Zitatform

Rueda, Valeria & Guillaume Wilemme (2021): Career Paths with a Two-Body Problem: Occupational Specialization and Geographic Mobility. (Upjohn Institute working paper 346), Kalamazoo, Mich., 25 S. DOI:10.17848/wp21-346

Abstract

"We develop a model of joint job search and occupational choice in which job opportunities can be incompatible inside the couple. Typically, incompatibilities may arise because jobs are not in the same location. We show that the existence of incompatible jobs pushes some couples to sacrifice the career of one partner. The model predicts occupational switches throughout the career and at the time of couple formation. Gendered equilibria, whereby all women (or men) choose the accommodating occupation, may arise. Any element of ex-ante unfavorable gender gaps - for instance, due to discrimination or norms - is amplified and can generate large systemic differences in gender composition between occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Saarikallio-Torp, Miia & Anneli Miettinen (2021): Family leaves for fathers: Non-users as a test for parental leave reforms. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 31, H. 2, S. 161-174. DOI:10.1177/0958928721996650

Abstract

"The proportion of total parental leave days taken by fathers has increased in all Nordic countries almost hand in hand with parental leave reforms. However, the average pattern of fathers’ parental leave uptake hides the fact that a considerable proportion of fathers use no parental leave, even when they are earmarked for the father. In this study, we focus on the proportion and characteristics of non-users, that is, fathers who do not use parental leave. We distinguish two non-user groups: fathers who use no parental leave, not even birth-related leave and fathers who do not use the father’s quota. This distinction is relevant because it reflects the design and institutional status of fathers’ parental leave. Further, factors related to using no parental leave are likely to be somewhat different to those related to not using the father’s quota. In Finland, the father’s quota was introduced in 2003, but it became fully independent leave for the father only in 2013. We also investigate if the 2013 reform was followed by any changes in fathers’ parental leave use and in the profiles of non-users. We use a unique longitudinal register data that covers practically (fathers to) all children born in 2010–2015 and follow parental leave use until 2018. We find that the 2013 reform was followed by a considerable increase in the uptake of the father’s quota. The proportion of fathers who used no parental leave remained stable, but the reform encouraged some fathers to take longer, independent leave in addition to the birth-related leave. Overall, less educated and low-income fathers were less likely to use any parental leave, and if they took leave, they were more likely to use only the birth-related leave. However, the 2013 reform slightly diminished socioeconomic disparities in the use of the father’s quota." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

Der Expertisenband versammelt die Expertisen für den neunten Familienbericht "Eltern sein in Deutschland - Ansprüche, Anforderungen und Angebote bei wachsender Vielfalt". Wie auch bei vorangegangenen Berichten war der Entstehungsprozess des Berichts nicht nur von intensiven kommissionsinternen Diskussionen geprägt, es wurde auch auf Fachkenntnisse externer Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler zurückgegriffen. Die Kommission hat beschlossen, die Expertisen als Online-Publikation einer breiten Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen. (IAB-Doku)

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Stenpaß, Anna (2021): Pendelmobilität und partnerschaftliche Arbeitsteilung. Eine Studie über Geschlechterungleichheiten in heterosexuellen Paarbeziehungen. (Research), Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 298 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-31746-1

Abstract

"Anna Stenpaß verbindet in dieser Studie quantitative und qualitative Daten, um ein umfassendes Bild von einem bisher wenig erforschten Untersuchungsfeld zu erhalten. Anhand eines Mixed-Methods Ansatzes untersucht sie den Einfluss beruflicher Pendelmobilität auf die innerpartnerschaftliche Verteilung der Hausarbeit und Kinderbetreuung. Sie verdeutlicht, dass eine ungleiche Verteilung dieser Arbeiten auch im Zusammenhang mit der Pendelmobilität besteht. Insbesondere weibliche Pendler tragen oftmals weiterhin die Hauptverantwortung für die Hausarbeit und Kinderbetreuung, auch wenn sie neben der Erwerbstätigkeit berufsbedingt pendeln – und stehen damit einer Dreifachbelastung gegenüber. Wohlgleich verdeutlichen die Analysen, dass sich auch Möglichkeiten 'harmonischer' Arrangements etablieren lassen. Wie die Pendler*innen mit den unbezahlten Arbeiten umgehen und welche Arrangements sie im Umgang mit diesen herstellen, hängt von einem Zusammenspiel handlungstheoretischer Aspekte, normativer Einstellungen sowie der subjektiven Wahrnehmung der Pendelmobilität und deren Nutzen und Kosten ab." (Autorenreferat, © 2020 Springer)

Zitatform

Tallås Ahlzén, Malin (2021): Peer effects and parental leave of fathers. (Swedish Institute for Social Research. Working paper 2021,1), Stockholm, 27 S.

Abstract

"This paper explores peer effects in parental leave uptake between male coworkers in Sweden. More specifically, I use the first parental leave quota, introduced in 1995, to estimate the peer effects in a fuzzy Regression discontinuity design. The results are allowed to differ with plant characteristics related to monetary and normative costs facing the employee, as well as monetary costs facing the employer. Further, the quality of response of both peers and fathers is evaluated. The empirical analysis indicates that there is no peer effect in Sweden on average and the heterogeneity analysis of costs reveal no robust differences. While the first stage is strong throughout, there is no robust reduced form. This implies that peers (and fathers) responded to the reform, but there was no additional effect on fathers from their peers. I suggest two features of the Swedish setting which in combination are especially unfavorable for peer effects. Firstly, the extensive margin among Swedish fathers was relatively high before the reform. Secondly, the Swedish system allows for continuous applications of parental leave and a flexible outtake. I provide suggestive evidence of a tradeoff between the scope for peer effects and the quality of the information transmitted." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Walper, Sabine, Leonie Kleinschrot, Dagmar Müller & Meike Schüle-Tschersich (2021): Eltern sein in Deutschland - Neunter Familienbericht: Zusammenfassung des Gutachtens der Sachverständigenkommission. (Familienbericht 9), Berlin, 53 S.

Abstract

"Eltern sein in Deutschland“ fasst das Gutachten der Sachverständigenkommission für den Neunten Familienbericht zusammen und bietet einen Überblick über die wichtigsten gesellschaftlichen Trends, die das Familienleben und die Situation von Eltern in Deutschland bestimmen. Im Mittelpunkt stehen Eltern als Weichensteller für das Leben ihrer Kinder. Ansprüche, Anforderungen und Angebote, denen sich Eltern bei wachsender Vielfalt gegenüber sehen, werden Wünschen und Zielen gegenübergestellt, um daraus Empfehlungen für eine wirksame Politik für Familien abzuleiten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Zoch, Gundula, Ann-Christin Bächmann & Basha Vicari (2021): Who cares when care closes? Care-arrangements and parental working conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. In: European Societies, Jg. 23, H. sup1, S. S576-S588., 2020-10-01. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2020.1832700

Abstract

"This study examines the short-term consequences for care-arrangements among working parents, who were affected by the closure of schools and institutional childcare as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. By applying multinomial logistic regression models to novel data from two panel surveys of the National Educational Panel Study and its supplementary COVID-19 web survey, the study finds that mothers continue to play a key role in the care-arrangements during the first months of the pandemic. Moreover, the results illustrate the importance of working conditions, especially the possibility of remote work for the altered care-arrangements. Overall, the findings point towards systematic gender differences in the relationship between parental working conditions and the care-arrangements." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Zoch, Gundula, Ann-Christin Bächmann & Basha Vicari (2021): Gender Differences in Reduced Well-being during the COVID-19 Pandemic – the Role of Working Conditions. (IAB-Discussion Paper 04/2021), Nürnberg, 45 S.

Abstract

"Die Covid-19-Pandemie hat sich sehr unterschiedlich auf die Bedingungen der Beschäftigung und der Familienarbeit von Männern und Frauen ausgewirkt. Damit könnte sie den in den letzten Jahrzehnten langsam und mühsam erreichten Abbau der geschlechtsspezifischen Ungleichheiten in der familiären Arbeitsteilung gefährden. Mit Daten des Nationalen Bildungspanels (NEPS) und der Online durchgeführten Covid-19-Zusatzbefragung für Deutschland untersuchen wir den Zusammenhang zwischen Arbeitsbedingungen und Geschlechterunterschieden im subjektiven Wohlbefinden während der ersten Monate der Pandemie. Dabei berücksichtigen wir systematisch den Haushaltskontext, indem wir zwischen Erwachsenen mit und ohne kleine Kinder unterscheiden. Die Ergebnisse aus multivariaten Regressionsmodellen, die die Zufriedenheit vor der Pandemie berücksichtigen, zeigen einen Rückgang der Lebenszufriedenheit bei allen Befragten, insbesondere bei Frauen und Müttern mit kleinen Kindern. Der stärkere Rückgang des Wohlbefindens von Frauen kann jedoch nicht mit systematischen Unterschieden in den Arbeitsbedingungen während der Pandemie in Verbindung gebracht werden. Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder kontrafaktische Dekompositionen bestätigen diesen Befund. Weitere Robustness-Checks deuten darauf hin, dass die verbleibenden geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede in den ersten Monaten der Krise zum Teil durch gesellschaftliche Sorgen und größere Einsamkeit der Frauen erklärt werden. Allgemein betrachtet deuten unsere Ergebnisse auf wichtige geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede im sozialen Leben und in der psychischen Belastung im Frühjahr 2020 hin, die sich im weiteren Verlauf der Krise wahrscheinlich noch verstärken werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Zucco, Aline & Yvonne Lott (2021): Stand der Gleichstellung: Ein Jahr mit Corona. (WSI-Report 64), Düsseldorf, 27 S.

Abstract

"Die Corona-Krise schränkt das soziale und wirtschaftliche Leben in Deutschland stark ein. Neben dem Anstieg von Kurzarbeit waren und sind viele Beschäftigte aufgrund der eingeschränkten institutionellen Kinderbetreuung gezwungen, ihre Arbeitszeit zu verkürzen oder Kinderbetreuung im Homeoffice zu leisten. Da vor allem Frauen bereits vor der Krise den Löwenanteil an Sorgearbeit übernahmen, geht der vorliegende Report der folgenden Frage nach: Wie hat sich die Krise auf die Geschlechterungleichheit ausgewirkt? Dabei wird die Entwicklung des Gender Pay Gap, Gender Time Gap und Gender Care Gap in den Blick genommen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Der hier vorliegende Neunte Familienbericht ist in einer Zeit intensiver familien- und gesellschaftspolitischer Diskurse und Initiativen entstanden, die unter dem Eindruck vielfältiger Aspekte sozialen Wandels, nach wie vor ungelöster gesellschaftlicher Herausforderungen und markanter Ereignisse stehen. Die Endphase seiner Fertigstellung fiel zusammen mit der Covid-19-Pandemie, die ab März 2020 eine der größten Krisen seit der Wirtschaftskrise vor mehr als zehn Jahren auslöste. Der teilweise lange anhaltende Lockdown zur Abwehr einer übergroßen Ausbreitung des Virus und damit einer Überforderung des Gesundheitssystems hat auch in Deutschland weite Bereiche der Wirtschaft zum Stillstand gebracht, und viele Familien sahen sich in der Betreuung und Beschulung der Kinder auf sich selbst gestellt. Dies hat einzelne Themen noch stärker in den Vordergrund gerückt, als es bei der Konzeption dieses Berichts und der Hauptphase seiner Erarbeitung absehbar war. Fragen der wirtschaftlichen Stabilität, die gelebten Erwerbsmodelle und die damit verbundenen Risiken haben an zentraler Bedeutung gewonnen, ebenso wie Fragen ungleicher Bildungschancen, die durch den zeitweisen Ausfall institutioneller Bildung und Betreuung entscheidend akzentuiert wurden. Bereits vor der Corona-Pandemie mussten viele Familien mit einem kleinen Einkommen wirtschaften und sahen ihre Teilhabechancen, vor allem aber auch die Bildungschancen ihrer Kinder beschränkt. Trotz massiver Bemühungen, das Bildungssystem zu reformieren und der in Deutschland starken „sozialen Vererbung“ von Bildungsressourcen entgegenzuwirken und trotz starker Initiativen zur Entwicklung eines inklusiven Bildungssystems, fallen die Bildungserfolge von Kindern und Jugendlichen je nach sozialer Herkunft und je nach individuellen Beeinträchtigungen noch immer sehr unterschiedlich aus. Darüber hinaus wird im Bereich der Bildungspolitik auf die nach wie vor schwächeren Bildungschancen von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund hingewiesen. Schon seit der Anwerbung von Arbeitsmigrantinnen und -migranten in den 1950er-Jahren steht die Diskussion über eine geeignete Integrationspolitik im Raum, die in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten und insbesondere durch die intensive Zuwanderung von Geflüchteten seit 2015 deutlich an Intensität gewonnen hat. Dabei wird zunehmend deutlich, dass sich Integrationsbemühungen auch an Eltern richten müssen und von einer stärkeren Familienorientierung diesbezüglicher Regelungen und Maßnahmen profitieren können. Parallel hierzu hat sich durch die Digitalisierung aller Lebensbereiche das Zusammenleben merklich verändert. Neue Kommunikationstechnologien erleichtern den Austausch im privaten Kreis und in erweiterten sozialen Netzen, helfen bei der raschen Informationssuche, und prägen auch zunehmend die Lern- und Arbeitsbedingungen in Schule, Ausbildung, Studium und Beruf. Gleichzeitig sind neue Anforderungen an Medienkompetenzen entstanden, mit denen alle Nutzenden und vor allem Eltern in ihrer Verantwortung für Kinder und Jugendliche konfrontiert sind. Nicht nur an dieser Stelle wachsen Kita und Schule neue Aufgaben zu, um Kinder und Jugendliche zum kompetenten Umgang mit Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien in der digitalisierten Gesellschaft zu befähigen, sondern auch Eltern Information und Orientierung zu bieten." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

