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Spiritus, Kevin, Étienne Lehmann, Sander Renes & Floris Zoutman (2022): Optimal Taxation with Multiple Incomes and Types. (CESifo working paper 9534), München, 53 S.

Abstract

"We analyze the optimal nonlinear income tax schedule when taxpayers earn multiple incomes and differ along many unobserved dimensions. We derive the necessary conditions for the government’s optimum using both a tax perturbation and a mechanism design approach, and show that both methods produce the same results. Our main contribution is to propose a numerical method to find the optimal tax schedule. Applied to the optimal taxation of couples, we find that optimal isotax curves are very close to linear and parallel. The slope of isotax curves is strongly affected by the relative tax-elasticity of male and female income. We make several additional contributions, including a test for Pareto efficiency and a condition on primitives that ensures the government’s necessary conditions are sufficient and the solution to the problem is unique." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tübbicke, Stefan & Marco Caliendo (2022): Der Gründungszuschuss wirkt - auch für Ältere und in Regionen mit hoher Arbeitslosigkeit (Serie "Evaluation von Instrumenten der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik"). In: IAB-Forum H. 16.05.2022 Nürnberg, 2022-05-11. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20220516.01

Abstract

"Mit dem Gründungszuschuss werden Gründungen aus Arbeitslosigkeit über einen Zeitraum von bis zu 15 Monaten gefördert. Bisherige Studien belegen, dass eine so geförderte Gründung Beschäftigungschancen, Jobzufriedenheit und Erwerbseinkommen der Geförderten im Schnitt deutlich erhöht. Aktuellen Analysen zufolge sind diese Effekte auch langfristig zu erwarten. Allerdings profitieren nicht alle Gruppen in gleichem Maße." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Wapler, Rüdiger, Katja Wolf & Joachim Wolff (2022): Do Active Labor Market Policies for Welfare Recipients in Germany Raise their Regional Outflow into Work? In: Journal of Policy Modeling, Jg. 44, H. 3, S. 550-563., 2022-05-30. DOI:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2022.05.006

Abstract

"While many studies estimate the effects of active labor market programs (ALMPs) on the participants’ labor market outcomes, far fewer studies are concerned with the effects of these policies on the regional job-matching process. We analyze which ALMPs are particularly effective at the regional level, as well as the role local labor market conditions play for their effectiveness. We find positive effects for a number of ALMPs, but for some of these the effects differ considerably between regions with high and low unemployment. This has important policy implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Elsevier) ((en))

Abstract

"Learning opportunities that allow adults to up- and re-skill are vital components for economic growth and social equality. The Council Recommendation of 19 December 2016 on Upskilling Pathways (2016/C 484/01) aims to ensure that everyone in society has a comprehensive set of basic skills, knowledge, and competences to achieve their full potential, play an active part in society and progress on the labour market. The Recommendation sets out a three-step approach to offering low-skilled adults access to upskilling pathways, through a skills assessment, a tailored and flexible learning offer, and validation and recognition of skills and competences. This approach is underpinned by outreach, guidance and support measures for learners, as well as coordination between relevant actors in education, training, employment, and social policy. This study contributes to the evaluation staff working document of the European Commission. It outlines the change that has occurred between 2016 and 2021 with regards to upskilling pathways in Member States in response to the Recommendation. It then proceeds to assess the extent to which this response has been effective, efficient, relevant, in coherence with other EU and national policies and programmes and has delivered EU added value. On the basis of these findings, it draws key lessons learned." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2022): Suchstrategien & Informationsverhalten zum Thema Beruf, Bildung und Arbeitsmarkt - Befragung der Gesamtbevölkerung ab 15 Jahren. Eine Studie von IPSOS im Auftrag des AMS 2022. (AMS-Arbeitsmarktstrukturbericht), Wien, 90 S.

Abstract

"Dieses Projekt dient der Unterstützung des AMS Kernprozesses 3: Laufende Aktualisierung und Adaptierung von Online Informationsprodukten, sowie Aufbau eines gut funktionierenden Service für verschiedene KundInnengruppen, Optimierung der bestehenden Produkte, Verbesserung und Ausbau neuer Angebote." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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(2022): Teilhabechancengesetz – Eingliederung von Langzeitarbeitslosen (§ 16e des Zweiten Buches Sozialgesetzbuch) und Teilhabe am Arbeitsmarkt (§ 16i des Zweiten Buches Sozialgesetzbuch). Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion der AfD (Drucksache 20/3043). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 20/3302 (05.09.2022)), 34 S.

Abstract

Mit dem Teilhabechancengesetz wurden zum Jahresbeginn 2019 die Instrumente 'Eingliederung von Langzeitarbeitslosen' sowie 'Teilhabe am Arbeitsmarkt' eingeführt. Beide Instrumente richten sich gleichermaßen an langzeitarbeitslose Leistungsberechtigte, die auch bei guter Arbeitsmarktlage nur geringe Aussichten auf eine ungeförderte Beschäftigung und damit auf ein Leben jenseits staatlicher Transferzahlungen habe. Erklärtes Ziel der Bundesregierung ist es, durch staatliche Lohnsubventionierungen bis zu 150.000 Langzeitarbeitslose in sozialversicherungspflichtige Jobs zu bringen. Gegenstand der Kleinen Anfrage der AfD-Fraktion ist der bisherige Stand der Umsetzung des Teilhabechancengesetzes. In ihrer Antwort gibt die Bundesregierung einen Überblick über die Eintritte von Teilnehmenden in ausgewählte Maßnahmen der Arbeitsmarktpolitik für die Jahre 2019 bis 2022, differenziert nach Arbeitslosigkeitsdauer, demografischen Merkmalen und Wirtschaftszweigen. Weiterhin geht es um den Verbleib von Teilnehmenden nach Maßnahmenende. (IAB)

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(2022): Employment and Social Developments in Europe - Quarterly Review October 2022. (Employment and social developments in Europe : quarterly review), Luxembourg, 23 S.

