Wellbeing – wie Lebensqualität, Arbeit und Einkommen zusammenhängen
Das Streben nach Glück ist ein zentrales Element im Leben, wobei das individuelle Wohlbefinden sowohl persönliche als auch gesellschaftliche Ursachen hat. Welchen Einfluss haben Wirtschaftsentwicklung, Einkommen, der berufliche Werdegang oder Arbeitslosigkeitserfahrungen auf die subjektive Lebensqualität eines Menschen?
Dieses Themendossier bietet hierzu aktuelle Literatur und Projekthinweise.
Im Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
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Literaturhinweis
Income distribution and subjective happiness: a survey (2009)
Zitatform
Senik, Claudia (2009): Income distribution and subjective happiness. A survey. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 96), Paris, 25 S. DOI:10.1787/218860720683
Abstract
"This survey summarises the insights that the new literature based on subjective data has shed on the issue of income inequality and income comparisons. It reviews the various channels that relate income distribution and subjective well-being. It considers the welfare effect of income gaps in general, both in terms of the difference between individual income and the income of some relevant other, and with regard to generic income distribution. Concerning income comparisons, the general lesson is that it is useful to distinguish status effects from signal effects: income comparisons hurt, but they may also increase life satisfaction when they mean good news; this is all the more likely as the reference group is made of people who most likely share a common destiny. Concerning income distribution in general, the relationship with subjective well-being is generally found to be negative, with higher societal inequality being associated with lower subjective well-being. There are many possible pathways which may lie behind such an empirical finding. The first type of aversion to income inequality derives from self-centred motives, such as risk-aversion and prospects for upward mobility (POUM). Both stem from a perception of the income distribution as a ladder that one risks falling from or has a chance to climb. Attitudes to inequality are also sometimes found to be based on other-regarding preferences such as fairness and reciprocity, which are generally independent of the income position of the individual himself. An important point is that subjective attitudes are the joint output of preferences and beliefs concerning income distribution in society. The demand for redistribution is higher whenever people have strong preferences for equal outcomes or opportunities but believe that in the society in which they live, outcomes or opportunities are actually not equal. As illustrated by several studies, preferences and beliefs concerning income distribution are context dependent and are thus heterogeneous across countries and groups of the population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Happiness and health: Well-being among the self-employed (2008)
Zitatform
Andersson, Pernilla (2008): Happiness and health: Well-being among the self-employed. In: The Journal of Socio-Economics, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 213-236. DOI:10.1016/j.socec.2007.03.003
Abstract
"Is well-being greater among the self-employed than among wage-earners? In order to investigate this question, data from the Swedish Level-of-Living Survey for the 2 years 1991 and 2000 are used and six indicators of well-being are considered: (1) job satisfaction, (2) life satisfaction, (3) whether the job is stressful, (4) whether the job is mentally straining, (5) mental health problems, and (6) poor general health. Six logit models are estimated and to handle the possible selection of more satisfied individuals and individuals more able to handle stress into self-employment, conditional fixed-effects logit models are estimated for each of the outcomes. We find that self-employment leads to an increase in job satisfaction. We also find a positive correlation between self-employment and life satisfaction. There is some evidence that self-employment leads to more mental health problems, and that the self-employed are less likely to perceive their job as mentally straining." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Absolute income, relative income, and happiness (2008)
Ball, Richard; Chernova, Kateryna;Zitatform
Ball, Richard & Kateryna Chernova (2008): Absolute income, relative income, and happiness. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 88, H. 3, S. 497-529. DOI:10.1007/s11205-007-9217-0
Abstract
"This paper uses data from the World Values Survey to investigate how an individual's self-reported happiness is related to (i) the level of her income in absolute terms, and (ii) the level of her income relative to other people in her country. The main findings are that (i) both absolute and relative income are positively and significantly correlated with happiness, (ii) quantitatively, changes in relative income have much larger effects on happiness than do changes in absolute income, and (iii) the effects on happiness of both absolute and relative income are small when compared to the effects several non-pecuniary factors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job satisfaction and family happiness: The part-time work puzzle (2008)
Zitatform
Booth, Alison L. & Jan C. van Ours (2008): Job satisfaction and family happiness: The part-time work puzzle. In: The economic journal, Jg. 118, H. 526, S. F77-F99.
