Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Das Themendossier "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Does more free childcare help parents work more? (2020)
Zitatform
Brewer, Mike, Sarah Cattan, Claire Crawford & Birgitta Rabe (2020): Does more free childcare help parents work more? (IFS working paper / Institute for Fiscal Studies 2020,09), London, 42 S.
Abstract
"Many governments are considering expanding childcare subsidies to increase the labour force participation of parents (especially mothers) with young children. In this paper, we study the potential impact of such a policy by comparing the effects of offering free part-time childcare and of expanding this offer to the whole school day in the context of England. We use two different strategies exploiting free childcare eligibility rules based on date of birth. Both strategies suggest that free part-time childcare only marginally affects the labour force participation of mothers whose youngest child is eligible, but expanding from part-time to full-time free childcare leads to significant increases in labour force partici-pation and employment of these mothers. These effects emerge immediately and grow over the months following entitlement. We find no evidence that parents adjust their labour supply in anticipation of their children's entitlement to free childcare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Involuntary Full- and Part-Time Work: Employees' Mental Health and the Role of Family- and Work-Related Resources (2020)
Zitatform
De Moortel, Deborah, Nico Dragano & Morten Wahrendorf (2020): Involuntary Full- and Part-Time Work: Employees' Mental Health and the Role of Family- and Work-Related Resources. In: Societies, Jg. 10, H. 4. DOI:10.3390/soc10040081
Abstract
"Resources related to a good work-life balance may play an important role for the mental health of workers with involuntary working hours. This study investigates whether involuntary part-time (i.e., working part-time, but preferring full-time work) and involuntary full-time work (i.e., working full-time, but preferring part-time work) are associated with a deterioration of mental health and whether family- and work-related resources buffer this association. Data were obtained from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) with baseline information on involuntary working hours and resources. This information was linked to changes in mental health two years later. We found impaired mental health for involuntary full-time male workers and increased mental health for regular part-time female workers. The mental health of involuntary full-time male workers is more vulnerable, compared to regular full-time workers, when having high non-standard work hours and when being a partner (with or without children). Involuntary part-time work is detrimental to men’s mental health when doing a high amount of household work. This study is one of the first to emphasize the mental health consequences of involuntary full-time work. Avoiding role and time conflicts between family and work roles are important for the mental health of men too." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Why firms offer paid parental leave: an exploratory study (2020)
Zitatform
Goldin, Claudia, Sari Pekkala Kerr & Claudia Olivetti (2020): Why firms offer paid parental leave. An exploratory study. In: I. V. Sawhill & B. Stevenson (Hrsg.) (2020): Paid Leave For Caregiving. Issues And Answers, S. 66-92.
Abstract
"Why do competitive firms in the US provide paid parental leave (PPL)? Which firms do and to what extent? We use several firm- and individual-level data sets to answer these questions. These include the BLS-Employee Benefit Survey (EBS) for 2010 to 2018 and an extensive firm-level data collection that we compiled. Our work is undergirded by a two-period model with competitive firms whose workers vary by their optimal firm-specific training and the probability that each will remain on the job after PPL is taken. We find that firm-provided PPL has greatly increased in the last two decades and generally covers new fathers. The levels of provision differ greatly by the industry, firm size, and the degree of firm-specific training. But even the top-of-the-line firm in the US provides fewer fully paid parental weeks than does the median OECD nation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Impact of Having Children on Domain-Specific Life Satisfaction:: A Quasi-Experimental Longitudinal Investigation Using the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) Data (2020)
Krämer, Michael D.; Rodgers, Joseph L.;Zitatform
Krämer, Michael D. & Joseph L. Rodgers (2020): The Impact of Having Children on Domain-Specific Life Satisfaction:. A Quasi-Experimental Longitudinal Investigation Using the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) Data. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 1068), Berlin, 64 S.