Abstract

"The October 2022 edition of the Employment and Social Developments Quarterly Review presents and discusses data that was mostly collected in the first half of 2022 and made available in the weeks ahead of publication of this review. The Russian unprovoked invasion of Ukraine that started on 24 February 2022 has caused immense human suffering, significantly disrupted global supply chains, and led to a dramatic rise of energy prices and an increase in inflation. This has caused an increase in the uncertainty for economic operators, worsening their expectations for future economic growth and employment. The thematic section of this review analyses the impact of rising prices on households in the EU." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"The European Union Programme for Employment and Social Innovation (EaSI) provides financial support to promote a high level of quality and sustainable employment, guarantee adequate and decent social protection, combat social exclusion and poverty, and improve working conditions across the EU. With a view to the regular monitoring of the programme, the EaSI Regulation foresees that ‘the Commission shall draw up an initial qualitative and quantitative monitoring reports covering consecutive two-year periods. This is the fourth EaSI Performance Monitoring Report presenting the results achieved by the programme in 2019-2020. It focuses on the products (outputs) delivered by the programme and the benefits they brought in 2019-2020. Over the period 2019 and 2020, the Commission committed more than EUR 255 million towards implementation of the programme’s activities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Arai, Mahmood, Marie Gartell, Magnus Rödin & Gülay Özcan (2021): Ethnic Stereotypes and Entry into Labor Market Programs. In: ILR review, Jg. 74, H. 2, S. 293-320. DOI:10.1177/0019793919899937

Abstract

"The authors examine the impact of ethnic bias based on public employment officers' decisions when choosing whom to recommend for participation in a labor market program. On the basis of an experiment that uses job seekers' own portrait photographs, their recorded voices, and their real names, findings show that when recommending job seekers for labor market programs, female caseworkers are not affected by job seekers' appearance, but male caseworkers favor job seekers who are perceived to have a stereotypical Swedish appearance. Moreover, the authors find that, as intended by the guidelines of the Swedish Public Employment Service, both male and female caseworkers favor job seekers perceived, based on the job seekers' recorded voice, to have a foreign background. The authors' conclusions suggest that when no explicit guidelines are provided for addressing the impact of ethnic stereotypes on selection for training programs, a risk of bias based on ethnic stereotypes of physical appearance exists." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bagnoli, Lisa, Antonio Estache & Maleke Fourati (2021): Mentoring as a Pathway to Labour Market Integration. Evidence from a Belgian Programme. (ECARES working paper 2021-11), Brüssel, 23 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we provide evidence on mentoring as a way to ease the labour market integration of youth with a migration background. To do so, we designed a survey and collected information from mentees of a Belgian mentoring programme (DUO for a JOB). Our results show that the mentoring programme covers different topics. Some topics, such as gaining self-confidence, serve nearly all mentees, while the preference for other topics depends on specific mentee characteristics. Overall, every youth with a migration background can benefit from the mentoring programme, irrespective of their education or migration background." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Benghalem, Helène, Pierre Cahuc & Pierre Villedieu (2021): The Lock-in Effects of Part-Time Unemployment Benefits. (IZA discussion paper 14189), Bonn, 76 S.

Abstract

"We ran a large randomized controlled experiment among about 150,000 recipients of unemployment benefits insurance in France in order to evaluate the impact of part-time unemployment benefits. We took advantage of the lack of knowledge of job seekers regarding this program and sent emails presenting the program. The information provision had a significant positive impact on the propensity to work while on claim, but reduced the unemployment exit rate, showing important lock-in effects into unemployment associated with part-time unemployment benefits. The importance of these lock-in effects implies that decreasing the marginal tax rate on earnings from work while on claim in the neighborhood of its current level does not increase labor supply and increases the expenditure net of taxes of the unemployment insurance agency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brändle, Tobias & Lukas Fervers (2021): Give it another try. What are the effects of a public employment scheme especially designed for hard-to-place workers? In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 42, H. 3/4, S. 382-417. DOI:10.1007/s12122-021-09322-x

Abstract

"Previous evaluations of job creation schemes (JCS) reveal mostly negative employment effects, mainly due to inherent lock-in effects. In this paper, we assess the impact of an innovative JCS that employs a pre-selection mechanism to target programme participation on unemployed job seekers with very low integration chances, hereby reducing possible lock-in effects. Relying on high-quality administrative as well as survey data, we conduct regression-adjusted matching analyses to estimate the programme effect on integration into regular employment. Our results show that the programme did not succeed to foster labour market integration, but still entails remarkably negative employment effects in the first years after participation. We argue that this results from a principal-agent problem at the last step of the selection mechanism that may have led to cream-skimming rather than targeting on very hard to place workers. However, supplementary analyses reveal that negative effects can be avoided for subgroups with very poor employment chances in case of non-participation. These results are robust to the use of different matching estimators and definitions of non-participation. The inclusion of usually unobservable survey variables as well as placebo tests based on past employment outcomes refute concerns about endogenous selection. From a policy-perspective, these findings imply that targeting JCS on workers with very low integration chances is a key factor to avoid negative employment effects found in previous evaluations. At the methodological level, our analyses add to recent literature that assesses the credibility of non-experimental evaluations based on high-quality administrative data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Fortuna, Natércia & António Neto (2021): The impact of labour market institutions on income inequality: evidence from OECD countries. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 28, H. 13, S. 1110-1113. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2020.1803474

Abstract

"Using data from 35 OECD countries for the 1993–2017 period, this paper shows that stronger Labour Market Institutions (LMI), such as trade unions and bargaining coverage, contribute to a decrease in income inequality measured by the Gini coefficient. Additionally, there seems to be a positive interaction effect between unions and bargaining coverage. The marginal impact of trade unions (bargaining coverage) is enhanced by the presence of high levels of bargaining coverage (trade unions). Notwithstanding, this impact seems to be higher for bargaining coverage. On average, an increase in unions’ density (bargaining coverage) by 1% leads to an estimated decrease in inequality by 0.30% (0.35%), ceteris paribus." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fredriksson, Daniel (2021): Reducing unemployment? Examining the interplay between active labour market policies. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 55, H. 1, S. 1-17. DOI:10.1111/spol.12606

Abstract

"Active labour market policies (ALMP) are important tools that welfare states utilize to influence the labour market. This study analyses the macroeconomic effects of different types of ALMP spending on aggregate unemployment rates, and especially if there is evidence of interdependencies between policies. The types of policies scrutinized are public employment services (PES), training programs, public job creation and subsidized employment, where the PES is singled out as a crucial factor that moderates the effects of other types of labour market programs. The study examines 19 welfare states between 1985 and 2013, using error correction modelling to separate between short- and long-term effects. The results indicate that PES, training and subsidized employment reduce unemployment in the short-run, whereas PES and wage subsidies are associated with reduced unemployment when considering long-term effects. However, PES is found to have indirect effects on other policy types and increased spending on PES is shown to reinforce long-term effects of training programs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Geis-Thöne, Wido (2021): Stand und Entwicklungen bei den familienpolitischen Zielen im europäischen Vergleich. Eine Betrachtung verschiedener Indikatoren und Diskussion von Handlungsansätzen. (IW-Report / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2021,39), Köln, 39 S.

