeits- und sozialrechtlichen Konsequenzen ergeben sich daraus?
Dieses Themendossier dokumentiert Forschungsergebnisse zum Thema in den verschiedenen Wirtschaftsbereichen und Regionen.
Im Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Gesamtbetrachtungen/Positionen
- Arbeitsformen, Arbeitszeit und Gesundheit
- Qualifikationsanforderungen und Berufe
- Arbeitsplatz- und Beschäftigungseffekte
- Wirtschaftsbereiche
- Arbeits- und sozialrechtliche Aspekte / digitale soziale Sicherung
- Deutschland
- Andere Länder/ internationaler Vergleich
- Besondere Personengruppen
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Literaturhinweis
Robots and employment: evidence from Italy (2020)
Zitatform
Dottori, Davide (2020): Robots and employment: evidence from Italy. (Questioni di economia e finanza (Occasional papers) / Banca d'Italia 572), Rom, 59 S.
Abstract
"Increased robot diffusion has raised concerns for its possible negative impact on employment. Following an empirical approach in line with those applied to the US and Germany with contrasting results, this paper provides evidence about the effect of robots on employment outcomes in Italy (second European economy for robot stock) from the early 1990s up to 2016, both at the local labour market (LLM) level and at the worker level. In order to purge from demand and other confounding shocks, the identification relies on an instrumental variables strategy based on robots' sectoral growth in other European countries. No harmful impact on total employment emerges from the LLM analysis; the estimated effect is negative when limited to manufacturing employment, but its statistical significance is weak or absent once concurrent trends relating to trade and ICT are controlled for. Results at the worker level show that incumbent workers in manufacturing were not damaged on average, with an overall positive (though not large) employment effect, driven by longer working relationships with the original firm; conditional on them remaining at the original firm, the impact is also positive on wages. On the other hand, robot diffusion turns out to have contributed to reshaping the sectoral distribution of the new labour force inflows towards less robot intensive industries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Making gigs work: digital platforms, job quality and worker motivations (2020)
Zitatform
Dunn, Michael (2020): Making gigs work: digital platforms, job quality and worker motivations. In: New Technology, Work and Employment, Jg. 35, H. 2, S. 232-249. DOI:10.1111/ntwe.12167
Abstract
"Technology has driven new organisations of work and employment relationships, rendering changes that would have been unimaginable just a decade ago. The rise of digital platforms has not only enabled new forms of work activity but also transformed the way workers find new opportunities. This development, referred to as gig work, is distinct from traditional employment in that it is mediated through online platforms. While we can somewhat objectively designate traditional job characteristics as “good” or “bad”, designating gig work itself as “good” or “bad” overlooks the fact that workers are inclined to evaluate the quality of their jobs according to their own individual needs, priorities, backgrounds and other circumstances - even if those jobs are objectively the same. Unlike previous scholarship on gig work, which has viewed job quality largely from a platform-focused perspective, this article takes a worker-centric approach and provides a typology of gig workers. The typology demarcates how gig work is used and indicates key attributes that differentiate how workers approach such jobs. Moreover, the typology reveals heterogeneity in gig workers' motivations, characteristics and intentions. Consequently, platforms with “bad” job quality characteristics can still offer work that some workers will see as “good” and vice versa." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Not so disruptive yet? Characteristics, distribution and determinants of robots in Europe (2020)
Zitatform
Fernández-Macías, Enrique, David Klenert & José-Ignacio Antón (2020): Not so disruptive yet? Characteristics, distribution and determinants of robots in Europe. (JRC working papers series on labour, education and technology 2020,03), Sevilla, 42 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyses data on industrial robots in European manufacturing sectors, focusing on their applications and characteristics, their distribution over countries and sectors and the main factors that are correlated with robot adoption such as wage levels and robot prices. We argue that, contrary to popular belief, the types of robots widely used in manufacturing today do not imply a discontinuity in terms of automation and labour replacement possibilities. Instead, current robot technology is better understood as the most recent iteration of industrial automation technologies that have existed for a very long time. In fact, these automation technologies arguably had their biggest employment impact generations ago, partially explaining changes in employment structures in agricultural and manufacturing sectors that go back to the Industrial Revolution. Thus, the potential employment effects of current robot technology are a priori limited." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Robotisation, Employment and Industrial Growth Intertwined Across Global Value Chains (2020)
Zitatform
Ghodsi, Mahdi, Oliver Reiter, Robert Stehrer & Roman Stöllinger (2020): Robotisation, Employment and Industrial Growth Intertwined Across Global Value Chains. (WIIW working paper 177), Wien, 33 S.