Abstract
"We investigate the relationship between part-time work and working hours satisfaction, job satisfaction and life satisfaction. We account for interdependence within the family using data on partnered men and women from the British Household Panel Survey. Men have the highest hours-of-work satisfaction if they work full-time without overtime hours but neither their job satisfaction nor their life satisfaction are affected by how many hours they work. Women present a puzzle. Hours satisfaction and job satisfaction indicate that women prefer part-time jobs irrespective of whether these are small or large but their life satisfaction is virtually unaffected by hours of work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Well-being and inequality (2008)
Böhnke, Petra;Zitatform
Böhnke, Petra (2008): Well-being and inequality. (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Discussion papers SP 1 2008-201), Berlin, 51 S.
Abstract
"An objective and a subjective approach to study well-being is introduced. The objective approach is particularly useful to compare the quality of life of given societies across time and space. Using the objective approach, we can identify strong differences of quality of life between European countries. In comparison to Western Europe, East European countries tend to have a rather low quality of life. Austria, the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark and Belgium form a cluster of countries with high quality of life. The subjective approach to study well-being is useful for investigating the importance of dimensions of social inequality for people themselves. It is shown that most of the inequality dimensions traditionally analysed by social scientists affect people's subjective well-being. However, it is also shown that some of the more materialistic inequality dimensions (such as income) tend to be less important in rich societies, while certain non-materialistic dimensions (such as family) are getting more important. The subjective approach to study well-being is also used to investigate the importance of characteristics of societies for people's well-being." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The science of subjective well-being (2008)
Eid, Michael ; Buss, David M.; Kalil, Ariel ; Biswas-Diener, Robert M.; King, Laura A.; Cacioppo, John T.; Klinger, Ryan; Diener McGavran, Mary Beth; Koo, Jayoung; Diener, Ed ; Koo, Minkyung; Emmons, Robert A.; Lucas, Richard E.; Fujita, Frank; McMahon, Darrin M.; Haybron, Daniel M.; Myers, David G.; Huebner, E. Scott; Oishi, Shigehiro ; Judge, Timothy; Pavot, William; Compton, Rebecca J.; Prizimic, Zvjezdana; Diener, Larrisa L.; Robinson, Michael D.; Hawkley, Louise C.; Schimmack, Ulrich ; Hughes, M. E.; Suh, Eunkook M.; Diener, Carol; Thisted, Ronald A.; Hill, Sarah E.; Waite, Linda; Fredrickson, Barbara L.; Larsen, Randy J.;Zitatform
Eid, Michael & Randy J. Larsen (Hrsg.) (2008): The science of subjective well-being. New York u.a.: Guilford Press, 546 S.
Abstract
"This authoritative volume reviews the breadth of current scientific knowledge on subjective well-being (SWB): its definition, causes and consequences, measurement, and practical applications that may help people become happier. Leading experts explore the connections between SWB and a range of intrapersonal and interpersonal phenomena, including personality, relationship satisfaction, wealth, cognitive processes, emotion regulation, religion, family life, school and work experiences, and culture. Interventions and practices that enhance SWB are examined, with attention to both their benefits and limitations. The concluding chapter from Ed Diener dispels common myths in the field and presents a thoughtful agenda for future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Subjective well-being and the duration of aggregate unemployment in Europe (2008)
Zitatform
Ochsen, Carsten (2008): Subjective well-being and the duration of aggregate unemployment in Europe. (Thünen-series of applied economic theory. Working paper 97), Rostock, 19 S.
