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Schels, Brigitte (2018): Young adults' risk of long-term benefit receipt and parents' socioeconomic background. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 61, H. 1, S. 17-33., 2016-09-14. DOI:10.1177/0001699316681828

Abstract

"This study investigates social differences in the risk of long-term benefit receipt of young adults in Germany. Although employment is a major route to end social benefit receipt, it may not result in financial independence for all social groups in their early working lives as this also depends on the status of their parents: Do young benefit recipients have unequal chances of making the transition from benefit receipt as soon as they take up employment? How stable is the impact of parents' socioeconomic status on the transition once young adults complete their vocational education? This study conducts an empirical analysis of the careers of a cohort of 18-to-24-year-old Germans who received benefits in 2005 by combining survey data and register data for a six-year observation period. Event history analyses indicate that social differences persist when young adults claim social benefits. In particular, parents' socioeconomic status is positively associated with their offspring's likelihood of ending receipt of social benefits as soon as they are in full-time employment. Parents' socioeconomic status has a relatively stable impact for young beneficiaries irrespective of whether they have completed vocational qualifications or not. The findings suggest that these social differences persist during early working life." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schmillen, Achim & Matthias Umkehrer (2018): The scars of youth. Effects of early-career unemployment on future unemployment experience. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 156, H. 3/4, S. 465-494., 2016-12-01. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12079

Abstract

"Does early-career unemployment cause future unemployment? The authors approach this question using German administrative matched employer - employee data that track almost 700,000 individuals over 24 years. Instrumenting early-career unemployment with firm-specific labour demand shocks, they find significant and long-lasting 'scarring effects'. In the mean, each additional day of unemployment during the first eight years on the labour market increases unemployment in the following 16 years by half a day. However, quantile regressions show that the scarring effects are much stronger for individuals who already suffer from lengthy and repeated spells of unemployment." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Schropp, Helen (2018): Glücksförderung lohnt sich! Wer benachteiligten Jugendlichen den Weg ins Erwerbsleben erleichtern will, muss positive Impulse setzen. In: IAB-Forum H. 02.02.2018, o. Sz.

Abstract

"Junge Menschen, denen der Übergang von der Schule in Ausbildung oder Arbeit misslingt, weisen nicht selten verhaltensbezogene, emotionale und kognitive Probleme auf. Fördermaßnahmen, die individuelle Potenziale stärken, können in diesen Fällen wertvolle Impulse für eine positive Entwicklung geben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Shi, Lulu P., Christian Imdorf, Robin Samuel & Stefan Sacchi (2018): How unemployment scarring affects skilled young workers. Evidence from a factorial survey of Swiss recruiters. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 52, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1186/s12651-018-0239-7

Abstract

"We ask how employers contribute to unemployment scarring in the recruitment process in the German-speaking part of Switzerland. By drawing on recruitment theories, we aim to better understand how recruiters assess different patterns of unemployment in a job candidate's CV and how this affects the chances of young applicants being considered for a vacancy. We argue that in contexts with tight school-work linkage and highly standardised Vocational Education and Training systems, the detrimental effect of early unemployment depends on how well the applicant's profile matches the requirements of the advertised position. To test this assumption, we surveyed Swiss recruiters who were seeking to fill positions during the time of data collection. We employed a factorial survey experiment that tested how the (un)employment trajectories in hypothetical young job applicants' CV affected their chances of being considered for a real vacancy. Our results show that unemployment decreases the perceived suitability of an applicant for a specific job, which implies there is a scarring effect of unemployment that increases with the duration of being unemployed. But we also found that these effects are moderated by how well the applicant's profile matches the job's requirements. Overall, the worse the match between applicant's profile and the job profile, the smaller are the scarring effects of unemployment. In sum, our findings contribute to the literature by revealing considerable heterogeneity in the scarring effects of unemployment. Our findings further suggest that the scarring effects of unemployment need to be studied with regard to country-specific institutional settings, the applicants' previous education and employment experiences, and the job characteristics." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Sienkiewicz, Lukasz (2018): Traineeships under the Youth Guarantee. Experience from the ground. (Social Europe), Brüssel, 34 S. DOI:10.2767/149497

Abstract

"The report on Traineeships under the Youth Guarantee looks at how traineeship schemes can be successful learning experiences for young people, in supporting them to acquire essential skills for the labour market. It also takes a look at different measures that contribute to the quality of traineeships and prevent their misuse. This report is one in a series of five reports on Youth Guarantee delivery, presenting existing practices from the ground from the first five years of its implementation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Singh, Ajit, Florian Engel & Simone Kreher (2018): Heranwachsende im Dreieck des SGB-II-Leistungsbezugs. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Triangulation von Daten, Methoden und Perspektiven für die Rekonstruktion kindlicher Lebenswelten. In: Sozialer Sinn, Jg. 19, H. 1, S. 11-43. DOI:10.1515/sosi-2018-0002

Abstract

"Als Beitrag zu einer interpretativen Ungleichheits- und Armutsforschung thematisiert dieser Aufsatz methodologische und methodische Probleme, die bei der Rekonstruktion von Lebenswelten von Kindern, die von außen betrachtet in ,prekären Verhältnissen' des SGB-II-Bezugs aufwachsen, zu lösen sind. Dabei schlagen wir vor, eine Brücke zwischen Armutsforschung und den New Childhood Studies zu schlagen, um die Agency von Kindern und Jugendlichen im Hinblick auf ihre subjektiven Sicht- und Erlebensweisen deutlicher hervortreten zu lassen. Zudem wird reflektiert, wie spezifische Vorstellungen und Wissensbestände über 'Normalität' in der Erhebungssituation virulent werden, die auch bis in die hermeneutische Auswertung fortwirken können. Die Triangulation verschiedener Datensorten, Verfahren und Perspektiven ermöglichte uns einen reflexiven Umgang mit den jeweiligen Wirklichkeitskonstruktionen, die auch mit Blick auf die Positionalität der Forscherinnen zum Gegenstand gemacht werden." (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)

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Sirovátka, Tomáš, Ondrej Hora & Markéta Horáková (2018): The fight against youth unemployment. Enhancing the chances of success by strengthening linkages between horizontal and vertical policy coordination. (NEGOTIATE working paper 8.4), Oslo, 29 S.