(2021): Eltern sein in Deutschland - Neunter Familienbericht. Ansprüche, Anforderungen und Angebote bei wachsender Vielfalt : mit Stellungnahme der Bundesregierung. (Familienbericht 9), Berlin, LXV, 654 S. DOI:10.36189/DJI232021

Abstract

"Der Neunte Familienbericht mit dem Titel "Eltern sein in Deutschland" stellt die Eltern in den Mittelpunkt und die Frage, wie es ihnen geht. Der Bericht bestätigt: Familien brauchen Flexibilität und Sicherheit, Investitionen in neue Chancen für die Kinder und gute Perspektiven für das Familienleben. Drei wichtige Handlungsfelder werden in dem Bericht benannt: ∙eine neue Qualität der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie für mehr Partnerschaftlichkeit, ∙mehr Bildungsgerechtigkeit für Kinder und ∙stabile wirtschaftliche Sicherheit für alle Familien. Eltern sein in Deutschland ist anspruchsvoller geworden. Eltern verlangen sich viel ab: Sie wollen mehr Zeit mit ihren Kindern verbringen, sie so gut wie möglich fördern, Familie und Beruf in Einklang bringen und auch eigene Ziele verfolgen. Dafür suchen und brauchen sie Orientierung und Unterstützung, gerade angesichts sich wandelnder Rollenbilder, komplexerer Familienstrukturen, der Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung und der nach wie vor bestehenden ungleichen sozialen Bedingungen für das Aufwachsen und die Chancen von Kindern. Mit der Erstellung des Neunten Familienberichts wurde im Juli 2018 eine aus sieben Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern bestehende unabhängige Sachverständigenkommission beauftragt. Der 600-seitige Bericht umfasst den Zeitraum Juli 2018 bis 18. August 2020 und enthält insgesamt 31 Empfehlungen zu sieben Zielen, die sich an der nachhaltigen Familienpolitik und einer investiven Sozialpolitik orientieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bergsvik, Janna, Ragni Hege Kitterød & Kenneth Aarskaug Wiik (2020): Parenthood and Couples' Relative Earnings in Norway. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 36, H. 2, S. 218-235. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcz062

Abstract

"With the advance of the gender revolution, income dynamics in couples are changing. Nonetheless, in most Western societies, parenthood still promotes specialized gender roles. Utilizing Norwegian register data on all married and cohabiting couples born 1946–1989, we investigate possible changes in the associations between parenthood and within-couple inequality in earnings in the years 2005–2014. Precisely, using interactions and fixed effects models, we compare the development of within-couple gender gaps in earnings over time between childless couples and couples with children of different ages, and within couples before and after childbirth. Results showed that the gender gap in earnings in couples increased with the number of children and was most distinct among couples with children below 6 years. However, the association between parenthood and within-couple inequality in earnings was reduced across the study period, a development partly driven by a decreasing fatherhood premium evident from 2009 onwards. Not only women's but also men's income development is now negatively affected by having young children in the household. Our findings, thus, indicate important changes in how men and women prioritize paid labour after a childbirth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Berlinski, Samuel, Maria Marta Ferreyra, Luca Flabbi & Juan David Martin (2020): Child care markets, parental labor supply, and child development. (IZA discussion paper 12904), Bonn, 46 S.

Abstract

"We develop and estimate a model of child care markets that endogenizes both demand and supply. On the demand side, families with a child make consumption, labor supply, and child-care decisions within a static, unitary household model. On the supply side, child care providers make entry, price, and quality decisions under monopolistic competition. Child development is a function of the time spent with each parent and at the child care center; these inputs vary in their impact. We estimate the structural parameters of the model using the 2003 Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, which contains information on parental employment and wages, child care choices, child development, and center quality. We use our estimates to evaluate the impact of several policies, including vouchers, cash transfers, quality regulations, and public provision. Among these, a combination of quality regulation and vouchers for working families leads to the greatest gains in average child development and to a large expansion in child care use and female labor supply, all at a relatively low fiscal cost." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Biewen, Martin, Bernd Fitzenberger & Matthias Seckler (2020): Counterfactual quantile decompositions with selection correction taking into account Huber/Melly (2015). An application to the German gender wage gap. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 67, 2020-09-22. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2020.101927

Abstract

"Albrecht et al. (2009) use the approach of Buchinsky (1998; 2001) to estimate selection corrected quantile regressions for the estimation of counterfactual wage distributions. (Huber and Melly (2015)) point to the fact that the Buchinsky approach requires a conditional independence assumption that may be violated in applications and suggest a test for this. This paper proposes to transform the original quantile regression model in order to ensure the conditional independence assumption to hold when it is rejected for the original model. Our empirical results on the gender wage gap for Germany suggest that unobserved selection may be underestimated if no transformation is applied." (Author's abstract, © Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Buchanan, Tom, Anupam Das & Adian McFarlane (2020): Gender differences in within-couple influences on work-family balance satisfaction. When benefits become threats. In: Journal of family studies, Jg. 26, H. 1, S. 106-125. DOI:10.1080/13229400.2017.1335225

Abstract

"Using the 2010 General Social Survey in Time Use (Canadian time diary data, N?=?1785), we explore the impact of spouses' time spent on childcare and other work-family factors on parents' work-family balance satisfaction. We examine how benefits compare to threats to parenting time and the relative impact on satisfaction with work-family balance. Our findings indicate that benefits to parenting time (working regular shift, fewer hours, and flextime) increase work-family balance. Threats to parenting (hiring of childcare, spouse's household labour), which should benefit work-family balance, decrease satisfaction. We find mothers' satisfaction with work-family balance is unaffected by increased childcare time spent by fathers. In contrast, mothers' increased childcare time is associated with lower satisfaction with work-family balance for fathers. We argue Canadian fathers may be feeling increased cultural pressure to participate more fully in parenting. Fathers potentially perceive mothers' predominant parenting as a threat to new expectations while mothers perceive fathers' new expectations as a benefit. Alternatively, fathers may feel neglected as a result of mothers' focus on parenting." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bünning, Mareike, Barbara Fulda & Lena Hipp (2020): Wie Betriebe Eltern unterstützen und Gleichstellung fördern können. Arbeits- und Elternzeit zwischen Wunsch und Wirklichkeit. (Hans-Böckler-Stiftung. Forschungsförderung policy brief 006), Düsseldorf, 13 S.

Abstract

"Auf die Betriebskultur kommt es an: Je stärker Betriebe von ihren Angestellten erwarten, allzeit verfügbar zu sein, desto schwerer ist es für Väter, ihre Wünsche nach längeren Elternzeiten und kürzeren Arbeitszeiten umzusetzen - und desto häufiger erleben Mütter wie Väter aufgrund einer Elternzeit berufliche Nachteile. Und: Eine gute Vertretungsregelung ist entscheidend dafür, wie gut Müttern und Vätern die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf gelingt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bünning, Mareike (2020): Paternal Part-Time Employment and Fathers' Long-Term Involvement in Child Care and Housework. In: Journal of Marriage and Family, Jg. 82, H. 2, S. 566-586. DOI:10.1111/jomf.12608

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Cabrita, Jorge, Julie Vanderleyden, Isabella Biletta & Barbara Gerstenberger (2020): Gender equality at work. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Genf, 93 S. DOI:10.2806/934654

Abstract

"Gender inequality at work persists across Europe, despite the long standing attention paid and efforts made to tackle it. This Eurofound report presents a closer look at women’s and men’s working conditions, using data from Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) and complementing previous Eurofound research on, among other things, working time patterns, work–life balance and workers’ health. Beyond the general differences in the labour market, it highlights many important gaps in men’s and women’s working conditions and job quality which require specific attention. According to the EWCS data, the reduction of gender gaps in those areas showing improvement over the last 5 to 10 years remains limited. European and national strategies aimed at achieving job quality for all, that seek to mainstream gender equality, could help address persistent inequalities between men and women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Chung, Heejung & Mariska van der Horst (2020): Flexible Working and Unpaid Overtime in the UK. The Role of Gender, Parental and Occupational Status. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 151, H. 2, S. 495-520. DOI:10.1007/s11205-018-2028-7

Abstract

"Recent studies have shown that flexible boundaries between work and family may make employees work harder and longer. Yet most studies were not able to show whether there are differences across different types of flexible working arrangements, and whether this relationship may only hold for certain groups of workers. We examine how three different types of flexible working arrangements, that is schedule control, flexitime, and teleworking, are associated with an increase in unpaid overtime hours of workers in the UK using the Understanding Society data from 2010 to 2015 and fixed effects panel regression models. Results show that the flexible arrangements that were introduced primarily for work-life balance purposes, i.e., flexitime and teleworking, do not necessarily increase unpaid overtime hours significantly. On the other hand, workers' control over their schedule, mainly introduced as a part of high-performance strategies, leads to increased unpaid overtime hours. This is especially true for professional men, and women without children, especially those working full-time, and surprisingly part-time working mothers. The results of this study point to the importance of distinguishing between different groups of workers as well as between different types of arrangements when examining outcomes of flexible working. Furthermore, the results of the study contribute to the argument that performance enhancing flexible working arrangements can potentially exacerbate gender inequalities in the labour market by enabling men to commit more time to their jobs, while for women, especially full-time working mothers, this may be less possible." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Czaplicki, Christin (2020): Die Kombination von Pflege- und Erwerbstätigkeit im Lebensverlauf. Strukturen, Muster und Pfadabhängigkeiten. (Research), Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 446 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-30089-0

Abstract

"Christin Czaplicki untersucht die Kombination von Pflege- und Erwerbsarbeit aus einer lebensverlaufstheoretischen Perspektive. Die Autorin verknüpft die soziologische Pflegeforschung mit der Lebensverlaufsforschung, wodurch eine Theoretisierung der Bedeutung von zeitlichen Aspekten einerseits und individuellen Entscheidungsprozessen andererseits erfolgt. Unter Rückgriff auf Verfahren der Sequenz- und Clusteranalyse werden typische Strukturen und Muster in den Pflege- und Erwerbssequenzen von pflegenden Männern und Frauen herausgearbeitet und miteinander verglichen. Im Ergebnis wird durch diese methodische Vorgehensweise nachgewiesen, dass die Kombination von Pflege- und Erwerbsarbeit maßgeblich von biografischen Selektionseffekten und Pfadabhängigkeiten beeinflusst wird." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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De Moortel, Deborah, Nico Dragano & Morten Wahrendorf (2020): Involuntary Full- and Part-Time Work: Employees' Mental Health and the Role of Family- and Work-Related Resources. In: Societies, Jg. 10, H. 4. DOI:10.3390/soc10040081

Abstract

"Resources related to a good work-life balance may play an important role for the mental health of workers with involuntary working hours. This study investigates whether involuntary part-time (i.e., working part-time, but preferring full-time work) and involuntary full-time work (i.e., working full-time, but preferring part-time work) are associated with a deterioration of mental health and whether family- and work-related resources buffer this association. Data were obtained from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) with baseline information on involuntary working hours and resources. This information was linked to changes in mental health two years later. We found impaired mental health for involuntary full-time male workers and increased mental health for regular part-time female workers. The mental health of involuntary full-time male workers is more vulnerable, compared to regular full-time workers, when having high non-standard work hours and when being a partner (with or without children). Involuntary part-time work is detrimental to men’s mental health when doing a high amount of household work. This study is one of the first to emphasize the mental health consequences of involuntary full-time work. Avoiding role and time conflicts between family and work roles are important for the mental health of men too." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dieckhoff, Martina, Vanessa Gash, Antje Mertens & Laura Romeu Gordo (2020): Partnered women's contribution to household labor income: Persistent inequalities among couples and their determinants. In: Social science research, Jg. 85. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.102348

Abstract

"This paper explores earnings inequalities within dual-earner couples in East and West Germany drawing on household-level panel data from 1992 to 2016. It has three aims: (1) to analyze how the partner pay gap (the pay gap between partners within one household) has developed over time, given institutional change, and whether the extent of inequality and temporal development vary between East and West Germany; (2) to explore variation in the partner pay gap by male partners' absolute earnings; and (3) to investigate the micro-level determinants of earnings inequalities within couples and determine whether their relevance varies between East and West Germany as well as by male partners’ absolute earnings. We find women earn substantially less than their partners, and our regression results find no indication of a declining partner pay gap. Besides substantial variation between East and West Germany, our results also reveal important group-specific variation in the extent of the partner pay gap as well as in its determinants."(Author's Abstract, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Florean, Daniele & Henriette Engelhardt (2020): His and her working hours and well-Being in Germany: A longitudinal crossover-spillover analysis. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 249-273. DOI:10.20377/jfr-372

Abstract

"Diese Arbeit untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen Arbeitsstunden und Wohlbefinden bei verheirateten und unverheirateten Personen auf Paarebene. Auf Grundlage von Daten aus dem German Socio-Economic Panel Survey (SOEP) untersuchen wir, wie das individuelle Wohlbefinden der Befragten und ihrer Partner von der geleisteten Anzahl an Arbeitsstunden beeinflusst wird. Wir untersuchen auch mögliche Übertragungsmechanismen zwischen den beiden Variablen, nämlich das Einkommen, die Stunden, die mit Hausarbeit und Betreuungsarbeit verbracht werden, und eine mögliche Diskrepanz zwischen gewünschten und tatsächlichen Stunden. Mit Hilfe eines hybriden Panelmodells finden wir Ansatzpunkte für geschlechtsabhängige Zusammenhänge: Frauen berichten keine andere oder eine geringere Zufriedenheit, wenn sich die Arbeitszeit ihres Partners erhöht, und dasselbe gilt für Männer. Die eigene Arbeitszeit hat jedoch einen kleinen, nicht signifikanten positiven Effekt auf die Lebenszufriedenheit von Männern, wohingegen sie für Frauen den gegenteiligen Effekt hat. Das Vorhandensein von kleinen Kindern im Haushalt unter Kontrolle des Einkommens untermauern diese Ergebnisse. Wir schließen daraus, dass die Befragten zufriedener sind, wenn ihr Verhalten und das Verhalten ihres Partners den traditionellen Rollen, wo die Frau den Haushalt führt und der Mann der Haupternährer der Familie ist, entspricht. Das Fehlen eines starken Zusammenhangs bzgl. aktueller und gewünschter Zeit weist zusätzlich daraufhin, dass die Ergebnisse mit traditionellen Einstellungen hinsichtlich der Geschlechterrollen und der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen zusammenhängen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Frodermann, Corinna, Katharina Wrohlich & Aline Zucco (2020): Parental leave reform and long-run earnings of mothers. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1847), Berlin, 44 S.

