Abstract

"Dieser EMN-Synthesebericht fasst die Ergebnisse von nationalen EMN-Studien aus 27 Ländern zu dem Thema 'Politiken, Praktiken und Daten über Unbegleitete Minderjährige in den EU-Mitgliedsstaaten und Norwegen' zusammen. Der deutsche Beitrag ist als Studie unter dem Titel 'Unbegleitete Minderjährige in Deutschland' erschienen. Der EMN-Synthesebericht liegt nur in Englisch vor" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bevelander, Pieter & Nahikari Irastorza (2014): Catching up: The labor market integration of new immigrants in Sweden. Washington, DC, 23 S.

Abstract

"The considerable diversity among Sweden's immigrants reflects a humanitarian migration policy. Refugees have arrived in the country since the 1970s and 1980s, with their countries of origin shifting according to the ethnic and political conflicts of any given period. Sweden is also a longstanding magnet for labor migration from surrounding Scandinavia, and has attracted mobile EU citizens since its entry into the European Union in 1995 -- and especially following the EU enlargements of 2004 and 2007. Sweden's immigration flows continue to change today, as policy reforms in 2008 allowed employers to bring non-EU labor migrants to the country for the first time in decades.
This report assesses how new immigrants to Sweden fare in the country's labor market. It shows that employment rates during newcomers' initial years in Sweden are relatively depressed for low-educated refugees and migrants who come based on family ties, in comparison to natives and labor migrants from EU countries. Since Sweden's refugees and family arrivals are not selected through employment-related criteria, they are likely to lack locally in-demand skills and are often out of work in the years immediately after arrival. The obstacles these groups face can be exacerbated by certain features of Sweden's labor market, such as high minimum wages, a relatively small pool of low-skilled jobs, and stringent employment protection for permanent work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bevelander, Pieter & Ravi Pendakur (2014): The labour market integration of refugee and family reunion immigrants. A comparison of outcomes in Canada and Sweden. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 40, H. 5, S. 689-709. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2013.849569

Abstract

"This paper assesses the employment and earnings trajectories of refugee and family reunion category immigrants in Canada and Sweden using two national level sources of data. The Canadian Immigration Database (IMDB) is a file that links the intake record of post-1979 immigrants with annual taxation records. The 2007 Swedish Register Data includes information on all legal permanent residents. Using standard regression methods, we compare labour force outcomes of age - sex - schooling - place of birth cohorts looking specifically at non-economic (family reunion and refugee intake) immigrants from Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan and the former Yugoslavia. We find that the employment and earning trajectories of the selected non-economic migrant groups are quite similar in the two host countries, although earnings are higher in Canada than in Sweden." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Corrigan, Owen (2014): Migrant deprivation, conditionality of legal status and the welfare state. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 24, H. 3, S. 223-239. DOI:10.1177/0958928714525819

Abstract

"This article adds to our theoretical understanding of the determination of third-country national (TCN) migrant deprivation and poverty in western Europe. The stratifying effects of different types of legal status on migrant outcomes have been established in previous research. The conditionality that states attach to securing different types of legal status has heretofore been overlooked as an important explanatory factor, however. A measure of the conditionality attached to attaining the key social rights - granting status of long-term residency (LTR) is operationalized using cross-national policy data. Building on existing theory, we hypothesize that the negative impact of welfare generosity on TCN material deprivation is moderated by a state's level of LTR conditionality, such that deprivation will be greatest where conditionality is high and generosity is low. This hypothesis is tested using large-scale European microdata in the context of multilevel modelling. The empirical results are consistent with the central hypothesis. These findings have implications for policymakers and for extant accounts of migrant welfare, the welfare state and the factors implicated in the determination of poverty and deprivation in Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gerdes, Christer & Eskil Wadensjö (2014): Receiving countries' perspectives: The case of Sweden. (IZA discussion paper 8408), Bonn, 24 S.