Abstract

"Legt man die vier Zielbereiche zugrunde, die in der groß angelegten Gesamtevaluation der ehe- und familienpolitischen der Leistungen in Deutschland in den 2000er Jahren identifiziert wurden, ergibt sich zum Stand Deutschlands im europäischen Vergleich ein gemischtes Bild." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Gjersøe, Heidi Moen (2021): Frontline provision of integrated welfare and employment services: Organising for activation competency. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 280-290. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12464

Abstract

"Using the Norwegian case of an integrated welfare and employment service organisation, this study examined how organisational factors of this far-reaching, street-level agency have affected frontline workers’ opportunities to provide individualised services to users with complex needs. The article reports on two different policy and organisational settings: frontline workers as ‘generalists’ in a ‘national employment policy context’, and frontline workers as ‘specialists’ in a policy context that emphasises ‘empowering the local level’. Findings suggest that the generalists in the study did not experience an opportunity to utilise the flexibility available to them in selecting suitable measures, nor did they develop user-specific knowledge. The article argues that caseworker specialisation can create more room for discretion and professional knowledge about users and which measures should be applied, thereby improving the opportunity to tailor services in a ‘one size fits all’ organisational context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Goller, Daniel, Tamara Harrer, Michael Lechner & Joachim Wolff (2021): Active Labour Market Policies for the Long-Term Unemployed: New Evidence from Causal Machine Learning. (Discussion paper / Universität St. Gallen, Volkswirtschaftliches Departement 2021-08), St. Gallen, 85 S.

Abstract

"We investigate the effectiveness of three different job-search and training programmes for German long-term unemployed persons. On the basis of an extensive administrative data set, we evaluated the effects of those programmes on various levels of aggregation using Causal Machine Learning. We found participants to benefit from the investigated programmes with placement services to be most effective. Effects are realised quickly and are long-lasting for any programme. While the effects are rather homogenous for men, we found differential effects for women in various characteristics. Women benefit in particular when local labour market conditions improve. Regarding the allocation mechanism of the unemployed to the different programmes, we found the observed allocation to be as effective as a random allocation. Therefore, we propose data-driven rules for the allocation of the unemployed to the respective labour market programmes that would improve the status-quo." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Guillemette, Yvan & David Turner (2021): The long game: Fiscal outlooks to 2060 underline need for structural reform. (OECD economic policy papers 29), Paris, 44 S. DOI:10.1787/a112307e-en

Abstract

"This paper updates the long-term scenarios to 2060 last published in July 2018, with a special focus on fiscal sustainability and risks. In a baseline economic and fiscal scenario, trend real GDP growth for the OECD + G20 area declines from around 3% post-COVID to 1½ per cent in 2060, mainly due to a deceleration of large emerging-market economies. Meanwhile, secular trends such as population ageing and the rising relative price of services will keep adding pressure on government budgets. Without policy changes, maintaining current public service standards and benefits while keeping public debt ratios stable at current levels would increase fiscal pressure in the median OECD country by nearly 8 percentage points of GDP between 2021 and 2060, and much more in some countries. Policy scenarios show that reforms to labour market and retirement policies could help boost living standards and alleviate future fiscal pressures. An ambitious reform package combining labour market reforms to raise employment rates with reforms to eliminate early retirement pathways and keep effective retirement ages rising by two thirds of future gains in life expectancy could halve the projected increase in fiscal pressure in the median country, even after taking into account future spending pressures associated with ageing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Heikki, Palviainen (2021): Incentivizing last-resort social assistance clients. Evidence from a Finnish policy experiment. (Tampere economic working papers 2132), Tampere, 28 S.

Abstract

"In 2002, the Finnish government introduced an earnings disregard experiment aimed at improving the incentives of low-income individuals who receive last-resort social as- sistance. The aim of the experiment was to reduce unemployment by providing social assistance clients better incentives to receive at least temporary or part-time work. This paper evaluates the employment effects of the experiment using a quasi-experimental design. The experiment allowed for some social assistance client groups to earn a small temporary income to supplement their disposable income. There are small positive ef- fects on earnings for women and single-person households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hohner, Astrid, Raphael Kaufmann, Sidonie Ulreich & Tabea Wich (2021): The “Solidaritätsprämie” as a missed opportunity? Reasons and remedies for low participation in an Austrian working time reduction policy. In: Momentum Quarterly, Jg. 10, H. 4, S. 188-207. DOI:10.15203/momentumquarterly.vol10.no4.p188-207

Abstract

"In diesem Beitrag wird die österreichische Solidaritätsprämie untersucht, die Arbeitszeitverkürzung (AZV) mit aktiver Arbeitsmarktpolitik (AAMP) kombiniert. Trotz ihrer vielfältigen Vorteile sind die Teilnahmezahlen an der Solidaritätsprämie relativ gering. Wir analysieren Gründe für die mangelnde Teilnahme und skizzieren mögliche Reformvorschläge. Aufbauend auf einer umfassenden Literaturrecherche werden Hypothesen entwickelt und fünf Expert:inneninterviews geführt. Mithilfe der Framework-Analyse strukturieren wir die Daten und untersuchen die Hypothesen. Wir stellen fest, dass die Teilnahme an der Solidaritätsprämie durch vier Faktoren eingeschränkt wird: (i) das Fehlen direkter finanzieller Vorteile für die Arbeitgeber:innen, (ii) firmenspezifische Merkmale, (iii) die Vorbehalte der Arbeitnehmer:innen gegenüber AZV und (iv) mangelnde Information und Bewerbung. Wir schlagen daher folgende Maßnahmen vor: (i) finanzielle Anreize für Arbeitgeber:innen, (ii) Anpassungen der Teilnahmekriterien und (iii) Informations- und Werbekampagnen. Aufgrund des dualen Charakters der Solidaritätsprämie tragen unsere Ergebnisse zu einem besseren Verständnis der Umsetzung von AAMP und AZV bei." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Jung, Euiyoung (2021): On the design of labor market programs as stabilization policies. (PSE working paper / Paris School of Economics 2021-36), Paris, 81 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the optimal cyclical behavior of labor market policies in an economy with asset and labor market frictions. The policies of interest include unemployment insurance (UI) and employment protection (EP). In addition to their supply-side effects, labor market policies affect the aggregate demand via earning risk and redistribution channels. Under bilateral wage bargaining, I find that procyclical UI and countercyclical EP deliver superior welfare outcomes through stabilization via both supply and demand channels." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kupka, Peter & Monika Senghaas (2021): Zur Einrichtung von unabhängigen Ombudsstellen für Erwerbslose im SGB-II-Bezug. Stellungnahme des IAB zum Antrag der Fraktion DIE LINKE in der Hamburger Bürgerschaft bei der Anhörung im Ausschusses für Soziales, Arbeit und Integration am 10.8.2021. (IAB-Stellungnahme 07/2021), Nürnberg, 12 S.