Abstract

"Paid parental leave schemes have been shown to increase women's employment rates but decrease their wages in case of extended leave durations. In view of these potential trade-offs, many countries are discussing the optimal design of parental leave policies. We analyze the impact of a major parental leave reform on mothers' long-term earnings. The 2007 German parental leave reform replaced a means-tested benefit with a more generous earnings-related benefit that is granted for a shorter period of time. Additionally, a 'daddy quota' of two months was introduced. To identify the causal effect of this policy on long-run earnings of mothers, we use a difference-in-difference approach that compares labor market outcomes of mothers who gave birth just before and right after the reform and nets out seasonal effects by including the year before. Using administrative social security data, we confirm previous findings and show that the average duration of employment interruptions increased for high-income mothers. Nevertheless, we find a positive long-run effect on earnings for mothers in this group. This effect cannot be explained by changes in working hours, observed characteristics, changes in employer stability or fertility patterns. Descriptive evidence suggests that the stronger involvement of fathers, incentivized by the 'daddy months', could have facilitated mothers' re-entry into the labor market and thereby increased earnings. For mothers with low prior-to-birth earnings, however, we do not find any beneficial labor market effects of this parental leave reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gicheva, Dora (2020): Occupational social value and returns to long hours. In: Economica, Jg. 87, H. 347, S. 682-712. DOI:10.1111/ecca.12322

Abstract

"This paper examines the phenomenon of uncompensated long hours in jobs with pro-social characteristics and presents evidence that long-hour wage premiums and occupational social value are substitutes in compensating salaried workers who supply hours exceeding the standard working week. I show that the social value of an occupation - in particular the degree to which jobs involve helping or providing service to others - is inversely related to long-hour pay. Allowing for heterogeneity in the degree to which workers value their job's helping orientation lets me explore how gender differences in employees' attitudes toward pro-social behaviour can explain some of the observed occupational sorting trends and gender differences in long-hour compensation. Women tend to be more strongly drawn to 'helping' occupations and at the same time receive lower long-hour premiums in these jobs relative to men. I offer a theoretical framework to rationalize the empirical trends." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Giménez-Nadal, J. Ignacio & José Alberto Molina (2020): The Gender Gap in Time Allocation in Europe. (IZA discussion paper 13461), 42 S.

Abstract

"This article explores the gender gap in time allocation in Europe, offering up-to-date statistics and information on several factors that may help to explain these differences. Prior research has identified several factors affecting the time individuals devote to paid work, unpaid work, and child care, and the gender gaps in these activities, but most research refers to single countries, and general patterns are rarely explored. Cross-country evidence on gender gaps in paid work, unpaid work, and child care is offered, and explanations based on education, earnings, and household structure are presented, using data from the EUROSTAT and the Multinational Time Use Surveys. There are large cross-country differences in the gender gaps in paid work, unpaid work, and child care, which remain after controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, although the gender gap in paid work dissipates when the differential gendered relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and paid work is taken into account. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of gender gaps in Europe, helping to focus recent debates on how to tackle inequality in Europe, and clarifying the factors that contribute to gender inequalities in the uses of time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Globisch, Claudia & Christopher Osiander (2020): Sind Frauen die Verliererinnen der Covid-19-Pandemie? (Serie "Corona-Krise: Folgen für den Arbeitsmarkt"). In: IAB-Forum H. 12.11.2020 Nürnberg, o. Sz., 2020-11-10.

Abstract

"Verschärft die Covid-19-Pandemie die Ungleichheit zwischen den Geschlechtern oder nivelliert sie diese sogar? Eine aktuelle IAB-Befragung zeigt: Frauen schultern auch während der Pandemie den größeren Teil der Kinderbetreuung und der Hausarbeit. Allerdings ist der Anteil der Männer, die sich stärker an der Kinderbetreuung beteiligen, in dieser Zeit deutlich gestiegen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Grewenig, Elisabeth, Philipp Lergetporer & Katharina Werner (2020): Gender Norms and Labor-Supply Expectations: Experimental Evidence from Adolescents. (CESifo working paper 8611), München, 76 S.

Abstract

"Gender gaps in labor-market outcomes often emerge with arrival of the first child. We investigate a causal link between gender norms and labor-supply expectations within a survey experiment among 2,000 German adolescents. Using a hypothetical scenario, we document that most girls expect to work 20 hours or less per week when having a young child, and expect from their partners to work 30 hours or more. Randomized treatments that highlight the existing traditional norm towards mothers, significantly reduce girls' self-expected labor supply and thereby increase the expected gender difference in labor supply between their partners and themselves (i.e., the expected within-family gender gap). Treatment effects persist in a follow-up survey two weeks later, and extend to incentivized outcomes. In a second experiment conducted in the follow-up survey, we highlight another, more gender-egalitarian, norm towards shared household responsibilities and show that this attenuates the expected within-family gender gap. Together our results suggest that social norms play an important role in shaping gender gaps in labor-market outcomes around child birth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Han, Wen-Jui, Pablo Gracia & Jianghong Li (2020): Parental work schedules and Hours in 29 European countries, 2005-2015. A welfare state comparison. (SocArXiv papers), 32 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/d8mqv

Abstract

"Using three waves of the European Working Conditions Survey (2005-2015), we examined parental work schedules and hours across welfare regimes covering 29 European countries with attention to gender and socioeconomic gaps (N = 20,648). Multivariate logistic regression results revealed that: (1) nonstandard work schedules and overworking were more prevalent in the Liberal, Southern European, and Central-Eastern European regimes than were in the Corporatist and Social Democratic welfare regimes, whereas underworking was the highest in the Liberal and Corporatist regimes; (2) fathers were more likely to work nonstandard schedules and overwork but less likely to underwork than were mothers, with the strongest gender gaps observed for the Liberal regime; (3) highly-educated parents were less likely to work nonstandard schedules and overwork but more likely to underwork, and this was more pronounced in the Southern European and Central-Eastern European welfare regimes; (4) compared to 2005, nonstandard work schedules were more prevalent in 2015, and both overworking and underworking were less prevalent in 2010; these trends varied across welfare regimes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hipp, Lena (2020): Do Hiring Practices Penalize Women and Benefit Men for Having Children? Experimental Evidence from Germany. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 36, H. 2, S. 250-264. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcz056

Abstract

"Although observational studies from many countries have consistently shown that motherhood negatively affects women’s wages, experimental findings on its effect on the likelihood of being hired are less conclusive. Motherhood penalties in hiring have been reported in the United States, the prototypical liberal market economy, but not in Sweden, the prototypical social-democratic welfare state. Based on a field experiment in Germany, this study examines the effects of parenthood on hiring processes in the prototypical conservative welfare state. My findings indicate that job recruitment processes indeed penalize women but not men for having children. In addition to providing theoretical explanations for why motherhood penalties in hiring are particularly likely to occur in the German context, this study also highlights several methodological and practical issues that should be considered when conducting correspondence studies to examine labour market discrimination." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hobler, Dietmar, Svenja Pfahl & Aline Zucco (2020): 30 Jahre Deutsche Einheit. Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern auf den Arbeitsmärkten in West- und Ostdeutschland? (WSI-Report 60), Düsseldorf, 49 S.

Abstract

"Wie ist der Stand der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern auf den Arbeitsmärkten in West- und Ostdeutschland 30 Jahre nach der Wiedervereinigung? Zwar liegt mittlerweile eine nennenswerte Anzahl von Studien vor, die die Geschlechterungleichheit auf dem Arbeitsmarkt für Deutschland in vielen Aspekten beleuchten (z. B. Klenner u. a. 2010, Achatz u. a. 2010, Hausmann/Kleinert 2014, Busch 2013, Kirsch/Wrohlich 2020, Fuchs u. a. 2019). Dennoch fehlt eine differenzierte Betrachtung über die Entwicklung der Geschlechterungleichheiten in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Auf Basis der im WSI GenderDatenPortal (www.wsi.de/genderdatenportal) vorliegenden Analysen und Zeitreihen untersucht dieser Report anhand von 27 Indikatoren aus den Bereichen Bildung, Erwerbsarbeit, Einkommen, Zeit, Kinderbetreuung und Partizipation, ob und in welchem Umfang sich die beiden Landesteile in den letzten drei Jahrzehnten angenähert haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Hoherz, Stefanie & Mark Bryan (2020): Provider or Father? British Men’s Work Hours and Work Hour Preferences after the Birth of a Child. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 34, H. 2, S. 193-210. DOI:10.1177/0950017019870752

Abstract

This study uses data from the British Household Panel Survey and Understanding Society to analyse the effect of fatherhood on men’s work hours and work hour preferences. Past research indicates that British men follow the traditional male provider model by either not changing or increasing their working hours when they have fathered a child, but these previous findings are primarily based on descriptive or cross-sectional analyses. Longitudinal analysis of men in the UK (1991 to 2013) shows a significant positive effect of fatherhood on men’s work hours. However, this effect is mainly limited to the fathers of children between one and five years old whose partner is not employed. If the female partner is employed (especially part time) fatherhood leads the male partner to reduce his work hours. Analysis of men’s work hour preferences did not find significant links with the number and age of children. (Author's Abstract, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Juncke, David, Jan Braukmann & Evelyn Stoll (2020): Neue Chancen für Vereinbarkeit! Wie Unternehmen und Familien der Corona-Krise erfolgreich begegnen. Erstellt im Rahmen des Unternehmensprogramms „Erfolgsfaktor Familie“ des Bundesministeriums für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend. Düsseldorf, 50 S.

Abstract

"Die Corona-Krise hat weitreichende Implikationen für die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf und die betriebliche Personalpolitik. In der vorliegenden Studie werden diese Implikationen aus Sicht von Unternehmen untersucht. Studiengrundlage sind repräsentative Daten aus einer telefonischen Befragung von Personalverantwortlichen und Geschäftsführungen. Diese Befragungsergebnisse werden mit den Perspektiven von Familien in Relation gesetzt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Keizer, Renske, Caspar J. van Lissa, Henning Tiemeier & Nicole Lucassen (2020): The Influence of Fathers and Mothers Equally Sharing Childcare Responsibilities on Children’s Cognitive Development from Early Childhood to School Age. An Overlooked Mechanism in the Intergenerational Transmission of (Dis)Advantages? In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcz046

Abstract

"There is increasing awareness that the intergenerational transmission of (dis)advantages is filtered through intra-familial dynamics, in particular, parenting practices. Surprisingly, few studies have investigated what role the extent to which fathers and mothers equally share childcare responsibilities plays in this transmission. Using data from 2,027 families in a Dutch prospective cohort study, our structural equation modelling analyses showed direct effects of equally sharing responsibilities for playful activities on children’s cognitive development. Additionally, our study yielded some evidence for the hypothesis that equally sharing responsibilities for playful activities mediates the impact of parents’ educational attainment on children’s cognitive development. This suggests that the extent to which fathers and mothers equally share childcare responsibilities functions as an underlying mechanism for maintaining social class disparities in children’s cognitive development. Our findings also suggest that policies and programmes that encourage fathers and mothers to equally share playful activities may help promote children’s cognitive development." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kreyenfeld, Michaela, Sabine Zinn, Theresa Entringer, Jan Goebel, Markus M. Grabka, Daniel Graeber, Martin Kroh, Hannes Kröger, Simon Kühne, Stefan Liebig, Carsten Schröder & Jürgen Schupp (2020): Coronavirus & Care: How the Coronavirus Crisis Affected Fathers' Involvement in Germany. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 1096), Berlin, 23 S.