Abstract
"Longitudinal studies have documented improvements in parents' life satisfaction due to childbearing, followed by postpartum adaptation back to baseline. However, the details underlying this process remain largely unexplored. Based on past literature, set-point theory, and results from an exploratory sample, we investigated empirically how first childbirth affected satisfaction with specific domains of life. In a preregistered study, we compared parents with matched childless respondents in their trajectories of life satisfaction, and also satisfaction with family life, health, sleep, work, housework, leisure, dwelling, household income, and personal income. First-time parents and childless respondents were matched in a procedure combining exact and propensity score matching. Using the population-representative German SOEP data (N = 3,370), longitudinal multilevel models revealed heterogeneous effects of childbirth on different domains of satisfaction: Both mothers' and fathers' satisfaction with family life increased temporarily in a similar fashion to life satisfaction before going back to baseline within five years after childbirth. However, only mothers experienced drastic losses to satisfaction with sleep and satisfaction with personal income. For the remaining domains, parents' satisfaction largely resembled that of the matched childless respondents. These divergent domain trajectories underscore the need for multivariate analyses in life satisfaction research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work history, economic resources, and women's labour market withdrawal after the birth of the first grandchild (2020)
Zitatform
Zanasi, Francesca, Inge Sieben & Wilfred Uunk (2020): Work history, economic resources, and women's labour market withdrawal after the birth of the first grandchild. In: European Journal of Ageing, Jg. 17, H. 1, S. 109-118. DOI:10.1007/s10433-019-00525-x
Abstract
"Typically, grandmothers are actively involved in the lives of their grandchildren, most frequently as care providers. At the same time, these individuals become grandparents while still employed. These two roles - of active grandparent and worker - might conflict, since both demand time and energy. This study examines whether the birth of the first grandchild leads to labour market withdrawal for women, and whether there are differences between grandmothers according to their work history and household economic resources. We considered the work history of women both as a measure of work–family preferences and a source of opportunities and constraints to labour market behaviour later in life. Our analyses of data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) 2002–2017 using hybrid logistic models show that the probability of labour market withdrawal increases after the birth of the first grandchild. Women who had continuous working careers, or short employment interruptions, were more likely to withdraw from the labour market after the birth of the first grandchild than their counterparts with non-continuous careers, as well as women living in wealthy households. The explanation lies in the lower opportunity cost these women encounter in withdrawing from the labour market. Our findings relate to policies aimed at increasing retirement ages all over Europe, advocating that these measures could conflict with grandmothers' involvement in their grandchildren's lives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Long-term changes in married couples' labor supply and taxes: Evidence from the US and Europe since the 1980s (2019)
Zitatform
Bick, Alexander, Bettina Brüggemann, Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln & Hannah Paule-Paludkiewicz (2019): Long-term changes in married couples' labor supply and taxes: Evidence from the US and Europe since the 1980s. In: Journal of International Economics, Jg. 118, H. May, S. 44-62. DOI:10.1016/j.jinteco.2019.01.014
Abstract
"We document the time-series of employment rates and hours worked per employed by married couples in the US and seven European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and the UK) from the early 1980s through 2016. Relying on a model of joint household labor supply decisions, we quantitatively analyze the role of non-linear labor income taxes for explaining the evolution of hours worked of married couples over time, using as inputs the full country- and year-specific statutory labor income tax codes. We further evaluate the role of consumption taxes, gender and educational wage premia, and the educational composition. The model is quite successful in replicating the time series behavior of hours worked per employed married woman, with labor income taxes being the key driving force. It does however capture only part of the secular increase in married women's employment rates in the 1980s and early 1990s, suggesting an important role for factors not considered in this paper. An independent and important contribution of the paper is that we make the non-linear tax codes used as an input into the analysis available as a user-friendly and easily integrable set of Matlab codes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Free daycare and its effects on children and their families (2018)
Zitatform
Busse, Anna & Christina Gathmann (2018): Free daycare and its effects on children and their families. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 958), Berlin, 61 S.
Abstract
"Many governments invest substantial public funds to foster early childhood education. And yet, there are still many open questions who responds to and who benefits from public investments into early childcare. We use the introduction of free public daycare in German states to analyze its effects on children and their families. Our results suggest that effects of the policy differ by child age, gender and socio-economic status. Free daycare increases attendance among 2-3 year olds with little response among older children. Yet, even with access to free daycare, we find few effects on maternal labor supply. Responses are generally stronger for poorer households and other vulnerable families. Child development, in turn, shows gender-specific effects that are in part explained by the differential choices parents of boys make compared to parents of girls." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Women working longer: increased employment at older ages (2018)
Goldin, Claudia ; Lusardi, Annamaria ; Maestas, Nicole ; Katz, Lawrence F.; McGarry, Kathleen; Fahle, Sean; Mitchell, Joshua; Gelber, Alexander ; Mitchell, Olivia S. ; Lahey, Joanna N.; Olivetti, Claudia; Bee, C. Adam; Rotz, Dana ; Isen, Adam; Song, Jae; Fitzpatrick, Maria D.;Zitatform
Goldin, Claudia & Lawrence F. Katz (Hrsg.) (2018): Women working longer. Increased employment at older ages. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 304 S.