Abstract
"The global economy is currently experiencing a new wave of technological change involving new technologies, especially in the realm of artificial intelligence and robotics, but not limited to it. One key concern in this context is the consequences of these new technologies on the labour market. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the direct and indirect effects of the rise of industrial robots and productivity via international value chains on various industrial indicators, including employment and real value added. The paper thereby adds to the existing empirical work on the relationship between technological change, employment and industrial growth by adding data on industrial robots while controlling for other technological advancements measured by total factor productivity (TFP). The results indicate that the overall impact of the installation of new robots did not statistically affect the growth of industrial employment during the period 2000–2014 significantly, while the overall impact on the real value added growth of industries in the world was positive and significant. The methodology also allows for a differentiation between the impact of robots across various industries and countries based on two different perspectives of source and destination industries across global value chains. Disclaimer This is a background paper for the UNIDO Industrial Development Report 2020. Industrializing in the digital age." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Technological change and the Swedish labor market (2020)
Graetz, Georg;Zitatform
Graetz, Georg (2020): Technological change and the Swedish labor market. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2020,19), Bonn, 69 S.
Abstract
"This report takes stock of recent research into the effects of technology on the labor market; assesses to what extent the Swedish labor market has been affected by technological change in the past three decades, in particular with respect to the themes highlighted by the research; and draws lessons for the future. The main conclusion is that so far, the Swedish labor market has adopted well to technological change, as it exhibits stable employment rates and steady wage growth across the distribution. Furthermore, there are no clear signs that this situation should change in the coming decades." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor Demand in the Past, Present, and Future (2020)
Graetz, Georg;Zitatform
Graetz, Georg (2020): Labor Demand in the Past, Present, and Future. (IZA discussion paper 13142), Bonn, 29 S.
Abstract
"Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, technological change has led to the automation of existing tasks and the creation of new ones, as well as the reallocation of labor across occupations and industries. These processes have been costly to individual workers, but labor demand has remained strong, and real wages have steadily increased in line with productivity growth. I provide evidence suggesting, however, that in recent decades automation has outpaced the creation of new tasks and thus the demand for labor has declined. There is strong disagreement about the future of labor demand, and predictions about technological breakthroughs have a poor track record. Given the importance of overall labor demand for workers' standard of living as well as their ability to adjust to a changing labor market, obtaining accurate forecasts should be a priority for policy makers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Automation and labor force participation in advanced economies: Macro and micro evidence (2020)
Zitatform
Grigoli, Francesco, Zsóka Kóczán & Petia Topalova (2020): Automation and labor force participation in advanced economies: Macro and micro evidence. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 126. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103443
Abstract
"Technological advances raise productivity and growth, but are also likely to reshape labor markets. We examine the impact of automation on aggregate labor force participation rates and individuals' attachment to the workforce in advanced economies. Cross-country analysis, which leverages the variation in the routinizability of occupations and occupational composition, points to significant negative effects of automation on the participation rates of prime-age men and women. Individual-level analysis confirms that workers previously employed in routinizable occupations are more likely to drop out of the labor force. Encouragingly, higher spending on active labor market programs and education are, however, associated with smaller negative effects of technological change on participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Precarized society: social Transformation of the welfare state (2020)
Zitatform
Hepp, Rolf, David Kergel & Robert Riesinger (Hrsg.) (2020): Precarized society. Social Transformation of the welfare state. (Prekarisierung und soziale Entkopplung - transdisziplinäre Studien), Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 274 S.