Abstract

"Background: As a response to the spread of the coronavirus in Germany, day care centres and schools closed nationwide, leaving families to grapple with additional child care tasks. In Germany, as in many other societies, women shoulder the lion's share of housework and child care responsibilities. While the gendered division of household labour has shifted in recent years as men have become more engaged in the upbringing of their children, it was hypothesised that the coronavirus crisis may have resulted in a re-traditionalisation of behaviour. This paper examines this hypothesis by analysing how the time fathers spent with their children changed over the course of the coronavirus crisis in the case of Germany. Methods: Data for this investigation come from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). The outcome variable is the time spent on child care tasks. We investigate how the time parents spent with their children changed between 2019 and spring 2020, and how these patterns differed by gender, education, and employment situation. As a method, we employ linear panel regressions where the dependent variable is the change in childcare time between the two survey years.Results: We find that fathers and mothers expanded the time they spent on child care to similar degrees between 2019 and spring 2020, which marks the climax of the coronavirus crisis. However, we also observe large differences by level of education. In particular, we find that men with low and medium levels of education spent more time with their children than they did before the onset of the crisis. This finding is at odds with the results of prior studies on fathers' involvement, which showed that highly educated men tend to be the vanguards of paternal involvement. Contribution: Our study provides novel evidence on the effect of the coronavirus crisis on fathers' involvement in child care. Contrary to expectations based on previous research, we find that fathers significantly expanded the time they" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Krug, Gerhard, Sebastian Bähr, Katharina Diener & Martin Abraham (2020): Do parents' flexible working hours affect fathers' contribution to domestic work? Evidence from a factorial survey. (IAB-Discussion Paper 12/2020), Nürnberg, 32 S.

Abstract

"Dieses Papier untersucht die Auswirkungen der flexiblen Arbeitszeiten von Vätern auf ihre Bereitschaft, sich an Aufgaben im Haushalt zu beteiligen. Wir stellen zunächst die Hypothese auf, dass Väter sich stärker engagieren, wenn sie die Möglichkeit haben, ihre Arbeitszeit flexibel zu erbringen. Zweitens wird angenommen, dass Väter weniger beitragen, wenn ihre Partnerinnen die Möglichkeit haben, ihre Arbeitszeit flexibel zu erbringen. Wir testen unsere Hypothesen anhand von Daten aus einer Vignettenstudie, in der Väter hypothetische Arbeitsangebote an ihre nicht erwerbstätige Partnerin dahingehend bewerten, in welchem Umfang sie ihre Beteiligung an Aufgaben im Haushalt verändern, wenn ihre Partnerin die Arbeit annimmt. Wir stellen fest, dass flexible Arbeitszeiten bei Vätern statistisch signifikant die Bereitschaft erhöht, zur Kinderbetreuung beizutragen, nicht aber zur Hausarbeit. Damit stützen die Ergebnisse Hypothese eins teilweise. In Bezug auf Hypothese zwei finden wir keine Auswirkungen der flexiblen Arbeitszeiten der Partnerin auf den Beitrag der Väter, weder bei der Kinderbetreuung noch der Hausarbeit. Wir schließen unser Papier mit einigen politischen Implikationen ab." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Krämer, Michael D. & Joseph L. Rodgers (2020): The Impact of Having Children on Domain-Specific Life Satisfaction:. A Quasi-Experimental Longitudinal Investigation Using the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) Data. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 1068), Berlin, 64 S.

Abstract

"Longitudinal studies have documented improvements in parents' life satisfaction due to childbearing, followed by postpartum adaptation back to baseline. However, the details underlying this process remain largely unexplored. Based on past literature, set-point theory, and results from an exploratory sample, we investigated empirically how first childbirth affected satisfaction with specific domains of life. In a preregistered study, we compared parents with matched childless respondents in their trajectories of life satisfaction, and also satisfaction with family life, health, sleep, work, housework, leisure, dwelling, household income, and personal income. First-time parents and childless respondents were matched in a procedure combining exact and propensity score matching. Using the population-representative German SOEP data (N = 3,370), longitudinal multilevel models revealed heterogeneous effects of childbirth on different domains of satisfaction: Both mothers' and fathers' satisfaction with family life increased temporarily in a similar fashion to life satisfaction before going back to baseline within five years after childbirth. However, only mothers experienced drastic losses to satisfaction with sleep and satisfaction with personal income. For the remaining domains, parents' satisfaction largely resembled that of the matched childless respondents. These divergent domain trajectories underscore the need for multivariate analyses in life satisfaction research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ma, Li, Gunnar Andersson, Ann-Zofie Duvander & Marie Evertsson (2020): Fathers’ Uptake of Parental Leave: Forerunners and Laggards in Sweden, 1993–2010. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 49, H. 2, S. 361-381. DOI:10.1017/S0047279419000230

Abstract

"Sweden is often considered a forerunner in family change and developments towards less gendered family production patterns. In this study, we focus on recent developments towards more gender-equal sharing of parental leave in Sweden. We explore how fathers’ use of parental leave has changed over time before and since the turn of the century. As the parental leave benefit is individual and earnings-based, we examine how fathers’ individual socio-economic and demographic characteristics are associated with their parental leave uptake over time, to determine whether there are forerunners and laggards in recent family change. Multinomial logistic regression models were applied to data from national registers. Our study demonstrates a bifurcation in trends in recent decades. This is associated with the extension of reforms that reserve part of the leave for fathers, the so-called “daddy months”, but stretches beyond the impact of any such reforms. Taking a long leave of over two months was pioneered by better-educated residents of metropolitan areas and surrounding suburbs, as well as Swedish-born fathers. Young fathers, low-income earners and foreign-born fathers lagged behind in these developments. We regard the unstable labour market situation of the latter as a contributing factor in widening social inequalities in family-related behaviour." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Meißmer, Christian (2020): Gleichstellungsindex 2019. Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in den obersten Bundesbehörden. (Gleichstellungsindex 5), Wiesbaden, 17 S.

Abstract

"In dem vorliegenden Bericht richtet sich die Darstellung zunächst auf die Ergebnisse der obersten Bundesbehörden zum Stichtag 30. Juni 2019 und Vergleiche zwischen ihnen. Darüber hinaus erfolgt eine vergleichende Darstellung der Erhebungsergebnisse zu denen des vorherigen Berichtszeitraums. Ergebnisse der obersten Bundesbehörden im Einzelnen lassen sich den im Anhang befindlichen Tabellen 1 bis 4 entnehmen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Miettinen, Anneli & Marika Jalovaara (2020): Unemployment delays first birth but not for all. Life stage and educational differences in the effects of employment uncertainty on first births. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 43. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2019.100320

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Musick, Kelly, Megan Doherty Bea & Pilar Gonalons-Pons (2020): His and Her Earnings Following Parenthood in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom. In: American sociological review, Jg. 85, H. 4, S. 639-674. DOI:10.1177/0003122420934430

Abstract

"This article advances a couple-level framework to examine how parenthood shapes within-family gender inequality by education in three countries that vary in their normative and policy context: the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom. We trace mothers? share of couple earnings and variation by her education in the 10-year window around first birth, using long-running harmonized panel surveys from the 1990s and 2000s (N = 4,117 couples and 28,488 couple-years) and an event study methodology that leverages within-couple variation in earnings pre- and post-birth. Our results show steep declines in her share of couple earnings following first birth across the three countries that persist over several years of follow-up. Declines are smallest in the United States, due to U.S. mothers? higher employment and longer work hours. Declines are also smaller among female partners without a college degree in the United States, where mothers have less work-family support and fewer options to manage work and family on one income. Results shed light on how parenthood plays into gender inequality within couples, and how country context shapes couple dynamics and inequality across households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Nieuwenhuis, Rense & Wim Van Lancker (Hrsg.) (2020): The Palgrave Handbook of Family Policy. Cham: Springer Palgrave Macmillan, 721 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-54618-2

Abstract

"This open access handbook provides a multilevel view on family policies, combining insights on family policy outcomes at different levels of policymaking: supra-national organizations, national states, sub-national or regional levels, and finally smaller organizations and employers. At each of these levels, a multidisciplinary group of expert scholars assess policies and their implementation, such as child income support, childcare services, parental leave, and leave to provide care to frail and elderly family members. The chapters evaluate their impact in improving children’s development and equal opportunities, promoting gender equality, regulating fertility, productivity and economic inequality, and take an intersectional perspective related to gender, class, and family diversity. The editors conclude by presenting a new research agenda based on five major challenges pertaining to the levels of policy implementation (in particular globalization and decentralization), austerity and marketization, inequality, changing family relations, and welfare states adapting to women’s empowered roles." (Author's abstract, © 2020 Springer) ((en))

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Petrongolo, Barbara & Maddalena Ronchi (2020): Gender Gaps and the Structure of Local Labor Markets. (IZA discussion paper 13143), Bonn, 39 S. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2020.101819

Abstract

"In this paper we discuss some strands of the recent literature on the evolution of gender gaps and their driving forces. We will revisit key stylized facts about gender gaps in employment and wages in a few high-income countries. We then discuss and build on one gender-neutral force behind the rise in female employment, namely the rise of the service economy, which is also closely related to the polarization of female employment and to the geographic distribution of jobs, which is expected to be especially relevant for female employment prospects. We finally turn to currently debated causes of remaining gender gaps and discuss existing evidence on labor market consequences of women's heavier caring responsibilities in the household. In particular, we highlight how women's stronger distaste for commuting time may feed into gender pay gaps by making women more willing to trade o steeper wage gains for shorter commutes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sardadvar, Karin, Nadja Bergmann & Claudia Sorger (2020): Vaterschaft in Männerbranchen: zwischen neuen Arbeitszeitkulturen und traditionellem Erwerbsideal. In: Gender, Jg. 12, H. 2, S. 28-44. DOI:10.3224/gender.v12i2.03

Abstract

"Organisationen in männerdominierten Branchen sind auf eine Vereinbarkeit von Erwerbs- und Betreuungsarbeit wenig ausgerichtet. Männer zeigen aber zum Teil neue Erwerbs- und Familienorientierungen. Welche Zugänge zur Umsetzung involvierter Vaterschaft lassen sich in männerdominierten Organisationen gegenwärtig feststellen? Basierend auf einem interpretativen Zugang zu Organisationen stellt der Beitrag dazu Ergebnisse einer qualitativen empirischen Studie aus Österreich vor. Die Ergebnisse machen deutlich, wie kurze Abwesenheiten als Normalfall männlicher Elternzeit konstruiert und Arbeitszeitadaptionen vor allem innerhalb des Formats der Vollzeitbeschäftigung zugelassen werden. Dies trifft auch auf Schichtarbeit zu, die als besonders inkompatibel mit Vereinbarkeitsthemen gilt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen außerdem, wie eine Vaterschaft zur Legitimierung eines Wunsches nach Distanzierung von der Erwerbsarbeit beitragen kann. Insgesamt wird erkennbar, dass ein punktueller Wandel der Arbeitszeit- und Organisationskulturen in männerdominierten Branchen stattfindet, aber von Organisationen und Beschäftigten in einem engen Rahmen gehalten wird, um die Orientierung am männlichen Erwerbsideal nicht zu erschüttern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Schnurr, Stephanie, Olga Zayts, Andreas Schroeder & Catherine Le Coyte-Hopkins (2020): 'It's not acceptable for the husband to stay at home': Taking a discourse analytical approach to capture the gendering of work. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 27, H. 3, S. 414-434. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12408

Abstract

"This article illustrates some of the ways in which the notion of (paid) work is actively being gendered, and how these gendering processes take place not only through organizational practices but also in discourses that circulate outside an organization in the private domain. Drawing on 15 in-depth interviews with women who opted out of their own professional career in order to accompany their husbands on their overseas work assignment to Hong Kong, we demonstrate some of the benefits of using a discourse analytical approach to capturing and identifying the processes through which these women actively (although not necessarily consciously) gender the notion of work, thereby reinforcing the gender order and its male bias. We argue that identifying and making visible these gendered and gendering practices is an important component of, and a potential trigger for, change both in organizations as well as private contexts." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Stichnoth, Holger (2020): Short-run fertility effects of parental leave benefits. Evidence from a structural model. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 59, H. 1, S. 143-168. DOI:10.1007/s00181-019-01673-w

Abstract

"Based on a structural model of fertility and female labour force supply with unobserved heterogeneity and state dependence, we evaluate the 2007 reform of parental leave benefits in Germany, which replaced a flat, means-tested benefit by a generous earnings-related transfer. The model predicts a short-term fertility effect of about 4%, which is consistent with recent quasi-experimental evidence. The fertility effect is strongest for first births and increases with income. We use the model for a number of counterfactual policy experiments in which we vary the generosity of parental leave benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Wanger, Susanne (2020): Entwicklung von Erwerbstätigkeit, Arbeitszeit und Arbeitsvolumen nach Geschlecht. Ergebnisse der IAB-Arbeitszeitrechnung nach Alter und Geschlecht (AZR AG) für die Jahre 1991 - 2019. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 16/2020), Nürnberg, 112 S.

