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Shifrer, Dara & Daniel Mackin Freeman (2021): Problematizing Perceptions of STEM Potential: Differences by Cognitive Disability Status in High School and Postsecondary Educational Outcomes. In: Socius, Jg. 7, S. 1-13. DOI:10.1177/2378023121998116

Abstract

"The STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) potential of youth with cognitive disabilities is often dismissed through problematic perceptions of STEM ability as natural and of youth with cognitive disabilities as unable. National data on more than 15,000 adolescents from the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 first suggest that, among youth with disabilities, youth with medicated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have the highest levels of STEM achievement, and youth with learning or intellectual disabilities typically have the lowest. Undergraduates with medicated ADHD or autism appear to be more likely to major in STEM than youth without cognitive disabilities, and youth with autism have the most positive STEM attitudes. Finally, results suggest that high school STEM achievement is more salient for college enrollment than STEM-positive attitudes across youth with most disability types, whereas attitudes are more salient than achievement for choosing a STEM major." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gouskova, Elena (2020): Why self-employment rates are higher among people with work limitations. In: Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Jg. 31, H. 1, S. 15-25. DOI:10.1177/1044207319851244

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Enayati, Hassan & Arun Karpur (2019): Impact of participation in school-to-work programs on postsecondary outcomes for youth with disabilities from low-income families. In: Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 235-244. DOI:10.1177/1044207318789419

Abstract

"Individuals with disabilities who also live in poverty face a double jeopardy. Disability and poverty are each separately associated with poorer education and employment outcomes. One approach to ameliorate these poorer outcomes is to improve the transition from high school to adulthood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, this article examines the role of school-to-work training programs on adult outcomes for individuals with disabilities who live in welfare receiving households. A linear probability model identifies the differences in outcomes for youth by disability and welfare status. Participation in school-to-work programs for youth with disabilities from welfare receiving homes was found to predict higher rates of employment, lower rates of conviction, and lower wages. Implications of these results and recommendations for future research design are included." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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McDonnall, Michele C. & Jennifer Cmar (2019): Employment outcomes and job quality of vocational rehabilitation consumers with deaf-blindness. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 63, H. 1, S. 13-24. DOI:10.1177/0034355218769461

Abstract

"The purpose of this study was to investigate employment outcomes for vocational rehabilitation (VR) consumers with deaf-blindness, a population that has received no attention in the literature. The sample was obtained from Rehabilitation Services Administration Case Service Report (RSA-911) data and included 1,382 consumers with deaf-blindness identified as their primary or secondary disability whose cases were closed during fiscal years 2013, 2014, and 2015. Independent variables consisted of consumer personal characteristics and VR service-related variables. Two measures of employment outcomes were used: obtainment of competitive employment and a composite measure of job quality. Overall, the results indicate that several VR service-related factors are associated with whether deaf-blind consumers obtain competitive employment, but consumers' personal characteristics are much more important in determining job quality. Implications for improving employment outcomes for consumers who are deaf-blind include providing job-related services, supporting educational advancement, and providing counseling and guidance. Results also support the importance of accounting for employment status at application in RSA-911 analyses and the efficacy of service provision by separate agencies for the blind." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Whitworth, Adam (2019): Mainstreaming effective employment support for individuals with health conditions. An analytical framework for the effective design of modified individual placement and support (IPS) models. In: Social policy and society, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 517-533. DOI:10.1017/S147474641800043X

Abstract

"Individual Placement and Support (IPS) is a highly effective model of employment support for individuals with severe mental health conditions. Its potential modification for new settings and larger cohorts is of keen interest across advanced economies given shared health-related (un)employment challenges. Despite mushrooming policy interest and activity around modified IPS a significant barrier and risk at present is the absence of a well-considered analytical framework to enable structured critical reflection about the effective translation of IPS principles and fidelity into modified IPS services. This article fills this void through the presentation for the first time in the literature of such an analytical framework, unpacking as it does so a set of key original analytical distinctions that are unhelpfully homogenised in current literature and policy thinking and highlighting the wider potential of IPS principles and models to the nature of good employment support for other individuals with health conditions and disabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zimmer, David M. (2019): The effect of hearing impairments on wage earnings. Evidence from a Copula-based spline selection model. In: Labour, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 147-161. DOI:10.1111/labr.12142

Abstract

"This paper investigates the effect of hearing impairments on annual wage earnings. A standard Heckman-style selection model suggests that hearing impairments reduce earnings by approximately 14 per cent, with no evidence of selection bias. The paper then relaxes the assumption of bivariate normality using a copula specification, and the paper allows for potentially nonlinear links between nonbinary covariates and earnings using smooth spline functions. By incorporating those two deviations, not only does the model appear to provide a better fit to the data, but hearing impairments appear to reduce earnings by 19 per cent, an effect 36 per cent larger than what is suggested by the standard selection setup. The model also uncovers evidence of statistically significant selection bias." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Armour, Phillip, Patrick Button & Simon Hollands (2018): Disability saliency and discrimination in hiring. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 108, S. 262-266. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20181045

Abstract

"Theory suggests that disability discrimination protections may adversely affect the hiring of individuals with disabilities by making them more expensive. Using SIPP data, we explore how the ADA Amendments Act (ADAAA), which expanded disability discrimination protections, affected the relative hiring rate of individuals with disabilities. We employ new categorizations of disability type: salient physical conditions, non-salient physical conditions, mental retardation and developmental disability, and other mental conditions. We find that the ADAAA had no effect other than increasing hiring for those with non-salient physical conditions. These results suggest that condition saliency may mediate the effects of discrimination protections on hiring." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Balcazar, Fabricio E., Jessica Awsumb, Shawn Dimpfl, F. L. Fredrik G. Langi & Jazmin Lara (2018): Jobs for youth program. An intervention to improve transition outcomes of former dropout minority youth. In: Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, Jg. 41, H. 3, S. 166-174. DOI:10.1177/2165143417747225

Abstract

"This study describes an intervention developed to implement several best transition practices with a high risk/high need population. In all, 116 students with disabilities from a charter school for dropouts participated. All students were interviewed at different points in time to track their progress as they completed the program. Records of participant's activities and outcomes were collected. Results suggest a positive impact on students' graduation rate (95%), enrollment in vocational rehabilitation (100%), proportion of students obtaining certificates for employment (56%), and paid internship (37%). Overall, 35% of the vocational rehabilitation cases were closed successfully with students meeting the 90-day employment requirement after graduation. Results inform future work on the implementation of interventions designed to help low-income minority youth with disabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kim, Soojin & Serena Rhee (2018): Measuring the effects of employment protection policies. Theory and evidence from the Americans with Disabilities Act. In: Labour economics, Jg. 54, H. October, S. 116-134. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2018.08.001

Abstract

"Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is an employment protection policy for disabled workers. By exploiting cross-state variation in pre-ADA legislation, we measure the effects of the law on transition rates of disabled workers. We find a decline in employment-to-non-employment transitions after the ADA, with an insignificant change in flow into employment. We use a model to disentangle the costs of firing and hiring imposed by the ADA. Our findings suggest that the ADA induces firms to fire less frequently but become more selective with new hires, impacting the aggregate productivity of the workforce and output of the economy." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Kruse, Douglas, Lisa Schur, Sean Rogers & Mason Ameri (2018): Why do workers with disabilities earn less? Occupational job requirements and disability discrimination. In: BJIR, Jg. 56, H. 4, S. 798-834. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12257

Abstract

"We analyse competing explanations for the lower pay of employees with disabilities, using 2008 - 2014 data from the American Community Survey matched to O*Net data on occupational job requirements. The results indicate that only part of the disability pay gap is due to productivity-related job requirements. The remaining pay gap -- experienced by employees whose impairments should not limit their productivity -- reflects potential discrimination. The discrimination-related pay gaps appear to be smallest and possibly non-existent for women and men with hearing impairments, and largest for those with cognitive and mobility impairments. Overall the results indicate that discrimination is likely to remain an influence on the pay of many workers with disabilities." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Sevak, Purvi, John O'Neill, Andrew Houtenville & Debra Brucker (2018): State and local determinants of employment outcomes among individuals with disabilities. In: Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 119-128. DOI:10.1177/1044207318782676

Abstract

"In the United States, employment rates among individuals with disabilities are persistently low but vary substantially. In this study, we examined the relationship between employment outcomes and features of the state and county physical, economic, and policy environment among a national sample of individuals with disabilities. To do so, we merged a set of state- and county-level environmental variables with data from the 2009 - 2011 American Community Survey accessed in a U.S. Census Research Data Center. We estimated regression models of employment, work hours, and earnings as a function of disability, personal characteristics, and these environmental features. We found that economic conditions and physical environmental variables had stronger associations than policy variables with employment outcomes. Although the estimated importance of environmental variables was small relative to individual disability and personal characteristics, our results suggest that these variables may present barriers or facilitators to employment that can explain some geographic variation in employment outcomes across the United States." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sundar, Vidya, John O'Neill, Andrew J. Houtenville, Kimberly G. Phillips, Tracy Keirns, Andrew Smith & Elaine E. Katz (2018): Striving to work and overcoming barriers. Employment strategies and successes of people with disabilities. In: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, Jg. 48, H. 1, S. 93-109. DOI:10.3233/JVR-170918