Abstract

"Das IAB wurde gebeten, zu dem Antrag der Fraktion DIE LINKE in der Hamburger Bürgerschaft „In Zeiten der Pandemie endlich die dringend benötigten unabhängigen Ombudsstellen für Erwerbslose im SGB-II-Bezug einrichten“ im Rahmen der Anhörung des Ausschusses für Soziales, Arbeit und Integration am 10.8.2021 Stellung zu nehmen. Da hierzu keine Studien des IAB vorliegen, beschränkt sich die Stellungnahme auf Erkenntnisse zu bestimmten Aspekten des Kontakts von Personen im Bezug von Grundsicherungsleistungen mit den Jobcentern. Erläutert werden folgende Aspekte: Erfahrungen von Leistungsberechtigten mit ihren Jobcentern anhand der Panelbefragung „Arbeitsmarkt und Soziale Sicherung“ (PASS), Forschungsergebnisse zur Qualität der Beratung am Beispiel der Eingliederungsvereinbarung, Erfahrungen vulnerabler Leistungsberechtigter am Beispiel psychisch kranker Menschen im SGB II und Erfahrungen mit einer Ombudsstelle für ein Berliner Jobcenter. Abschließend wird geschlussfolgert, dass Ombudsstellen ein gewisses Potenzial für bestimmte Probleme und für bestimmte Leistungsberechtigte haben können. Aufgrund anderer Defizite in der Beratung und Betreuung - insbesondere hinsichtlich besonders vulnerabler Gruppen - bedürfe es jedoch neuer Konzepte des „Empowerment“ in den Jobcentern selbst." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Mato-Díaz, Fco Javier & María Miyar-Busto (2021): Exit from open-ended social benefits into employment: Access to work, active labour market policies and work intensity. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 55, H. 7, S. 1293-1309. DOI:10.1111/spol.12726

Abstract

"An analysis is made of the sensitivity of minimum income schemes to the effects of labour market participation and active labour market services. Data comes from the only regional scheme in Spain that has an open-ended duration and has existed for a period long enough to be analysed. This scheme shows the closest resemblance with the first national minimum income programme, introduced by the Spanish government in 2020 (Ingreso Mínimo Vital). Survival analysis results show that people who access full-time work contracts have a higher probability of exiting into employment than those who do not, although the majority of people who sign at least one contract remain in the scheme, nevertheless. A defining element for exiting the scheme is work intensity. Thus, despite the fact that the scheme is compatible with some jobs, results suggest that increasing the compatibility between work and benefit would be a crucial factor in facilitating exit from the scheme. In addition, analyses of the elements defining the probability of signing a work contract while on the benefit show that active labour market policies heighten said probability, but do not subsequently influence exit from the scheme." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Pautz, Hartwig, Sally A. Wright & Chik Collins (2021): Decent Work in Scotland, an Agenda-Setting Analysis. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 40-58. DOI:10.1017/S0047279419000916

Abstract

"This article uses John Kingdon's multiple streams framework as an analytical tool to consider how the policy issue of 'job quality', in the guises of 'decent work' and 'fair work', developed a 'career' in Scotland between 2013 and 2017. The aim is to understand why, despite the efforts of a variety of policy entrepreneurs and the openness of the Scottish Government to this policy problem, job quality did not arrive on the Scottish Government's decision agenda. The article finds that the crucial 'policy window' did not open due to the 2016 'Brexit' decision dramatically changing the political landscape. The article demonstrates the applicability of Kingdon's framework for agenda-setting analysis in a parliamentary environment and constitutes a rare application of the framework to a 'live' policy issue. The authors were involved in a research and advocacy project on 'decent work' that was undertaken in Scotland during 2015 and 2016 and therefore were amongst the policy entrepreneurs seeking to place job quality on the Scottish Government's agenda." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Theurl, Simon & Dennis Tamesberger (2021): Does a job guarantee pay off? The fiscal costs of fighting long-term unemployment in Austria*. In: European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies, Jg. 18, H. 3, S. 364-378. DOI:10.4337/ejeep.2021.0077

Abstract

"The idea of a job guarantee (JG) to tackle unemployment has become popular again over recent years. Critics often point to the fiscal costs and the macroeconomic impact of a government financing full employment. In this paper, we analyse the fiscal costs of a JG for long-term unemployed people over the age of 45 in Austria. We show that a JG pays off in the long run. Even if the amount of jobs to be provided increases in times of a recession, or if a government starts with a certain amount of jobs and increases it afterwards, the JG would pay for itself." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Thomsen, Johannes Ulrich (2021): Effekte arbeitsmarktpolitischer Reformen. Beschäftigung in Deutschland 1987 und 2007. (IAB-Bibliothek 373), Bielefeld: wbv, 374 S. DOI:10.3278/301044w

Abstract

"Soziale Ungleichheit ist ein zentrales Thema im gesellschaftlichen Diskurs. Sie wird zu einem großen Teil über die Erwerbstätigkeit und Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt (re-)produziert – daher kommt dem Strukturwandel des Arbeitsmarktes und den Reformen der sozialen Sicherungssysteme eine große Relevanz zu. Angesichts der Digitalisierung mit ihren künftigen Auswirkungen auf den Arbeitsmarkt spielen Analysen der bisherigen Wandlungsprozesse und Sozialreformeffekte eine wichtige Rolle als essentielle Wissensbasis für die Untersuchung und das Verständnis der anstehenden Veränderungsprozesse. Die Studie untersucht die Effekte der deutschen Arbeitsmarktreformen der vergangenen dreißig Jahre. Konnten die Reformen ein breiteres Angebot an Beschäftigungsoptionen schaffen oder hatten sie einen erkennbaren Preis wie schlechtere Beschäftigungsbedingungen? Die Analyse zeigt, inwiefern verschiedene Personengruppen oder Wirtschaftszweige betroffen sind und die Auswirkungen der Flexibilisierung in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß tragen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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d'Andria, Diego, Jason DeBacker, Richard W. Evans, Jonathan Pycroft & Magdalena Zachlod-Jelec (2021): Taxing income or consumption: macroeconomic and distributional effects for Italy. (JRC working papers on taxation and structural reforms 2021-13), Sevilla, 55 S.

Abstract

"We study a set of tax reforms introducing a budget-neutral tax shift in Italy, from labour income to consumption taxes. To this end we use a microsimulation model to provide the output with which to estimate the parameters of tax functions in an overlapping-generations computable general equilibrium model. In doing so we make marginal and average tax rates bivariate non-linear functions of capital income and labour income. The methodology allows for the representation of the non-linearities of the tax and social benefit system and interactions between capital and labour incomes. The linked macro model then simulates labour supply, consumption and savings in a dynamic setting, thus accounting for behavioural and general equilibrium effects within a life-cycle optimization framework. Our simulations show that a tax shift made by cutting personal income tax rates might bring significant efficiency gains in Italy, with limited regressive effects, notwithstanding the revenue-compensating increase in consumptions taxes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2021): Joint Employment Report 2021. As adopted by the Council on 9 March 2021. (Joint employment report), Brüssel, 141 S.