Abstract

"Dieser Forschungsbericht stellt Grundlagen, methodische Weiterentwicklungen sowie ausgewählte Ergebnisse der IAB-Arbeitszeitrechnung nach Alter und Geschlecht (AZR AG) für den Zeitraum 1991 bis 2019 vor. Seit nunmehr fast 20 Jahren berichtet das IAB regelmäßig über die Entwicklung der Erwerbstätigkeit sowie der geleisteten Stunden von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland auf Basis der AZR AG. Diese Datenbasis gibt anhand der Indikatoren “Frauenanteile an der Beschäftigung und am Arbeitsvolumen“ sowie der daraus resultierenden „Arbeitszeitlücke“ Aufschluss über die Verteilung der Ressource Arbeit zwischen den Geschlechtern. Darüber hinaus trägt die AZR AG dazu bei, Fragen zur unterschiedlichen Entwicklung der Erwerbsbeteiligung sowie der Arbeitszeitstrukturen von Frauen und Männern - auch altersspezifisch - zu beantworten. Die Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen hat kontinuierlich zugenommen und sich auf den ersten Blick jener der Männer angenähert. So lagen die Anteile der Frauen an der Erwerbstätigkeit im Jahr 2019 bei 47,5 Prozent. Allerdings zeigen Personenzahlen alleine nur ein unvollkommenes Bild der Teilhabe von Frauen und Männern an der Erwerbsarbeit, da sie keine Informationen über die unterschiedlichen Arbeitszeiten von Frauen und Männern geben. Denn betrachtet man die Arbeitsstunden als Bezugsgröße, werden deutliche Unterschiede sichtbar. Der hohe Anteil von Frauen, die Teilzeit arbeiten - im Jahr 2019 waren 58,2 Prozent der beschäftigten Frauen in Teilzeit tätig -, führt zu einer ausgeprägten Arbeitszeitlücke zwischen Frauen und Männern. Erst der Blick auf das geleistete Arbeitsvolumen - also dem Produkt aus Erwerbstätigenzahl und Arbeitszeit - ergibt ein differenzierteres Bild. So trugen Frauen aufgrund ihrer geringen Arbeitszeit nur unterproportional zum gesamtwirtschaftlichen Arbeitsvolumen bei: Der Frauenanteil am Arbeitsvolumen erreichte 2019 einen Wert von 40,3 Prozent. Die Arbeitszeitlücke - also die Differenz zwischen dem Anteil der Frauen an der Gesamtbeschäftigung und am Arbeitsvolumen - lag 2019 damit bei 7,3 Prozentpunkten. Diese bestehende Arbeitszeitlücke zwischen Frauen und Männern ist eine der entscheidenden Ursachen für weitere Geschlechterunterschiede am Arbeitsmarkt, so ist der Erwerbsumfang mitentscheidend für das Einkommen, die Absicherung im Alter und auch häufig Voraussetzung für den beruflichen Aufstieg." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Wimbauer, Christine & Mona Motakef (2020): Prekäre Arbeit, prekäre Liebe. Über Anerkennung und unsichere Lebensverhältnisse. Frankfurt am Main ; New York: Campus Verlag, 420 S.

Abstract

"Erwerbsarbeit und Paarbeziehungen sind wichtige Quellen für Anerkennung. Doch was geschieht, wenn Arbeit prekär wird? Wie wirken sich unsichere Arbeitsverhältnisse und Anerkennungsdefizite auf die Liebe aus, auf Beziehungen und auf die Lebenszusammenhänge der Menschen überhaupt? Welche Ungleichheiten zwischen den Geschlechtern werden sichtbar? Das Buch zeichnet anhand von Interviews eindrücklich nach, welch destruktives Potenzial prekäre Erwerbsarbeit entfalten kann und was das für die Einzelnen, für Paare und für die Gesellschaft bedeutet. Außerdem entwickeln die Autorinnen Vorschläge, wie sich auf prekäre Beschäftigung, Geschlechterungleichheiten sowie auf Anerkennungsbedürftigkeit und Verletzbarkeit reagieren lässt." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Zoch, Gundula, Ann-Christin Bächmann & Basha Vicari (2020): Care-Arrangements and Parental Well-Being during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany. (IAB-Discussion Paper 35/2020), Nürnberg, 44 S.

Abstract

"Diese Studie untersucht die kurzfristigen Folgen für die Betreuungsarrangements von Eltern, die während der COVID-19-Pandemie in Deutschland von der Schul- und Kita-Schließung betroffen waren und die daraus resultierenden Veränderungen im ihrem Wohlbefinden. Mit multinomialen logistischen Regressionen, angewendet auf neue Paneldaten des Nationalen Bildungspanels (NEPS-Corona_CAWI_C2) findet die Studie, dass Mütter eine Schlüsselrolle in den Ad-hoc-Betreuungsarrangements während der COVID-19-Pandemie spielen, was die traditionelle Aufteilung der Familienarbeit bei deutschen Paaren bestätigt. Darüber hinaus veranschaulichen die Ergebnisse die Bedeutung der Arbeitsbedingungen, insbesondere die Möglichkeit des Homeoffice, für den Verhandlungsprozess der Eltern. Entgegen unseren Annahmen wurde das Wohlergehen der Eltern in den ersten Krisenmonaten jedoch nicht durch das gewählte Betreuungsarrangement beeinflusst." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Zoch, Gundula, Ann-Christin Bächmann & Basha Vicari (2020): Care-Arrangements and Parental Well-Being during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany. (LIfBi working paper 91), Bamberg, 39 S. DOI:10.5157/LIfBi:WP91:2.0

Abstract

"This study examines the short-term consequences for care-arrangements and resulting changes in well-being among parents, who were affected by the closure of schools and institutional childcare during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. By applying multinomial logistic regression models to novel panel data from the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS-Corona_CAWI_C2), the study finds that mothers play a key role in the ad-hoc care-arrangements during the COVID-19 pandemic confirming the traditional division of family work in German couples. Moreover, the results illustrate the importance of working conditions, especially the possibility of remote work, in the bargaining processes of parents. However, contrary to our assumptions, parents’ well-being was not influenced by the chosen care-arrangement during the first months of the crisis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

(2020): Gender equality index 2020. Digitalisation and the future of work. (Gender equality index …), Vilnius, 178 S. DOI:10.2839/79077

Abstract

"The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was a wake-up call for gender equality in Europe. It reminded us about everyday gender inequalities in our society that often go unnoticed – from the shortage of men working in the care sector to the reality of violence facing women in abusive relationships. While it will still take time to fully understand the consequences of COVID-19 for gender equality, it’s clear that it poses a serious threat to the fragile achievements made over the past decade. This year, the Index report focuses on the effects of digitalisation on the world of work and the consequences for gender equality. This topic is extremely relevant in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the ways in which the working lives of women and men have been affected by it. New types of jobs and innovative ways of working through online platforms were analysed to gain an understanding of who is doing these jobs and whether they help or hinder gender equality. With a detailed analysis for the EU and each Member State, the Index shows country-level achievements and areas for improvement. More than ever, policymakers need the data that the Index provides. We hope that our findings will help Europe’s leaders to design future solutions that are inclusive and promote gender equality in our post-COVID-19 society." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2020): 4. Atlas zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland. (Atlas zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland 04), Berlin, 98 S.

Abstract

"Der nun vorliegende 4. Atlas ist eine aktualisierte Version des erstmals 2009 herausgegebenen Atlas. Ziel des Atlas ist es, die Entwicklung im Zeitverlauf zu verfolgen.1 Mit jeder Aktualisierung waren auch eine Weiterentwicklung des Atlas verbunden sowie die Aufnahme neuer Indikatoren. Im 4. Atlas hat sich dadurch die Struktur des Atlas noch einmal verändert. Indikatoren mit Bezug zum Spannungsfeld „Erwerbsarbeit und Sorgearbeit“ sind jetzt zu einem eigenständigen Kapitel zusammengefasst." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Das Dossier zur Verteilung unbezahlter Sorgearbeit zwischen Frauen und Männern geht der Frage nach, warum Frauen mehr Zeit für Haushaltsführung, Pflege und Betreuung von Kindern und Erwachsenen sowie ehrenamtliches Engagement und informelle Hilfen aufbringen als Männer. Die Broschüre bildet die Grundlage für eine breite gesellschaftliche Diskussion darüber, wie Sorge- und Erwerbsarbeit gerechter zwischen den Geschlechtern aufgeteilt werden kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Abeysekera, Lakmal & Peter Gahan (2019): Work-family conflict among Australian dual-earner couples. Testing the effects of role salience crossover and gender. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 30, H. 10, S. 1549-1582. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2017.1296015

Abstract

"Drawing on identity theory, this study examined the extent to which the salience (i.e. importance) individuals in dual-earner couples attached to their respective work and family roles determined their partner’s experience of work-to-family (W-F) and family-to-work (F-W) conflict through crossover effects. Using matched surveys, data were collected from a sample of 94 Australian dual-earner couples. Consistent with our predictions, results supported couple-level crossover effects of role salience to influence each partner’s experience of W-F and F-W conflicts. In addition, the impact of crossover effects on W-F and F-W conflicts was found to be more pronounced for women than men. Implications for theory and practice are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Arntz, Melanie, Sarra Ben Yahmed & Francesco Berlingieri (2019): Working from home: Heterogeneous effects on hours worked and wages. (ZEW discussion paper 2019-015), Mannheim, 45 S.

Abstract

"Working from home (WfH) has become much more common since the early 2000s. We exploit the German Socio-Economic Panel between 1997 and 2014 to investigate how such a work arrangement affects labour market outcomes and life satisfaction. We find that childless employees work an extra hour per week of unpaid overtime and report higher satisfaction after taking up WfH. Among parents, WfH reduces the gender gap in working hours and monthly earnings, as contractual hours increase more among mothers. Hourly wages, however, increase with WfH take-up among fathers, but not among mothers unless they change employer. This points to poorer bargaining outcomes for women compared to men when staying with the same employer. Controlling for selection into paid employment due to changes in unobserved characteristics or preferences does not affect the magnitude of the effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Aumayr-Pintar, Christine (2019): Parental and paternity leave - Uptake by fathers. Working conditions. (Eurofound ad hoc report), Dublin, 41 S. DOI:10.2806/753240

Abstract

"In the context of ongoing negotiations at EU level on adopting a work - life balance package for families and caregivers, Eurofound was requested by the European Commission to provide an update of the available data regarding paternity and parental leave for fathers. This report presents the currently available national statistics on the uptake of family-related leave by fathers over time across the EU28 and Norway, based on information compiled by the Network of Eurofound Correspondents. It gives a comparative overview of the main features of the various leave arrangements available for fathers, including information on duration, compensation, eligibility and the number of beneficiaries captured in the data. Despite the unevenness and lack of coherent statistics, the report concludes that in several Member States progress has been made in increasing the number and share of fathers who are taking parental or paternity leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Balcar, Jirí & Veronika Hedija (2019): Influence of female managers on gender wage gap and returns to cognitive and non-cognitive skills. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 26, H. 5, S. 722-737. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12261

Abstract

"There is a modest but growing empirical body of evidence on the influence of managers' gender on the wages of their male and female subordinates. Most of these studies, however, suffer from a very raw approximation of the managers' gender by the share of women in charge, and often lack many important gender-specific personal characteristics, such as non-cognitive skills and life - work preferences, which can lead to biased results. This article copes with the mentioned deficiencies by employing a very rich and representative dataset of 1948 employees from the Czech Republic. It reveals surprising results as it shows that the gender of the manager has an effect on the level of wages, but not on the gender wage gap. It also shows that the gender of the manager and his/her subordinate has only a weak impact on the remuneration of an employee┐s non-cognitive skills and life - work preferences." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Barigozzi, Francesca, Helmuth Cremer & Chiara Monfardini (2019): The gender gap in informal child care: Theory and some evidence from Italy. (IZA discussion paper 12403), Bonn, 26 S.

Abstract

"Our model studies couples time allocation and career choices, which are accepted by a social norm on gender roles in the family. Parents can provide two types of informal childcare: basic care (feeding, changing children, baby-sitting) and quality care (activities that stimulate children's social and cognitive skills). We obtain the following main results. Traditional mothers provide some informal basic care, whereas career mothers purchase full time formal basic care in the market. Informal basic care is too large and the group of career mothers is too small because of the social norm. Informal quality care is increasing in the couple's income and is provided in larger amount by mothers. We test the model's predictions for Italy using the most recent ISTAT 'Use of Time' survey. In line with the model, mothers devote more time than fathers to both basic and quality informal care; more educated parents devote more time to quality informal care than less educated parents; more educated mothers spend more time in the labor market than less educated mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bienek, Tabea (2019): Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie in Japan. Informelle Sozialisation als Zugang zur Vaterrolle. (SOCIALIA - Studienreihe Soziologische Forschungsergebnisse 153), Hamburg: Kovac, 320 S.