Abstract

"Sweden has made its labour market more open for labour immigration since the mid1990s: becoming member of the common labour market of EES/EU in 1994, no transitional rules introduced at the enlargement of European Union in 2004 and 2007, and opening up for labour migration from non-EES/EU countries in December 2008. The changes have led to increased labour immigration. The labour immigration expanded for example after the enlargement in 2004 but not so much as in for example the United Kingdom and Ireland. Other forms of immigration have been more important. On the other hand, the migration has been rather stable in the years after the crisis in 2008. The main explanation is most likely that the recession in Sweden was only for one year, 2009, and that it was concentrated to some parts of the manufacturing industry where few migrant workers were employed. If the present EMU crisis is spreading to Sweden the result may of course be different." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Irastorza, Nahikari & Pieter Bevelander (2014): Economic integration of intermarried labour migrants, refugees and family migrants to Sweden. Premium or selection? (IZA discussion paper 8065), Bonn, 38 S.

Abstract

"We use Swedish register data to compare the employment and income of immigrants who intermarry natives versus those of immigrants who intramarry other immigrants in Sweden. We conduct the same analyses on three subsamples: labour migrants, refugees and family migrants. We find that intermarried immigrants outperformed intramarried ones in employment rates and salaries before and after marriage, in 1997 and 2007 respectively, and the same in true for each of the three subsamples analyzed. There is a statistically significant difference in income growth between intermarried and intramarried immigrants within that time period, but this difference is only significant for the subsample of family migrants. Finally, the upward mobility in employment status between 1997 and 2007 is higher for intermarried immigrants than for intramarried ones, with this being also the case for each of the three groups of labour migrants, refugees and family migrants. Our findings provide evidence to support both the selection hypothesis and the intermarriage premium hypothesis for the whole group of immigrants to Sweden. They also fully support the selection hypothesis for labour and family migrants but only partially for refugees; whereas they fully confirm the intermarriage premium hypothesis for family migrants but only partially for refugees and labour migrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Jackson, Samantha & Harald Bauder (2014): Neither temporary, nor permanent: the precarious employment experiences of refugee claimants in Canada. In: Journal of refugee studies, Jg. 27, H. 3, S. 360-381. DOI:10.1093/jrs/fet048

Abstract

"Although refugee claimants are often portrayed as a drain on Canada's economic resources, their employment experiences and contributions to the labour market remain under-represented in the literature. This study explores the employment experiences of refugee claimants in Toronto, Canada. Through the lens of refugeeness, it traces the subjective employment trajectories of refugee claimants, as well as the objective forces compromising their employability. Drawing on 17 interviews with refugee claimants, our analysis shows both that refugee claimants face distinct barriers stemming from their precarious legal status, and that refugee claimants' employability is perceived as shaped by real and ascribed barriers associated with this status. In addition, refugee claimants perceive employment as an expression of belonging and citizenship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Parusel, Bernd (2014): Spurwechsel im Migrationsprozess. Erfahrungen aus Schweden. In: Zeitschrift für Ausländerrecht und Ausländerpolitik, Jg. 34, H. 3, S. 115-122.

Abstract

"Beruhend auf einem Vortrag im Rahmen eines Workshops zum Thema 'Asyl: Motive, Gesetze und Realitäten' bei den vierten Nürnberger Tagen zum Asyl- und Aufenthaltsrecht am 14.11.2013 soll die vorliegende Abhandlung Spurwechsel von Zuwanderern zwischen verschiedenen Aufenthaltszwecken bzw. Zuwanderungskanälen am Beispiel Schwedens näher untersuchen. Wechsel zwischen Aufenthalten im Rahmen der Zuwanderung aus humanitären Gründen und der Zuwanderung zu Erwerbszwecken stehen dabei im Vordergrund. Nach einem groben Überblick über Schweden als Zielland von Asylsuchenden und anderen Zuwanderern und Grundlinien der gegenwärtigen schwedischen Migrationspolitik werden Zusammenhänge - und Widersprüche bzw. Konflikte - zwischen der gesetzlichen Regulierung der Zuwanderung nach bestimmten Aufenthaltszwecken und den Motiven der Asylsuchenden und Zuwanderer anhand von administrativen Daten zu Spurwechseln im Jahr 2012 beleuchtet. Abschließend geht es um die Frage, inwieweit Spurwechsel möglich sind oder ermöglicht werden sollten." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Ott, Eleanor (2013): The labour market integration of resettled refugees. Genf, 64 S.