Abstract

"The findings of the Negotiate project show that, in spite of the economic recovery in Europe1, the youth unemployment rates, the Youth Not in Education, Employment, or Training (NEET) rates and the non-standard forms of work of young people are still high in many countries. The differences in these indicators even increased in Europe as some groups of young people (e.g. low skilled, immigrants or ethnic minority background) are affected heavily, in spite of the policy initiatives adopted at the EU level to improve the situation of young people on the labour market. Furthermore, there are long-term negative scarring effects from early job insecurity on young people's employment prospects, family formation, drug use, etc. Thus, the crucial question we are addressing here is How can the policies of labour market integration of young people be improved? Although we take into consideration a broader policy mix (active labour market policies, education policies, unemployment protection) when addressing this question, we are also concerned with the more specific question How can the Youth Guarantee (YG) initiative be successful in the broader policy and economic context? The discussion of these questions is based on the findings that were gathered throughout the Negotiate project in various deliverables. We refer here mainly to the comparative study on the trends in the policies for the labour market integration of young people in nine European countries (Hora et al. 2016a) and the comparative study on the Youth Guarantee (YG) programme implementation in these nine countries, focused on the multi-level governance perspective (Dingeldey et al. 2017). We have also analysed the respective background national studies that have served as source material for the comparative papers mentioned above (see the list of references), taking into account the existing studies on YG implementation. Apart from these studies dealing with the policies, we exhaust the other deliverables of the Negotiate project like the analysis of employer decisions on hiring young people in the European countries and the qualitative study of young people's experience with the school-to-work transitions and the scarring effects of early job insecurity on these transitions, as well as others that also bring policy implications. In the text below, we assess the strengths and weaknesses of the policies for integrating young people into the labour market, with a focus on YG implementation in the national contexts of nine countries. In the second section, we discuss the policy implications and recommendations." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sommer, Jörn, Frank Oschmiansky, Sandra Popp, Yukako Karato & Karin Kowalczyk (2018): Evaluation des Bundesprogramms RESPEKT. Abschlussbericht. (Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales. Forschungsbericht 518), Berlin, 111 S.

Abstract

"Seit vielen Jahren wird im Fachdiskurs die Herausforderung betont, dass keine jungen Menschen in Deutschland verloren gehen und durch die Maschen des Sozialleistungssystems fallen dürfen. Vor diesem Hintergrund fördert das Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales (BMAS) seit dem Jahr 2015 das Bundesprogramm RESPEKT. In diesem Rahmen wurden bundesweit 18 Projekte (ab 2018: 17 Projekte) gefördert. Zielsetzung ist junge Menschen, die individuelle Schwierigkeiten haben eine Qualifikation zu erreichen oder ins Arbeitsleben einzumünden und von den bestehenden Sozialleistungsangeboten nicht erreicht werden oder diese nicht annehmen, an Bildungsprozesse, Maßnahmen der Arbeitsförderung, Ausbildung oder Arbeit heranzuführen.
Die Evaluation des Bundesprogramms wurde von der INTERVAL GmbH in Kooperation mit dem ZEP - Zentrum für Evaluation und Politikberatung zwischen Ende 2016 und Juni 2018 durchgeführt. Dabei wurden untersucht:
- die Bedarfslagen und Merkmale der Zielgruppe, speziell auch die Gründe, aus denen sie nicht von den Sozialleistungen erreicht werden;
- die inhaltliche Ausgestaltung des Hilfsangebots der geförderten Projekte, inkl. der Fragen zum Zugang zur Zielgruppe und zur Gestaltung der Kooperationen und Leistungen dritter Akteure zur Unterstützung der Teilnehmenden sowie
- die Erreichung der Zielsetzungen des Programms.
Auf Basis der Ergebnisse wurden Hinweise zur Gestaltung des § 16h SGB II ('Förderung schwer zu erreichender junger Menschen') geliefert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Spörlein, Christoph (2018): How educational systems structure ethnic inequality among young labour market participants in Europe. Occupational placement and variation in the occupational status distribution. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 55, H. June, S. 109-119. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2018.04.006

Abstract

"Prior research as demonstrated that patterns of early labour market careers vary considerably across European societies. However, little research investigated how these patterns differ between immigrants and majority youth and whether the extent of ethnic inequality varies with educational system characteristics. Using the 2009 European Labour Force Survey data for 18 countries on the early careers of non-tertiary educated labour market participants, the results of this study show that immigrants work in lower-status jobs more frequently than majority youth do. In addition and conditional on these mean differences, immigrant's status distributions are more dispersed suggesting more erratic early career patterns. Educational systems characteristics moderate these differences: the occupational status difference between immigrants and majority youth is considerably larger in countries with strongly differentiated, specifically highly tracked educational systems. In addition, ethnic disadvantages are even more severe in differentiated educational systems when central exams are present. The findings further show that educational tracking is associated with less variation in a country's occupational status distribution, thus shaping ethnic inequality beyond its relationship with mean differences. Ethnic penalties are estimated to be considerably more severe in highly differentiated countries due to their lower baseline variability in the occupational status distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sturn, Simon (2018): Do minimum wages lead to job losses? Evidence from OECD countries on low-skilled and youth employment. In: ILR review, Jg. 71, H. 3, S. 647-675. DOI:10.1177/0019793917741259

Abstract

"The author investigates effects of minimum wage rates on low-skilled, female low-skilled, and youth employment. The sample consists of 19 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries from 1997 to 2013 for low-skilled workers and from 1983 to 2013 for young workers. Six different static or dynamic estimation approaches are applied on different versions of the specifications, controlling for up to quadratic time trends. The author further investigates the effects over the long run and over the business cycle as well as the effects of high minimum wages and of institutional complementarities. The findings provide little evidence of substantial disemployment effects for low-skilled, female low-skilled, or young workers. The estimated employment elasticities are small and statistically indistinguishable from zero. The author then considers why his results on youth employment differ from those of Neumark and Wascher (2004), showing that they overstate precision and that small changes in their specifications lead to minimum wage effects close to zero." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tamesberger, Dennis (2018): Can welfare and labour market regimes explain cross-country differences in the unemployment of young people? In: International Labour Review, Jg. 156, H. 3/4, S. 443-464. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12040

Abstract

Der Beitrag fragt nach den institutionellen Ursachen für die unterschiedliche Entwicklung der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in den Ländern der Europäischen Union. Hierzu erfolgte eine Clusteranalyse für 27 europäische Länder für den Zeitraum 2007 bis 2013 unter Anwendung von 15 Indikatoren für folgende Dimensionen: Sozialpolitik, Arbeitsmarktpolitik, Arbeitsbeziehungen, Bildungssystem und Familie. Im Ergebnis wurden die 27 Länder fünf Clustern zuordnen. Diese unterscheiden sich durch ihre Orientierung auf die Lehrlingsausbildung, ihre Markt- oder Familienorientierung bzw. den Flexicurity-Ansatz. Die betriebliche Berufsausbildung wird als besonders erfolgreich bei der Bekämpfung der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit angesehen. Das Flexicurity-Regime beugt vor allem der Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit von Jugendlichen vor. Eine Kombination von beiden wird deshalb als besonders erfolgversprechend angesehen. (IAB)

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Templin, Ute (2018): Jugendliche in prekären Lebenslagen im Übergang zum Beruf. Biographische Zugänge zu Lebenswelten und Bildungsprozessen. Berlin: Logos, 328 S.