Abstract

"Der durch den fortschreitenden demographischen Wandel verursachte Rückgang an Erwerbsfähigen rückt die sozialwissenschaftliche Fragestellung des Themenfeldes Work-Life Balance (WLB) auch verstärkt in den Fokus von Politik und Wirtschaft. In der medialen Berichterstattung wird der Begriff WLB meist synonym im Sinne einer Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie verwendet, bezieht sich dabei jedoch insbesondere auf die Herausforderungen, denen Mütter im Spannungsfeld von Beruf und Familie begegnen. Dass Väter in ähnlicher Weise diesem Dilemma gegenüberstehen, wurde bislang in der Forschung weitgehend ignoriert. Die vorliegende Arbeit setzt an dieser Stelle an und rückt am Beispiels Japans die Perspektive von Vätern in den Vordergrund. Konkret stehen dabei die Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten der Vaterrolle in Japan vor dem Hintergrund väterlicher Sozialisation im Zentrum der Untersuchung, d. h. auf welche Art und durch welche sozialen Akteure wird die Vaterrolle geformt. Um dem sinkenden Erwerbspersonenpotenzial entgegen zu wirken, entwickelte die japanische Regierung im Jahr 2010 eine ikumen-Kampagne, welche Väter fördert, die sich neben ihrer Arbeit auch an der Kindererziehung beteiligen möchten. Diese gemeinsam mit der japanischen Wirtschaft betriebene formelle Sozialisation von Vätern zeigt jedoch bislang wenig Wirkung. Die These der Arbeit ist daher, dass Initiativen wie diese auf der falschen Prämisse einer Regulierung von Oben basieren, tatsächlich jedoch intrinsische Motivatoren der Väter, die sich auch im Wunsch nach Zusammengehörigkeit und Identitätsstiftung unter Gleichgesinnten niederschlagen, beim Gestaltungsprozess der Vaterrolle bedeutsam sind. Aus diesem Grund rückt die vorliegende Arbeit insbesondere eine zivilgesellschaftliche Organisation namens NPO Fathering Japan ins Zentrum der Analyse. Anhand eigener qualitativer Daten aus dem Zeitraum Februar 2012 bis Juni 2014 wird mithilfe von Feldforschung, Dokumentenanalyse und computervermittelter Befragung gezeigt, wie zivilgesellschaftliche Organisationen in erster Linie informell auf die Vaterrolle einwirken. Informelle Sozialisatoren zeigen durch ihr zwar in der Gruppengemeinschaft organisiertes, aber sonst ungezwungenes und offenes Vorgehen Potenzial von Vätern bevorzugt als Sozialisationsinstanz ausgewählt zu werden und auf diese Weise durch die individuelle Gestaltung der Vaterrolle zu einer zufriedenstellenden Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie zu führen. Die vorliegende Arbeit betont die Reichweite informeller Sozialisation und leistet somit einen Beitrag zu Fragestellungen bezüglich der WLB von Vätern in Japan sowie zur Sozialisationsforschung im Erwachsenenalter." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bloome, Deirdre, Derek Burk & Leslie McCall (2019): Economic Self-Reliance and Gender Inequality between U.S. Men and Women. 1970-2010. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 124, H. 5, S. 1413-1467. DOI:10.1086/702278

Abstract

"Women have become increasingly economically self-reliant, depending more on paid employment for their positions in the income distribution than in the past. We know little about what happened to men, however, because most prior research restricts changes in self-reliance to be 'zero-sum,' with women's changes necessitating opposite and proportionate changes among men. This article introduces a measure that allows asymmetric changes and also incorporates multiple population subgroups and income sources beyond couples' labor earnings. Using Current Population Survey data, the authors find that women's self-reliance increased dramatically, as expected, but men's declined only slightly. The authors decompose these trends into changes in family structure and redistribution, which increased and decreased self-reliance, respectively, for men and women, though more for women. Labor market shifts, by contrast, were asymmetric and opposing, reducing men's self-reliance much less than they increased women's. The authors' approach opens opportunities for new insight into both gender inequality and the income attainment process." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bosquet, Clément, Pierre-Philippe Combes & Cecilia García-Peñalosa (2019): Gender and promotions: Evidence from academic economists in France. In: The Scandinavian journal of economics, Jg. 121, H. 3, S. 1020-1053. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12300

Abstract

"The promotion system for French academic economists provides an interesting environment to examine the promotion gap between men and women. Promotions occur through national competitions for which we have information both on candidates and on those eligible to be candidates. We can then examine the two stages of the process: application and success. Women are less likely to seek promotion, and this accounts for up to 76% of the promotion gap. Being a woman also reduces the probability of promotion conditional on applying, although the gender difference is not statistically significant. Our results highlight the importance of the decision to apply." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Brandt, Gesche (2019): Erwerbsverläufe von Müttern und Vätern mit Hochschulabschluss im Wandel. Eine Untersuchung der Examenskohorten 1997, 2001 und 2005. In: Soziale Welt, Jg. 70, H. 3, S. 332-371. DOI:10.5771/0038-6073-2019-3-332

Abstract

"Dieser Beitrag untersucht, ob parallel zu den familienpolitischen Reformen der letzten Jahre eine Angleichung der Erwerbsmuster von Vätern und Müttern stattgefunden hat. Dazu werden die Erwerbsverläufe von Hochschulabsolventinnen und -absolventen aus drei Abschlusskohorten vergleichend untersucht. Mit Sequenz- und Regressionsanalysen werden geschlechts- und kohortentypische Verläufe identifiziert und geprüft, ob über die Kohorten geschlechterdifferente Standardisierungs- bzw. De-Standardisierungsprozesse erkennbar sind und worauf diese zurückzuführen sind. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass auch bei Hochqualifizierten geschlechtstypische Erwerbsmuster von Müttern und Vätern vorliegen. Väter weisen meist kontinuierliche Vollzeiterwerbsbiografien auf, wohingegen die Erwerbsverläufe von Müttern aufgrund von Eltern- und Teilzeiten divers sind. Über die Kohorten deutet sich bei Müttern jedoch eine graduelle Annäherung an die Vollzeiterwerbsbiografie an. Die Erwerbsverläufe von Vätern scheinen sich hingegen nicht verändert zu haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Brimblecombe, Simon & Shea McClanahan (2019): Improving gender outcomes in social security retirement systems. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 53, H. 3, S. 327-342. DOI:10.1111/spol.12476

Abstract

"Assessing whether retirement systems meet their varying objectives requires analysing outcomes across different categories of beneficiaries with different working, financial, demographic, and family situations. Policymakers should therefore assess systems on the distribution of outcomes rather than average outcomes.
Much has been written about the gender inequalities inherent in labour markets and how these are reflected and reproduced in pension systems, and there is growing evidence that recent reforms have exacerbated these trends. Recent research has turned to the policy measures available to policymakers to forestall or reverse these trends, but this literature tends to overlook important administrative measures that have the potential to reduce inequalities in access that could improve pension outcomes for women within the current policy framework. This paper examines the main issues surrounding gender inequality in retirement outcomes; explores the implications of recent reform trends in light of the differential outcomes for women, including policy options to mitigate the negative impacts; and concludes with a review of key administrative measures, including streamlining affiliation procedures, improving information, and simplifying payment of contributions and receipt of benefits and better compliance of employers." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Chiappori, Pierre André, José Alberto Molina, José Ignacio Giménez-Nadal & Jorge Velilla (2019): Intertemporal labor supply and intra-household commitment. (IZA discussion paper 12353), Bonn, 28 S.

Abstract

"This paper adopts an intertemporal labor supply perspective to propose a test that allows us to distinguish between intra-household non-commitment, limited commitment, and full commitment. It investigates whether, after controling for current and future (expected) wages, past wage shocks have a lasting and significant impact on present labor supply and public consumption. Using a semi-log parametrization of labor supply and data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for the US, the paper shows positive evidence in favor of the limited commitment model. Specifically, unexpected past wage shocks affect labor supply in exactly the way predicted by theory, as spouses' past wage deviations have a negative impact on their labor supply and a positive impact on their spouses'. In addition, wives' past wage shocks also impact negatively household public expenditure on housing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Collischon, Matthias (2019): Is there a glass ceiling over Germany? In: German economic review, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. e329-e359., 2018-03-20. DOI:10.1111/geer.12168

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the gender wage gap across the wage distribution using 2010 data from the German Statistical Agency. I investigate East and West Germany and the public sector separately to account for potential heterogeneities in wage gaps. I apply unconditional and conditional quantile regression methods to investigate the differences between highly paid men and women in distributions conditional and unconditional on covariates. The results indicate increasing gender wage gaps in all estimations, suggesting that there is indeed a glass ceiling over Germany even after controlling for a large set of observable characteristics (including occupation and industry). This finding is even more pronounced when also taking bonus payments into account." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Cools, Angela & Eleonora Patacchini (2019): The brother earnings penalty. In: Labour economics, Jg. 58, H. June, S. 37-51. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.02.009

Abstract

"This paper examines the impact of sibling gender on adolescent experiences and adult labor market outcomes for a recent cohort of U.S. women. We document an earnings penalty from the presence of a younger brother (relative to a younger sister), finding that a next-youngest brother reduces adult earnings by about 7%. Using rich data on parent-child interactions, parents' expectations, disruptive behaviors, and adult outcomes, we provide a first step at examining the mechanisms behind this result. We find that brothers reduce parents' expectations and school monitoring of female children while also increasing females' propensity to engage in more traditionally feminine tasks. These factors help explain a portion of the labor market penalty from brothers." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))

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Crotti, Robert, Thierry Geiger, Vesselina Ratcheva & Saadia Zahidi (2019): The global gender gap report 2020. Insight report. (The global gender gap report), Cologny/Geneva, 370 S.

Abstract

"Gender parity is fundamental to whether and how economies and societies thrive. Ensuring the full development and appropriate deployment of half of the world’s total talent pool has a vast bearing on the growth, competitiveness and future-readiness of economies and businesses worldwide. The Global Gender Gap Report benchmarks 153 countries on their progress towards gender parity. In addition, this year’s edition studies gender gaps prospects in the professions of the future." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Del Boca, Daniela, Christopher Flinn, Ewout Verriest & Matthew Wiswall (2019): Actors in the child development process. (IZA discussion paper 12103), Bonn, 105 S.

Abstract

"We construct and estimate a model of child development in which both the parents and children make investments in the child's skill development. In each period of the development process, partially altruistic parents act as the Stackelberg leader and the child the follower when setting her own study time. We then extend this non-cooperative form of interaction by allowing parents to offer incentives to the child to increase her study time, at some monitoring cost. We show that this incentive scheme, a kind of internal conditional cash transfer, produces efficient outcomes and, in general, increases the child's cognitive ability. In addition to heterogeneity in resources (wage offers and non-labor income), the model allows for heterogeneity in preferences both for parents and children, and in monitoring costs. Like their parents, children are forward looking, but we allow children and parents to have different preferences and for children to have age-varying discount rates, becoming more 'patient' as they age. Using detailed time diary information on the allocation of parent and child time linked to measures of child cognitive ability, we estimate several versions of the model. Using model estimates, we explore the impact of various government income transfer policies on child development. As in Del Boca et al. (2016), we find that the most effective set of policies are (external) conditional cash transfers, in which the household receives an income transfer given that the child's cognitive ability exceeds a prespecified threshold. We find that the possibility of households using internal cash transfers greatly increases the cost effectiveness of external cash transfer policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dill, Janette & Adrianne Frech (2019): Providing for a Family in the Working Class : Gender and Employment After the Birth of a Child. In: Social forces, Jg. 98, H. 1, S. 183-210. DOI:10.1093/sf/soy106

Abstract

"Navigating the labor market in today's economy has become increasingly difficult for those without a college degree. In this study, we ask whether and how working-class men and women in the United States are able to secure gains in wages and/or earnings as they transition to parenthood or increase family size. We look closely at child parity, employment behavior (e.g., switching employers, taking on multiple jobs, increasing hours), and occupation in the year after the birth of a child. Using the 2004 and 2008 panels of the Survey for Income and Program Participation (SIPP), we employ fixed-effects models to examine the impact of changing labor market behavior or occupation on wages and earnings after the birth of a child. We find limited evidence that low- and middle-skill men experience a 'fatherhood premium' after the birth of a child, conditional on child parity and occupation. For men, nearly all occupations were associated with a 'wage penalty' after the birth of a child (parity varies) compared to the service sector. However, overall higher wages in many male-dominated and white-collar occupations make these better options for fathers. For women, we see clear evidence of a 'motherhood penalty,' which is partly accounted for by employment behaviors, such as switching to a salaried job or making an occupational change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Elsby, Michael, Bart Hobijn, Fatih Karahan, Gizem Koşar & Ayşegül Şahin (2019): Flow origins of labor force participation fluctuations. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 109, S. 461-464. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20191054

Abstract

"We investigate the origins of cyclical and trend movements in the labor force participation rate (LFPR) using a three-state flow decomposition. The procyclicality of LFPR can be traced to cyclical flows between employment and unemployment. By contrast, labor force entry and exit explain virtually all of the trend movements. Among men, rising labor force exit rates account for two-thirds of the trend decline in male LFPR since the 1990s. For women, trend increases in female LFPR during the 1990s were dominated by declining exit rates, while the trend decline since the Great Recession can be traced to declining entry rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Feng, Jun, Paul Gerrans, Carly Moulang, Noel Whiteside & Maria Strydom (2019): Why women have lower retirement savings. The Australian case. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 145-173. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2018.1533250

Abstract

"This study provides empirical evidence of the gender gap in retirement savings trajectories using a large longitudinal Australian database. The persistent trend of retirement income policy over recent decades has been to place responsibility for retirement savings accumulation with the individual employee. These plans are fundamentally linked to employment conditions and individual choices, which shape retirement savings trajectories and outcomes. Australia has a mature compulsory system and thus provides insight for countries embarking on similar paths. This study shows that the gender gap in retirement savings is observable from early on in an individual's paid working life and persists over time, providing evidence that women are disadvantaged early in their careers, with few signs of improvement. Men, in contrast, are overrepresented in the upper quartile of growth in retirement savings. This study provides important empirical evidence for policymakers concerned with gender differences in retirement outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Flynn, Lindsay B. (2019): I'll Just Stay Home : Employment Inequality Among Parents. In: Social Politics, Jg. 26, H. 3, S. 394-418. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxy023

Abstract

"How does homeownership magnify existing gender disparities in the labor markets of the rich OECD countries? Men and women, and especially mothers and fathers, respond to homeownership differently. Owners work more hours than renters but mothers experience an ownership penalty while fathers solidify their market attachment. Both responses increase the gender gap. As such, governments pursuing dual policy objectives of promoting homeownership and greater gender parity in the labor market will find their policies working at cross-purposes. This paper analyzes the effect of homeownership on labor market attachment and explains why mothers and fathers respond to it in different ways." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Geisler, Esther & Michaela Kreyenfeld (2019): Policy reform and fathers' use of parental leave in Germany. The role of education and workplace characteristics. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 273-291. DOI:10.1177/0958928718765638