Abstract

"This literature review aims to synthesise what is currently known about labour market integration of resettled refugees. One aspect, widely acknowledged in the literature, is that a 'refugee gap' appears when comparing resettled refugees to other immigrants in terms of labour market integration. Analyses in multiple countries have shown that resettled refugees perform worse in measures of labour market integration compared to other immigrants and individuals in the short-term, even when controlling for differences in demographics such as age, education level, and level of host country language acquisition." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Seukwa, Louis Henri (Hrsg.) (2013): Integration of refugees into the European education and labour market. Requirements for a target group oriented approach. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 302 S.

Abstract

"For the first time in the history of the EU, from 2002 to 2007 asylum seekers and refugees had been explicitly considered in an employment programme trough EQUAL. Despite the success of this programme, EQUAL as a participant-oriented programme was not restarted after 2007. This book analyzes the results achieved by EQUAL with respect to the EU Council Directive laying down minimum standards for the reception of asylum seekers as well as for the promotion of access to education and employment. Based on case studies in four European cities, the question of access to education and training programmes as well as to the labour market for refugees and asylum seekers is examined. The legal, political, structural and individual conditions for the success of such measures are also highlighted." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Content:
Louis Henri Seukwa: General introduction (7);
Margherita Buchetti, Rita Cardini, Daria Franceschini, Chiara Trevisan, Maria Omodeo Nicola Solimano, Claudia Zaccai: The paradox of being a recognized refugee in Italy: Living in an open prison, Florence, Tuscany (19);
Pamela Clayton, Paul McGill & Sarah-Jane Pretty: A life in limbo: Barriers to VET and labour market integration for asylum-seekers waiting for the granting of Leave to Remain (111);
Maren Gag: Vocational integration of refugees and Asylum-seekers in Hamburg - roundabout routes from model to structure (143);
Maren Gag, Joachim Schroeder: Refugee Monitoring : Research status, conceptual basis and implementation proposals, taking the example of the City of Hamburg (195);
Maren Gag, Joachim Schroeder: Refugee Monitoring in Hamburg - first steps taken! (213);
Eva Norstrom and Anna Norberg: The reception and introduction of asylum seekers and new arrivals in Gothenburg. Successes and failures in the development of a new system (231);
Maren Gag, Paul McGill, Eva Norstrom, Maria Omodeo, Sarah Jane Pretty, Maike Schroder, Louis Henri Seukwa, Claudia Zaccai: Lessons learned : Recommendations on the European level and conclusive remarks (285).

Zitatform

Grönqvist, Hans, Per Johansson & Susan Niknami (2012): Income inequality and health: lessons from a refugee residential assignment program. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2012,11), Uppsala, 35 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines the effect of income inequality on health for a group of particularly disadvantaged individuals: refugees. Our analysis draws on longitudinal hospitalization records coupled with a settlement policy where Swedish authorities assigned newly arrived refugees to their first area of residence. The policy was implemented in a way that provides a source of plausibly random variation in initial location. The results reveal no statistically significant effect of income inequality on the risk of being hospitalized. This finding holds also for most population subgroups and when separating between different types of diagnoses. Our estimates are precise enough to rule out large effects of income inequality on health." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hussein, Shereen, Jill Manthorpe & Martin Stevens (2011): Exploring the potential of refugees and asylum seekers for social care work in England. A qualitative study. In: Health and Social Care in the Community, Jg. 19, H. 5, S. 468-475. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2011.00989.x

Abstract

"Literature highlights the potential for refugees to contribute to the labour force of receiving countries. Such a contribution may be welcomed in sectors, such as social care, where demand for labour is increasing and high vacancy rates exist. This article reports on empirical data examining the potential of refugee communities to work in social care in England. The analysis is based primarily on 20 interviews with refugees and asylum seekers and five representatives of refugee support groups, conducted in 2008 - 2009. The findings of this sub-study are set within results obtained from other interviews as part of a multi-methods study examining the contribution of migrants to the English care sector. In-depth interviews were analysed thematically, guided by a theoretical framework linking employment, migration and the nature of care work. The findings highlight a general willingness of refugee participants to join the care workforce. Individual and structural barriers to increased employability were identified, as well as possible strategies to overcome them. Although the findings and discussions presented are based on data collected in England and are specific to the care sector, most are more generalisable and may inform strategies aiming at maximising refugees' employability in other sectors and in other developed states." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Shutes, Isabel (2011): Welfare-to-work and the responsiveness of employment providers to the needs of refugees. In: Journal of social policy, Jg. 40, H. 3, S. 557-574. DOI:10.1017/S0047279410000711