Abstract

"Mit welchen Schwierigkeiten Jugendliche aus prekären Lebenslagen auf ihrem Weg von der Arbeitslosigkeit in eine Ausbildung bzw. in einen Beruf zu kämpfen haben, dieser Frage geht Ute Templin auf der Basis von Lebensgeschichten von jungen Menschen nach, die 2002 im Alter von 15 bis 18 Jahren an einer betrieblichen Grundausbildungsmaßnahme teilgenommen haben.
Ute Templin, die die halbjährige Maßnahme mit ursprünglich 17 TeilnehmerInnen geleitet hat, befragte sieben von ihnen acht Jahre später im Rahmen eines Ehemaligentreffens. Die theoretischen Perspektiven Pierre Bourdieus auf soziale Ungleichheiten und ihre Reproduktion mittels des Habitus werden hierbei genutzt, um die Auswirkungen prekärer Lebenslagen der untersuchten Jugendlichen auf ihren weiteren Bildungs- und Lebensweg zu analysieren. Hermeneutische Zugänge und reflexive Analysen ermöglichen Einblicke in jugendliche Lebenswelten und individuelle Problemlagen. Die Statuspassagen-Theorie und Konzepte der Übergangsforschung dienen dazu, den Übergang vom schulischen in das berufliche Feld auch als Transitionsprozess zu fassen. Die empirische Studie von Ute Templin lässt sich im Feld der Übergangsforschung, der Forschungen zur Reproduktion sozialer Ungleichheit sowie Biographie- und Lebensweltforschung in der Erziehungswissenschaft verorten." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Tomic, Iva (2018): What drives youth unemployment in Europe? Economic vs. non-economic determinants. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 157, H. 3, S. 379-408. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12060

Abstract

"This article explores the main determinants of youth unemployment in Europe in the period 2002 - 2014, by estimating panel data models for 28 EU member countries. Heterogeneity among EU countries is acknowledged by estimating models on 'high' and 'low' youth unemployment rate subsamples. Main results suggest that youth unemployment is more pronounced in countries with poor GDP growth, low share of construction and high public debt in the economy. Less mobility due to homeownership, corruption, large remittances or fewer possibilities for young people to live outside parental homes are also important, at least for countries with comparatively high youth unemployment rates." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Vogt, Kristoffer Chelsom (2018): From Job-seekers to Self-searchers. Changing Contexts and Understandings of School-to-work Transitions. In: Young. Nordic Journal of Youth Research, Jg. 26, H. 4 Supplement, S. 18S-33S. DOI:10.1177/1103308817741006

Abstract

"This article sheds new light on a key topic in youth research over recent decades; how young people often rely on individualistic frames of interpretation in understanding their own lives. Based on biographical interviews with two cohorts of skilled men in Norway, the article demonstrates relations between historically specific institutional contexts and the ways in which people understand their school-to-work transitions. Whereas the older cohort accounted for their transitions as embedded processes, the younger cohort, who entered the same occupations three decades later, viewed their transitions as determined by self-searching in institutionalized choice situations. The wider implication of this is that the vocabulary fostered by contemporary transition contexts may invite researchers to overemphasize discrete moments ruptured from process, and thus obscure the dynamic relations between history and biography (Mills, 1959). A life course perspective, with its emphasis on transitions as contextualized processes, represents a viable theoretical alternative." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zabel, Cordula & Eva Kopf (2018): Intergenerational effects of further vocational training in Germany. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 21, H. 5, S. 581-598., 2018-08-31. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2018.1527757

Abstract

"This article analyses the influence of unemployed parents' further vocational training on their children's future apprenticeship and employment opportunities. We focus on households receiving means-tested benefits in Germany and investigate whether parents' further vocational training helps avoid an intergenerational transmission of unemployment. Parents' further vocational training can affect children's future apprenticeship and employment opportunities directly, for instance by raising the value attributed to education and training within the family. Indirect effects via parents' improved employment opportunities are possible as well. The sample consists of adolescents who were 14 - 17 years old when their parents participated in a further vocational training programme. We evaluate apprenticeship and employment outcomes for the young adults at ages 17 - 23 using entropy balancing methods on the basis of rich large-scale register data. Our findings indicate significantly positive effects of parents' further vocational training on children's apprenticeship enrolment but non-significant or negative effects on children's regular employment at young ages. Moreover, mediation analysis gives evidence that these effects are partly mediated via an increase in parents' own employment opportunities. Overall, our analyses indicate that parents' further vocational training improves the qualifications of the next generation as well." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zick, Sebastian (2018): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa. Von der Identifikation der Krise zur Etablierung eines Politikfeldes. (Hans-Böckler-Stiftung. Working paper Forschungsförderung 066), Düsseldorf, 62 S.

Abstract

"Jugendarbeitslosigkeit ist in aller europäischer Munde. Seit Anbeginn der Finanzkrise im Jahr 2008 erscheint das Problem der Nichtbeschäftigung von Jugendlichen allgegenwärtig. Dabei täuscht diese vermeintliche Erfindung des Diskurses um Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa über den Befund hinweg, dass dieses Thema in je unterschiedlichen Varianten zumindest seit Beginn der 1990er Jahre eine Konstante der Bemühungen um europäische Integration ist. Was unter Jugendarbeitslosigkeit zu verstehen ist, welche Ursachen, Auswege, Chancen und Risiken mit ihr beschrieben werden, ist jedoch keineswegs selbstverständlich und selbst stets Gegenstand von politischen Aushandlungsprozessen. Innerhalb dieser Prozesse stellt die Europäische Union (EU) einen besonders gewichtigen Akteur dar. Hier setzt das vorliegende Working Paper an: Es versucht mit einer Analyse zentraler Strategiepapiere der EU von 1993-2013 einerseits die Mechanismen, Strategien sowie rhetorischen und argumentativen Schritte in der Etablierung eines diskursiven und neuen politischen Feldes 'Jugendarbeitslosigkeit' nachzuvollziehen. Andererseits untersucht das Paper auch die differenten Logiken, Programmatiken und normativen Orientierungen, mit welchen das Problem 'Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa' beschrieben und bearbeitet wird. Dabei wird der Konstruktion und Identifikation des Krisenhaften eine besondere Bedeutung zuteil. Durch die rhetorische Produktion und inhaltliche Ausgestaltung von Krise schaffen die Dokumente Räume der gemeinsamen Verantwortung und legitimieren politisches Intervenieren. Jugendarbeitslosigkeit wird so sukzessive als eigenständiges Politikfeld etabliert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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(2018): Activation measures for young people in vulnerable situations. Experience from the ground. (Social Europe), Brüssel, 46 S. DOI:10.2767/014727