Abstract
"This study examines whether the distribution of aggregate unemployment by duration affects individual well-being. Two hypotheses are provided to explain how the shares of short-term (up to 3 months) and long-term (more than 1 year) unemployed people could affect the well-being of the employed and unemployed: The severity hypothesis and the flow hypothesis. Using data from almost 300,000 individuals from 11 EU countries, an ordered probit estimator is used to analyze the impact of the distribution of aggregate unemployment by duration on individual well-being. We find significant evidence in favor of both the severity and the flow hypotheses. Hence, the fear of losing (or not finding) a job is more detrimental when the prospect is to remain unemployed for a longer time. At some point, however, both the employed and unemployed adapt to unemployment at the macro level. Using an alternative specification that allows for a duration-specific risk of becoming/being unemployed, we arrive at similar conclusions. What seems to bother people is thus not just the risk of becoming/remaining unemployed, but more so the risk of being out of work for 4 to 12 months." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Income, working hours, and happiness (2008)
Pouwels, Babette; Vlasblom, Jan Dirk; Siegers, Jacques;Zitatform
Pouwels, Babette, Jacques Siegers & Jan Dirk Vlasblom (2008): Income, working hours, and happiness. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 99, H. 1, S. 72-74. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2007.05.032
Abstract
"In empirical analyses, the effect of income on happiness tends to be underestimated by ignoring the fact that income has to be earned. Using the German Socio-Economic Panel, our analysis confirms this tendency. For men, the underestimation amounts to 25%." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Happiness quantified: a satisfaction calculus approach (2008)
Praag, Bernard M. S. van; Ferrer-i-Carbonell, Ada;Zitatform
Praag, Bernard M. S. van & Ada Ferrer-i-Carbonell (2008): Happiness quantified. A satisfaction calculus approach. Oxford u.a.: Oxford University Press, 370 S.
Abstract
"Drawing on a range of surveys on people's satisfaction with their jobs, income, housing, marriages, and government policy, among other areas of life, this book shows how satisfaction with life 'as a whole' is an aggregate of these domain satisfactions. Using German, British, Dutch, and Russian data, the authors cover a wide range of topics. The book presents a new and fruitful methodology that constitutes a welcome addition to the social sciences. The paperback edition has been revised to bring the literature review up-to-date and the chapter on poverty has been revised and extended to take account of new research." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Happiness inequality in the United States (2008)
Stevenson, Betsey; Wolfers, Justin;Zitatform
Stevenson, Betsey & Justin Wolfers (2008): Happiness inequality in the United States. (NBER working paper 14220), Cambridge, Mass., 22 S., Anhang. DOI:10.3386/w14220
Abstract
"This paper examines how the level and dispersion of self-reported happiness has evolved over the period 1972-2006. While there has been no increase in aggregate happiness, inequality in happiness has fallen substantially since the 1970s. There have been large changes in the level of happiness across groups: Two-thirds of the black-white happiness gap has been eroded, and the gender happiness gap has disappeared entirely. Paralleling changes in the income distribution, differences in happiness by education have widened substantially. We develop an integrated approach to measuring inequality and decomposing changes in the distribution of happiness, finding a pervasive decline in within-group inequality during the 1970s and 1980s that was experienced by even narrowly-defined demographic groups. Around one-third of this decline has subsequently been unwound. Juxtaposing these changes with large rises in income inequality suggests an important role for non-pecuniary factors in shaping the well-being distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Income evaluation and happiness in the case of an income decline (2007)
Zitatform
Antonides, Gerrit (2007): Income evaluation and happiness in the case of an income decline. In: Kyklos, Jg. 60, H. 4, S. 467-484.
