Female breadwinner – Erwerbsentscheidungen von Frauen im Haushaltskontext
Nach wie vor ist die ungleiche Verteilung von Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit zwischen den Partnern der Regelfall. Traditionelle familiäre Arrangements werden dabei durch institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen bevorzugt. Die Folge ist, dass Frauen immer noch beruflich zurückstecken - auch wenn sie den Hauptteil des Haushaltseinkommens erarbeiten und damit die Rolle der Familienernährerin übernehmen.
Dieses Themendossier widmet sich den Bedingungen und Auswirkungen der Erwerbsentscheidung von Frauen sowie empirischen Studien, die sich mit der Arbeitsteilung der Partner im Haushaltskontext befassen.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
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Literaturhinweis
How do educational and occupational resources relate to the timing of family formation?: a couple analysis of the Netherlands (2013)
Zitatform
Begall, Katia (2013): How do educational and occupational resources relate to the timing of family formation? A couple analysis of the Netherlands. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 29, S. 907-936. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2013.29.34
Abstract
"Background - Fertility research often uses data from women only. This can bias the results if the effects of education and occupation on fertility are dependent upon the characteristics of the male partner. Using retrospective life-course information from both partners, this study examines the effects of educational and occupational characteristics on the transition to a first childbirth.
Objective - The objective is to examine how the respective earning potential and career dynamics of the male and the female partners in couples influenced the timing of their entry into parenthood from 1960 to 2009 in the Netherlands, as well as the extent to which the characteristics of the two partners were interdependent in terms of their influence on the transition to a first birth.
Methods - Using couple-period data from four pooled cross-sectional waves (1998-2009) of the Family Survey of the Dutch Population, discrete time event history models accounting for unobserved heterogeneity at the couple level are estimated to predict the birth of the first child, starting from the moment couples started living together.
Results - The results show that a high earning potential of the female partner (based on her educational attainment, the status of her first job, and whether she is in full-time work or has supervisory responsibilities) has delaying effects on her transition to a first childbirth. With regard to the male partner, the only significant predictors of the entry into parenthood are educational attainment and working hours, and there is no evidence of an interdependence of the partners. The comparison of effects over time indicates that the female partner's higher earning potential has become a stronger predictor of delayed parenthood over time, while a positive effect for the male partner's higher earning potential is seen only up to 1990.
Conclusions - The results suggest that the educational and occupational characteristics and the labor market participation of the female partner are stronger determinants of first-birth timing than the characteristics of the male partner." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Grandparenting and mothers' labour force participation: a comparative analysis using the Generations and Gender Survey (2012)
Zitatform
Aassve, Arnstein, Bruno Arpino & Alice Goisis (2012): Grandparenting and mothers' labour force participation. A comparative analysis using the Generations and Gender Survey. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 27, S. 53-84. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2012.27.3
Abstract
"It is well known that the provision of public childcare plays an important role for women labour force participation and its availability varies tremendously across countries. In many countries, informal childcare is also important and typically provided by the grandparents, but its role on mothers' employment is not yet well understood. Understanding the relationship between labour supply decisions and grandparental childcare is complex. While the provision of grandparental childcare is clearly a function of the social and institutional context of a country, it also depends on family preferences, which are typically unobserved in surveys.
We analyze the role of informal childcare provided by grandparents on mothers' labour force participation keeping unobserved preferences into account.
Bivariate probit models with instrumental variables are estimated on data from seven countries (Bulgaria, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Russia and The Netherlands) drawn from the Generations and Gender Survey.
We find that only in some countries mothers' employment is positively and significantly associated with grandparents providing childcare. In other countries, once we control for unobserved preferences, we do not find this effect.
The role of grandparents is an important element to reconcile work and family for women in some countries. Our results show the importance of considering family preferences and country differences when studying the relationship between grandparental childcare and mothers' labour supply." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Fathers' childcare: the difference between participation and amount of time (2012)
Reich, Nora;Zitatform
Reich, Nora (2012): Fathers' childcare. The difference between participation and amount of time. (HWWI research paper 116), Hamburg, 34 S.