Abstract

"Since its launch in 2013, the Youth Guarantee has supported millions of young people across the European Union to find a job, a traineeship, an apprenticeship or to continue in education. Yet despite this, too many young Europeans are still without work. Across the EU, more effort is needed so that all young people can benefit from quality offers under the Youth Guarantee.
This report looks at measures that support young people facing multiple obstacles to employment and who may need more tailored and holistic support to enter the labour market. It is one in a series of five reports on Youth Guarantee delivery, presenting existing practices from the ground from the first five years of its implementation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2018): Investing in youth: Norway. (Investing in youth), Paris, 149 S. DOI:10.1787/9789264283671-en

Abstract

"The present report on Norway is part of the series on 'Investing in Youth' which builds on the expertise of the OECD on youth employment, social support and skills. The report provides a detailed diagnosis of youth policies in the areas of education, training, social and employment policies. Its main focus is on young people who are not in employment, education or training (the 'NEETs'). Earlier reviews in the same series have looked at youth policies in Brazil (2014), Latvia and Tunisia (2015), Australia, Lithuania and Sweden (2016), Japan (2017)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Since its launch in 2013, the Youth Guarantee has supported millions of young people across the European Union to find a job, a traineeship, an apprenticeship or to continue in education. Yet despite this, too many young Europeans are still without work. Across the EU, more effort is needed so that all young people can benefit from quality offers under the Youth Guarantee.
This report is one in a series of five reports on Youth Guarantee delivery, presenting existing practices from the ground from the first five years of its implementation. It looks at measures to better reach out to young people who are Not in Education, Employment or Training, and to encourage them to register for Youth Guarantee schemes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2018): Employment and entrepreneurship under the Youth Guarantee. Experience from the ground. (Social Europe), Brüssel, 42 S. DOI:10.2767/053196

Abstract

"Since its launch in 2013, the Youth Guarantee has supported millions of young people across the European Union to find a job, a traineeship, an apprenticeship or to continue in education. Yet despite this, too many young Europeans are still without work. Across the EU, more effort is needed so that all young people can benefit from quality offers under the Youth Guarantee.
This report looks at employment incentives, direct job creation measures and start-up incentives that help young people to overcome employment barriers. It is one in a series of five reports on Youth Guarantee delivery, presenting existing practices from the ground from the first five years of its implementation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Achatz, Juliane, Brigitte Schels & Joachim Wolff (2017): Wie wirken Zusatzjobs und Trainingsmaßnahmen auf die Arbeitsmarktchancen von jungen Erwachsenen in unterschiedlichen familiären Situationen? In: Zeitschrift für Evaluation, Jg. 16, H. 1, S. 37-69., 2016-05-24.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag untersucht erstmals die Wirkungen von arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen für junge Arbeitslose unter Berücksichtigung ihrer familiären Gegebenheiten. Überschneiden sich im jungen Erwachsenenalter Übergänge ins Erwerbsleben mit Partnerschaft und Familiengründung, so müssen arbeitslose Frauen und Männer familiäre Anforderungen mit der Arbeitssuche, Maßnahmenteilnahme oder mit einer Erwerbstätigkeit in Einklang bringen. Mit administrativen Daten werden mittels Propensity Score Matching die Eingliederungswirkungen von Zusatzjobs und Trainingsmaßnahmen für 18- bis 30-jährige Bezieher(innen) von Arbeitslosengeld II untersucht. Insbesondere junge Mütter profitieren von einer Teilnahme, dabei als einzige Teilgruppe auch von Zusatzjobs. Auf dieser Grundlage werden in der Evaluationsliteratur bislang nicht beachtete Wirkmechanismen von arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen und Ansätze für weiterführende Forschung diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Acosta-Ballesteros, Juan, Pilar M. Osorno-Del Rosal & Olga María Rodríguez-Rodríguez (2017): Gender differences in the quality of the school-to-work transition in Spain. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 49, H. 57, S. 5780-5791. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2017.1343445

Abstract

"This article analyses to what extent gender affects the quality of the school-to-work transition in Spain, paying special attention to workers' educational attainment. We estimate a four-equation system that explains the main obstacles young people face in their insertion process: part-time work, overeducation, fixed-term contracts and long unemployment spells; the model also considers the impact of the latter variable on the other three. Moreover, a synthetic indicator of transition quality based on the estimation of this model is developed. We conclude that men experience a better insertion process than women at every level of education (except for higher vocational training), although the gender gap is greater for long-cycle university programmes. Furthermore, when field of study is considered, men from most specializations enjoy a smoother transition than their female counterparts; nevertheless, women have the advantage in some female-dominated fields. A further analysis of gender differences reveals that they are due to the fact of being male or female to a great extent. The results also highlight that school-leavers from work-oriented programmes and those specialized in fields that provide them with more specific skills are more likely to succeed in the transition." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Albanese, Andrea, Lorenzo Cappellari & Marco Leonardi (2017): The effects of youth labor market reforms. Evidence from Italian apprenticeships. (CESifo working paper 6481), München, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper estimates the causal effects of the 2003 reform of the Italian apprenticeship contract which aimed at introducing the 'dual system' in Italy by allowing on-the-job training. The reform also increased the age eligibility of the apprenticeship contract and introduced a minimum floor to apprentices' wages. Using administrative data and balancing techniques we find that five years after hiring, the new contract improves the chances of moving to a permanent job in the same firm, yet this happens mostly in large firms. There are also sizeable long-run wage effects of the reform, well beyond the legal duration of apprenticeships, compatible with increased human capital accumulation probably due to the training provisions of the reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Andersen, Torben M. (2017): The Danish labor market, 2000-2016. Despite recession-induced job losses, high turnover prevented a steep increase in long-term and youth unemployment. (IZA world of labor 404), Bonn, 10 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.404

Abstract

"Die dänische Wirtschaft wurde von der Großen Rezession stark getroffen und verzeichnete nach zuvor anhaltenden Beschäftigungszuwächsen große Arbeitsplatzverluste. Insgesamt hat das dänische Flexicurity-Modell die Krise aber erfolgreich bewältigen können. Dank der traditionell hohen Jobfluktuation war die verbreitet eintretende Arbeitslosigkeit meist nur von kurzer Dauer. Dies hat einen starken Anstieg der Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit verhindert und den Arbeitsmarktzugang für junge Menschen nicht erschwert. Die Lohnungleichheit nimmt weniger deutlich als in anderen Ländern zu, die Lohnstreuung ist nach wie vor eher gering." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Andersen, Torben M. (2017): Youth education and employment. Recent Danish reform experiences. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 47-51.

