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Menschen mit Behinderungen in Ausbildung und Beruf

Mit dem Bundesteilhabegesetz und dem Nationalen Aktionsplan 2.0 wurden 2016 zwei wichtige behindertenpolitische Vorhaben angestoßen und in den Folgejahren umgesetzt und weiterentwickelt. Damit soll im Einklang mit der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention die Inklusion in Deutschland weiter vorangetrieben werden, indem die Selbstbestimmung und Teilhabe von Menschen mit Behinderungen gestärkt werden. Mit dem schrittweisen Inkrafttreten des Bundesteilhabegesetzes erfuhren das Recht der Rehabilitation und Teilhabe von Menschen mit Behinderungen und die Eingliederungshilfe (SGB IX) weitreichende Änderungen. Wie stellt sich die Situation von behinderten Menschen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt dar? Wie lassen sich behindertengerechte Berufsleben und inklusive Arbeitswelten gestalten?
Die Infoplattform stellt zentrale Dokumente und relevante Quellenhinweise zusammen, inhaltlich strukturiert nach den Aspekten der Politik für behinderte Menschen und den diskutierten bzw. realisierten Reformanstrengungen.

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Disability in the labour market: an exploration of concepts of the ideal worker and organisational fit that disadvantage employees with impairments (2013)

    Foster, Deborah ; Wass, Victoria ;

    Zitatform

    Foster, Deborah & Victoria Wass (2013): Disability in the labour market. An exploration of concepts of the ideal worker and organisational fit that disadvantage employees with impairments. In: Sociology, Jg. 47, H. 4, S. 705-721. DOI:10.1177/0038038512454245

    Abstract

    "The adverse employment effects that attach to disability are empirically well established. They are large and persistent. This is a conceptual article that investigates the source of this deep and enduring employment disadvantage. Debate begins by examining the origins of ideas that have shaped approaches to work study and have influenced concepts of what constitutes an ideal worker. Drawing on feminist critiques of organisational analysis that have highlighted the gendered character of processes, practices and values, it explores the relatively neglected position of disabled employees. With reference to transcripts from four Employment Appeal Tribunals brought under the Disability Discrimination Act, it illustrates how standard jobs, designed around ideal (non-disabled) employees, create a mismatch between a formal job description and someone with an impairment. We suggest this mismatch is central to the organisation's resistance to implementing adjustments and also to any radical approaches to include impaired employees in the workplace." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Understanding changing disability-related employment gaps in Britain 1998 - 2011 (2013)

    Jones, Melanie ; Wass, Victoria ;

    Zitatform

    Jones, Melanie & Victoria Wass (2013): Understanding changing disability-related employment gaps in Britain 1998 - 2011. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 27, H. 6, S. 982-1003. DOI:10.1177/0950017013475372

    Abstract

    "A large and enduring employment gap attaches to impairment and disability. Nevertheless, disability remains a neglected area of research in both labour economics and sociology of work when compared to other protected groups. The government has looked to health professionals (Dame Carol Black, and Sir Michael Marmot), rather than to social scientists, for policy advice, including in relation to the workplace. The Black Review charts an improvement in employment prospects for those reporting disability (1998 - 2007), a reversal of a prior trend. The purpose of this study is to uncover and disentangle the drivers of employment growth for those reporting disability. The effects of changes in group characteristics, some of which may be linked to an increase in the rate of ill health reporting, are considered; and also the effects of changes in the employment structure towards flexible working, the public sector and non-manual jobs. The analysis extends to 2011 to capture the effects of the recession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Welfare to work and the inclusive labour market: a comparative study of activation policies for disability and long-term sickness benefit claimants in the UK and Denmark (2012)

    Etherington, David ; Ingold, Jo ;

    Zitatform

    Etherington, David & Jo Ingold (2012): Welfare to work and the inclusive labour market. A comparative study of activation policies for disability and long-term sickness benefit claimants in the UK and Denmark. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 22, H. 1, S. 30-44. DOI:10.1177/0958928711425265