Abstract

"Improving the responsiveness of service providers to the needs of users has been a principal aim of welfare state reform. In the context of employment provision, this article explores the effects of a job outcome-oriented performance system on the responsiveness of providers to the needs of unemployed refugees. These effects concern, first, the type of refugees to whom providers are responsive and, second, the type of employment assistance provided. It is argued that an emphasis on short-term job outcomes may conflict with supporting refugees who are 'harder to help', particularly those with English language needs. It may also conflict with supporting refugees to access employment related to their skills and interests by encouraging providers to focus on placing refugees in 'easy to access', low-skilled and low-paid jobs. The effects may, therefore, serve to reproduce labour market inequalities experienced by refugees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Connor, Phillip (2010): Explaining the refugee gap. Economic outcomes of refugees versus other immigrants. In: Journal of Refugee Studies, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 377-397. DOI:10.1093/jrs/feq025

Abstract

"It is often assumed that refugees in the US are at an economic disadvantage compared to other immigrants. A number of hypotheses have been postulated to explain this 'refugee gap'. Refugees, on average, have less English language ability, less educational experience, different forms of family support, poorer mental and physical health, and generally reside in more disadvantaged neighbourhoods than other immigrants. Although these factors are well supported by evidence for specific refugee groups, a lack of representative data for both refugee and non-refugee migrants has made the testing of this refugee gap challenging. Using the first wave of the New Immigrant Survey, these hypotheses are tested on employment, occupation, and earnings outcomes using multivariate modelling techniques among recent immigrants in the United States. Findings demonstrate that accounting for each of the aforementioned explanatory factors minimizes the earnings and occupational differences between refugees and all other immigrants. Despite the inclusion of these factors within the model, however, a refugee disparity in earnings and occupational attainment continues to exist." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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De Vroome, Thomas & Frank van Tubergen (2010): The employment experience of refugees in the Netherlands. In: International migration review, Jg. 44, H. 2, S. 376-403. DOI:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2010.00810.x

Abstract

"This study focuses on the economically disadvantaged position of refugees. We use survey data of refugees from Somalia, Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, and the former Yugoslavia in the Netherlands, to analyze refugees' odds of employment and their occupational status. In line with human capital and social capital theory, we find that host country specific education, work experience, language proficiency, and contacts with natives are positively related to the chances of employment and occupational status. The study shows that health problems, integration courses, and the time spent in refugee reception centers form important additional explanations of the economic integration of refugees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Parusel, Bernd (2010): Abschottungs- und Anwerbungsstrategien. EU-Institutionen und Arbeitsmigration. (VS research), Wiesbaden: VS, Verl. für Sozialwissenschaften, 269 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-531-92323-9

Abstract

"Die Asyl- und Zuwanderungspolitik in Europa ist nicht mehr nur eine Aufgabe der Nationalstaaten, sondern auch der Europäischen Union. Nachdem mit verschiedenen EU-Richtlinien und -Verordnungen im Bereich Asyl und 'illegale' Zuwanderung bereits gemeinschaftliche Regeln und Kriterien geschaffen wurden, rückt seit einigen Jahren verstärkt auch die 'legale' Migration, einschließlich der Zuwanderung von Arbeitskräften aus Drittstaaten, ins Blickfeld der europäischen Entscheidungsträger und Institutionen. Bernd Parusel analysiert, welche ökonomischen, demografischen, sozial- und entwicklungspolitischen Interessen die EU-Akteure vertreten, und untersucht, wodurch sie beeinflusst werden. Es wird deutlich, dass das europäische Institutionengefüge über eine eigene Dynamik verfügt, die eine prägende Wirkung auf die Steuerungsmittel der Zuwanderungspolitik ausübt und schrittweise neue - europäische - Politikergebnisse generiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Smyth, Geri & Henry Kum (2010): 'When they don't use it they will lose it': professionals, deprofessionalization and reprofessionalization. The case of refugee teachers in Scotland. In: Journal of Refugee Studies, Jg. 23, H. 4, S. 503-522. DOI:10.1093/jrs/feq041