Abstract
"The main research question of this article is whether and how predictors of fathers' participation in childcare, defined as zero versus more than zero minutes of childcare, differ from predictors of participating fathers' amount of time on childcare, measured as minutes on the survey day. The sample is drawn from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) and covers surveys from ten industrialised countries from 1987 to 2005. Results show that there are remarkable differences between factors influencing participation in childcare and factors associated with participating fathers' time spent with children. For example, the educational level has a strong impact on fathers' participation, but not on the amount of time spent on childcare. In contrast, work hours and whether data refer to a weekday or a weekend day hardly affect participation, but strongly affect fathers' time for childcare. There are also noticeable differences between the countries and between different points in time regarding factors influencing childcare participation and time. Results call for caution regarding findings from existing studies not distinguishing participation from participating fathers' childcare minutes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fathers' childcare and parental leave policies: evidence from western European countries and Canada (2012)
Zitatform
Reich, Nora, Christina Boll & Julian Sebastian Leppin (2012): Fathers' childcare and parental leave policies. Evidence from western European countries and Canada. (HWWI research paper 115), Hamburg, 21 S.
Abstract
"The study at hand pursues the following question: How are national parental leave arrangements related to fathers' participation in and time used for childcare? To answer this question, we merge data from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) with national parental leave characteristics. Specifically, we are using 30 surveys from eight industrialised countries from 1971 to 2005. Applying a selection model, we are estimating fathers' participation in childcare and the minutes per day spent on childcare. We control for the following parental leave characteristics: duration of leave, amount of benefits and the number of weeks reserved for the father. The main results are that duration of parental leave, exclusive weeks for the father and any benefit compared to no benefit have a positive impact on fathers' childcare participation. Parental leave weeks reserved for the father and parental leave benefits affect fathers' minutes of childcare positively. It is concluded that parental leave characteristics have effects on fathers' childcare participation and time spent on childcare, but that parental leave policies have to be evaluated within the framework of each country's family policy package." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Reconsidering the "first male-breadwinner economy": women's labor force participation in the Netherlands, 1600-1900 (2012)
Zitatform
Schmidt, Ariadne & Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk (2012): Reconsidering the "first male-breadwinner economy". Women's labor force participation in the Netherlands, 1600-1900. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 69-96. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2012.734630
Abstract
"This contribution provides methods for estimating developments in women's labor force participation (LFP) in the Netherlands, for both preindustrial and industrializing eras. It explains long-term developments in Dutch LFP and concludes that the existing image of Dutch women's historically low participation in the labor market should be reconsidered. Contrary to what many economic historians have supposed, Dutch women's LFP was not lower, and was perhaps even higher, than elsewhere in the pre-1800 period. As in other Western European countries, the decline of (married) Dutch women's LFP only started in the nineteenth century, though it then probably declined faster than elsewhere. Thus, this study concludes that the Netherlands did not constitute the 'first male-breadwinner economy,' as historians and economists have suggested. Scrutinizing the nineteenth-century data in more detail suggests that a complex of demographic, socioeconomic, and cultural changes resulted in this sharp decline of Dutch women's crude activity rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The interplay of employment uncertainty and education in explaining second births in Europe (2011)
Adsera, Alicia;Zitatform
Adsera, Alicia (2011): The interplay of employment uncertainty and education in explaining second births in Europe. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 25, S. 513-544. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2011.25.16