    Abstract

    "The increasing number of recipients of disability and long-term sickness benefits has resulted in the introduction of specific employability programmes in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. In the UK Pathways to Work involved enabling and support measures for benefit recipients with long-term health conditions. In Denmark 'flex-jobs' are an integral occupational health intervention for both employed and unemployed people with reduced working capacity. Through a comparative analysis primarily based on stakeholder interviews in both countries, this paper argues that the concept of an inclusive labour market strategy is crucial to assisting these groups into work, underpinned by governance and a politics of representation. In Denmark both the role of the social partners and subsidized employment are significant. In the UK governance has been constrained and insufficient attention has been paid to income security. Comparing these two models highlights policy learning for the UK from the successes of and challenges to the Danish model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Trends in the employment of disabled people in Britain (2011)

    Berthoud, Richard;

    Zitatform

    Berthoud, Richard (2011): Trends in the employment of disabled people in Britain. (ISER working paper 2011-03), Cochester, 60 S.

    Abstract

    "The number of people claiming incapacity benefits increased rapidly to the mid 1990s, and has hardly reduced since then. This paper uses survey data to plot trends over time in the prevalence of disability, and in the employment rates of disabled people, in a way which is independent of, but comparable with, benefit statistics. The research is mainly based on General Household Survey data across the period 1974 to 2005. Much of the analysis is based on a loose definition of disability, but this is effectively complemented by more detailed data on health conditions available in some GHS years." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Disability and self-employment: evidence for the UK (2011)

    Jones, Melanie K.; Latreille, Paul L.;

    Zitatform

    Jones, Melanie K. & Paul L. Latreille (2011): Disability and self-employment. Evidence for the UK. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 43, H. 27, S. 4161-4178. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2010.489816

    Abstract

    "This article examines the self-employment decision for disabled and nondisabled workers in the UK. Using Labour Force Survey (LFS) data, it is found that self-employment may provide an important means by which those with work-limiting disabilities can accommodate their impairment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Disability, employment and earnings: an examination of heterogeneity (2011)

    Jones, Melanie K.;

    Zitatform

    Jones, Melanie K. (2011): Disability, employment and earnings. An examination of heterogeneity. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 43, H. 8, S. 1001-1017. DOI:10.1080/00036840802600053

    Abstract

    "This article uses information from an ad hoc module on disability in the 2002 UK Labour Force Survey to identify the heterogeneity that exists within the disabled group and examine its impact on labour market outcomes. After controlling for a range of personal characteristics, the type, severity, duration and cause of the disability are found to be important determinants of employment, but there is less evidence to support the influence of within group heterogeneity on earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Disability specialist staff in US One-Stop Career Centers and British Jobcentre Plus offices: roles, responsibilities, and evidence of their effectiveness (2010)

    Boeltzig, Heike; Pilling, Doria; Johnson, Robyn ; Timmons, Jaimie Ciulla;

    Zitatform

    Boeltzig, Heike, Doria Pilling, Jaimie Ciulla Timmons & Robyn Johnson (2010): Disability specialist staff in US One-Stop Career Centers and British Jobcentre Plus offices. Roles, responsibilities, and evidence of their effectiveness. In: Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Jg. 21, H. 2, S. 101-115. DOI:10.1177/1044207309370840

    Abstract

    "The One-Stop Career Center system in the United States and the Jobcentre Plus system in Great Britain provide universal access to public employment services targeted at all job seekers, including people with disabilities, and employer services. Studies have identified challenges with these universal models in that some job seekers with disabilities may have additional or more intense support needs. Disability specialist positions provide one way of addressing these needs. This article examines their roles and responsibilities and their effectiveness in improving employment service delivery through these systems. The article highlights commonalities and differences associated with the roles between the two countries and discusses implications for improving effectiveness. Findings are based on a scoping review of existing empirical research that was conducted in 2008. The article concludes with directions for future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Evaluation of access to work: individual budget pilot strand (2009)

    Aston, Jane;

    Zitatform

    Aston, Jane (2009): Evaluation of access to work. Individual budget pilot strand. (Great Britain, Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 620), London, 134 S.