Abstract

"Youth unemployment has both individual and societal costs, which makes it a major policy challenge. It is well established that entry into the labour market is of crucial importance for later labour market trajectories. This has both a business cycle and a structural component; employment rates for youth are generally more cyclically sensitive than for other age groups, and youth entering the labour market with weak qualifications are particularly vulnerable throughout their working career. In the wake of the financial crisis, all OECD countries experienced an increase in youth unemployment, but even before the crisis, the share of youth in neither employment, education nor training was high in many countries. Youth not acquiring relevant labour market qualifications are a major challenge, since they belong to a group with a high risk of becoming marginalised throughout their working lives a risk which is not diminishing given technological change, globalisation etc. While the NEET rate in Denmark is below the OECD average, it has been on an upward trend. Although there has been much focus on the so-called Danish flexicurity model's ability to attain a low unemployment rate, the issue of youth entering the labour market with weak qualifications is a challenge, also in a Danish context. In countries with extended" (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Atzmüller, Roland & Alban Knecht (2017): Die Legitimation von Aktivierung und social investment und die Pathologisierung jugendlicher Subjektivität. Ausbildungspolitik und Beschäftigungsförderung für 'benachteiligte' Jugendliche in der Krise. In: B. Aulenbacher, M. Dammayr, K. Dörre, W. Menz, B. Riegraf & H. Wolf (Hrsg.) (2017): Leistung und Gerechtigkeit : das umstrittene Versprechen des Kapitalismus, S. 118-154.

Abstract

"Jugendliche befinden sich aus Perspektive der wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Apparate qua ihrer Position in den gesellschaftlich institutionalisierten Lebensverläufen im Übergang zum erwachsenen, als voll rationalitätsfähig angenommenen Subjekt. Die auf diesen Lebensabschnitt bezogenen wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Aktivitäten versuchen die Herausbildung eines erwachsenen und 'reifen' Subjekts, dessen Handlungen als rational eingeschätzt werden und von dem rationales Verhalten erwartet werden kann, entlang folgender Dimensionen zu organisieren. Einerseits geht es um die (Aus-)Bildung und Erarbeitung von nicht zuletzt beruflich relevanten Fähigkeiten und Kompetenzen, die den zukünftigen Erwachsenen befähigen sollen, mit den Anforderungen des Erwerbslebens effektiv und effizient umzugehen. Diese wohlfahrtsstaatlich organisierten Sozialisationsprozesse bleiben aber nicht auf die Ausbildung fachlich-technischer Qualifikationen beschränkt, sondern beziehen sich andererseits auch auf die Entwicklung von Einstellungen, Verhaltensweisen und sogenannten ,Sekundärtugenden', die für die Integration nicht nur in die sozialen Beziehungen der Betriebe, sondern auch in andere gesellschaftliche Bereiche als notwendig erachtet werden. Aus Perspektive wohlfahrtsstaatlicher Institutionen werden diese Entwicklungsanforderungen zu einem Problem, wenn Jugendliche in der Übergangsphase von der Schule in Ausbildung und Erwerbsleben in Schwierigkeiten geraten, sodass es nicht zu einem dauerhaften Eintritt in eine Erwerbsbiografie kommt, da sie keine Lehrstelle erhalten und/oder gefährdet sind, dauerhaft arbeitslos zu werden." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Ayllón, Sara & Javier Valbuena (2017): Youth unemployment and stigmatization across Europe. A comparative analysis. (NEGOTIATE working paper 6.4), Oslo, 24 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the dynamics of the scarring effect of youth unemployment along the business cycle in 12 European countries. On the one hand, we analyse differences associated to the negative effect of past unemployment experiences in future labour market status. And, on the other hand, we consider potential stigmatization against prospect young workers, that is, the extent to which employers are more reluctant to hire individuals with a history of unemployment. Our results are based on data from the EU-SILC for the period 2004 to 2015 and provide support in favour of a significant scarring effect of unemployment among youths that is highly heterogeneous across the countries under analysis and that increased substantially during the Great Recession. On the contrary, evidence on stigma effects was found to be rather weak." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bacher, Johann, Christina Koblbauer, Heinz Leitgöb & Dennis Tamesberger (2017): Small differences matter: How regional distinctions in educational and labour market policy account for heterogeneity in NEET rates. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 51, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1186/s12651-017-0232-6

Abstract

"Labour market and education policy makers and researchers are increasingly focusing on the NEET indicator as a supplement to the youth unemployment rate. Analyses of factors influencing NEET have concentrated primarily on individual characteristics such as gender and migration background on one hand, and on macro-level factors of nations such as economic growth and minimum wage regulations on the other. However, nations are not homogenous, especially when a country is divided into several federal states, as is the case with Austria. This article aims to analyse regional differences within Austria. In order to explain the differences, we define a multilevel model that contains four contextual factors: the importance of upper secondary education; the importance of dual education; vacant jobs; and expenditures for active labour market policy. Because the institutional level addresses different age groups, the analysis was split into two age groups: 15 - 19 and 20 - 24 years. The results have shown that, besides the social structure of the population, contextual factors like the upper secondary education, the dual education, vacant jobs, and expenditures for active labour market policy are also relevant for explaining regional differences in the NEET rates. But one main insight was that the impact of the contextual factors varies between different social groups." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Bargain, Olivier & Karina Doorley (2017): The effect of social benefits on youth employment. Combining regression discontinuity and a behavioral model. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 52, H. 4, S. 1032-1059. DOI:10.3368/jhr.52.4.1115-7510R

Abstract

"Natural experiments provide robust identifying assumptions for the estimation of policy effects. Yet their use for policy design is often limited by the difficulty of extrapolating on the basis of reduced-form estimates. In this study, we exploit an age condition in the eligibility for social assistance in France, which lends itself to a regression discontinuity (RD) design. We suggest making the underlying labor supply model explicit - that is, translating the reduced-form discontinuity in terms of discontinuous changes in disposable incomes. This exercise shows the potential of combining natural experiments and behavioral models. In particular, we can test the external validity of the combined approach. We find that it predicts the effect of a subsequent reform, which extends transfers to the working poor, remarkably well. The model is then used to simulate the extension of social assistance to young people and finds that a transfer program with an in-work component would not create further disincentives to work in this population." (Author's abstract, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

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Barslund, Mikkel & Daniel Gros (2017): Declining youth unemployment in Europe. The effect of the business cycle or the European youth guarantee? In: CESifo forum, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 39-46.

Abstract

"In 2012, youth unemployment took centre stage as a European policy issue. It was on the agenda of successive European Councils. The German minister of labour made a pledge to the Spanish Government of allocating apprenticeships for qualified young Spaniards. The Commission unveiled a host of ideas intended to combat youth unemployment. The outcome was a number of policy initiatives to fight youth unemployment, with the adoption of the Youth Guarantee as the central piece of European legislation. The Youth Guarantee committed member states to offer, within four months of becoming unemployed or finished education, either employment, apprenticeship/traineeship or further education. In addition the Youth Employment Initiative made available around 3 billion euros of funding from the Commission to support young people living in regions with youth unemployment higher than 25 percent with the 'young' defined as the 15 - 24 year olds. Most notably; the core of the Youth Guarantee access to a 'quality job or training within 4 months of finishing education' only applied to this age group (European Commission 2012)." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bertoni, Marco & Giorgio Brunello (2017): Does delayed retirement affect youth employment? Evidence from italian local labour markets. (IZA discussion paper 10733), Bonn, 38 S.