Abstract

"The Joint Employment Report by the European Commission and the Council is mandated by Article 148 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The European Commission’s proposal for this report is part of the Autumn package. The Joint Employment Report provides an annual overview of key employment and social developments in the European Union as well as Member States’ reform actions, in line with the Guidelines for the Employment Policies of the Member States. The report follows the structure of the Guidelines: boosting the demand for labor (Guideline 5), enhancing labor supply and improving access to employment, skills and competences (Guideline 6), enhancing the functioning of labor markets and the effectiveness of social dialogue (Guideline 7), and promoting equal opportunities for all, fostering social inclusion and fighting poverty (Guideline 8). In addition, the Joint Employment Report monitors Member States’ performance in relation to the Social Scoreboard set up in the context of the European Pillar of Social Rights. The Pillar was proclaimed jointly by the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission on 17 November 2017. It identifies principles and rights in three areas: i) equal opportunities and access to the labor market, ii) fair working conditions, and iii) social protection and inclusion. Monitoring of progress in these areas is underpinned by a detailed analysis of the Social Scoreboard accompanying the Pillar. The Joint Employment Report is structured as follows: an introductory chapter (Chapter 1) reports on main labor market and social trends in the European Union, to set the scene. Chapter 2 presents the main results from the analysis of the social scoreboard associated with the European Pillar of Social Rights. Chapter 3 provides a detailed cross-country description of key indicators (including from the social scoreboard), looking at Member States’ performance, challenges and policies implemented to address the Guidelines for Employment Policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2021): Labor market policy - Expenditure and participants: Data 2019. (Labur market policy - expenditure and participants), Brüssel, 208 S. DOI:10.2767/995509

Abstract

"This publication presents statistics on labor market policy (LMP) interventions implemented by EU Member States, Norway and the United Kingdom in 2019, together with time-series for key variables covering the period 2007-2019. The paper is divided in four chapters. Chapter 1 is introductory. Chapters 2 and 3 deal respectively with data on expenditure and participants in LMP interventions and include tables of indicators used for monitoring the EU Employment Guidelines. Chapter 4 includes tables of external and reference data that help to put the LMP data into context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Armand, Alex, Pedro Carneiro, Pedro Carneiro & Yiming Xia (2020): Can Subsidized Employment Tackle Long-Term Unemployment? Experimental Evidence from North Macedonia. (IZA discussion paper 13478), 66 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines the impact of an experiment in North Macedonia in which vulnerable unemployed individuals applying to a subsidized employment program were randomly selected to attend job interviews. Employers hiring a new employee from the target population receive a subsidy covering the wage cost of the worker for the first six months. Using administrative employment data, we find that attending the job interview led to an increase of 15 percentage points in the likelihood of being employed 3.5 years after the start of the intervention. We also find positive and statistically significant effects on individuals' non-cognitive and work-related skills." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bachberger-Strolz, Kerstin (2020): Profiling, Targeting, Algorithmen, künstliche Intelligenz – über die Irrwege einer Debatte in der Arbeitsmarktpolitik. In: Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Jg. 46, H. 3, S. 329-363.

Abstract

"Der Text behandelt die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Profiling in der Arbeitsmarktpolitik: Ausgehend von den Erfahrungen in den USA seit den 1990er-Jahren wird gezeigt, dass beim Profiling viele Probleme seit Beginn ungelöst blieben, wie etwa die fehlende Schätzgenauigkeit, der geringe Nutzen von Profiling-Ergebnissen für die Zuweisung zu Programmen, die Widerstände von BeraterInnen etc. Damit bleibt die zentrale Erkenntnis für die österreichische Arbeitsmarktpolitik, dass Profiling für das Targeting beim AMS wenig hilfreich ist. Über die genannten Problem hinaus muss festgehalten werden, dass mit der intransparenten Vorgangsweise des AMS und mit der Wahl des Unternehmens, das Profiling im AMS entwickeln und implementieren soll, der Sache des Profiling kein guter Dienst erwiesen wurde. Daraus folgt, dass die österreichische Arbeitsmarktpolitik besser heute als morgen den unglücklichen Versuch der Implementierung von Profiling beenden sollte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bauer, Frank, Philipp Fuchs & Jan F. C. Gellermann (2020): Implementationsanalyse des Modellprojekts zur Förderung geringqualifizierter Jugendlicher und Erwachsener - Abschlussbericht. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 17/2020), Nürnberg, 172 S.

Abstract

"Der Forschungsbericht umfasst die Ergebnisse der Implementationsanalyse des „Modellprojekts zur Förderung geringqualifizierter Jugendlicher und Erwachsener“ in Nordrhein-Westfalen, die vom Ministerium für Arbeit, Integration und Soziales und der Regionaldirektion Nordrhein-Westfalen der Bundesagentur für Arbeit initiiert und im Zeitraum von Dezember 2016 bis November 2020 dezentral an neun Standorten umgesetzt wurden. Das Programm richtete sich an Personen zwischen 21 und 45 Jahren mit Schulabschluss. Es vermittelt eine zertifizierte Berufsausbildung. Der Prozess der Qualifizierung erfolgt bei Bildungsträgern, ist modular aufgebaut und je nach Ausbildungsberuf und Qualifikationsniveau in 4 bis 8 Teilqualifizierungsmodule aufgegliedert, die je 2 bis 6 Monate dauern und durch Prüfungen vor den regionalen Industrie- und Handelskammern zertifiziert und abgeschlossen werden. Darüber hinaus werden die Teilnehmenden während des Projektverlaufs durch sogenannte Qualifizierungscoaches der beteiligten Jobcenter begleitet und erhalten für jedes erfolgreich absolvierte Modul sowie nach bestandener Abschlussprüfung eine Prämie von 400 bzw. 1 500 Euro. Die Studie ist rekonstruktiv ausgerichtet und basiert auf der Auswertung von zentralen Programmdokumenten sowie Wiederholungsinterviews mit ausgewählten Teilnehmenden und den Coaches aller Standorte. Sie enthält eine detaillierte Rekonstruktion der Programmstruktur, der Umsetzungsvarianzen zentraler Programmelemente, eine Typologie der Teilnehmenden und schließlich spezifische Handlungsempfehlungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Clasen, Jochen (2020): Subsidizing wages or supplementing transfers? The politics and ambiguity of in-work benefits. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 54, H. 1, S. 1-13. DOI:10.1111/spol.12488