    Abstract

    "This report presents the findings of a qualitative evaluation of the provision of employment support and Access to Work (AtW) alongside Individual Budgets. It was one of three strands of an AtW evaluation which was commissioned by the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP), and carried out by Institute for Employment Studies. Individual Budgets were piloted in 13 local authorities across England, and a separate evaluation of these has been carried out for DWP. AtW was aligned, but not fully integrated, with Individual Budgets, and so AtW funds were not received by service users as part of their Individual Budgets. Alongside some of the processes involved in obtaining an Individual Budget, additional employment-related support was being piloted by DWP and Jobcentre Plus (referred to as 'the employment option'). The employment option centred around employment marketing leaflets from Jobcentre Plus; a four-page leaflet and a more detailed booklet." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Evaluation of access to work: core evaluation (2009)

    Dewson, Sara; Hill, Darcy; Meager, Nigel; Willison, Rebecca;

    Zitatform

    Dewson, Sara, Darcy Hill, Nigel Meager & Rebecca Willison (2009): Evaluation of access to work. Core evaluation. (Great Britain, Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 619), London, 98 S.

    Abstract

    "The Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) commissioned the Institute for Employment Studies (IES) to undertake a qualitative evaluation of Access to Work (AtW) provision. AtW is designed for people with long-term health conditions or impairments who need extra practical support to gain or remain in work. The types of support provided by AtW includes: special aids and equipment; adaptations to premises and equipment; travel to work grants; support workers; and, communicator support at interview. Any help received from AtW is in addition to the reasonable adjustments made by employers in accordance with the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Disability and skill mismatch (2009)

    Jones, Melanie K.; Sloane, Peter J.;

    Zitatform

    Jones, Melanie K. & Peter J. Sloane (2009): Disability and skill mismatch. (IZA discussion paper 4430), Bonn, 32 S.

    Abstract

    "This paper integrates two strands of literature on overskilling and disability using the 2004 British Workplace Employment Relations Survey (WERS). It finds that the disabled are significantly more likely to be mismatched in the labour market, to suffer from a pay penalty and to have lower job satisfaction, the effects being stronger for the work-limited disabled. Giving workers more discretion over how they perform their work would significantly reduce these negative effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Integration into work of persons who were already disabled before adulthood: national reports. Annex (2008)

    Bollens, Joost; Roberts, Simon ; Eichenhofer, Eberhard; Jenak, Andreas; Litz, Annegret; Cousins, Mel; Tomes, Igor; Koldinska, Kristina; Greve, Bent ;

    Zitatform

    Bollens, Joost, Igor Tomes, Kristina Koldinska, Bent Greve, Annegret Litz, Eberhard Eichenhofer, Andreas Jenak, Mel Cousins & Simon Roberts (2008): Integration into work of persons who were already disabled before adulthood. National reports. Annex. Tilburg, 352 S.

    Abstract

    Das Buch ist ein Anhang zu dem niederländischen Bericht mit dem Titel 'Arbeidsparticipatie van jonggehandicapten, Een onderzoek naar Europese systemen en praktijken'. Diese Studie basierte auf einzelnen nationalen Berichten zur Teilhabe junger Menschen mit Behinderungen, die jeweils von Wissenschaftlern der beteiligten Länder geliefert wurden. Die Veröffentlichung enthält eine Kompilation dieser Länderberichte in unredigierter Form. Die Länderberichte geben jeweils Bestandsaufnahmen der Arbeitsmarktsituation junger behinderter Menschen in Belgien, der Tschechischen Republik, in Dänemark, Deutschland, Irland und Großbritannien. Sie enthalten Beschreibungen des jeweiligen politischen Systems und der Zuständigkeiten, einen Überblick über Behindertenrecht und -gesetzgebung, institutionelle Bedingungen und Voraussetzungen für die Förderung und Unterstützung junger Behinderter, über Einrichtungen zur Eingliederung junger Behinderter in den Arbeitsmarkt, Beispiele für 'best practice' bei der Förderung der Eingliederung sowie Schlussfolgerungen und Empfehlungen für die Politik. (IAB)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Transition into adulthood and work: findings from Network 1000 (2008)