Abstract
Im Mittelpunkt des Beitrags stehen Menschen, die Einkommenseinbußen hinnehmen mussten, ihre Bewertung des Einkommens und der Grad ihres Wohlbefindens in einer Reihe von Lebensbereichen. In der Studie wurden 800 Teilnehmer danach gefragt, ob sie angesichts sinkenden Einkommens nach Informationen gesucht haben und vorsogliche Maßnahmen ergriffen haben, um die Auswirkungen der Einkommenseinbußen abzumildern. Mittels einer Categorical-Principal-Components-Analyse werden zwei Verhaltens-Skalen entwickelt. Diese Skalen erklären die Bewertung des Einkommens und das Wohlbefinden in Abhängigkeit von Haushaltseinkommen, Familienstruktur und Ursachen der Einkommenseinbußen. Hieraus werden Vorschläge für das Finanzmanagement öffentlicher Haushalte gezogen. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Handbook on the economics of happiness (2007)
Bruni, Luigino ; Hirata, Johannes; Irwin, Julie R.; Gutierrez, Monica D.; Vivenza, Gloria; Bartolini, Stefano ; Porta, Pier Luigi; Bianchi, Marina; Jesus Garcia, Jose de; Cogoy, Mario; Karayiannis, Anastasios; Cremaschi, Sergio; Marzetti Dall' Aste Brandolini, Silva; Domenighetti, Gianfranco; Peiro, Amado; Filippini, Massimo; Pelligra, Vittorio; Grimalda, Gianluca ; Powdthavee, Nattavudh ; Guillen Royo, Monica; Pugno, Maurizio ; Becchetti, Leonardo ; Raghunathan, Rajagopal; Cox, Donald; Sacconi, Lorenzo; Drakopoulos, Stravos; Salvador, A. Borrego; Guidi, Marco E. L.; Santor, Marika; Chekola, Mark; Scazzieri, Roberto; Fuentes, Nicole Christa; Stark, Oded ; Crivelli, Luca; Tapia, Alejandro; Zarri, Luca ; Vendrik, Maarten;Zitatform
Hirata, Johannes, Julie R. Irwin, Monica D. Gutierrez, Gloria Vivenza, Stefano Bartolini, Marina Bianchi, Jose de Jesus Garcia, Mario Cogoy, Anastasios Karayiannis, Sergio Cremaschi, Silva Marzetti Dall' Aste Brandolini, Gianfranco Domenighetti, Amado Peiro, Massimo Filippini, Vittorio Pelligra, Gianluca Grimalda, Nattavudh Powdthavee, Monica Guillen Royo, Maurizio Pugno, Leonardo Becchetti, Rajagopal Raghunathan, Donald Cox, Lorenzo Sacconi, Stravos Drakopoulos, A. Borrego Salvador, Marco E. L. Guidi, Marika Santor, Mark Chekola, Roberto Scazzieri, Nicole Christa Fuentes, Oded Stark, Luca Crivelli, Alejandro Tapia, Luca Zarri & Maarten Vendrik (2007): Handbook on the economics of happiness. (Elgar original reference), Cheltenham u.a.: Elgar, 596 S.
Abstract
"This Handbook provides an unprecedented forum for discussion of the economic issues relating to happiness. It reviews the more recent literature and offers the interested reader an insight into the vast scope of the field in terms of the theory, its applications and also experimental design. The Handbook also gives substantial indications as to the future direction of research in the field, with particular regard to policy applications and developing an economics of interpersonal relations which includes reciprocity and social interaction theory. Reflecting the contribution of a major research activity an the study of happiness, economics and interpersonal relations, this book will be of great interest to economists and psychologists in general, as well as welfare economists and postgraduate scholars of cooperation, welfare, social planning, non-profit, corporate social responsibility and related fields." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Determinanten des Glücks: Lebenszufriedenheit in Europa (2007)
Zitatform
Böhnke, Petra & Ulrich Kohler (2007): Determinanten des Glücks: Lebenszufriedenheit in Europa. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 60, H. 7, S. 373-379. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2007-7-373
Abstract
"Im Mittelpunkt des Beitrags steht das subjektive Wohlbefinden der Europäer als zentrale Dimension von Lebensqualität. Wie zufrieden sind Europäer mit ihrem Leben im Allgemeinen? Was bestimmt das Ausmaß an Lebenszufriedenheit in verschiedenen Ländern? Von Interesse ist zum einen der Einfluss sozialer Ungleichheit in Form von Einkommen, Bildung, Arbeitsmarktposition, Gesundheit und sozialen Beziehungen. Zum anderen werden gesellschaftspolitische Rahmenbedingungen als Kontextfaktoren untersucht, um die Variation von Lebenszufriedenheit in der europäischen Union zu erklären. Es zeigt sich, dass das Ausmaß der Lebenszufriedenheit die heterogenen Lebensverhältnisse in der erweiterten EU widerspiegelt. Doch die individuelle Position im Wohlstandgefüge eines Landes reicht nicht aus, um Lebenszufriedenheit zu erklären. Lebenszufriedenheit wird nicht nur von individuellen Lebensumständen geprägt, sondern auch vom Wohlfahrtsniveau und der Qualität der Gesellschaft: Soziales Kapital, soziale Rechte, Vertrauen in Demokratie und Sozialschutzsysteme bestimmen maßgeblich die individuelle Lebensqualität." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Income and happiness across Europe: do reference values matter? (2007)
Zitatform
Caporale, Guglielmo Maria, Yannis Georgellis, Nicholas Tsitsianis & Ya Ping Yin (2007): Income and happiness across Europe. Do reference values matter? (CESifo working paper 2146), München, 33 S.