Abstract
"Periods of high and persistent unemployment since the late 1980s as well as an upward trend in the share of temporary employment characterize recent labor market instability in Europe. This paper analyzes the associations between timing to a second birth and changing economic environment. In particular, it focuses in understanding what dimensions of economic uncertainty affect women with different educational background. First it employs time varying measures of aggregate market conditions for women in twelve European countries as well as micro-measures of each woman's labor market history in a proportional hazard model of second births. Both individual and aggregate unemployment as well as temporary employment are coupled with later second births. Unemployment slows down childbearing plans, particularly for the least educated, whereas holding a very short contract deters the most educated. Second, I use the 2006 Spanish Fertility Survey to show how education and the economic conditions - provincial unemployment and share of temporary employment- faced by women as they enter the labor market in their early twenties are connected with their timing to second births." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The division of household tasks and household financial management (2011)
Zitatform
Antonides, Gerrit (2011): The division of household tasks and household financial management. In: Zeitschrift für Psychologie = Journal of psychology, Jg. 219, H. 4, S. 198-208. DOI:10.1027/2151-2604/a000073
Abstract
"Both the standard economic model and bargaining theory make predictions about financial management and the division of household labor between household partners. Using a large Internet survey, we have tested several predictions about task divisions reported by Dutch household partners. The division of household labor was mainly explained by partners' job status, wife's levels of education, and number of children, pointing to the relevancy of social class effects and life cycle stage to the division of household labor. The spouses' wage rates were not significant in explaining the division of household labor. Financial management was almost evenly divided between household partners. The participation of the husband in financial management was positively related with his wage rate, and negatively with wife's level of education, pointing to the relevance of bargaining theory. Furthermore, wife's education was positively associated with household's quality of financial planning, whereas the wife having a paid job, income going into separate accounts, and the number of children negatively affected financial planning. In addition, without indication of causality, the husband's share in paying bills was negatively associated with the household easily making ends meet, the husband spending freely, and frequent debate about money. Also, financial planning was positively associated with the household making ends meet and the spouses' frequent debate about money, and negatively with the spouses spending freely, indicating the importance of associations with psychological variables." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Einfluss der Elternzeit von Vätern auf die familiale Arbeitsteilung im internationalen Vergleich (2011)
Zitatform
Boll, Christina, Julian Leppin & Nora Reich (2011): Einfluss der Elternzeit von Vätern auf die familiale Arbeitsteilung im internationalen Vergleich. (HWWI policy paper 59), Hamburg, 136 S.
Abstract
"Die Arbeitsteilung von Müttern und Vätern in Familie und Beruf hat sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten in den meisten Ländern verschoben. Mütter gehen zunehmend einer bezahlten Erwerbstätigkeit nach, und immer mehr Väter wollen Verantwortung für Familienaufgaben übernehmen. Es stellt sich daher die Frage, inwiefern diese Trends in der Zeitverwendung die traditionelle geschlechtsspezifische Rollenteilung verändert haben und ob Metavariablen auf der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Ebene wie die Frauenerwerbsquote oder aber auch familienpolitische Faktoren wie Regelungen zum Elterngeld die individuelle Zeitverwendung der Eltern beeinflusst haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Kurzfassung -
Literaturhinweis
Intra-household work timing: the effect on joint activities and the demand for child care (2011)
Zitatform
Klaveren, Chris van, Henriette Maassen van den Brink & Bernard van Praag (2011): Intra-household work timing. The effect on joint activities and the demand for child care. (IZA discussion paper 5636), Bonn, 31 S.