Abstract

"BACKGROUND: People with disabilities experience longstanding barriers to employment. However, beyond the conventional metrics of labor force participation or unemployment rates we know very little about the workplace experiences of people with disabilities.
OBJECTIVE: This study describes findings from the 2015 Kessler Foundation National Employment and Disability Survey (2015 KFNEDS), a nationally representative survey of Americans with disabilities.
METHODS: A dual-frame, random digit dial, nationally representative survey was conducted. Survey respondents included 3013 working age adults with a disability. Survey respondents were asked about disability, employment status, job search activities and workplace experiences.
RESULTS: Over 42% of survey respondents were currently working. 68.4% were striving to work characterized by job preparation, job search and/or participation in the workforce since the onset of their disability. Although some barriers persisted in the workplace, many were able to overcome the same. Overall, 47.8% of the respondents used workplace accommodations, 45.3% were satisfied with their jobs, 86.6% felt accepted in their workplace.
CONCLUSION: The 2015 KFNEDS highlights how people with disabilities strive to work and overcome barriers, a discourse largely overlooked in contemporary disability and employment research. Survey findings can inform new programs and policies to improve employment outcomes for people with disabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Alsaman, Marwa A. & Chun-Lung Lee (2017): Employment outcomes of youth with disabilities in vocational rehabilitation. A multilevel analysis of RSA-911 data. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 60, H. 2, S. 98-107. DOI:10.1177/0034355216632363

Abstract

"The purpose of this study is twofold: (a) to examine the relationship between individual factors and rehabilitation outcomes of transition youth with disabilities receiving state vocational rehabilitation services and (b) to determine the contextual effects of state unemployment rate on the employment outcomes of transition youth and its potential interactions with personal and service factors. Hierarchical generalized linear modeling was used to analyze Rehabilitation Services Administration Case Service Report (RSA-911) data for fiscal year 2013. Results show that state unemployment rates were found to moderate the relationships between some demographic and service variables and successful competitive employment. These results indicate the importance of contextual variables, such as state unemployment rates, and their impact on the predictive strength of specific personal and service variables on employment outcomes of youth with disabilities. Implications for vocational rehabilitation services and policy, and future research are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Anand, Priyanka & Purvi Sevak (2017): The role of workplace accommodations in the employment of people with disabilities. In: IZA journal of labor policy, Jg. 6, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1186/s40173-017-0090-4

Abstract

"We explore the role of workplace accommodations in reducing employment barriers and improving the employment of people with disabilities. We do so using data from the 2015 Survey of Disability and Employment on people with disabilities who applied for vocational rehabilitation services in three states. The results show that at least one third of nonworking people with disabilities reported employment barriers that could be addressed by workplace accommodations, such as lack of transportation and an inaccessible workplace. We also find that receiving certain types of workplace accommodations, such as help with transportation, flexible work schedules, or a personal care attendant, is positively correlated with being employed at the time of the survey. Finally, people who are in poor health or have physical disabilities were more likely to perceive workplace inaccessibility as a barrier but less likely to have received accommodations in their current or most recent job. This suggests that people with these characteristics may be good candidates to target for greater access to workplace accommodations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ashley, Deborah & Noreen M. Graf (2017): The process and experiences of self-employment among people with disabilities. A qualitative study. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 61, H. 2, S. 90-100. DOI:10.1177/0034355216687712

Abstract

"Self-employment and business ownership may provide viable options toward overcoming employment disparities for people with disabilities. This qualitative study explored the process and experience of self-employment among people with disabilities. An online survey yielded responses from 18 individuals who were engaged in various self-employment endeavors. The researchers identified three main categories: reasons for self-employment, the process of becoming self-employed, and the challenges encountered. The majority of participants revealed negative and/or unhelpful interactions with vocational rehabilitation counselors. In addition, this study solicited advice from participants for vocational rehabilitation counselors and other persons with disabilities contemplating self-employment. Finally, recommendations for vocational rehabilitation practice, business development training, and education are provided." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cannella-Malone, Helen I. & John M. Schaefer (2017): A review of research on teaching people with significant disabilities vocational skills. In: Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 67-78. DOI:10.1177/2165143415583498

Abstract

"Although an important part of adult life, individuals with significant disabilities experience low rates of gainful employment. The purpose of this review was to summarize and analyze the literature on teaching vocational skills to individuals with significant disabilities. Sixty-two articles (with 75 experiments) included in this review were published between 1969 and 2014, and indicated that most participants were successfully taught to engage in a variety of vocational skills in a range of settings. Unfortunately, this review also determined that the research on teaching vocational skills to individuals with significant disabilities is steadily decreasing, with only 15 new studies published since 2000. Potential directions for future research will be proposed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Eckstein, Angela, Purvi Sevak & Debra Wright (2017): Personal characteristics of vocational rehabilitation applicants. Findings from the Survey of Disability and Employment. In: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, Jg. 46, H. 2, S. 177-185. DOI:10.3233/JVR-160853

Abstract

"Background: Existing survey and administrative data provide little information on why individuals with disabilities have had persistently low employment rates and why some groups of individuals fare better in the labor market than others.
Objective: Our goal is to provide new insights into the barriers and facilitators to employment among individuals with disabilities.
Methods: We designed the Survey of Disability and Employment, a 30-minute telephone survey, to collect information on health conditions, employment history and barriers, and workplace and social supports for 2,804 vocational rehabilitation (VR) applicants in 2014.
Results: In addition to citing health issues, VR applicants cite many barriers to employment, including difficulty finding a job, lack of skills, and accessibility. Health presents as a barrier due to unpredictability of symptoms, pain, and lack of physical energy and adequate time. Despite these barriers, the majority of VR applicants state it is extremely important that they work and most have high self-perceptions of executive functioning.
Conclusion: A richer understanding of the resources and needs of individuals with disabilities can help counselors and policymakers better tailor services to support their employment goals." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hemmeter, Jeffrey, David R. Mann & David C. Wittenburg (2017): Supplemental security income and the transition to adulthood in the United States. State variations in outcomes following the age-18 redetermination. In: Social Service Review, Jg. 91, H. 1, S. 106-133. DOI:10.1086/691219

Abstract

"Policy makers have raised concerns about the outcomes of former child Supplemental Security Income (SSI) recipients following the redetermination of eligibility at age 18 using an adult disability definition. We use Social Security administrative data to track state-level benefit receipt and employment outcomes of all former child SSI recipients who received an age-18 redetermination from 1998 through 2006, through age 24. We find that (1) state cessation rates ranged from 20 to 47 percent, (2) ceased recipients had higher employment rates and lower rates of SSI receipt than continued recipients, and (3) continued recipients who lived in states with higher employment rates also had higher Disability Insurance benefit receipt rates than those who lived in states with lower employment rates. The findings raise questions about the state-level variation in SSI's role in the overall safety net and the variations in options available to former child SSI recipients following the age-18 redetermination." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Stapleton, David C., David R. Mann, Pragya Singh & Jae Song (2017): Firm-level early intervention incentives: which recent employers of disability program entrants would pay more? In: Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Jg. 28, H. 3, S. 162-173. DOI:10.1177/1044207317729126

Abstract

"The declining economic status of people with disabilities and the predicted 2016 depletion of the Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) Trust Fund have generated considerable interest in proposals for reforming the DI program. Some proposals would hold firms partially responsible for a portion of the DI benefits paid to their recent employees. We analyze the implications of this approach for employers and workers in general, and specifically consider two prominent reform proposals: One would require employers to carry short-term DI; the second would apply an experience rating to the DI portion of the Federal Insurance Contributions Act premium. We find the proposals would place a relatively large burden on the labor costs of many relatively small (fewer than 500 workers), low-wage firms. Firms with high potential liabilities might react by seeking to accommodate and retain workers with challenging medical conditions but might also reduce hiring or retaining workers at high risk of medical problems. Hence, although these proposals would likely reduce DI expenditures, they might have less desirable unintended consequences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Agran, Martin, Carolyn Hughes, Colleen A. Thoma & LaRon A. Scott (2016): Employment social skills. What skills are really valued? In: Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, Jg. 39, H. 2, S. 111-120. DOI:10.1177/2165143414546741

Abstract

"Although social skills have long been recognized as essential in promoting employees' employability (e.g., maintaining employment), there has been little research about work-related social skills for the last two decades. A systematic replication of Salzberg, Agran, and Lignugaris/Kraft's investigation of critical social skills was conducted. Specifically, a national sample of secondary teachers was asked to rate the importance of social skills in employment settings and the extent to which instruction was provided to teach these skills. Among the skills rated as most important were seeking clarification for unclear instructions, arriving at work on time, refraining from inappropriate touching of others, carrying out instructions needing immediate attention, notifying a supervisor when assistance is needed, responding appropriately to critical feedback, and interacting well with customers/clients. Interestingly, the skills perceived to be the most important were not the skills that were most frequently taught. The implications of these findings are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))