    Pavey, Sue; Corcoran, Christine; Douglas, Graeme ;

    Zitatform

    Pavey, Sue, Graeme Douglas & Christine Corcoran (2008): Transition into adulthood and work. Findings from Network 1000. In: The British Journal of Visual Impairment, Jg. 26, H. 2, S. 202-216. DOI:10.1177/0264619607088283

    Abstract

    "This article draws upon data from a large scale project called 'Network 1000'. Network 1000 seeks to survey the changing needs and opinions of visually impaired adults. Data have been collected from 1007 visually impaired people across Great Britain. This analysis focuses upon a sub-sample of approximately 250 adults aged between 18 and 42 years. In all cases, the onset of these participants' visual impairment was during childhood (i.e. under 17 years of age). The analysis presents data in relation to their education and employment, and reflects upon the factors that seem to be associated with both. It appears that earlier onset of visual impairment is associated with higher levels of educational achievement. There was no clear link between the current level of visual impairment (at the time of interview) and educational achievement. In terms of employment, those with higher levels of educational qualification were more likely to be employed. Those with lower levels of qualifications were more likely to describe themselves as 'long term sick and disabled' or 'unemployed'. Employment rates amongst younger visually impaired people appeared higher for those who had childhood visual impairment than those who did not. This suggests a positive impact of education. Also, employment rates were generally much better amongst younger visually impaired people than those over 50 years old. Nevertheless, the reported employment rate of 40 per cent is still very low. Some time is also spent considering visually impaired adults with severe learning and communication difficulties and their lives following compulsory education, including possible explanations for their likely under-representation in the project sample." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Transition experiences of disabled young people (2007)

    Pigott, Linda; Houghton, Ann-Marie;

    Zitatform

    Pigott, Linda & Ann-Marie Houghton (2007): Transition experiences of disabled young people. In: International Journal of Lifelong Education, Jg. 26, H. 5, S. 573-587. DOI:10.1080/02601370701559664

    Abstract

    "This paper outlines the changing employment climate and shift in attitudes towards disabled people who are expected to become economically active in order to fulfil their role as responsible citizens. We briefly describe the employment profile of disabled people and reiterate the combination of factors identified in shaping progression into the workforce. We provide a summary of two research projects, the Disability Effective Inclusive Policies (DEIP) funded by European Social Fund with a clear connection to EU equity and employability agenda, and the Lancashire Aimhigher Disability (LAD) project designed to support the government's aim of widening participation. We discuss aspects of the transition process, drawing explicitly on interviews with disabled people, policy makers and practitioners involved in developing or implementing policy and providing support services designed to aid the transition process. We conclude that there is a continuing need for a focus on the concept of transition in policy and practice." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    "Nichts über uns - ohne uns!": Disability Studies als neuer Ansatz emanzipatorischer und interdisziplinärer Forschung über Behinderung (2006)

    Hermes, Gisela; Rohrmann, Eckhard;

    Zitatform

    Hermes, Gisela & Eckhard Rohrmann (Hrsg.) (2006): "Nichts über uns - ohne uns!". Disability Studies als neuer Ansatz emanzipatorischer und interdisziplinärer Forschung über Behinderung. (Materialien der AG SPAK M 187), Neu-Ulm: AG-SPAK, 253 S.

    Abstract

    "Disability Studies verstehen sich als interdisziplinär ausgerichtete Forschungsstrategie, die davon ausgeht, dass Behinderung kein spezifisches Wesensmerkmal von Behinderten ist, sondern gesellschaftlich konstruiert wird. Demnach ist Behinderung kein individuelles Problem, sondern das Produkt gesellschaftlicher Bedingungen und Verhältnisse, die Menschen mit unterschiedlichen Beeinträchtigungen bei der sozialen Teilhabe an allen gesellschaftlichen Lebensbereichen behindern. Im Sinne der Disability Studies sind Menschen mit Behinderungen nach dem Motto 'Nichts über uns - ohne uns' als Subjekte und als Expert/inn/en ihrer eigenen Situation aktiv in Politik und Forschung mit einzubeziehen.
    Um die Belange behinderter Menschen und die Sichtweisen der Betroffenen angemessen aufgreifen zu können, sind die Disability Studies auf einen intensiven Austausch zwischen Forschung, Politik und Praxis angewiesen. Hierzu versammelt dieser Band Beiträge von Autor/inn/en mit unterschiedlichen disziplinären und biografischen Hintergründen, die aus ihrer jeweiligen Perspektive die Disability Studies vorstellen, das Spannungsfeld zwischen der politischen Behindertenbewegung und diesem Forschungsansatz beleuchten und zeigen, auf welche Weise dieser in den verschiedenen Fachdisziplinen und Lebensbereichen umgesetzt wird." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Disability, work, and welfare: challenging the social exclusion of disabled people (2005)