Abstract
"Using data from the European Social Survey (ESS), we examine the link between income and subjective well-being. We find that, for the whole sample of nineteen European countries, although income is positively correlated with both happiness and life satisfaction, reference income exerts a negative effect on individual well-being, a result consistent with the relative utility hypothesis. Performing separate analyses for some Eastern European countries, we also find some evidence of a 'tunnel effect', in that reference income has a positive impact on subjective well-being. Our findings support the view that in environments with stable income and employment, reference income serves as a basis for social comparisons, whereas in relatively volatile environments, it is used as a source of information for forming expectations about future status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Evolutionary efficiency and happiness (2007)
Zitatform
Rayo, Luis & Gary S. Becker (2007): Evolutionary efficiency and happiness. In: Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 115, H. 2, S. 302-337.
Abstract
"We model happiness as a measurement tool used to rank alternative actions. Evolution favors a happiness function that measures the individual's success in relative terms. The optimal function is based on a time-varying reference point-or performance benchmark-that is updated over time in a statistically optimal way in order to match the individual's potential. Habits and peer comparisons arise as special cases of such an updating process. This updating also results in a volatile level of happiness that continuously reverts to its long-term mean. Throughout, we draw a parallel with a problem of optimal incentives, which allows us to apply statistical insights from agency theory to the study of happiness." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Jugendarbeitslosigkeit und psychisches Wohlbefinden (2007)
Zitatform
Schels, Brigitte (2007): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit und psychisches Wohlbefinden. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 13/2007), Nürnberg, 51 S.
Abstract
"Der Beitrag betrachtet das psychische Wohlbefinden und die Erwerbssituation junger Menschen von 15 bis 24 Jahren in Deutschland, die bereits einmal arbeitslos waren. Im Fokus stehen die Auswirkungen von Arbeitslosigkeit im Zusammenhang mit der finanziellen Situation. Obwohl es bereits mehrere Studien in anderen Ländern zur Arbeitslosigkeit Jüngerer und ihrem psychischen Wohlbefinden gibt, wurde dies in Deutschland bislang selten thematisiert. Datenbasis der Untersuchung ist die deutsche Teilstichprobe der europäischen Vergleichsstudie 'Übergänge aus Jugendarbeitslosigkeit'. Die befragten Jugendlichen waren im Jahr 1998 für mindestens 90 Tage arbeitslos registriert und wurden zu zwei Zeitpunkten befragt. Auf dieser Grundlage betrachtet der Beitrag zum einen den Einfluss der aktuellen Lebenslage auf das psychische Wohlbefinden und zum anderen die Zusammenhänge zwischen dem weiteren Erwerbsverlauf der Jugendlichen und der Veränderung ihres psychischen Wohlbefindens. Wie sich zeigt, sind ein erfolgreicher Einstieg in das Erwerbsleben und eine zufriedenstellende finanzielle Situation zentral für das psychische Wohlbefinden der Jugendlichen. Erwerbstätigkeit hat allerdings für junge Frauen eine andere Bedeutung als für junge Männer: Während für die jungen Frauen der Einkommenserwerb im Vordergrund steht, steigt das Wohlbefinden der jungen Männer mit Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit unabhängig von finanziellen Faktoren. Dies verweist auf die konstitutive Rolle der Erwerbsarbeit auch jenseits finanzieller Aspekte für ein gelungenes Erwachsenwerden der Männer." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
How much happiness is there in the world?: a cross-country study (2006)
Zitatform
Borooah, Vani K. (2006): How much happiness is there in the world? A cross-country study. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 13, H. 8, S. 483-488. DOI:10.1080/13504850500400652
Abstract