Abstract
"Today, more American women than ever before stay in the workforce into their sixties and seventies. This trend emerged in the 1980s, and has persisted during the past three decades, despite substantial changes in macroeconomic conditions. Why is this so? Today's older American women work full-time jobs at greater rates than women in other developed countries. In Women Working Longer, editors Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz assemble new research that presents fresh insights on the phenomenon of working longer. Their findings suggest that education and work experience earlier in life are connected to women's later-in-life work. Other contributors to the volume investigate additional factors that may play a role in late-life labor supply, such as marital disruption, household finances, and access to retirement benefits. A pioneering study of recent trends in older women's labor force participation, this collection offers insights valuable to a wide array of social scientists, employers, and policy makers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Contents:
I. Transitions over the Life Cycle
1. Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz: Women Working Longer: Facts and Some Explanations
2. Nicole Maestas: The Return to Work and Women's Employment Decisions
3. Joanna N. Lahey: Understanding Why Black Women Are Not Working Longer
II. Family Matters: Caregiving, Marriage, and Divorce
4. Claudia Olivetti and Dana Rotz: Changes in Marriage and Divorce as Drivers of Employment and Retirement of Older Women
5. Sean Fahle and Kathleen McGarry: Women Working Longer: Labor Market Implications of Providing Family Care
III. Financial Considerations: Resources, Pensions, and Social Security
6. Annamaria Lusardi and Olivia S. Mitchell: Older Women's Labor Market Attachment, Retirement Planning, and Household Debt
7. Maria D. Fitzpatrick: Teaching, Teachers' Pensions, and Retirement across Recent Cohorts of College-Graduate Women
8. Alexander Gelber, Adam Isen, and Jae Song: The Role of Social Security Benefits in the Initial Increase of Older Women's Employment: Evidence from the Social Security Notch
9. C. Adam Bee and Joshua Mitchell: The Hidden Resources of Women Working Longer: Evidence from Linked Survey-Administrative Data -
Literaturhinweis
The joint decision of female labour supply and childcare in Italy under costs and availability constraints (2017)
Zitatform
Figari, Francesco & Edlira Narazani (2017): The joint decision of female labour supply and childcare in Italy under costs and availability constraints. (EUROMOD working paper 2017,12), Colchester, 32 S.
Abstract
"It is widely recognized that childcare has important pedagogical, economic and social effects on both children and parents. This paper is the first attempt to estimate a joint structural model of female labour supply and childcare behaviour applied to Italy in order to analyse the effects of relaxing the existing constraints in terms of childcare availability and costs by considering public, private and informal childcare. Results suggest that Italian households might alter their childcare and labour supply behaviours substantially if the coverage rate of formal childcare increases to reach the European targets. Overall, increasing child care coverage is estimated to be more effective in enhancing labour incentives than decreasing existing child care costs, at the same budgetary cost." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Betriebliche Unterstützung bei der Kinderbetreuung steigert die Zufriedenheit von Müttern (2016)
Lauber, Verena; Storck, Johanna;Zitatform
Lauber, Verena & Johanna Storck (2016): Betriebliche Unterstützung bei der Kinderbetreuung steigert die Zufriedenheit von Müttern. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 83, H. 10, S. 187-193.
Abstract
"Familienfreundliche Arbeitsplätze werden zunehmend als wesentlich gesehen, um die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf zu erleichtern. Zu den Fragen, welche familienfreundlichen Maßnahmen Unternehmen anbieten und wie sich diese Maßnahmen tatsächlich auf das Wohlbefinden von Eltern auswirken, gibt es jedoch für Deutschland kaum repräsentative Forschungsergebnisse. In dieser Studie wird am Beispiel der betrieblichen Unterstützung bei der Kinderbetreuung untersucht, inwiefern familienfreundliche Arbeitsplätze die Zufriedenheit von Müttern und Vätern mit der Arbeit, der Familie, der Kinderbetreuung sowie dem Leben insgesamt beeinflussen. Auf Basis des Datensatzes 'Familien in Deutschland' kann gezeigt werden, dass die Einführung einer Unterstützung bei der Kinderbetreuung von Seiten des Arbeitgebers die Zufriedenheit von Müttern in fast allen Bereichen signifikant erhöht. Nur die Zufriedenheit mit der Familie ändert sich nicht signifikant. Die Zufriedenheit von Vätern hingegen bleibt von einer solchen Maßnahme weitestgehend unbeeinflusst." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Kinderbetreuungsangebote für eine bessere Vereinbarkeit von Wissenschaft und Familie: Ergebnisse einer Evaluationsstudie aus den Jahren 2010/2011 (2015)
Kunadt, Susann;Zitatform
Kunadt, Susann (2015): Kinderbetreuungsangebote für eine bessere Vereinbarkeit von Wissenschaft und Familie. Ergebnisse einer Evaluationsstudie aus den Jahren 2010/2011. (GESIS papers 2015,07), Mannheim, 32 S.