Abstract
"This book provides international and transdisciplinary perspectives on Hyperprecarity and Social Structural Transformations in European Societies, USA and Russia enforced through other special transformation processes such as digitalisation, migration and demographic change. It has been observed that precarity and social insecurity do not refer any longer only to certain groups of the society such as unemployed people or to those ones who are ‘traditionally’ more in need of social benefit etc. but it accompanies and affects greater parts of the society, particularly those sections of the middleclass who conceive their social identity merely via their work ethics. Consequentially new forms of social exclusion are being producing taxing the traditional social cohesion in European societies due to the demand of new forms of flexibility and mobility from the working people. This process can be termed with the notion 'Hyperprecarisation'. This book contains contributions from scientists all over Europe, Russia and the USA, who are members of the SUPI network “Social Uncertainty, Prequarity, Inequality”." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis -
Literaturhinweis
Sectoral shifts and comovements in employment (2020)
Kim, Bae-Geun;Zitatform
Kim, Bae-Geun (2020): Sectoral shifts and comovements in employment. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 192. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109208
Abstract
"Sectoral shifts in employment from manufacturing to services are viewed as a structural transformation which occurs over a long period of time. Economists point out that a rapid technological advance in the manufacturing sector relative to that in the service sector is the underlying cause of this phenomenon. However, few have associated this with business cycle analyses. This paper finds that a relatively faster technological advance in the manufacturing sector (named manufacturing-specific technology shock) generates sectoral comovements in employment in the short run while it leads to sectoral shifts in employment in the long run. The behavior of investment is the key to this finding." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do robots really destroy jobs? Evidence from Europe (2020)
Zitatform
Klenert, David, Enrique Fernández-Macías & José-Ignacio Antón (2020): Do robots really destroy jobs? Evidence from Europe. (JRC working papers series on labour, education and technology 2020,01), Sevilla, 48 S.
Abstract
"While citizen opinion polls reveal that Europeans are concerned about the labour market consequences of technological progress, the understanding of the actual significance of this relationship is still imperfect. This paper assesses the impact of robot adoption on employment in Europe. Combining industry-level data on employment by skill-type with data on robot adoption and using different sets of fixed-effects techniques, we find that robot use is linked to an increase in aggregate employment. Contrary to some previous studies, we do not find evidence of robots reducing the share of low-skill workers across Europe. Since the overwhelming majority of industrial robots is used in manufacturing, our findings should not be interpreted outside of the manufacturing context. However, the results still hold when including non-manufacturing sectors and they are robust across a wide range of assumptions and econometric specifications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Digital Transformation of Labor: Automation, the Gig Economy and Welfare (2020)
Zitatform
Larsson, Anthony & Robin Teigland (Hrsg.) (2020): The Digital Transformation of Labor. Automation, the Gig Economy and Welfare. (Routledge studies in labour economics), Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge, XXII, 349 S. DOI:10.4324/9780429317866
Abstract
"Through a series of studies, the overarching aim of this book is to investigate if and how the digitalization/digital transformation process causes (or may cause) the autonomy of various labor functions, and its impact in creating (or stymieing) various job opportunities on the labor market. This book also seeks to illuminate what actors/groups are mostly at risk by it. This book takes its point of departure from a 2016 OECD report that contends that the impact digitalization has on the future of labor is ambiguous, as on the one hand it is suggested that technological change is labor-saving, but on the other hand, it is suggested that digital technologies have not created new jobs on a scale that it replaces old jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
"If He Just Knew Who We Were": Microworkers’ Emerging Bonds of Attachment in a Fragmented Employment Relationship (2020)
Zitatform
Panteli, Niki, Andriana Rapti & Dora Scholarios (2020): "If He Just Knew Who We Were": Microworkers’ Emerging Bonds of Attachment in a Fragmented Employment Relationship. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 34, H. 3, S. 476-494. DOI:10.1177/0950017019897872
Abstract
"Using the lens of attachment, we explore microworkers' views of their employment relationship. Microwork comprises short-term, task-focused exchanges with large numbers of end-users (requesters), implying transitory and transactional relationships. Other key parties, however, include the platform which digitally meditates worker-requester relationships and the online microworker community. We explore the nature of attachment with these parties and the implications for microworkers' employment experiences. Using data from a workers' campaign directed at Amazon Mechanical Turk and CEO Jeff Bezos, we demonstrate multiple, dynamic bonds - primarily acquiescence and instrumental bonds - towards requesters and the platform, and identification with the online community. Microworkers also expressed dedication towards the platform. We consider how attachment buffers the exploitative employment relationship and how community bonds mobilise collective worker voice." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
#up to date: Arbeitsmarktfähigkeit von ICT-Beschäftigten in der Schweiz (2020)
Pardini, Riccardo; Meuli, Nora; Knöpfel, Carlo;Zitatform
Pardini, Riccardo, Nora Meuli & Carlo Knöpfel (2020): #up to date. Arbeitsmarktfähigkeit von ICT-Beschäftigten in der Schweiz. Zürich: Seismo Verlag, 246 S.