Abstract

"In-work benefits (IWB) have become mainstream social policy programmes in modern welfare states. Aimed at employment promotion as well as poverty reduction, their introduction and expansion have been supported by both centre-right and centre-left governments. However, the article argues that policy positions towards IWB are essentially unstable. Political preferences can alter fast, with the same actors advocating IWB growth at one time and containment at another. In part, this is influenced not only by prevailing socio-economic conditions but also by the institutional shape of IWBs, their interaction with complementary policies, and their inherently ambiguous nature. Characterized by multiple aims, IWBs occasionally offer political opportunities but often create challenges and even confound policymaking. Thus, the understanding of the politics of IWB requires a careful consideration of the particular properties of concrete IWBs and the ways in which they relate to other policy arenas. The article discusses this with reference to relevant debates and reforms in Germany." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Dietrich, Hans, Thomas Kruppe, Julia Lang, Michael Oberfichtner, Gesine Stephan & Enzo Weber (2020): Zum Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Förderung der beruflichen Weiterbildung im Strukturwandel und zur Weiterentwicklung der Ausbildungsförderung. Stellungnahme des IAB zur Verbändeanhörung des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales zum 27.2.2020. (IAB-Stellungnahme 01/2020), Nürnberg, 21 S.

Abstract

"Das IAB geht in seiner Stellungnahme zum Gesetzentwurf zur Förderung der beruflichen Weiterbildung im Strukturwandel und zur Weiterentwicklung der Ausbildungsförderung auf folgende Aspekte ein: Weiterentwicklung der Regelungen des Qualifizierungschancengesetzes, Qualifizierung in der Transfergesellschaft, Rechtsanspruch auf Förderung des Nachholens eines Berufsabschlusses, Kurzarbeit, Verstetigung der Assistierten Ausbildung, Verlängerung der Regelung zur Weiterbildungsprämie, Maßnahmezulassung und Bundesdurchschnittskostensätze sowie Arbeitsuchen- und Arbeitslosmeldung. Vor dem Hintergrund des Strukturwandels und damit einhergehenden sich ändernden Anforderungen an die Qualifizierung von Beschäftigten kommt der Aus- und Weiterbildung eine wichtige Rolle zu. Neben einer Stärkung der Ausbildungsförderung sieht der Gesetzentwurf vor allem eine Stärkung der Weiterbildungsförderung in besonders vom Strukturwandel betroffenen Branchen und Betrieben vor. Die hierzu im Gesetzentwurf unter gewissen Bedingungen vorhergesehene Aufstockung der Zuschüsse aus dem Qualifizierungschancengesetz ist prinzipiell nachvollziehbar. Auch die im Gesetzentwurf für die Qualifizierung in Transfergesellschaften vorgesehenen Erweiterungen der Fördermöglichkeiten erscheinen sinnvoll und ermöglichen allen Beschäftigten nun auch den Abschluss umfangreicherer Weiterbildungen. Zudem soll Betrieben, die ihre Beschäftigten während Kurzarbeit beruflich qualifizieren, unter erleichterten Voraussetzungen eine längere Zahlung des Kurzarbeitergeldes ermöglicht werden. Prinzipiell ist eine Verknüpfung von Kurzarbeit und Qualifizierung bei einer vorübergehenden Reduzierung der Arbeitszeit sinnvoll. Wenn Weiterbildung aber während einer nicht nur vorübergehenden Nachfrageschwäche politisch unterstützt werden soll, sollte das nicht durch Kurzarbeitergeld geschehen, sondern durch eine geeignete Weiterbildungsförderung. Personen ohne Berufsabschluss soll ein Rechtsanspruch auf die Förderung einer berufsabschlussbezogenen Weiterbildung eingeräumt werden. Die zu erwartenden Auswirkungen sind jedoch unklar. Die im Gesetzentwurf geplanten Änderungen bei der Maßnahmezulassung und eine Anhebung der durchschnittlichen Kostensätze im Bereich der beruflichen Weiterbildung sind angebracht, ebenso wie die geplante Zusammenführung der Assistierten Ausbildung und der ausbildungsbegleitenden Hilfen. Schließlich sieht der Gesetzentwurf vor, dass unverzüglich nach der Arbeitssuchend- und Arbeitslosmeldung ein Beratungs- und Vermittlungsgespräch geführt werden soll. Hier wäre aus Forschungssicht grundsätzlich noch mehr Flexibilität bei der Terminierung der Gespräche sinnvoll." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Ductor, Lorenzo & Daryna Grechyna (2020): Determinants of ins and outs of unemployment. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 27, H. 11, S. 892-898. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2019.1646858

Abstract

"We estimate the robust determinants of the inflow rate into and outflow rate from unemployment in a sample of OECD countries, using Bayesian model averaging approach to overcome model uncertainty. We find that the main determinant of outflows from unemployment is expenditure on passive labour market policies, while the main determinant of inflows into the unemployment is the duration of benefit entitlement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Herrero, Daniel, Luis Cárdenas & Julián López Gallego (2020): Does deregulation decrease unemployment? An empirical analysis of the Spanish labour market. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 159, H. 3, S. 367-396. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12179

Abstract

"Spain underwent two major labour reforms in 2010 and 2012 under the assumption that deregulating the labour market and decentralizing collective bargaining would automatically reduce unemployment (deregulation hypothesis). This article highlights the impact of demand and the sectoral structure of the economy to explain the behaviour of this variable (structural hypothesis). Analysing subnational panel data, the authors assess the capacity of these two hypotheses to explain unemployment trends. Their results cast doubt on the deregulation hypothesis and indicate the importance of cyclical and structural factors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Jacobsson, Kerstin, Ylva Wallinder & Ida Seing (2020): Street-level bureaucrats under new managerialism: a comparative study of agency cultures and caseworker role identities in two welfare state bureaucracies. In: Journal of Professions and Organization, Jg. 7, H. 3, S. 316-333. DOI:10.1093/jpo/joaa015

Abstract

"Officials in welfare state bureaucracies face the challenge of negotiating their role identities in the context of changeable organizational priorities and managerial styles. Previous studies have found that the professional values may mediate top-down demands and enable the preservation of professional autonomy also under public management reforms. But how do street-level bureaucrats who lack a common professional or occupational training respond to shifting organizational demands? Based on comparative ethnography, the present article investigates how caseworkers’ role identities are conceived and practised in two of the largest state bureaucracies in Sweden, the Social Insurance Agency (SIA) and the Public Employment Service (PES). The article identifies two radically different agency cultures, resulting in rather opposite caseworker role identities. These role identities affect how front-line staff respond to organizational demands, either by focusing externally on client-related outcomes (PES) or internally on organizational output (SIA). The analysis suggests that agency culture may shape caseworker responses to governance in patterned ways, also in the absence of joint professional training or strong occupational communities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jara, H. Xavier & Agathe Simon (2020): The Income Protection Role of an EMU-wide Unemployment Insurance System: the Case of Atypical Workers. (EUROMOD working paper 2021,06), Cambridge, 48 S.