Abstract
Die Autorin thematisiert zunächst die Ursachen für die hohe Zahl kinderloser Wissenschaftler/innen sowie die Unterrepräsentanz von Frauen an deutschen Hochschulen. Hierzu zählen die prekären Beschäftigungsbedingungen, die spezifische Wissenschaftskultur sowie der Mangel an Kinderbetreuungsmöglichkeiten. Im Folgenden wird die Evaluation eines Landesprogrammes zur Schaffung von Kinderbetreuungsmöglichkeiten an den Hochschulen in Baden-Württemberg vorgestellt. Hierzu wurde unter anderem von März bis Mai 2011 eine Online-Befragung des wissenschaftlichen Personals an einer ausgewählten, am Programm teilnehmenden Hochschule realisiert. Die Befragung diente dazu, die Wirkung von Kinderbetreuungsangeboten exemplarisch zu erfassen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen deutlichen Mehrbedarf an Kinderbetreuungsangeboten und ihren positiven Nutzen für die Wissenschaftler/innen mit Kind. Sie machen aber auch deutlich, dass neben Kinderbetreuung längerfristige Jobperspektiven für eine Familiengründung essentiell sind. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Fathers’ Childcare: The Differences Between Participation and Amount of Time (2014)
Reich, Nora;Zitatform
Reich, Nora (2014): Fathers’ Childcare: The Differences Between Participation and Amount of Time. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 35, H. 2, S. 190-213. DOI:10.1007/s10834-013-9359-y
Abstract
"The main research question of this article was whether and how predictors of fathers’ participation in childcare, defined as zero versus more than zero minutes of childcare, differed from predictors of participating fathers’ amount of time on childcare, measured as minutes on the survey day. The sample was drawn from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) and covered surveys from ten industrialised countries from 1987 to 2005. Results showed that there were some similarities, but also remarkable differences between factors influencing participation in childcare and factors affecting participating fathers’ time spent with children. Thus they call for caution regarding findings from existing studies not distinguishing participation from participating fathers’ childcare minutes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
One Germany, Two Worlds of Housework? Examining Employed Single and Partnered Women in the Decade after Unification (2009)
Zitatform
Geist, Claudia (2009): One Germany, Two Worlds of Housework? Examining Employed Single and Partnered Women in the Decade after Unification. In: Journal of comparative family studies, Jg. 40, H. 3, S. 415-437. DOI:10.3138/jcfs.40.3.415
Abstract
"Do the different ideological legacies of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) result in persisting differences in women's housework in the unified Germany? In this paper, I examine the housework of employed German women, singles and as well as women with partners, in the decade after unification using data from the German Socioeconomic Panel (GSOEP). This comparison allows me to assess the role of regional differences in shaping women's housework, while further distinguishing between full-time and part-time workers. The study shows that women with partners do more housework than single women do, regardless of region of residence. Among singles, there are no East-West differences in either the level of housework or the mechanisms that shape it. However, among women with partners, West German women do significantly more housework. These differences are only in part explained by differential participation in full-time and part-time employment. East German women's individual earnings are less effective than West Germans' in reducing housework for both fulltime and part-time workers. Overall, the results of the study imply that the different ideological legacies FRG and the GDR do have a lasting impact on the housework of partnered women through family roles, while singles do not seem to be affected by any remaining differences in the socio-political context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Effect of Marital Breakup on the Income Distribution of Women with Children (2008)
Zitatform
Ananat, Elizabeth O. & Guy Michaels (2008): The Effect of Marital Breakup on the Income Distribution of Women with Children. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 43, H. 3, S. 611-629. DOI:10.3368/jhr.43.3.611
Abstract
"Having a female first-born child significantly increases the probability that a woman’s first marriage breaks up. Using this exogenous variation, recent work finds that divorce has little effect on Women's mean household income. We further investigate the effect of divorce using Quantile Treatment Effect methodology and find that it increases women’s odds of having very high or very low income. In other words, while some women successfully compensate for lost spousal earnings through child support, welfare, combining households, and increasing labor supply, others are markedly unsuccessful. We conclude that by raising both poverty and inequality, divorce has important welfare consequences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))
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Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug