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Ayllón, Sara & Natalia Nollenberger (2016): Are recessions good for human capital accumulation? (NEGOTIATE working paper 5.1), Oslo, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper is the first to investigate to what extent the high levels of joblessness brought by the Great Recession across Europe have translated into higher school attendance among youth. Using cross-sectional and longitudinal data from the EU- SILC on 28 countries, we establish a robust counter-cyclical relationship between rising unemployment rates and school enrollment. The same is true for transitions back to education. However, our analysis by subgroups reveals a worrisome trend by which youths belonging to most disadvantaged backgrounds (measured by low household income) became less likely to enroll in University studies. The austerity measures and educational cutbacks imposed during the recession, not only changed the pattern of educational decisions among you" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chevalier, Tom (2016): Varieties of youth welfare citizenship. Towards a two-dimension typology. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 26, H. 1, S. 3-19. DOI:10.1177/0958928715621710

Abstract

"How do welfare states deal with the period of the life course that is youth? In this article, we propose a two-dimension typology in order to account for cross-national variation in the access to financial independence of young people, that is, what we call 'youth welfare citizenship'. The first dimension addresses the issue of welfare support, and distinguishes between a familialization perspective, according to which young people are seen as children, and an individualization perspective, in which they are considered as adults. The second dimension relates to the integration into the labour market, which can either provide skills for every young person in an encompassing strategy, or deliver such skills only to a specific part of the youth population in a more selective strategy. It leads to four regimes of youth welfare citizenship, which we identify in the article: the denied citizenship, the monitored citizenship, the second-class citizenship and the enabling citizenship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Egdell, Valerie & Ronald McQuaid (2016): Supporting disadvantaged young people into work. Insights from the capability approach. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 1-18. DOI:10.1111/spol.12108

Abstract

"The Capability Approach (CA) offers a perspective on the employment activation of young people that is concerned with their freedom to make choices that they value rather than focusing solely on outcomes, such as having to take any job. It incorporates empowerment and the individual and external conversion factors that influence the conversion of resources into functionings for young people, such as getting a job that they value. This article considers the implications of using the CA as a lens for analyzing youth activation polices. A more capability informed approach to employment activation would not measure success solely by the transition into work, but rather by whether it has improved the young person's capabilities, and might focus, for example, on more sustainable and valued careers and develop individuals' freedom of choice in the labour market. Using data from two UK case studies of third sector organizations that support young people into work, it explores these issues empirically, including the extent to which these employment activation programmes, in their current form, can enhance the capabilities of beneficiaries. Conclusions on the implications of a CA for employment activation are made." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Hora, Ondrej, Markéta Horáková & Tomáš Sirovátka (2016): Institutional determinants of early job insecurity in nine European countries. (NEGOTIATE working paper 3.4), Oslo, 69 S.

Abstract

"In the European labour market, young people have been disproportionally affected by job insecurity indicated by unemployment, inactivity, job precariousness and fragmented careers during and after the economic crisis of 2008. This may be crucial for their ability to maintain a living income and to live a decent life on their present and future life course. The increasing polarisation in the labour market may become a persistent structural feature in the conditions of the changing employment structures and flexibilization of labour. This challenge was recognised at the EU level when Youth Opportunities Initiative (2011), Youth Employment Package (2012) and Youth Guarantee (2013) were launched and underpinned with financing from ESF schemes. The European countries, however, have experienced very different impacts of the crisis on their labour markets (Karamessini et al. 2016). Similarly, the initial responses in active labour market policies (ALMPs) to the crisis also diverged considerably (Clasen et al 2012). The question arises about the longer-term adaptations of labour market policy and other policies to the challenge of increasing early job insecurity and the associated structural changes in the labour market.
The aim of this paper is to assess in nine national contexts how recent reforms in labour market institutions and policies and the skill formation systems may have affected the incidence of early job insecurity and the patterns of labour market entry/integration of young women and men. Job insecurity as understood here includes two dimensions: (a) insecurity of maintaining the current job, (b) insecurity of getting another job in the future, that is, job insecurity and employment insecurity (compare Chung and van Oorschot 2011)." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hutchinson, Jo, Vanessa Beck & Tristram Hooley (2016): Delivering NEET policy packages? A decade of NEET policy in England. In: Journal of education and work, Jg. 29, H. 6, S. 707-727. DOI:10.1080/13639080.2015.1051519

Abstract

"This article explores the way in which government policy shapes the lives of young people who are not in education, employment or training (NEET). In particular it examines how the concept of NEETs is set within a specific infrastructure and discourse for managing and supporting young people. The article provides a brief history of the NEET concept and NEET initiatives, before moving on to scrutinise the policies of the Coalition Government. A key distinction is made between those policies and practices that seek to prevent young people becoming NEET from those that seek to re-engage those who are NEET. It is argued that the Coalition has drawn on a similar active labour market toolkit to the previous Labour administration, but that this has been implemented with fewer resources and less co-ordination. It concludes that there is little reason to believe that Coalition policy will be any more successful than that of the previous government, and some reason to be concerned that it will lead to young people becoming more entrenched within NEET." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

Die Arbeitsunterlage der Kommissionsdienststellen ergänzt die Mitteilung der Europäischen Kommission, in der sie die wichtigsten Erfolge bei der Umsetzung der Jugendgarantie und der Beschäftigungsinitiative für junge Menschen (Youth Employment Initiative - YEI) seit dem Start 2013 (bis zum Stand: Juni 2016) darstellt und Schlussfolgerungen für die Verbesserung der Maßnahmen der EU und der Mitgliedstaaten zur Umsetzung nationaler Jugendgarantie-Programme zieht. Sie versteht sich als Hilfsmittel für die Akteure in den Ländern zur Fortsetzung der nationalen Umsetzung des Programms und stellt Praxisbeispiele für signifikante Reformschritte und gelungene Maßnahmen aus den Mitgliedstaaten vor und benennt - wo möglich - identifizierbare Erfolgsfaktoren. Ebenso dient die Arbeitsunterlage als Referenzdokument, das auf zahlreiche Untersuchungen, Berichte und Statistiken weiterer nationaler wie gemeinschaftlicher Ressourcen verweist. Die Berichte basieren auf Daten aus der laufenden Beobachtung des Beschäftigungsausschusses (Employment Committee - EMCO) aus den Jahren 2014 und 2015 unter einem gemeinsamen Indikatorenrahmen und den Kernaussagen der Tagung des Rats für 'Beschäftigung, Sozialpolitik, Gesundheit und Verbraucherschutz' am 7. März 2016 sowie auf der Auswertung von Antworten aus den Mitgliedstaaten im Rahmen des Sozialen Dialogs und Beratungen mit Jugendlichen auf dem Europäischen Jugend-Event (European Youth Event - EYE) vom 20.-21. Mai 2016 am Sitz des Europäischen Parlaments in Straßburg und schließlich auch auf einem Bericht des Europäischen Beschäftigungsobservatoriums (EEPO) zur Umsetzung der Jugendgarantie. (IAB)

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Beck, Vanessa (2015): Learning providers' work with NEET young people. In: Journal of vocational education and training, Jg. 67, H. 4, S. 482-496. DOI:10.1080/13636820.2015.1086412

Abstract

"This article investigates the impact of the relationship between learning providers and young people who have experienced not being in Education, Employment or Training (NEET) on the latters' agency development. Agency is defined as not only bounded but generated by intra-action with relations of force, including learning providers themselves. Providers facilitate the development of individual agency in the form of self-esteem and motivation. However, they also support activation into the labour market and, in doing so, add barriers and challenges to established institutional structures and personal boundaries. Emotional labour strategies utilised by learning providers reveal the potentially negative impact of their values, backgrounds and experiences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berg, Gerard J. van den, Antoine Bozio & Monica Costa Dias (2015): Policy discontinuity and duration outcomes. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2015,10), Uppsala, 55 S.

Abstract

"Causal effects of a policy change on hazard rates of a duration outcome variable are not identified from a comparison of spells before and after the policy change, if there is unobserved heterogeneity in the effects and no model structure is imposed. We develop a discontinuity approach that overcomes this by considering spells that include the moment of the policy change and by exploiting variation in the moment at which different cohorts are exposed to the policy change. We prove identification of average treatment effects on hazard rates without model structure. We estimate these effects by kernel hazard regression. We use the introduction of the NDYP program for young unemployed individuals in the UK to estimate average program participation effects on the exit rate to work as well as anticipation effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mendolia, Silvia & Ian Walker (2015): Youth unemployment and personality traits. In: IZA journal of labor economics, Jg. 4, S. 1-26. DOI:10.1186/s40172-015-0035-3

Abstract

"This paper investigates the relationship between personality traits in adolescence and education and labour market choices. In particular, we investigate the impact of locus of control, effort and diligence, and self-esteem on the risk of youths being unemployed (sometimes referred to as NEET ('Not in Education, Employment or Training'), assuming unconfoundedness. Thus, our focus is on early dropouts from both education and the labour market at age 18 - 20. We use matching methods to control for a rich set of adolescent and family characteristics by estimating the treatment effects, conditional on unconfoundedness, of multiple personality traits at the same time (Wooldridge, Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data, 2010). Finally, we use the methodology proposed by Altonji (J Polit Economy 113:151 - 184, 2005) that involves making hypotheses about the correlation between the unobservables and observables that determine the outcomes and the unobservables that influence personality. Our results show that individuals that display low effort and diligence, low self-esteem, and external locus of control are estimated to be more likely to drop out of education and employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Radoman, Mihailo & Marcel C. Voia (2015): Youth training programs and their impact on career and spell duration of professional soccer players. In: Labour, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 163-193. DOI:10.1111/labr.12049

Abstract

"A unique data set of post-war English trained soccer players is used to study the impact of the youth training program they attended on their career and spell duration. Duration models in the spirit of Abbring and van den Berg are employed to estimate local treatment effects of different training programs on players - survival in the top European leagues. The results indicate that the duration patterns of players are dependent on the youth academy they attended. Certain clubs, with a well-established reputation in developing youth talent, outperform others in terms of producing and evaluating the ability of their youth players to succeed in top European leagues. The spell analysis outlines the nature of the competitive environment in which smaller clubs have a chance to keep up with the larger ones in terms of producing and holding on to homegrown talent. Finally, the results of both analyses addressed unobserved heterogeneity, allowed for nonlinearity of covariates using the cubic spline methodology, and were tested for endogeneity bias using a split sample test." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Eichhorst, Werner & Franziska Neder (2014): Youth unemployment in Mediterranean countries. (IZA policy paper 80), Bonn, 11 S.

Abstract

"In all Mediterranean countries youth unemployment has reached alarming record levels. This paper analyses the current situation in France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. In all countries school dropout rates are high, returns to education are low and the transition from education to work is problematic and difficult. This is due to a poor working vocational training system, the dualization of the labor market and minimum wages that are set too high. The Great Recession deteriorated the situation of young people, but youth unemployment is mostly structural. To overcome this crisis the overall performance of the labor market has to be improved." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mendolia, Silvia & Ian Walker (2014): Do NEETs need grit? (IZA discussion paper 8740), Bonn, 34 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the relationship between personality traits in adolescence and education and labour market choices. In particular, we investigate the impact of grit (a tendency and ability to sustain interest in long term goals - perseverance) on the risk of youths being NEET - 'Not in Education, Employment or Training'. Thus, our focus is on early drop-out from the labour market and education at age 18-20. Individuals with high levels of grit are less likely to be out of education or employment, while low self-esteem and external locus of control increase the chances of experiencing these conditions. We use propensity score matching to control for a rich set of adolescent and family characteristics and our results show that personality traits do affect education and employment choices. We test the robustness of our results using the methodology proposed by Altonji et al. (2005) that consists of making hypotheses about the correlation between the unobservables and observables that determine the outcomes and the unobservables that influence personality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Thompson, Ron, Lisa Russell & Robin Simmons (2014): Space, place and social exclusion. An ethnographic study of young people outside education and employment. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 17, H. 1, S. 63-78. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2013.793793

Abstract

"This paper reports on the first two years of a longitudinal ethnographic study of 20 young people in northern England who have been officially classified as not in education, employment or training (NEET). Drawing on Henri Lefebvre's conceptualisation of space as perceived, conceived and lived, this paper analyses how young people comprehend, use and encounter places and spaces relating to residence, work and learning, and the role of spatialities in reproducing or interrupting aspects of social exclusion and marginality. A number of key themes emerging from the data are discussed, including the interaction of conceived, perceived and lived space in young people's struggles for subjectivity, the importance of agency and biography in shaping how different lived spaces emerge from this interaction, and the possibility of critical incidents causing shifts in lived space that intensify the difficulties young people face in finding appropriate education or employment. A particularly significant finding is that participants often feel isolated and lack control over their lives, resulting in alienation from authority and community that tends to further marginalise these young people, distancing them from meaningful contexts of education, training and work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Thompson, Spencer, Aline Hohbein & Lars Thies (2014): Zukunft unsicher. Jugendarbeitslosigkeit im europäischen Vergleich. Gütersloh, 102 S.