Abstract

"This paper evaluates the potential of a common unemployment insurance system for the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU-UI) to improve income protection of atypical workers, namely those in part-time and temporary contracts. We use EUROMOD, the European tax-benefit microsimulation model, to simulate entitlements to national and EMU-UI and assess their effects on the household disposable income of atypical workers in the event of unemployment. Our results show that there are sizable gaps in the coverage of national UI schemes between countries, with atypical workers having particularly low coverage rates. The introduction of an EMU-UI would reduce coverage gaps and increase net replacement rates, especially for atypical workers, and would protect a large share of the workforce against the risk of poverty. Extending eligibility for the EMU-UI to the self-employed would further improve income protection, reducing their risk of falling into poverty in the event of unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kempkens, Klaus-Jürgen & Thomas Passon (2020): Die Umsetzung des beschäftigungsorientierten Fallmanagements (bFM) in den Jobcentern. Studie zum Umsetzungsstand in Nord- und Ostdeutschland. In: Soziale Sicherheit, Jg. 69, H. 3, S. 105-110.

Abstract

"Das beschäftigungsorientierte Fallmanagement wurde seitens der Bundesagentur für Arbeit am 1. Januar 2005 in den Hartz-IV-Jobcentern eingeführt. Dieser innovative Ansatz für Arbeitslose mit multiplen Arbeitsmarkt-Hemmnissen wird seit nunmehr 15 Jahren in die Praxis umgesetzt. Es gibt jedoch keine veröffentlichten empirischen Untersuchungen zu diesem Thema. Die Verfasser haben mit 21 Studierenden im Kontext ihrer Bachelorarbeiten den Versuch unternommen, mittels Experteninterviews in ihren Heimatstädten einen Beitrag zu dem Thema Umsetzung des beschäftigungsorientierten Fallmanagements in Nord- und Ostdeutschland zu leisten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Kleif, Helle Bendix & Jacob Nielsen Arendt (2020): Incentive effects of cash benefit among low-skilled young adults: Applying a regression discontinuity design. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 15, H. 11. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0241279

Abstract

"In 2014, the Danish Government implemented an active labour market reform directed at unemployed young adults under 30 years of age with low educational qualifications. The reform replaced the (unemployment) cash benefits with a lower education benefit for many of the unemployed aged under 30 and obliged the low-skilled in this group to enrol in a regular general or vocational (VET) education program. This paper exploits the sharp discontinuity that occurs at age 30 to estimate the joint effect of higher benefits and the cessation of educational obligations on the share receiving cash benefits and the share enrolled in education. We estimate the effects by applying a regression discontinuity design. We report results for the group of low educated young adults and for subgroups facing different economic incentives. The results establish that reaching age 30 creates an incentive to apply for cash benefits, and we find strong evidence that a significant increase in the share of cash benefit recipients relates to a corresponding reduction in the share of young adults enrolled in education. When including subgroups the size of the effect increases, and the results demonstrate that the effects are strongest among previous education benefit recipients. This indicates that the results are mainly driven mainly by individuals reverting to cash benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mašidlauskaitė, Rūta (2020): European Network of Public Employment Services: Ad hoc module to the 2018 PES capacity questionnaire. Survey-based Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 45 S. DOI:10.2767/738258

Abstract

"Public Employment Services play a key role in the sustainable activation of disadvantaged groups, including the long-term unemployed. The Recommendation on the integration of the LTU into the labour market explicitly asked the European Network of Public Employment Services (PES Network) to contribute to the monitoring of its implementation. In response, in 2016, the PES Network designed and adopted a set of minimum, intermediate and advanced quality standards for implementing a SPOC and a JIA. These standards were used by the Employment Committee (EMCO) review on long-term unemployment in December 2016 and it is very likely that the LTU will continue to feature in the upcoming EMCO review in October 2018. Furthermore, as a part of the Benchlearning project, the PES Network amended a qualitative performance enabler to integrate data on the LTU into its qualitative assessments in 2018. This report summarises the recent developments in PES concerning the integration of the long-term unemployed back into the labour market, and it provides an overview of the effects of the Recommendation reported by PES. The report also provides information on common challenges faced by PES when implementing the Recommendation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Varjonen, Sampo (2020): Institutional evolution and abrupt change. Reforming the administration of social assistance in Finland. In: International journal of social welfare, Jg. 29, H. 1, S. 62-70. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12373

Abstract

"Historical institutionalist studies have explained institutional change as resulting from critical junctures that interrupt long periods of stability or from endogenous, incremental evolution. Building on these theories, discursive institutionalists have focused on the roles of agency, ideas and discourse as explainers of change. Combining these approaches, this article analyses Finland's decision in 2014 to transfer the administration of basic social assistance from municipalities to the central government. This study demonstrates that institutional change can be both abrupt and evolutionary. Due to sudden, exceptional political circumstances, the decision in question was made quickly and under pressure, circumventing possible veto players. However, it was possible only because of the incremental, endogenous change that had occurred in the way in which social assistance was administered at the municipal level. It enabled a change in political discourse, which eroded the credibility of the ideational frames that policy actors had previously utilised to reject the centralised model." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Vehkasalo, Ville (2020): Effects of face‑to‑face counselling on unemployment rate and duration: evidence from a Public Employment Service reform. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 54, S. 1-14. DOI:10.1186/s12651-020-00276-8

Abstract

"In a Public Employment Service reform implemented in 2013, sixty Finnish municipalities experienced an involuntary employment office closure. The Government’s objective was to replace traditional face-to-face employment counselling with modern online counselling and simultaneously generate savings in outlays. The reform created natural experiment circumstances that allowed us to estimate the aggregate causal effects of face-to-face counselling and advice. We estimated the effects of the reform on the unemployment rate and the average unemployment duration using municipality-level panel data and various panel data estimators. We found that while the reform had a barely discernible effect on municipal unemployment rates, it increased average unemployment durations by 2–3 weeks. Hence, face-to-face counselling and online counselling are not perfect substitutes in decreasing the length of unemployment spells. Consequently, the fiscal costs of the reform outweigh the fiscal benefits by a large margin." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2020): Joint Employment Report 2020. As adopted by the EPSCO Council on 8 April 2020. (Joint employment report), Brüssel, 133 S.