"This paper complements the burgeoning literature on country-specific studies of happiness by taking a global look at happiness and its determinants. In so doing, it makes two contributions. First, it presents indicators of happiness that are 'equity adjusted' and compares their values to those of unadjusted indicators. This comparison shows that countries with the lowest mean happiness scores have their unhappiness compounded when these means are adjusted to take account of the glaring inequality in their inter-personal distribution of happiness. Second, using data on nearly 113 000 respondents, drawn from 80 countries, it shows that people everywhere want broadly the same things in order to be happy: faith in a deity; a decent standard of living; a job; a good family and social life; a good neighbourhood in which to live; and, above all, good health." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A note on unhappiness and unemployment duration (2006)
Zitatform
Clark, Andrew E. (2006): A note on unhappiness and unemployment duration. (IZA discussion paper 2406), Bonn, 28 S.
Abstract
"Although it is now widely-accepted that unemployment is associated with sharply lower levels of individual well-being, relatively little is known about how this effect depends on unemployment duration. Data from three large-scale European panels is used to shed light on this issue; these data allow us to distinguish habituation to unemployment from sample selection. The panel results show little evidence of habituation to unemployment in Europe in the 1990's." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Life cycle happiness and its sources intersections of psychology, economics, and demography (2006)
Zitatform
Easterlin, Richard A. (2006): Life cycle happiness and its sources intersections of psychology, economics, and demography. In: Journal of economic psychology, Jg. 27, H. 4, S. 463-482.
Abstract
"In the United States happiness rises slightly, on average, from ages 18 to midlife, and declines slowly thereafter. This pattern for the total population is the net result of disparate trends in the satisfaction people get from various life domains: their financial situation, family life, health, and work. The slight rise in happiness through midlife is due chiefly to growing satisfaction with one's family life and work, which together more than offset decreasing satisfaction with health. Beyond midlife, happiness edges downward as a continuing decline in satisfaction with health is joined by diminishing satisfaction with one's family situation and work; these negative trends are offset considerably, however, by a sizeable upturn in later life in people's satisfaction with their financial situation. These findings come from an analysis of the United States General Social Surveys, using the demographer's synthetic panel technique. They support neither the mainstream economics view that well-being depends only on one's objective conditions nor the psychologists' strong setpoint model in which adaptation to such conditions is rapid and complete. They are consistent with a 'bottom up' model in which happiness is the net outcome of both objective and subjective factors in various life domains." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Objektive regionale Lebensqualität und subjektives Wohlbefinden: was macht Bürgerinnen und Bürger zufrieden? (2006)
Kawka, Rupert; Sturm, Gabriele;Zitatform
Kawka, Rupert & Gabriele Sturm (2006): Objektive regionale Lebensqualität und subjektives Wohlbefinden. Was macht Bürgerinnen und Bürger zufrieden? In: Informationen zur Raumentwicklung H. 6/7, S. 309-316 u. 979.
Abstract
"Der Artikel geht der Frage nach, welchen Stellenwert das aus dem Grundgesetz abgeleitete Ziel der Gleichwertigkeit der Lebensverhältnisse in allen Teilräumen der Bundesrepublik in der Raumordnung und der sie gestaltenden Politik gehabt hat und weiterhin hat. Er wirft des weiteren die Frage auf, ob Gleichwertigkeit angesichts der neuen Rahmenbedingungen noch als ein ubiquitär zu verfolgendes Ziel zu sehen ist oder ob es nicht eher im Sinne einer Gewährung von gleichen Chance für den Einzelnen gesehen werden muss, jenseits und unabhängig von einer möglichen, räumlich ubiquitär zu verordneten Umsetzung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)