Abstract
"Der Arbeitsmarkt befindet sich im Wandel. Arbeitsaufgaben und traditionelle Berufsbilder fallen weg und werden durch neue Arbeitsinhalte und andere Qualifikationsanforderungen ersetzt. Von diesem Transformationsprozess ist die ICT-Branche stark betroffen. Ein zentrales Mittel, um mit den sich ständig ändernden Anforderungen umzugehen, ist die berufsorientierte Weiterbildung. Die Studie im Auftrag der Gewerkschaft «Medien und Kommunikation syndicom» zeigt, dass der Besuch verschiedener Weiterbildungsaktivitäten für die ICT-Beschäftigten ein wichtiger Bestandteil ist, um die eigene Arbeitsmarktfähigkeit zu erhalten und zu fördern. Allerdings ist der Zugang zu Weiterbildungsangeboten ungleich verteilt. Die Einschätzungen von 500 ICT-Beschäftigten machen deutlich, dass eine Regelung zu Weiterbildungsmöglichkeiten in den Arbeitsverträgen sich positiv auswirkt, um den Anforderungen dieser Branche gerecht zu werden und mit den Veränderungen des Berufsfeldes Schritt zu halten." (Verlagsinformation, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Capital-skill complementarity and biased technical change across US sectors (2020)
Perez-Laborda, Alejandro; Perez-Sebastian, Fidel;Zitatform
Perez-Laborda, Alejandro & Fidel Perez-Sebastian (2020): Capital-skill complementarity and biased technical change across US sectors. In: Journal of macroeconomics, Jg. 66. DOI:10.1016/j.jmacro.2020.103255
Abstract
"The goal of this paper is two-fold. First, we reexamine the evidence for the capital-skill complementarity (CSC) and the skill-biased technological change (SBTC) hypotheses at the sectoral level in the US economy for the period 1970–2005. Second, we quantify their effect on the evolution of the wage skill premium. To do so, we estimate a translog model with three production factors (skilled labor, unskilled labor, and capital) for different sets of industry aggregates suggested by the literature. At the aggregated level, we find that both CSC and SBTC explain a substantial part of the observed change in the skill premium. The CSC hypothesis also receives support across sectors, although SBTC often explains a larger part of the premium change. We also find that the relevance of CSC increases with the level of aggregation of the data. Besides, when we disaggregate capital into ICT and non-ICT, our results suggest that often ICT capital is not the primary source of CSC. However, ICT-CSC is the most important driver of the skill premium in specific sectors, such as financial and business services." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Game-changing technologies: Transforming production and employment in Europe: digital age (2020)
Zitatform
Peruffo, Eleonora, Ricardo Rodriguez Contreras, Irene Mandl & Martina Bisello (2020): Game-changing technologies: Transforming production and employment in Europe. Digital age. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, IV, 46 S. DOI:10.2806/054475
Abstract
"Innovation and technological advancement are natural features of developed economies, and they are necessary to maintain and improve sustainable competitiveness in an era of globalisation. However, while most innovation tends to be incremental, some has a disruptive effect on production and service provision, the labour market and social dialogue. This report discusses a selection of eight so-called ‘game-changing technologies’ (advanced robotics, additive manufacturing, the Internet of Things, electric vehicles, autonomous vehicles, industrial biotechnologies, blockchain and virtual and augmented reality). Each of these has the potential to substantially change business activities, work and employment in Europe. Looking at both the manufacturing and services sectors, this report gives an indication of how these technologies might be adopted and how they are expected to affect the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Innovation, automation, and inequality: Policy challenges in the race against the machine (2020)
Zitatform
Prettner, Klaus & Holger Strulik (2020): Innovation, automation, and inequality: Policy challenges in the race against the machine. In: Journal of monetary economics, Jg. 116, S. 249-265. DOI:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2019.10.012
Abstract
"The effects of automation on economic growth, education, and inequality are analyzed using an R&D-driven growth model with endogenous education in which high-skilled workers are complements to machines and low-skilled workers are substitutes for machines. The model predicts that automation leads to an increasing share of college graduates, increasing income and wealth inequality, and a declining labor share. We show that standard policy suggestions for the age of automation can trigger unintended side effects on inequality, growth, and welfare, irrespective of whether they are financed by progressive wage taxation or by a robot tax." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als GLO discussion paper, 320 -
Literaturhinweis
Testing the automation revolution hypothesis (2020)
Zitatform