Abstract

"Pension reforms that raise minimum retirement age increase the pool of senior individuals aged 50+ who are not eligible to retire from the labour market. Using data from Italian provinces and regions and an instrumental variable strategy, we estimate the effects of local changes in the supply of workers aged between 50 and minimum retirement age on youth, prime age and senior employment. Results based on provincial data from 2004 to 2015, a period characterized by declining real GDP, indicate that adding one thousand additional senior individuals to the local labour supply reduces employment in the age group 16-34 by 189 units. Estimates based on longer regional data covering the period 1996 to 2015, that includes also a period of growing real GDP, show smaller negative effects for young workers, suggesting that the employment costs of pension reforms may be lower when the economy is growing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brenke, Karl (2017): Jugendliche in Europa: rückläufige Arbeitslosigkeit, aber weiterhin große Probleme auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 84, H. 44, S. 985-995.

Abstract

"Die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit hatte im Frühjahr 2013 in der EU ihren Höhepunkt erreicht, danach ging sie deutlich zurück. Aber noch immer ist in der EU mehr als jede sechste Erwerbsperson im Alter von 15 bis 24 Jahren arbeitslos, und die Arbeitslosenquote der Jugendlichen ist zweieinhalb Mal so hoch wie die der Erwachsenen. Der vorliegende Bericht zeigt, wie sich die Arbeitsmarktsituation der Jugendlichen seit ihrem Höchststand entwickelt hat. Der Rückgang der Arbeitslosigkeit war überwiegend auf eine sinkende Zahl an Jugendlichen sowie eine nachlassende Erwerbsbeteiligung zurückzuführen; die Zunahme der Beschäftigung hat nur den kleineren Beitrag geleistet. Dabei waren die zusätzlichen Jobs fast ausschließlich zeitlich befristet, und die Teilzeitquote ist weiter gestiegen. Im europäischen Durchschnitt weisen die Jugendlichen unter den Arbeitslosen bei formal ähnlicher Qualifikation ein besonders hohes Arbeitslosigkeitsrisiko auf. In den mitteleuropäischen Ländern sind junge Menschen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt indes deutlich weniger im Nachteil, was an der praxisnäheren Berufsausbildung liegen dürfte. Da Berufserfahrungen und Referenzen für die Arbeitsmarktaussichten eine wichtige Rolle spielen, sollte zur Verbesserung der Arbeitsmarktlage für Jugendliche vor allem bei den Berufsausbildungssystemen angesetzt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bruno, Giovanni S. F., Misbah Tanveer Choudhry, Enrico Marelli & Marcello Signorelli (2017): The short- and long-run impacts of financial crises on youth unemployment in OECD countries. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 49, H. 34, S. 3372-3394. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2016.1259753

Abstract

"The impact of financial crises on the youth unemployment rate (YUR), compared to the total unemployment rate (UR), is estimated for a panel of OECD countries over the period 1981 - 2009, using bias-corrected dynamic panel data estimators of short- and long-run coefficients. Both YUR and UR are found highly persistent. Also, short- and long-run effects of financial crises on YUR are significantly large, respectively, some 1.9 and 1.5 - 1.7 times higher than the short- and long-run effects on UR. Similar results are found for the unemployment impacts of GDP growth lagged 1 year and institutional variables. These results are robust to various dynamic specifications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brzinsky-Fay, Christian (2017): The interplay of educational and labour market institutions and links to relative youth unemployment. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 27, H. 4, S. 346-359. DOI:10.1177/0958928717719198

Abstract

"Many institutional theories assume that institutions function in conjunction with each other and, therefore, constitute regimes. Moreover, when analysing institutional effects most researchers maintain a purely variable-oriented approach and its ceteris-paribus logic of causal association. This article analyses associations between configurations of labour market and education institutions and relative youth unemployment by examining 30 countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The analysis reveals that no single institution constitutes a sufficient or necessary condition for relative youth unemployment. Institutions unfold their effects only in combination with other institutions, that is, they are always conjunctural. Low relative youth unemployment cannot be explained adequately. Employment protection is only associated with high relative youth unemployment if vocational specificity, standardisation and stratification is low." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Burkert, Carola & Julia Kislat (2017): Binnenwanderung im Kontext der Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise. Trends und Perspektiven. In: R. Hrbek & M. Große Hüttmann (Hrsg.) (2017): Hoffnung Europa - Die EU als Raum und Ziel von Migration (Schriftenreihe des Arbeitskreises Europäische Integration e.V., 96), S. 141-178, 2017-03-27.

Abstract

"In diesem Beitrag wurde aufgezeigt, in welchem Maße die Mobilität innerhalb der EU in den letzten Jahren gestiegen ist. Hauptgründe dafür sind regionale Disparitäten auf den Arbeitsmärkten sowie das teilweise enorme Einkommensgefälle zwischen den Staaten. Zwar kam es infolge der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise und der dadurch aufkommenden Arbeitslosigkeit vor allem unter Jugendlichen in Südeuropa zu einer Umlenkung der Migrationsströme von den südeuropäischen Krisenländern hin zu nordeuropäischen Ländern - wodurch auch die Arbeitsmärkte in den von der Krise besonders betroffenen Ländern entlastet wurden. Jedoch ist auf diese Migration von Staatsangehörigen der Krisenländer GIIPS nur ein kleiner Teil des Anstiegs der Binnenmigration zurückzuführen. Vielmehr wird die Mobilität innerhalb der EU maßgeblich durch die EU-2 und EU-8, also Osteuropa und den Balkan, bestimmt." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Buttler, Dominik & Piotr Michon (2017): Consequences of early job insecurity and the role of the welfare state. (NEGOTIATE working paper 4.5), Oslo, 34 S.

Abstract

"The detrimental effect of joblessness on individual wellbeing is relatively well recognized (usually in the context of Western economies) as an additional, non-pecuniary cost of unemployment. However, the strength of the relationship between the employment status and life satisfaction varies considerably among countries. Relatively little is known about what forces drive these discrepancies, especially in the group of young people. The aim of the proposed paper is to identify the contextual factors influencing the strength of the relationship between the employment status and the level of individual wellbeing. In particular we are interested in the role of four policy fields: education policy, employment protection, passive and active labour market policy. In the empirical part of the paper we use data from two waves of the European Social Survey and apply the random intercept model. We find that vocationally oriented and tracked education systems as well as generous active and passive labour market policies strengthen the employment-wellbeing relationship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cammeraat, Emile, Egbert Jongen & Pierre Koning (2017): Preventing NEETs during the Great Recession. The effects of a mandatory activation program for young welfare recipients. (IZA discussion paper 11090), Bonn, 55 S.