Abstract
"This study examines if couples time their work hours and how this work timing influences child care demand and the time that spouses jointly spend on leisure, household chores and child care. By using a innovative matching strategy, this studies identifies the timing of work hours that cannot be explained by factors other than the partners' potential to communicate on the timing of their work. The main findings are that couples with children create less overlap in their work times and this effect is more pronounced the younger the children. We find evidence for a togetherness preference of spouses, but only for childless couples. Work timing also influences the joint time that is spent on household chores, but the effect is small. Finally, work timing behavior affects the demand for informal child care, but not the demand for formal child care." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
An empirical model of collective household labour supply with non-participation (2010)
Zitatform
Bloemen, Hans G. (2010): An empirical model of collective household labour supply with non-participation. In: The economic journal, Jg. 120, H. 543, S. 183-214. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2009.02292.x
Abstract
"I present a structural empirical model of collective household labour supply that includes the non-participation decision. I specify a simultaneous model for hours, participation and wages of husband and wife. I discuss the problems of identification and statistical coherency that arise in the application of the collective household labour supply model. The model includes random effects and it is estimated using a panel data set of Dutch couples. The estimates allow me to check the underlying regularity conditions on individual preferences and to obtain estimates of the sharing rule that governs the division of household income between husband and wife." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Towards the universal care course model: care policies and employment patterns in Austria, The Netherlands and Sweden (2010)
Zitatform
Haas, Barbara & Margit Hartel (2010): Towards the universal care course model. Care policies and employment patterns in Austria, The Netherlands and Sweden. In: European Societies, Jg. 12, H. 2, S. 139-162. DOI:10.1080/14616690902874705
Abstract
"The principle aim is to analyse care policies and mothers' employment patterns in Austria in comparison with The Netherlands and Sweden. While Sweden fosters a Universal Breadwinner Model, Austrian policies set incentives for mothers to organize private care for their children for a relatively long period of time, similar to the Caregiver Parity model. The Netherlands, approaching the Universal Caregiver model, support part-time integration into the labour market, combined with private part-time caring facilities for the children. The cross-national comparative approach has been adopted throughout the description of care policies and the data analysis, using the European Social Survey. Drawing on the strong cross-national differences in policies and employment patterns, we outline the main principles of a Universal Care Course (UCC). The model addresses questions about how to achieve the ideal of a smooth transition between work and care in a gender-sensitive way." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Welche familienpolitischen Maßnahmen fördern die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation von Müttern? (2009)
Berninger, Ina;Zitatform
Berninger, Ina (2009): Welche familienpolitischen Maßnahmen fördern die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation von Müttern? In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Jg. 61, H. 3, S. 355-385. DOI:10.1007/s11577-009-0070-9
Abstract
"Im Beitrag wird untersucht, welche familienpolitischen Maßnahmen (Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit, Transferleistungen) die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation von Müttern fördern. Im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Studien wird weiter evaluiert, inwiefern ein Zusammenhang zwischen erwerbsfördernden Maßnahmen und kulturellem Mutterbild besteht und ob letzteres die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation beeinflusst. Im Rahmen einer Mehrebenenanalyse werden 21 europäische Staaten anhand der Daten der zweiten Welle des European Social Survey (ESS) aus den Jahren 2004/2005 in Kombination mit Makrovariablen der Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (OECD) untersucht. Den theoretischen Rahmen der Studie bildet ein rationales Entscheidungsmodell: die mikroökonomische Theorie des Arbeitsangebotes. Zentrales Ergebnis der Analyse ist, dass einzig ein hohes Betreuungsangebot für unter dreijährige Kinder die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation, insbesondere jene von Müttern sehr junger Kinder, fördert. Diese familienpolitische Maßnahme weist einen engen Zusammenhang mit der nationalen Kultur auf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Childcare and labor force participation in the Netherlands: the importance of attitudes and opinions (2009)
Zitatform
Gameren, Edwin van & Ingrid Ooms (2009): Childcare and labor force participation in the Netherlands. The importance of attitudes and opinions. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 7, H. 4, S. 395-421. DOI:10.1007/s11150-009-9062-9
Abstract
"We analyze the joint decision of participating in the labor force and using paid childcare made by mothers in two-parent households with pre-school age children in the Netherlands. Both the choice to use paid childcare and the number of hours taken up are analyzed. The data, collected in 2004, contains information on economic factors and on attitudes and opinions on childcare and labor. While acknowledging potential endogenous selection effects and bidirectional causality implying problems of endogeneity with the attitudes and opinions, our results show that, in addition to economic factors, attitudes and opinions are important when explaining the decision to participate in the labor force and to use paid childcare services, but they are less important when it comes to the decision on the number of hours childcare is taken up." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Der zögernde Abschied vom Patriarchat: der Wandel von Geschlechterrollen im internationalen Vergleich (2009)
Lück, Detlev;Zitatform
Lück, Detlev (2009): Der zögernde Abschied vom Patriarchat. Der Wandel von Geschlechterrollen im internationalen Vergleich. Berlin: Edition Sigma, 360 S.