Scholl, Keller & Robin Hanson (2020): Testing the automation revolution hypothesis. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 193. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109287
Abstract
"Wages and employment predict automation in 832 U.S. jobs, 1999 to 2019, but add little to top 25 O*NET job features, whose best predictive model did not change over this period. Automation changes predict changes in neither wages nor employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Automation, workers' skills and job satisfaction (2020)
Zitatform
Schwabe, Henrik & Fulvio Castellacci (2020): Automation, workers' skills and job satisfaction. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 15, H. 11. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0242929
Abstract
"When industrial robots are adopted by firms in a local labor market, some workers are displaced and become unemployed. Other workers that are not directly affected by automation may however fear that these new technologies might replace their working tasks in the future. This fear of a possible future replacement is important because it negatively affects workers' job satisfaction at present. This paper studies the extent to which automation affects workers' job satisfaction, and whether this effect differs for high- versus low-skilled workers. The empirical analysis uses microdata for several thousand workers in Norway from the Working Life Barometer survey for the period 2016–2019, combined with information on the introduction of industrial robots in Norway from the International Federation of Robotics. Our identification strategy exploits variation in the pace of introduction of industrial robots in Norwegian regions and industries since 2007 to instrument workers' fear of replacement. The results indicate that automation in industrial firms in recent years have induced 40% of the workers that are currently in employment to fear that their work might be replaced by a smart machine in the future. Such fear of future replacement does negatively affect workers' job satisfaction at present. This negative effect is driven by low-skilled workers, which are those carrying out routine-based tasks, and who are therefore more exposed to the risks of automation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Gig Economy Beyond Local Services and Transportation (2020)
Zitatform
Stanton, Christopher T. & Catherine Thomas (2020): The Gig Economy Beyond Local Services and Transportation. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 21-26.
Abstract
"The gig economy characterizes a wide variety of shortterm freelance work, typically intermediated via online platforms that facilitate matching between buyers and providers. The widespread growth of ride-sharing platforms such as Uber and Lyft has led many to equate gig-economy work with tasks carried out face to face after matching on a platform. However, many gigs or tasks can be both contracted and performed remotely, particularly when the output can be delivered electronically. Platforms that enable this type of work are referred to as online labor markets." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Kompetenzverschiebungen im Digitalisierungsprozess: Veränderungen für Arbeit und Weiterbildung aus Sicht der Beschäftigten (2020)
Zitatform
Umbach, Susanne, Erik Haberzeth, Hanna Böving & Elise Glaß (2020): Kompetenzverschiebungen im Digitalisierungsprozess. Veränderungen für Arbeit und Weiterbildung aus Sicht der Beschäftigten. (Erwachsenenbildung und lebensbegleitendes Lernen - Forschung & Praxis 38), Bielefeld: wbv Publikation, 212 S. DOI:10.3278/6004593w
Abstract
"Thema der Studie ist der Wandel von Tätigkeiten an betrieblichen Arbeitsplätzen durch die Digitalisierung, für die in der betrieblichen Weiterbildung Unterstützungs- und Gestaltungsansätze entwickelt werden müssen. Anhand von sechs Betriebsfallstudien aus Logistik und stationärem Einzelhandel untersucht das Autorenteam zwei wesentliche Aspekte: die Veränderung von Tätigkeiten auf der ausführenden Ebene und die damit verbundenen Kompetenzverschiebungen. In dem subjektbezogenen Zugang zum Forschungsfeld sind die Beschäftigten Expertinnen und Experten ihrer Arbeit, um zentrale Fragen des digitalisierten Arbeitsalltags zu beantworten: Was heißt Digitalisierung für Arbeitsmittel und -organisation auf betrieblicher Ebene? Wie verändern sich Tätigkeiten? Welche Kompetenzverschiebungen im Hinblick auf menschliche Wissens- und Handlungspotenziale ergeben sich? Wie wird betriebliche Weiterbildung gestaltet? Im Ergebnis liefern die Autorinnen und der Autor ein erweitertes Kompetenzprofil, das die Besonderheiten der Digitalisierung aufnimmt. Es ist gleichzeitig Grundlage für eine personalorientierte und partizipative Weiterbildungspraxis." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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- Gesamtbetrachtungen/Positionen
- Arbeitsformen, Arbeitszeit und Gesundheit
- Qualifikationsanforderungen und Berufe
- Arbeitsplatz- und Beschäftigungseffekte
- Wirtschaftsbereiche
- Arbeits- und sozialrechtliche Aspekte / digitale soziale Sicherung
- Deutschland
- Andere Länder/ internationaler Vergleich
- Besondere Personengruppen