Abstract

"The Joint Employment Report (JER) by the European Commission and the Council is mandated by Article 148 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The initial proposal for this report by the European Commission is part of the Autumn package, which includes the Annual Sustainable Growth Strategy launching the European Semester cycle. The Joint Employment Report provides an annual overview of key employment and social developments in Europe as well as Member States' reform actions, in line with the Guidelines for the Employment Policies of the Member States. The reporting on these reforms follows the structure of the Guidelines: boosting demand for labor (Guideline 5), enhancing labour supply and improving access to employment, skills and competences (Guideline 6), enhancing the functioning of labour markets and the effectiveness of social dialogue (Guideline 7), and promoting equal opportunities for all, fostering social inclusion and combatting poverty (Guideline 8). In addition, the Joint Employment Report monitors Member States' performance in relation to the Social Scoreboard set up in the context of the European Pillar of Social Rights. The Pillar was proclaimed jointly by the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission on 17 November 2017. It identifies principles and rights in three areas: i) equal opportunities and access to the labor market, ii) fair working conditions, and iii) social protection and inclusion. Monitoring of progress in these areas is underpinned by a detailed analysis of the Social Scoreboard accompanying the Pillar. The Joint Employment Report is structured as follows: an introductory chapter (Chapter 1) reports on main labor market and social trends in the European Union, to set the scene. Chapter 2 presents the main results from the analysis of the social scoreboard associated with the European Pillar of Social Rights. Chapter 3 provides a detailed cross-country description of key indicators (including from the social scoreboard) and policies implemented by Member States to address the Guidelines for Employment Policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"The European Union Program for Employment and Social Innovation (EaSI) provides financial support to promote a high level of quality and sustainable employment, guarantee adequate and decent social protection, combat social exclusion and poverty, and improve working conditions across the EU. With a view to the regular monitoring of the program, the EaSI Regulation foresees that ‘the Commission shall draw up initial qualitative and quantitative monitoring reports covering consecutive two-year periods.’ This is the third EaSI Performance Monitoring Report presenting the results achieved by the program in 2017-2018. It focuses on the products (outputs) delivered by the program and the benefits they brought in 2017-2018. In 2017 and 2018, the Commission committed more than EUR 257 million for the implementation of all the program’s activities. The implementation of EaSI Work Programmes in 2017 and 2018 was well in line with the EaSI Regulation. The following positive developments were noted in 2017-2018: EaSI-funded policy evidence remained sound and highly useful in the view of the stakeholders. EaSI-funded events continued providing much-appreciated platforms for effective and inclusive information sharing, mutual learning and dialogue in relevant policy fields. EU-funded support for social policy innovations gained more visibility; The use of the EURES Job Mobility Portal was rather uneven from one year to another, but the number of registered users increased. EURES remained a catalyst for effective recruitment and placing of workers, organized through cross-border partnerships and targeted mobility schemes. 2017-2018 marked a strong period for the Microfinance and Social Entrepreneurship axis. Microfinance support continued to provide real added value. In 2018, 27 contracts worth EUR 57.4 million were signed with microfinance intermediaries, which resulted in 47 684 microloans worth EUR 129.3 million (the leverage of 4.4 was achieved). EaSI support for social enterprises has taken momentum. In total, 949 social enterprises had received funding through the EaSI Social Entrepreneurship Window by the end of 2018." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2020): Labor market policy - Expenditure and participants: Data 2018. (Labor market policy - expenditure and participants), Brüssel, 203 S. DOI:10.2767/600364

Abstract

"This publication presents statistics on labor market policy (LMP) interventions implemented by EU Member States and Norway in 2018, together with time-series for key variables covering the period 2006-2018. The paper is divided in four chapters. Chapter 1 is introductory. Chapters 2 and 3 deal respectively with data on expenditure and participants in LMP interventions and include tables of indicators used for monitoring the EU Employment Guidelines. Chapter 4 includes tables of external and reference data that help to put the LMP data into context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Agovino, Massimiliano, Antonio Garofalo & Massimiliano Cerciello (2019): Do local institutions affect labour market participation? The Italian case. In: The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 1-21. DOI:10.1515/bejeap-2018-0077

Abstract

"Italy features very low labour market participation rates for both men and women, coupled with a sizeable participation gender gap. This work investigates empirically the relation between institutional quality and labour market participation at the local level. Using official records on the Italian provinces over the 2004 - 2012 timespan and the Institutional Quality Index, we use a Spatial Lag of X model to gauge the direct and indirect impact of local institutions on male and female participation rates, with particular regard to the participation gender gap. The results support the idea that institutional quality has a significant impact on local labour market participation, for both men and women, while it does not affect the participation gap. Moreover, institutions generate spatial spillovers, affecting participation in neighbouring provinces. Finally, the availability of public child care facilities is as a key determinant of female participation." (Author's abstract, © De Gruyter) ((en))

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Hager, Isa, Tobias Krüse & Christine Reidl (2019): Evaluierung des Betreuungsformates für Personen mit multiplen Vermittlungshindernissen (BBEn). Endbericht. (AMS-Arbeitsmarktstrukturbericht), Wien, 77 S.

Abstract

"Die Beratungs- und Betreuungseinrichtung Neu (BBEN) bietet ein breit gefächertes Angebot von sehr niederschwelligen Beratungs- und Betreuungsleistungen, wie einen Offenen Raum, Workshops oder Einzelberatungstermine. Zielgruppe der BBEN sind Personen mit multiplen Vermittlungshindernissen, die koordinierte Interventionen im Sinne eines Case-Managements benötigen. 2018 wurden diese neue Betreuungs- und Beratungsleistungen vom AMS in sieben Bundesländern pilotiert - dabei wurde auf Freiwilligkeit der Angebote gesetzt. Im Auftrag des AMS hat prospect evaluiert, wie sich dieses neuen Maßnahmen auswirken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Benda, Luc, Ferry Koster & Romke van der Veen (2019): Levelling the playing field? Active labour market policies, educational attainment and unemployment. In: The International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Jg. 39, H. 3/4, S. 276-295. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-08-2018-0138

Abstract

"The purpose of this paper is to investigate how active labour market policy (ALMP) training programmes and hiring subsidies increase or decrease differences in the unemployment risk between lesser and higher educated people during an economic downturn. A focus is put on potential job competition dynamics and cumulative (dis)advantages of the lesser and higher educated" (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Bown, Chad P. & Caroline Freund (2019): Active labor market policies. Lessons from other countries for the United States. (Working paper / Peterson Institute for International Economics 2019-02), Washington, DC, 12 S.

Abstract

"US labor force participation has been weak in recent decades, especially during the recovery of the financial crisis of 2007 - 09. This paper examines several programs that governments in other advanced industrial countries have established to help jobless workers continue to seek employment, not drop out of the labor force, and ultimately find jobs. These programs more actively support out-of-work citizens by facilitating matches between workers and firms, helping workers in their job searches, and sometimes creating jobs when none are available in the private sector. The evidence presented in this paper concludes that job placement services, training, wage subsidies, and other labor adjustment policies can be used to successfully help workers find employment and remain tied to the labor market. By contrast, direct job creation through public works projects and other government programs are less effective in helping workers over the long run." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))