Abstract

"The introduction of the parental leave benefit scheme in 2007 is widely regarded as a landmark reform that has shifted the German welfare state towards a model that better supports work and family life compatibility. In this article, we investigate whether and how this reform has affected men's use of parental leave based on data from the German microcensus of 1999-2012. We find that parental leave usage has increased across all educational levels, but the shift has been strongest for university-educated fathers. Public sector employment is beneficial for men's uptake of leave, while self-employment and temporary work lowers fathers' chances of taking leave. The parental leave reform has not affected these associations much." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Geisler, Esther & Michaela Kreyenfeld (2019): Why do lone mothers fare worse than lone fathers? Lone parenthood and welfare benefit receipt in Germany. In: Comparative Population Studies, Jg. 44, S. 61-84. DOI:10.12765/CPoS-2019-09en

Abstract

"This article uses data from the German microcensuses of 2007 and 2012 to examine gender differences in welfare reliance among lone parents. Binary logistic regression was employed as the method of analysis. We show that the risk of welfare benefit receipt is lower among lone fathers than lone mothers. We also find that these gender differences can be partially explained by the socio-economic characteristics of lone fathers; compared to lone mothers, lone fathers are, on average, better educated and more likely to be living with older children. Gender differences decreased over time among parents who have never married, but remained constant among divorced parents. We present a discussion of our findings in light of recent policy reforms, in particular the reform of the German Maintenance Law of 2008, which curbed the ability of a divorced parent to collect support from an ex-spouse." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Henz, Ursula (2019): Fathers' involvement with their children in the United Kingdom. Recent trends and class differences. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 40, S. 865-896. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2019.40.30

Abstract

"Background: Many studies of Western societies have documented an increasing involvement of fathers with their children since the 1970s. The trend reflects changes in the meaning of fatherhood and contributes to child well-being and gender equality. New policies in the United Kingdom might have further encouraged father involvement in the new millennium. Differences in father involvement between socioeconomic groups have caused concern since they contribute to inequality in resources available to children.
Objective: This paper examines the recent trends and social differences in father involvement with children in the United Kingdom.
Methods: Data from the UK Time Use Surveys 2000 - 2001 and 2014 - 2015 are analysed using regression models.
Results: Fathers' overall involvement in childcare in the new millennium has been stable but differences emerge when looking at specific childcare activities, in particular on weekend days. In 2014 fathers were less likely to provide interactive care and active fathers provided on average fewer minutes of physical care than in 2000. Fathers from higher SES groups offset some of these trends by increased participation rates in physical care in 2014 compared to 2000.
Conclusions: The stability of fathers' involvement signifies a stalling of the transformation of the father role and progress towards gender equality in the home in large parts of the population. Father involvement on weekend days continues to diverge between high and low status groups.
Contribution: This is the first comprehensive analysis of trends in father involvement in the new millennium using time-use data. It is the first analysis that finds no further increase of father involvement in the United Kingdom." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Huebener, Mathias, Astrid Pape & Stephen P. Jenkins (2019): Parental labour supply responses to the abolition of day care fees. (IZA discussion paper 12780), Bonn, 51 S.

Abstract

"This paper provides evidence that low private contributions to highly subsidised day care constrain mothers from working longer hours. We study the effects of a reform that abolished day care fees in Germany on parental labour supply. The reform removed private contributions to highly subsidised day care in the year before children enter primary school. We exploit the staggered reform across states with a difference-in-differences approach and event studies. Although participation in day care is almost universal for preschoolers, we provide evidence that the reform increases the intensity of day care use and the working time of mothers by about 7.1 percent. Single mothers, mothers with no younger children, mothers in denser local labour markets, and highly educated mothers react strongest. We find no evidence for labour supply responses at the extensive margin, and no evidence of responses in paternal labour supply. The effects on maternal labour supply fade-away by the end of primary school as mothers in the control group also gradually increase their labour supply as their children grow older." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jungwirth, Ingrid & Carola Bauschke-Urban (Hrsg.) (2019): Gender and Diversity Studies. European Perspectives. Opladen: Budrich, 326 S. DOI:10.3224/84740549

Abstract

"What concepts of ‘gender’ and ‘diversity’ emerge in the different regions and pertinent research and practical fields? On the back drop of current European developments – from the deregulation of economy, a shrinking welfare state to the dissolution and reinforcement of borders – the book examines the development of Gender and Diversity Studies in different European regions as well as beyond and focuses on central fields of theoretical reflection, empirical research and practical implementation policies and politics. Anti-discrimination policies of the EU contribute to an institutionalization of Gender and Diversity Studies and interact with legal, political, societal and economic factors which shape the academic and practical fields. Pressure towards the deregulation of economy, the reduction of welfare state institutions, increased requirements of mobility for individuals and, at the same time, stronger regulations of migration have an impact on research and theory development in the field of Gender and Diversity Studies. While certain rights and anti-discrimination policies are being strengthened within the EU, and while inner borders between member states dissolve and – recently at the same time partially also increase – external borders of Europe are simultaneously being enforced. The large flows of refugee migration towards and into Europe has put these questions on top of the agenda. Taking these processes as well as social and political changes in different European and border regions into account, the state of the art as well as future perspectives of Gender and Diversity Studies are debated from multiple European and border perspectives. What concepts of ‘gender’ and ‘diversity’ emerge in the different regions and fields of studies?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kaufman, Gayle & Hiromi Taniguchi (2019): Gender equality and work-family conflict from a cross-national perspective. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 60, H. 6, S. 385-408. DOI:10.1177/0020715219893750

Abstract

"This study examines the relationship between gender ideology at the individual level, gender equality at the country level, and women and men’s experiences of work interference with family (WIF) and family interference with work (FIW). We use data from the 2012 International Social Survey Programme as well as the 2011 to 2015 Human Development Reports. Our sample consists of 24,547 respondents from 37 countries. Based on multilevel mixed-effects logistic models, we find that women are more likely than men to experience WIF and FIW. At the individual level, traditional gender ideology positively predicts WIF and FIW. Women and men who reside in more gender-unequal countries have a higher likelihood of FIW while men in these contexts also are more likely to experience WIF. Societal gender inequality is more consequential for those who hold less traditional gender ideology. In conclusion, gender egalitarianism at the individual level and gender equality at the country level are both associated with less WIF and FIW. Policies that seek to address work–family balance should incorporate measures to promote gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kleven, Henrik, Camille Landais, Johanna Posch, Andreas Steinhauer & Josef Zweimüller (2019): Child penalties across countries. Evidence and explanations. (CEPR discussion paper 13474), London, 19 S.

Abstract

"This paper provides evidence on child penalties in female and male earnings in different countries. The estimates are based on event studies around the birth of the first child, using the specification proposed by Kleven et al. (2018). The analysis reveals some striking similarities in the qualitative effects of children across countries, but also sharp differences in the magnitude of the effects. We discuss the potential role of family policies (parental leave and child care provision) and gender norms in explaining the observed differences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Köppen, Katja & Heike Trappe (2019): The gendered division of labor and its perceived fairness. Implications for childbearing in Germany. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 40, S. 1413-1440. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2019.40.48

Abstract

"Background: Recently it has been claimed that gender equality and gender equity in the family tend to increase fertility. The strength of this association, however, depends on prevailing gender relations and the level of social support of employment and family within a society.
Objective: We wish to improve our understanding of the relationship between gender equality, gender equity, and fertility by investigating the impact of the actual division of paid and unpaid labor on first- and second-birth fertility in Germany while including in our analyses a repeatedly measured indicator of gender equity that captures the subjective perception of fairness of this division.
Methods: Using nine waves of the German Family Panel (pairfam), we apply discrete-time logistic regression models to cohorts of young women and men in coresidential unions to determine whether a birth occurs in a given year while using measures of gender equality and gender equity as lagged time-varying covariates.
Results: We find that an arrangement in which the woman is in charge of routine housework and the division of paid and unpaid work is perceived as fair is positively associated with family formation. The perception of a fair division of work is no prerequisite for continued childbearing. Yet women's responsibility for domestic work facilitates family extension.
Contribution: This paper extends the literature on the relationship between gender equality, gender equity, and family outcomes by using prospective panel data to capture attitudinal and behavioral changes over the life course more fully than has previously been done." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Lauber, Verena & Johanna Storck (2019): Helping with the kids? How family-friedly workplaces affect parental well-being and behavior. In: Oxford economic papers, Jg. 71, H. 1, S. 95-118. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpy062

Abstract

"Despite political efforts, balancing work and family life is still challenging. This paper provides novel evidence on the effect of firm level interventions that seek to reduce the work - life conflict. The focus is on how childcare support affects the well-being, working time, and caring behaviour of mothers with young children. Since the mid-2000s and pushed by public policies, in Germany an increasing number of employers have become proactive and implemented more family-friendly workplaces. These changes over time allow us to suggest causal effects using a difference-in-differences-matching approach. Based on a large panel data set, we find evidence pointing to welfare enhancing effects of childcare support. Mothers who are likely to be constrained in their allocation of time especially increase their working time and use formal care more intensively. The rise in satisfaction levels is more pronounced if mothers are more career-orientated." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lengfeld, Holger (2019): Abstiegsangst in Deutschland auf historischem Tiefstand. Ergebnisse der Auswertung des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels 1991 - 2016. In: C. Lübke & J. Delhey (Hrsg.) (2019): Diagnose Angstgesellschaft? : Was wir wirklich über die Gefühlslage der Menschen wissen, S. 59-76. DOI:10.14361/9783839446140-004

Abstract

"Die Analysen zeigen, dass sich das Niveau der Abstiegsangst in Gesamtdeutschland im Jahr 2016 auf dem niedrigsten Stand seit 1991 befand. Seit 2006 ist es, nach langjährigem Anstieg, nahezu stetig rückläufig gewesen. Der Gruppenvergleich zeigt, dass dies für beide Geschlechter, für alle Altersgruppen und alle Schichten gilt. Zugleich finden sich einige Gruppenunterschiede, die ich unter Rückgriff auf arbeitsmarkttheoretische Argumente zumindest im Ansatz zu erläutern versuche. Im letzten Abschnitt fasse ich die Befunde zusammen und gebe einen Ausblick auf ein Forschungsprojekt, in dem wir uns mit weiterführenden Fragen der Abstiegsangst beschäftigen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Lund, Rebecca, Susan Meriläinen & Janne Tienari (2019): New masculinities in universities? Discourses, ambivalence and potential change. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 26, H. 10, S. 1376-1397. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12383

Abstract

"In this paper, we explore forms and possible implications of new masculinities in universities, and elucidate how they relate to hegemonic masculinity. 'New masculinities' coins a particular tradition of naming in Nordic masculinity studies. In the Nordic context, gendered social relations are shaped by State policies and equality discourses, which are increasingly embracing father friendly initiatives. New masculinities refers to the increased involvement of men in caring practices and especially in fathering. Our empirical study comprises in-depth interviews with young male academics in a Finnish business school. We elucidate, first, the ambivalence and struggles between masculinities in the discourses of these men and, second, how the construction of masculinities is specific to societal, socio-cultural, and local contexts. Relations of class, and middle class notions of the 'good life' in particular, emerge as central for understanding the experiences of these men. Beyond the Nordic countries, we argue that while the change potential of caring masculinity stems from particular contexts, the concept of new masculinities is helpful in capturing the ambivalence and struggles between hegemonic and caring masculinities rather than dismissing the latter as subordinate to the former." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Manchester, Colleen Flaherty, Lisa M. Leslie & Patricia C. Dahm (2019): Bringing home the bacon: The relationships among breadwinner role, performance, and pay. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 58, H. 1, S. 46-85. DOI:10.1111/irel.12225

Abstract

"We evaluate the relationships among breadwinner role, performance, and pay. Differences in pay are present despite limited differences in performance. We find a pay premium for primary-breadwinner employees across gender, yet a pay penalty for secondary-breadwinners employees only for women, suggesting an asymmetric relationship among breadwinner role, gender, and pay." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Martone, Michel (2019): From machismo to co-parenting: Changing Italy's mindset. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 158, H. 3, S. 447-461. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12087

Abstract

"This article analyses the complex legislative and judicial processes that would be required to establish the right to co-parenting in the Italian labour regulation system. Identifying a trend in the Italian legal system that has so far limited family protection to the support of women and maternity, the author then elaborates on the legislative evolution that has led to the acknowledgment of fathers as key partners in their children's upbringing. Lastly, an analysis of case law shows how this has been used to give a modern interpretation of legislated principles, providing a crucial contribution to overcoming the ongoing resistance to these processes from a male-oriented culture." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Maume, David J., Orlaith Heymann & Leah Ruppanner (2019): National board quotas and the gender pay gap among European managers. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 33, H. 6, S. 1002-1019. DOI:10.1177/0950017019864509

Abstract

"As European countries have mandated quotas for women's representation on boards, and as women have increasingly entered the ranks of management, a persistent gender gap in managerial pay remains. Drawing a sample of managers in the 2010 European Social Survey, the gender gap in pay was decomposed, finding that employer devaluation of women accounted for the majority of the gender gap in pay. This was especially true in countries without mandated quotas, but in countries that had adopted quotas for female representation on boards, results were consistent with the proposition that quotas moderated the labour market for managers (i.e. the gender gap in managerial pay was smaller as was the portion of the gap attributable to discrimination). As board quotas have increasingly been adopted across Europe, more research is needed on their ameliorative effects on gender inequality in the wider labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Meara, Katie, Francesco Pastore & Allan Webster (2019): The gender pay gap in the US: A matching study. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 363), Maastricht, 38 S.