Abstract
"In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurden große Schritte in Richtung Gleichberechtigung der Geschlechter getan, etwa bei der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Müttern. Doch in anderen Bereichen halten sich patriarchale Strukturen erstaunlich zäh, etwa bei der Frage, wer sich um Haushalt und Kinder kümmert. Unterschiede gibt es auch im internationalen Vergleich: Skandinavien hat sich früh und weit entwickelt, Süd-Europa spät und verhalten; in Ost-Europa sind Frauen gut in das Erwerbsleben integriert, aber sonst eher schlecht gestellt. Der Autor trägt in diesem Buch Daten und Fakten zum Wandel der Geschlechterrollen in verschiedenen Lebensbereichen für 40 Länder und über einen Zeitraum von 14 Jahren zusammen. Diese beträchtliche empirische Basis erlaubt es ihm auch, die ambivalente Entwicklung der Geschlechterrollen in ein neues theoretisches Licht zu rücken: Während Rational-Choice-Ansätze Wandel plausibel machen und durch den Doing-Gender-Ansatz Kontinuität begreiflich wird, setzt Lück auf differenzierte Deutungen durch die Verknüpfung verschiedener Theorieansätze. Er fragt, wie sich strukturelle und kulturelle Einflüsse auf der Mikro- und der Makro-Ebene für statistische Analysen operationalisieren lassen, um die Unterschiede zu erklären." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Mütter im Spannungsfeld zwischen Kind und Beruf: der Weg vom Ernährer- zum Zweiverdienermodell im Spiegel familienpolitischer und geschlechterkultureller Entwicklungen in Deutschland, Dänemark und den Niederlanden (2009)
Marold, Julia;Zitatform
Marold, Julia (2009): Mütter im Spannungsfeld zwischen Kind und Beruf. Der Weg vom Ernährer- zum Zweiverdienermodell im Spiegel familienpolitischer und geschlechterkultureller Entwicklungen in Deutschland, Dänemark und den Niederlanden. In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 54-85.
Abstract
"In den letzten Jahrzehnten strömten viele Frauen auf den Arbeitsmarkt, die vorher vom Einkommen ihres Ehemannes gelebt und sich im Gegenzug um Haushalt und Kinder gekümmert hatten. Es ist daher ein länderübergreifender Trend zu beobachten, der zum Verschwinden dieses 'Ernährermodells' führt und stattdessen ein Familienverständnis etabliert, in dem beide Elternteile berufstätig sind. Diese Entwicklung vollzog sich jedoch nicht in allen Ländern gleichzeitig und in der gleichen Form. Der vorliegende Artikel widmet sich der Untersuchung dieser internationalen Differenzen, indem er auf Basis des Konzeptes des 'Geschlechter-Arrangements' von Birgit Pfau-Effinger nicht nur das nationale Wohlfahrtsregime, sondern auch kulturelle Vorstellungen über die Rollen von Männern und Frauen als potenziell erklärende Faktoren betrachtet. Durch die Gegenüberstellung der Entwicklung auf beiden Seiten in den Fallstudien Deutschland, Dänemark und Niederlande wird ersichtlich, dass es tatsächlich die jeweils länderspezifischen Kombinationen von vorherrschenden normativen Familienleitbildern einerseits und Ausgestaltung der familienpolitischen Regelungen zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf andererseits sind, die international abweichende Muster und Entwicklungsverläufe der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen hervorrufen können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Household employment patterns in an enlarged European Union (2006)
Zitatform
Haas, Barbara, Nadia Steiber, Margit Hartel & Claire Wallace (2006): Household employment patterns in an enlarged European Union. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. 751-771. DOI:10.1177/0950017006069813
Abstract
"Our aim is to contribute to better understanding of why different practices relating to the division of paid labour by sex in couple households are still to be found in different parts of Europe. We analyse data on the distribution of dominant household employment patterns in eight countries: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Netherlands, Romania, Slovenia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Using comparative survey evidence for a large total sample (N = 10,123), we examine how national differences in terms of the gender division of paid work correspond with predictions drawn from well-established structuralist and culturalist theories of the determinants of cross-country variations.The findings call for a further elaboration of conventional approaches to explaining gendered employment patterns in an enlarged Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))