Abstract

"Wie entsteht Jugendarbeitslosigkeit? Von welchen Faktoren wird sie beeinflusst? Spielen konjunkturelle und wirtschaftsstrukturelle Einflüsse die entscheidende Rolle, oder ist es die Flexibilität der Arbeitsmärkte? Anhand von Daten des europäischen Statistikamtes Eurostat und der europäischen Arbeitskräfteerhebung (European Labour Force Survey) geht die vorliegende Studie auf empirischer Grundlage der Frage nach, wie sich in Großbritannien, den Niederlanden, Frankreich, Spanien, Schweden und Deutschland die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit entwickelt hat und von welchen Faktoren diese bestimmt wird. Im Ergebnis wird deutlich, dass der Ausgestaltung der Ausbildungssysteme eine wesentliche Bedeutung zukommt: Je stärker Praxiserfahrungen in die Ausbildung integriert werden - ob nun auf formelle oder auf informelle Weise - desto besser sind die Übergangschancen der Absolventen in den Arbeitsmarkt. Das duale Ausbildungssystem deutscher Prägung schneidet einerseits sehr gut ab bei diesem Vergleich, denn die betriebliche Praxis ist ein integraler Bestandteil der Ausbildung. Andererseits zeigt ein genauerer Blick auch Probleme auf: Wer als junger Mensch seinen Weg in das deutsche Ausbildungssystem findet, hat zwar beste Chancen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Wem dies jedoch nicht gelingt, der hat schlechte Karten. Ohne Ausbildungsplatz ist die berufliche Zukunft düster für Jugendliche in Deutschland." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Maguire, Sue, Bart Cockx, Juan J. Dolado, Florentino Felgueroso, Marcel Jansen, Izabela Styczynska, Elish Kelly, Seamus McGuinness, Werner Eichhorst, Holger Hinte & Ulf Rinne (2013): Youth unemployment. Forum. In: Intereconomics, Jg. 48, H. 4, S. 196-235.

Abstract

"Youth unemployment has been on the rise since the beginning of the crisis in 2008. Even more troublesome is the dramatic rise in the number of youth not in employment, education or training, which has led to widespread concerns about the impact on social cohesion and fears of a 'lost generation'. Given the extreme differences in youth unemployment levels among member states, it is clear that no single labour market policy will be appropriate throughout the EU. There may, however, be opportunities for mutual learning on how to combat youth unemployment. This Forum explores youth unemployment in the EU via case studies of England, Belgium, Spain, Poland and Ireland. It also examines Germany's dual vocational training system as one potential solution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Timely support for young unemployed is essential for a smooth transition into the labour market. The first youth guarantees (measures that reduce the time a young person spends not in employment, education or training) were introduced by the Nordic European countries in 1980s and 1990s. Similar programmes to reduce the inactivity period of youth have been put in place more recently in Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and Poland, and more European countries will be introducing similar measures following Youth Guarantee Recommendation agreed by the EU's Council of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers in February 2013.
In 2013 and 2014, following up on its earlier work on Local Youth Employment Strategies, the OECD Local Economic and Employment Development Programme is undertaking a review of the implementation of youth guarantee in 8 European countries to identify key conditions and success factors and provide a set of practical policy recommendations relevant to national and local policy makers and practitioners. The final report will be presented at the 10th Annual meeting of the OECD Forum on Partnerships and Local Development in Stockholm on 24-25 April 2014." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2013): Evaluation of the Apprenticeship Grant for Employers (AGE 16 to 24) programme. (BIS research paper 157), London, 142 S.