Abstract

"This study examines the gender wage gap in the US using two separate cross-sections from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The extensive literature on this subject includes papers which use wage decompositions to divide gender wag gaps into 'explained' and 'unexplained' components. Problems with this approach include the heterogeneity of the sample data. In order to address the difficulties of comparing like with like this study uses a number of different matching techniques to obtain estimates of the gap. By controlling for a wide range of other influences, in effect, we estimate the direct effect of simply being female on wages. However, to form a complete picture, one should consider that gender wages are affected by a number of other factors such as parenthood, gender segregation, part - time working and unionization. This means that it is not just the core 'like for like' comparison between male and female wages that matters but also how gender wage differences interact with other relevant risk factors which are more common for women. That these interactions exist has already been discussed in the literature but evidence that precisely or systematically estimates such effects remains scarce. The most innovative contribution of this study is to do that. Our findings imply that the idea of a single uniform gender pay gap is perhaps less useful than an understanding of how gender wages are shaped by multiple different forces." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mikkel, Barslund & Schomaker Lea (2019): Grandparental childcare and parent's labour supply. Evidence from Europe. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 68, H. 4, S. 371-391. DOI:10.3790/sfo.68.4.371

Abstract

"Wir untersuchen die Auswirkungen der Kinderbetreuung von Großeltern auf das Arbeitskräfteangebot der Eltern in zwölf europäischen Ländern die in SHARE vertreten sind im Zeitraum 2004 - 2015. Ein instrumentalvariabler Ansatz wird verwendet, um mit der Endogenität umzugehen. Der Zugang zu Großeltern, die sich um kleine Kinder kümmern, erhöht die Bereitschaft von Müttern zur Arbeit um 13 Prozentpunkte. Für Väter lassen sich keine Effekte feststellen. Das Ausmaß der Auswirkungen von großelterlicher Kinderbetreuung unterscheidet sich von Land zu Land, ist jedoch für die meisten untersuchten Länder von Bedeutung. Der Effekt ist für Kinder im Vorschulalter am größten, wird jedoch bei Frauen mit Kindern in der Altersgruppe von 8 bis 10 Jahren immer noch auf 8 Prozentpunkte geschätzt. Es gibt Hinweise darauf, dass Mütter mit niedrigem Bildungsstand größere Auswirkungen haben, allerdings ist der Unterschied gering. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die anhaltende Politik zur Verlängerung des Erwerbslebens von Arbeitnehmern in der Altersgruppe von 55 bis 64 Jahren die Bindung von Müttern am Arbeitsmarkt beeinträchtigen könnte, indem die zur Verfügung stehende Zeit für großelterliche Kinderbetreuung begrenzt wird. Eine erhöhte Verfügbarkeit von Kindergarten- und Kindergarteneinrichtungen kann die Auswirkungen auf das Arbeitskräfteangebot von Müttern zwar vermindern, aber nicht vollständig auflösen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Mumford, Karen, Antonia Parera-Nicolau & Yolanda Pena-Boquete (2019): Labour supply and childcare: Allowing both parents to choose. (IZA discussion paper 12500), Bonn, 33 S.

Abstract

"We develop and estimate a structural model of labour supply for two parent families in Australia, taking explicit account of the importance of childcare related variables. Our main contribution is to consider the labour supply decisions of both parents and their choice of childcare simultaneously. Labour supply decisions of mothers are found to be substantially more responsive to changes in their own wage (at intensive and extensive margins) than is the case for fathers, with minimal cross-wage labour supply responses from fathers. Our results imply that policies increasing the wage of mothers will be associated with marked increases in labour market participation and in the working hours of mothers in the Australian labour market, with little offsetting decline in the labour supply of fathers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sajons, Christoph (2019): Birthright citizenship and parental labor market integration. In: Labour economics, Jg. 57, H. April, S. 1-22. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.01.001

Abstract

"The introduction of the birthplace principle in the reform of the German citizenship law of 1999 significantly changed the legal environment for new-born children of long-term immigrants. In this study, I examine whether migrant parents adjust their labor market behavior in reaction to this improvement in their family's status and perspectives. I implement a type of difference-in-discontinuities approach to identify possible changes in employment and working hours after the enactment of the reform. In particular, I compare the differences in labor market outcomes between the parents of migrant children born shortly before and after the enactment date with those of children of mixed couples (migrants and Germans) who were unaffected by the reform. The results suggest that birthright citizenship for the child does not affect the labor market behavior of the fathers, but causes some mothers to stay at home and take care of their children during the first years." (Author's abstract, ↓ 2019 Elsevier) ((en))

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Sattari, Negin & Rebecca L. Sandefur (2019): Gender in academic STEM: A focus on men faculty. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 26, H. 2, S. 158-179. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12249

Abstract

"In this study, we explore how men faculty understand the role of gender in shaping faculty experiences in academic science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) and how they position themselves in relation to inequalities disfavouring women. Our data reveal diversity among men in their understandings regarding challenges facing women in STEM. The majority of our participants revealed gender-blind perspectives and argued that the egalitarian structure of academia does not allow gender to impact attainments in STEM in any significant way. However, a considerable number of them felt privileged compared to women and described subtle ways in which gender shapes opportunities. Our findings show the important implications of men's sensitivity to gender in the ways they perform their professional roles as, for example, mentors, colleagues and teachers in relation to women in STEM. They further call for attention to men's perceptions of gender issues when designing institutional interventions for improving women's conditions in STEM." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Scheld, Jessica (2019): Education decisions and labour market outcomes. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 51, H. 9, S. 911-940. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2018.1512741

Abstract

"The financial return to a college degree is an increasing concern amid rising tuition costs and stagnant wages. Using the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS:2002), I analyse the effect of post-secondary choices on wages for individuals entering the labour force between 2004 and 2012. Matching methods provide evidence of strong returns to earning a bachelor's degree for both genders, similar to previous literature. Relative to high school graduates, women see wage benefits of 8-21% for some college attendance. However, men see negative effects of between 6-13% from some college relative to high school graduates. The returns to a sub-baccalaureate degree as compared to earning some two-year credits is between 8-25% for women and 8-14% for men. Further, the wage returns to a sub-baccalaureate degree as compared to earning some four-year credits is between 9-17% for women and 9-20% for men. This translates into an additional $2,500-$4,700 per year for women and an additional $2,900-$6,400 per year for men. Since the average respondent with some four-year college experience has 2.3 years of earned post-secondary credits, shifting some into sub-baccalaureate programs may substantially decrease both the financial and time commitments of post-secondary education while increasing the returns after degree attainment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schneider, Norbert F., Harun Sulak & Ralina Panova (2019): Was kommt nach der Rushhour? Lebenslagen und Lebensverläufe von Frauen und Männern in der Lebensmitte. Berlin, 95 S.

Abstract

"Der Schwerpunkt der Familienpolitik in Deutschland liegt seit einigen Jahren auf jungen Familien mit kleinen Kindern. Die daran anschließende Lebensphase in der Lebensmitte ist bisher wissenschaftlich nur wenig erforscht und daher kaum im Blickfeld der Politik. Die Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung möchte mit Hilfe der Forschung des Bundesinstituts für Bevölkerungsforschung diese Lebensphase näher beleuchten und Konsequenzen für politisches Handeln aufzeigen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Sent, Esther-Mirjam & Irene van Staveren (2019): A feminist review of behavioral economic research on gender differences. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 25, H. 2, S. 1-35. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2018.1532595

Abstract

"This study provides a critical review of the behavioral economics literature on gender differences using key feminist concepts, including roles, stereotypes, identities, beliefs, context factors, and the interaction of men's and women's behaviors in mixed-gender settings. It assesses both statistical significance and economic significance of the reported behavioral differences. The analysis focuses on agentic behavioral attitudes (risk appetite and overconfidence; often stereotyped as masculine) and communal behavioral attitudes (altruism and trust; commonly stereotyped as feminine). The study shows that the empirical results of size effects are mixed and that in addition to gender differences, large intra-gender differences (differences among men and differences among women) exist. The paper finds that few studies report statistically significant as well as sizeable differences - often, but not always, with gender differences in the expected direction. Many studies have not sufficiently taken account of various social, cultural, and ideological drivers behind gender differences in behavior." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Stojmenovska, Dragana (2019): Management gender composition and the gender pay gap: Evidence from British panel data. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 26, H. 5, S. 738-764. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12264

Abstract

"Women continue to earn less than their male counterparts globally. Scholars and feminist activists have suggested a partial explanation for this gender gap in earnings could be women's limited access to power structures at the workplace. Using the linked employer - employee data of the Workplace Employment Relations Study 2004 - 2011, this article asks what happens to the gender gap in earnings among non-managerial employees when the share of women in management at the workplace increases. The findings, based on workplace-fixed time-fixed effects regression models, suggest that workplace-level increases in the share of women in management are associated with decreases of the non-managerial gender gap in earnings. This effect appears to be largely unrelated to changes in equality and diversity policies, family-friendly arrangements and support for carers at the workplace." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Tamm, Marcus (2019): Fathers' parental leave-taking, childcare involvement and mothers' labor market participation. In: Labour economics, Jg. 59, H. August, S. 184-197. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.04.007

Abstract

"This study analyzes the effect of fathers' parental leave-taking on the time fathers spend with their children and with household duties and on fathers' labor supply. Fathers' leave-taking is highly selective and the identification of causal effects relies on within-father differences in leave-taking for first and higher order children that were triggered by a policy reform promoting more gender equality in leave-taking. Results show that even short periods of fathers' parental leave may have long-lasting effects on fathers' involvement in childcare and housework. Effects on labor supply do not persist over time." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))

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Wang, Jing & Morley Gunderson (2019): Can pay gaps between gay men and lesbians shed light on male-female pay gaps? In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 178-189. DOI:10.1108/IJM-11-2017-0298

Abstract

"Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to estimate the relative importance of gender discrimination and differences in household responsibilities as determinants of the male - female pay gap.
Design/methodology/approach
It parses out the relative importance of those two factors by using the pay between gay men vs lesbian women as a comparison group that should reflect only gender discrimination. Subtracting the pay gap between gay men and lesbians (reflecting only gender discrimination) from the male - female pay gap for their heterosexual counterparts (reflecting both gender discrimination and household responsibilities) provides evidence of the relative importance of gender discrimination and household responsibilities in explaining the male - female pay gap.
Findings
The results show that essentially all of the male - female pay gap is attributed to differences in household responsibilities.
Originality/value
This paper advances the literature of gender wage gap by using a novel comparison group - gay men vs lesbian women - to estimate the relative importance of gender discrimination and differences in household responsibilities as determinants of the male - female pay gap." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Welteke, Clara & Katharina Wrohlich (2019): Peer effects in parental leave decisions. In: Labour economics, Jg. 57, H. April, S. 146-163. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.02.008

Abstract

"We analyze whether mothers' parental leave decisions depend on their coworkers' decisions. The identification of peer effects bears various challenges due to correlated characteristics within social groups. We therefore exploit quasi-random variation in the costs of parental leave induced by a policy reform in Germany. The reform encourages mothers to remain at home during the first year following childbirth. Administrative linked employer- employee data enable us to assign a peer group to individuals who work in the same establishment and occupation. Our results suggest that parental leave decisions are significantly influenced by coworkers' decisions." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))

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Wyrwich, Michael (2019): Historical and current spatial differences in female labour force participation. Evidence from Germany. In: Papers in regional science, Jg. 98, H. 1, S. 211-239. DOI:10.1111/pirs.12355

Abstract

"Female labour force participation (FLFP) increased significantly in the 20th century. Nevertheless, there are persisting spatial differences in FLFP. Using data from Germany, this paper demonstrates that regional differences in the degree of industrialization in the 1920s explain spatial variation in FLFP at that time and almost 100 years later. The latter finding is not explained by persisting industry structures. Additionally, there is evidence that regions with historically high FLFP have a higher social acceptance of working women. Together these results suggest that policies to increase FLFP should account for the historical context of each region" (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

(2019): Report on equality between women and men in the EU 2019. (Report on equality between women and men), Brüssel, 76 S. DOI:10.2838/776419

Abstract

"On the occasion of this year's International Women's Day, the Commission has published its 2019 report on equality between women and men in the EU.
The report shows some progress in gender equality, but women still continue to face inequalities in many areas:
- The EU employment rate for women reached an all-time high of 66.4 % in 2017, but the situation differs across Member States. Last year, eight Member States received recommendations under the European Semester framework to improve female participation in the labour market (Austria, Czechia, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Italy, Poland, and Slovakia).
- Women are more at risk of poverty, with salaries on average 16% lower than for men. This translates in the pension gap, which stood at 35.7 % in 2017. In some countries, more than 10 % of older women cannot afford necessary health care.
- Women remain largely under-represented in Parliaments and government. Only 6 of the 28 national parliaments across the EU are led by a woman and seven out of ten members of national parliaments in the EU are men. While the current level of 30.5 % female senior Ministers is the highest since data were first available for all EU Member States in 2004, there is still evidence suggesting that women tend to be allocated portfolios considered to have lower political priority.
- The glass-ceiling remains a reality in the business world with only 6.3 % of CEO positions in major publicly listed companies in the EU held by women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))