Abstract

"We study the impact of a mandatory activation program for young welfare recipients in the Netherlands. Introduced at the end of 2009, the goal of the program was to prevent so-called NEETs (individuals not in employment, education or training). We use a large administrative data set for the period 1999-2012 and employ differences-in-differences and regression discontinuity to estimate the effects of the reform. We find that the reform reduced the number of NEETs on welfare, increased the number of NEETs not on welfare, and had no effect on the overall number of NEETs. Our finding that the reform did not reduce the total number of NEETs contrasts with previous studies, which may be due to the fact that the reform took place during a severe economic recession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Christopoulou, Rebekka & Maria Pantalidou (2017): The parental home as labor market insurance for young Greeks during the crisis. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 158), Maastricht, 34 S.

Abstract

"Labor market conditions in Greece have severely deteriorated during the crisis, affecting youths the most. Using the Greek crisis as a case-study, this paper examines the role of the family as a social safety net for its young members. Specially, we test the relationship between youth labor outcomes and parental co-residence, whether this relationship has become stronger during the crisis, and the degree to which the relationship is causal. Our results confirm that the parental home is a refuge both for jobless youth and for those in poorly paid, insecure jobs, and this role has intensified during the crisis. We find no reverse causality between co-residence and employment status for young men, and significant reverse causality for women. This finding implies that all youths live in the parental home when they are in need themselves, but it is young women not men who live with parents when parents are in need or for cultural reasons." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Crisp, Richard & Ryan Powell (2017): Young people and UK labour market policy. A critique of 'employability' as a tool for understanding youth unemployment. In: Urban studies, Jg. 54, H. 8, S. 1784-1807. DOI:10.1177/0042098016637567

Abstract

"This paper presents a critical analysis of the contemporary policy focus on promoting employability among young people in the UK. Drawing on analysis of UK policy approaches to tackling youth unemployment since the late 1970s, we suggest that existing critiques of employability as 'supply-side orthodoxy' fail to capture fully its evolving meaning and function. Under the UK Coalition Government, it became increasingly colonised as a targeted tool of urban governance to legitimise ever more punitive forms of conditional welfare. We argue that this colonisation undermines the value of the notion of employability as an academic tool for understanding the reasons why young people face difficulties in entering the labour market. The paper suggests that the notion of youth transitions offers more potential for understanding youth unemployment, and that more clearly linking this body of research to policy could provide a fruitful avenue for future research. Such a shift requires a longer term, spatially informed perspective as well as greater emphasis on the changing power relations that mediate young people's experiences of wider social and economic transformations. The paper concludes that promoting employment among urban young people requires a marked shift to address the historically and geographically inadequate knowledge and assumptions on which policies are based." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dingeldey, Irene, Marie-Luise Assmann & Lisa Steinberg (2017): Strategies to improve labour market integration of young people. Comparing policy coordination in nine European countries. (NEGOTIATE working paper 8.2), Oslo, 55 S.

Abstract

"The analysis is based on nine in-depth country studies including Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Greece, Germany, Poland, Spain, the UK and two non-EU countries; Norway and Switzerland, which serve as a reference group.
The empirical research makes use of both primary and secondary sources, as well as four to six expert interviews per country to identify different types of youth employment regimes and strategies used to implement the respective policies.
The introduction of the Youth Guarantee (YG) was met with high expectations. Since the economic crisis youth unemployment has significantly increased. It was accompanied by a flexibilisation of employment forms and the lowering of youth wages, both attempts to facilitate integration in the labour market. Hence, it was up to the YG to address existing problems vis-à-vis young people entering the labour market, and to improve policy coordination." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dingeldey, Irene, Marie-Luise Assmann & Lisa Steinberg (2017): The strengths and weaknesses of policy coordination and policy outcomes in a system of multi-level governance. A comparative analysis. (NEGOTIATE working paper 8.3), Oslo, 37 S.

Abstract

"The Council of the European Union (EU) launched the Recommendation on establishing a Youth Guarantee (YG) in April 2013. The EU institutions thus recognised that young people have been affected extremely by unemployment and job insecurity due to the economic crisis and increasing labour market segmentation. The YG suggests that all young people under 25 receive a good-quality, concrete offer within four months of leaving formal education or becoming unemployed (EC 2015a). The particular reference to NEETs (Not in Employment, Education or Training) pays attention to the problem that some young people have lost contact with institutions and are not registered with employment services. With the adoption of the Recommendation, all Member States - except the UK - committed themselves to implementing the YG and establishing the actions envisaged. All in all, the promoted goals enhance an enabling approach within Europe's activating labour market policy (Lahusen et al. 2013) that supports individual capabilities by personalized guidance and individual action planning, including tailor made individual services, training and education (Maydell et al. 2006). Hence, a 'holistic approach' with respect to coordination and service delivery is required (6 2004)." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Discher, Kerstin & Anna Kristina Hartfiel (2017): Arbeitsfähig?! Identitätskonstruktionen junger Erwachsener im arbeitsideologischen Diskurs. Eine empirische Analyse. In: Soziale Passagen, Jg. 9, H. 1, S. 23-42. DOI:10.1007/s12592-017-0259-0

Abstract

"Für eine Transformation des Sozialstaats in Richtung eines aktivierenden Sozialstaats sind arbeitsideologische Leitlinien konstitutiv. Diese legitimieren sowohl Gesetzesänderungen zum Abbau sozialstaatlicher Kollektivgarantien als auch einen veränderten Umgang mit erwerbslosen Menschen. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellen wir uns im vorliegenden Artikel anhand biografisch-narrativer Interviews mit jungen Erwachsenen in verschiedenen beruflichen Übergangssituationen die Frage, inwieweit junge Erwachsene in ihrer Erzählung arbeitsideologische Leitlinien zur Konstruktion ihrer narrativen Identität nutzen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass sich die jungen Erwachsenen in ihren Erzählungen als (engagierte) Arbeitssubjekte positionieren wollen. Deutlich wird, dass sie sich letztlich als selbstverantwortlich dafür fühlen, einen Platz in der 'Aktivgesellschaft' zu finden. Bedeutsam für die Analyse ist dabei der Blick auf die unterschiedlichen Artikulationsmöglichkeiten, die ihnen hierfür je nach Sprecher*innenposition, die sie im Diskurs innehaben, gegeben sind. So zeigen wir in diesem Artikel auf, wie arbeitsideologische Leitlinien je nach Sprecher*innenposition aufgegriffen werden (können), um der eigenen Biografie in der aktuellen Lebenssituation des beruflichen Überganges Sinn zu verleihen." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Doris, Aedín, Donal O'Neill & Olive Sweetman (2017): Does reducing unemployment benefits during a recession reduce youth unemployment? Evidence from a 50% cut in unemployment assistance. (IZA discussion paper 10727), Bonn, 38 S.