Abstract

"This article discusses issues faced by refugees and asylum seekers in Scotland who were teachers in their country of origin as they seek to re-engage professionally. Refugees are frequently placed in low paid unskilled jobs, yet have often been well educated in their original country. This article draws on research conducted between 2006 and 2008, by the RITeS (Refugees Into Teaching in Scotland) project, funded by the West of Scotland Wider Access Forum (West Forum). In order to teach in Scotland, a candidate needs to register with the General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS). This process has presented difficult challenges for refugee teachers, many of whom require intensive support to access the profession in Scotland. Additional structural barriers to employment are created by refusing to allow asylum seekers, who do not have leave to remain, to engage in paid employment. This article adopts a critical approach to the data gathered and explores the personal, cultural, institutional and structural barriers to employment faced by this particular group. The article draws conclusions and recommendations related to the reprofessionalization of a wider range of refugee professionals. As such it offers insights into the post arrival experiences of professional refugees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Valenta, Marko & Nihad Bunar (2010): State assisted integration: refugee integration policies in Scandinavian welfare states. The Swedish and Norwegian experience. In: Journal of Refugee Studies, Jg. 23, H. 4, S. 463-483. DOI:10.1093/jrs/feq028

Abstract

"This paper sets out to provide an analysis of refugee integration policies in Sweden and Norway, by means of comparative analysis. There is a particular focus on the ideological foundations of the Swedish and Norwegian refugee integration policies, and the main programmes drawn on by the countries' authorities in order to integrate refugees. Further, the focus is widened to identify and analyse the changes, disparities and ambiguities in the Swedish and Norwegian refugee integration policies. The paper also seeks to examine how their experience can help in understanding the limitations of extensive state assisted integration measures. It is maintained here that these Scandinavian countries have developed extensive state sponsored integration programmes of a magnitude which is unique in a European context and elsewhere, and that housing and employment assistance are the two major pillars in both Swedish and Norwegian refugee integration policies. The findings suggest that Sweden and Norway have undergone similar experiences in respect of the challenges and long term outcomes of refugee integration policy-making. Although based on the principle of a strong welfare state, which provides extensive resettlement and integration assistance to refugees, refugee integration policies in Sweden and Norway have not succeeded in equalizing the initial inequalities between refugees and the rest of the population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ager, Alastair & Alison Strang (2008): Understanding integration. A conceptual framework. In: Journal of Refugee Studies, Jg. 21, H. 2, S. 166-191. DOI:10.1093/jrs/fen016

Abstract

"Integration has become both a key policy objective related to the resettlement of refugees and other migrants, and a matter of significant public discussion. Coherent policy development and productive public debate are, however, both threatened by the fact that the concept of integration is used with widely differing meanings. Based on review of attempted definitions of the term, related literature and primary fieldwork in settings of refugee settlement in the UK, the paper identifies elements central to perceptions of what constitutes 'successful' integration. Key domains of integration are proposed related to four overall themes: achievement and access across the sectors of employment, housing, education and health; assumptions and practice regarding citizenship and rights; processes of social connection within and between groups within the community; and structural barriers to such connection related to language, culture and the local environment. A framework linking these domains is presented as a tool to foster debate and definition regarding normative conceptions of integration in resettlement settings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Yakushko, Oksana, Autumn Backhaus, Megan Watson, Katherine Ngaruiya & Jaime Gonzalez (2008): Career development concerns of recent immigrants and refugees. In: Journal of Career Development, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 362-396. DOI:10.1177/0894845308316292

Abstract

"The number of recent immigrants and refugees in the United States is growing dramatically. Among key reasons for migration is search for adequate employment and hope for opportunities to develop occupationally. However, recent immigrants and refugees face multiple obstacles in their career development in the United States. This article uses social cognitive career theory to examine the role of relocation circumstances, stressors of migration, acculturation patterns, and oppression on the career development and employment functioning of recent immigrants and refugees. Specific suggestions for career counselors working with this population are provided." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))