Abstract

"There is a substantial history of programmes, within the United Kingdom (UK) and elsewhere in the world, which use public funds to stimulate the creation of Apprenticeships, particularly in difficult economic conditions when employers are cautious about investing in training.
In February 2012, when over a million young people were unemployed, the government introduced an incentive for employers to take on up to three young Apprentices aged 16 to 24. This was the Apprenticeship Grant for Employers of 16 to 24 year olds, or 'AGE 16 to 24'. The incentive comprised a £1,500 grant per Apprentice over and above the subsidy to the cost of training (100 per cent subsidy for Apprentices aged 16-18 and 50 per cent for those aged 19-24). The new grant would be available for up to 40,000 Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) with fewer than 250 employees which were new to Apprenticeship (defined as never having had an Apprentice nor having taking on an Apprentice in the last 3 years). This criterion for eligibility was to encourage new or lapsed employers into Apprenticeship and to increase programme additionality (that is, to ensure that as many as possible of the Apprentices created as a result of the AGE 16 to 24 incentive would not have been created in its absence). The subsidy would be paid in two instalments of £750 each, at 8 weeks and 12 months into the Apprenticeship. The arrangement was intended both to assist employers with the early costs of the Apprenticeship and to encourage retention. The programme also had objectives to distribute the AGE 16 to 24 grant such that at least 50 per cent of assisted Apprenticeships would be for Apprentices aged between 16 and 18 and that at least 50 per cent would be taken up by small businesses employing 50 or fewer people.
At the end of August 2012, partly as a result of early evaluation findings and partly in response to other direct feedback from various parties involved in the delivery of the AGE 16 to 24 programme, a number of adjustments were made to its delivery: the 'not in the last 3 years' criterion was reduced to 'not in the last year'; eligibility was extended to employers with up to 1,000 employees; the maximum number of Apprentices supported by the AGE 16 to 24 grant who could be taken on by any one employer was raised from three to ten; and the two-stage payment system was changed to one in which the employer received the full £1,500 grant as a single payment when the Apprentice (or Apprentices) had been in learning for 13 weeks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Duckworth, Kathryn & Ingrid Schoon (2012): Beating the odds. Exploring the impact of social risk on young people's school-to-work transitions during recession in the UK. In: National Institute Economic Review, Jg. 222, H. 1, S. R38-R51. DOI:10.1177/002795011222200104

Abstract

"Drawing on nationally representative data collected for two age cohorts in the UK, this paper a) assesses the effect of multiple independent socioeconomic risk factors in shaping the transition from school to work; and b) identifies potential protective factors enabling young people to beat the odds. By comparing experiences and findings across two cohorts we assess the generalisability of findings across contexts, i.e. the 2008 and 1980s recessions. The results show that some young people exposed to even severe socioeconomic risks avoid being NEET (not in education, employment or training). Factors that appear to reduce the cumulative risk effect in both cohorts include prior attainment, educational aspirations and school engagement, as well as the social mix of the school environment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Evans, Stephen & Gerhard Bosch (2012): Apprenticeships in London. Boosting skills in a City Economy - with comment on lessons from Germany. (OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers 2012,08), Paris, 43 S. DOI:10.1787/5k9b9mjcxp35-en

Abstract

"The London Apprenticeship Campaign was launched in 2010 to boost the number of apprentices in London. It was developed as part of an ongoing policy focus to tackle long-standing skill shortfalls in the city, shortages which have been constraining employment, social opportunity and productivity. A critical element was to establish more apprenticeship frameworks outside traditional sectors and in growth sectors dominating the local economy. A remarkable innovation in the campaign has been supplementing the supply-side approach with a demand-side policy by working to engage more private sector employers, while also ensuring a strong public sector commitment. Germany has one of the most successful apprenticeship models internationally and can provide good learning lessons for London on putting in place effective apprenticeship approaches at national, regional and local level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Furlong, Andy, Akio Inui, Takayuki Nishimura & Yoshikazu Kojima (2012): Accounting for the early labour market destinations of 19/20-year-olds in England and Wales and Japan. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 15, H. 1, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2011.617735

Abstract

"In most advanced countries, young people are now expected to remain in education until the age of 18 and, in a context of poor opportunities for those who leave at an early stage, there are concerns about those who are being left behind. In this paper we use comparable survey data to focus on the destinations of young people in two contrasting societies, England and Wales and Japan. We compare the destinations of 19/20-year-olds in the two countries, with a strong focus on those who leave education at an early stage, and go on to explore the extent to which young people's socio-economic backgrounds and their orientations to education explain their post-school experiences. We argue that, in both societies, those who enter the labour market before the age of 20 face severe difficulties irrespective of their social background." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))