    Barnes, Colin ; Mercer, Geof;

    Zitatform

    Barnes, Colin & Geof Mercer (2005): Disability, work, and welfare. Challenging the social exclusion of disabled people. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 19, H. 3, S. 527-545. DOI:10.1177/0950017005055669

    Abstract

    "This article engages with debates relating to social policy and disabled people's exclusion from the British labour market. Drawing on recent developments from within the disabled people's movement, in particular, the concept of independent living and the social model of disability, and the associated disability studies literature, a critical evaluation of orthodox sociological theories of work, unemployment, and under-employment in relation to disabled people's exclusion from the workplace is provided. It is argued that hitherto, analyses of work and disability have failed to address in sufficient depth or breadth the various social and environmental barriers that confront disabled people. It is suggested therefore that a reconfiguration of the meaning of work for disabled people - drawing on and commensurate with disabled people's perspectives as expressed by the philosophy of independent living - and a social model analysis of their oppression is needed and long overdue." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    A valued part of the workforce?: final report of the sequal project on employment and disabled people (2005)

    Watson, Debby; Williams, Val; Wickham, Claire;

    Zitatform

    Watson, Debby, Val Williams & Claire Wickham (2005): A valued part of the workforce? Final report of the sequal project on employment and disabled people. Guildford, 181 S.

    Abstract

    Zwischen 8,6 und 11 Millionen Menschen mit Behinderungen leben in Großbritannen, und rund die Hälfte von ihnen ist erwerbstätig. Die Studie gibt einen Überblick über Diskriminierung und Beschäftigungsbarrieren für Menschen mit Behinderungen sowie über beschäftigungspolitische Initiativen zur Beschäftigungsförderung Behinderter. Regionale Initiativen in Südwest-England werden vorgestellt, und es wird herausgearbeitet, welche Merkmale erfolgreiche Initiativen auszeichnen. Menschen mit Lernbeeinträchtigung und Hörbehinderung arbeiteten bei dem Projekt mit. Barrieren für Erwerbstätigkeit liegen vor allem in negativen Einstellungen gegenüber Behinderungen im Bildungs- und Beschäftigungssystem und in den geringen Anreizen des Sozialsystems. Thematisiert werden nicht nur die Schwierigkeiten des beruflichen Einstiegs, sondern auch des beruflichen Aufstiegs und der Qualität der Arbeit. Speziell für Lern- und Hörbehinderte sind Isolation am Arbeitsplatz und geringe Aufstiegschancen ein Problem. Ein Kapitel ist der Situation behinderter Studenten und Hochschulabsolventen gewidmet. Sowohl auf der Arbeitgeberseite als auch auf Seiten der behinderten Arbeitssuchenden wird ein Mangel an Informationen festgestellt. Positiv wird vermerkt, dass insbesondere Menschen mit Lernbeeinträchtigungen zunehmend Möglichkeiten zu Teilzeitarbeit und flexiblen Arbeitszeiten wahrnehmen. Beschäftigungspolitische, personalpolitische und individuelle Beispiele illustrieren, dass es für Menschen mit Behinderungen möglich ist, qualitativ hochwertige Arbeit zu leisten. Empfohlen wird eine realistische Einschätzung der Möglichkeiten und Bedürfnisse der Beschäftigung und die Förderung positiver Leitbilder bei allen Beteiligten. (IAB)

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