Abstract

"We use administrative data to examine the effect of a 50% benefit cut for young unemployed workers in Ireland during the Great Recession. Because the cut applied only to new benefit claims, claimants whose unemployment start dates differed by a matter of days received very different benefits; we exploit this fact in our Regression Discontinuity and Difference-in-Difference analyses. While we find no impact on unemployment duration for those aged 20-21, the benefit cut significantly reduced duration for 18 year olds, with an estimated elasticity close to one. We consider possible explanations for our findings and also examine long-run effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Eichhorst, Werner & Ulf Rinne (2017): The European youth guarantee. A preliminary assessment and broader conceptual implications. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 34-38.

Abstract

"The European Youth Guarantee can be viewed as an EU-wide framework comprising a system of measures to be taken by each Member State, which were, for example. encouraged to also use demand-side initiatives such as hiring subsidies (Andor 2016). More generally, the European Youth Guarantee is 'a commitment by all Member States to ensure that all young people under the age of 25 years receive a good quality offer of employment, continued education, apprenticeship or traineeship within a period of four months of becoming unemployed or leaving formal education' (European Commission 2017).3 In this context, best practices in the context of school-to-work transitions should be transferred from well-performing countries such as Austria and Finland to all Member States (Andor 2016)." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Escudero, Verónica & Elva López Mourelo (2017): The European Youth Guarantee. A systematic review of its implementation across countries. (ILO Research Department working paper 21), Genf, 23 S.

Abstract

"The European Youth Guarantee (YG) is one of the most innovative labour market policies of recent years. It arrived at a time when an urgent and radical response was needed to address the detrimental long-lasting consequences of long-term unemployment. This article examines empirical evidence on the effectiveness of past youth guarantee experiences, as well as the few existing evaluations of the YG, to identify the factors that are key to their success. We then assess whether the key success factors are embedded into the implementation plans published by the European countries and the extent to which these objectives have been met in practice. Our analysis shows that while most of countries have established clear eligibility criteria and appropriate institutional frameworks, and are providing a comprehensive package of measures, many of them are still facing challenges when meeting the objectives of early intervention and effective enforcement mechanisms. Finally, although countries' initial spending in the national YG schemes has often outpaced planned expenditures, in many instances resource allocations have not been sufficient to match the recommendations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Garda, Paula (2017): Enhancing employability and skills to meet labour market needs in Italy. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1401), Paris, 40 S. DOI:10.1787/260deeb4-en

Abstract

"The various deficiencies of the labour market and the educational system have resulted in high unemployment, low labour force participation, low skills levels and high skill mismatch. Job creation is key to tackling the high unemployment rates, especially for the young and long-term unemployed. Promoting jobs without paying attention to their quality and to the skills required by employers may have adverse impact on welfare and productivity. The Jobs Act and Good School ('Buona Scuola'), two major reforms of the labour market and the educational system, are good steps in the right direction. The Jobs Act and the temporary social security contribution exemptions have contributed to raise employment. By strengthening job search and training policies, the Jobs Act can enhance jobseekers' employability. Increasing the effectiveness of public employment services, given the low spending level, remains a challenge. The Good School reform has the potential to improve school outcomes and provide more aligned skills to the job market. Increasing employability by upgrading skills that match employer needs remains a priority. Business involvement in education and training institutions at all educational levels will be paramount to ensure the provision of relevant skills, the availability of traineeship and apprenticeship places and provide on-the-job training. The adaptability of skills could be encouraged by lowering barriers to labour mobility and boosting work-based learning." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gille, Christoph & Ute Klammer (2017): Wohlfahrtskapitalistische Regime und Handlungsfähigkeit erwerbsloser junger Menschen in Spanien und Deutschland. In: Soziale Passagen, Jg. 9, H. 1, S. 43-63. DOI:10.1007/s12592-017-0262-5

Abstract

"Anhand der Möglichkeiten zur Herstellung von Handlungsfähigkeit junger Erwerbsloser in den wohlfahrtskapitalistischen Regimen von Deutschland und Spanien geht der Artikel der Frage nach, wie und mit welchen Ergebnissen sozialpolitische Regimeforschung und akteur*innenbasierte Forschungsansätze kombiniert werden können. Dabei werden zunächst zentrale Aspekte der Arbeitsmarktentwicklung und institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen beider Regime verglichen. Anschließend werden Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Untersuchung junger Erwerbsloser in beiden Ländern anhand von ausgewählten Bewältigungsweisen vorgestellt, bevor Charakteristika der Regime aus akteur*innenbasierter Perspektive erörtert und Schlussfolgerungen gezogen werden." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Helbling, Laura, Stefan Sacchi & Christian Imdorf (2017): Understanding cross-country variation in the long-term consequences of graduating at a bad time. A comparison of five European countries. (NEGOTIATE working paper 6.3), Oslo, 40 S.

Abstract

"This working paper investigates if graduating in a bad economy scars careers of youth cohorts in terms of increased future unemployment and overrepresentation in fixed-term and involuntary part-time work. These dynamics of scarring are explored from a cross-country comparative perspective, focusing on the UK, Germany, Switzerland, Spain and Finland. These countries make up for interesting cases as they differ remarkably on institutional and economic dimensions such as for example the vocational orientation of their education systems, the strictness of employment protection legislation, active labour market policies to support job-search success of jobless young people and the general level of prevalent youth unemployment, which are assumed to be related to cross-nationally distinct patterns in scarring effects. The focus of the empirical analysis is on long-term effects of the level of aggregate youth unemployment at graduation on career evolvement of school-leaver cohorts over 12 years since their graduation, distinguishing between educational groups while allowing for gender effects. All in all we find that bad luck in timing of labour market entry can scar future careers over the long-run. A bad economy at labour market entry may thus be seen as a major risk factor for the future integration of youth cohorts in very different institutional contexts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hernanz, Virginia & Juan F. Jimeno (2017): Youth Unemployment in the EU. Recent Developments and old problems. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 3-10.

Abstract

"High and persistent unemployment has been a recurrent phenomenon in Europe since the early 1980s. Nowadays, despite some economic recovery from the Great Recession and the European debt crisis, it remains at levels well above those registered in the mid-2000s. Moreover, there are two new developments with potentially adverse consequences. One is the increasing divergence of unemployment rates across European countries (see Boeri and Jimeno 2016); the other is the higher likelihood of unemployment among youths, despite their declining weights in the population and in the labour force due to demographic trends. In fact, it is the concentration of unemployment among the younger population groups in some countries that explains a good deal of the increasing unemployment divergence in the EU." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))