Arbeitszeit: Verlängern? Verkürzen? Flexibilisieren?
Verkürzung, Verlängerung oder Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit stehen immer wieder im Zentrum der Debatten. Was wünschen sich Unternehmen und Beschäftigte? Wie kann Arbeitszeitpolitik die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze und die Sicherung vorhandener Arbeitsplätze unterstützen?
Dieses Themendossier bietet Publikationen zur Entwicklung der Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland auch im internationalen Vergleich, zur betrieblichen Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit und zu den Arbeitszeitwünschen der Beschäftigten.
Publikationen zur kontroversen Debatte um die Einführung der Vier-Tage-Woche finden Sie in unserem Themendossier Vier-Tage-Woche – Arbeitszeitmodell der Zukunft?
Im Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
-
Literaturhinweis
Men Lose Life Satisfaction with Fewer Hours in Employment: Mothers Do Not Profit from Longer Employment: Evidence from Eight Panels (2020)
Zitatform
Schröder, Martin (2020): Men Lose Life Satisfaction with Fewer Hours in Employment: Mothers Do Not Profit from Longer Employment. Evidence from Eight Panels. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 152, H. 1, S. 317-334. DOI:10.1007/s11205-020-02433-5
Abstract
"This article uses random and fixed effects regressions with 743,788 observations from panels of East and West Germany, the UK, Australia, South Korea, Russia, Switzerland and the United States. It shows how the life satisfaction of men and especially fathers in these countries increases steeply with paid working hours. In contrast, the life satisfaction of childless women is less related to long working hours, while the life satisfaction of mothers hardly depends on working hours at all. In addition, women and especially mothers are more satisfied with life when their male partners work longer, while the life satisfaction of men hardly depend on their female partners' work hours. These differences between men and women are starker where gender attitudes are more traditional. They cannot be explained through differences in income, occupations, partner characteristics, period or cohort effects. These results contradict role expansionist theory, which suggests that men and women profit similarly from moderate work hours; they support role conflict theory, which claims that men are most satisfied with longer and women with shorter work hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Desired hours worked over the business cycle: stylised facts for European countries (2020)
Tuda, Dora;Zitatform
Tuda, Dora (2020): Desired hours worked over the business cycle: stylised facts for European countries. (Trinity economics papers 1320), Dublin, 37 S.
Abstract
"This paper documents stylised facts on desired hours per employed worker in European countries and identifies the effect of recessions on desired hours. Actual hours worked are usually used to estimate preferences on the labour market. However, actual hours are constrained by labour demand and therefore measure hours worked in the general equilibrium. Descriptive statistics from EU Labour Force Survey show that desired hours are countercyclical and that the underemployment gap increases due to higher desired hours worked of employed individuals. I identify the effect of recessions on desired hours using variation in regional unemployment rates from 2000 to 2017. I find that a 1 percentage point higher unemployment rate increases desired hours, on average, by 2 - 8 hours on a yearly level (3 - 5 minutes in the reference week). The results offer a lower bound estimate for the whole sample period of booms and busts. To narrow the sample period, I use a panel of individuals from the French LFS (EEC) and find even bigger effects. In France, from 2007q4 to 2009q1, an increase in regional unemployment rate by 1 percentage point increases desired hours by 1.6 hours in the reference week. Bottom decile of the income distribution significantly increases desired hours in all countries, suggesting an income effect labour supply response in recessions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Is thursday the new friday?: The future of working time and hopes for a four-day week (2019)
Briône, Patrick;Zitatform
Briône, Patrick (2019): Is thursday the new friday? The future of working time and hopes for a four-day week. (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Study), Berlin, 23 S.
Abstract
In letzter Zeit ist das Interesse an einer Verkürzung der Arbeitszeit in Großbritannien enorm gewachsen. Zuletzt schlossen sich die Gewerkschaften sowie die Labour-Partei der Forderung nach einer Vier-Tage-Woche an. Nach einem Jahrzehnt stagnierender Produktivität suchen britische Arbeitgeber nach innovativen Lösungen. Einige Unternehmen haben bereits begonnen, mit der Vier-Tage-Woche zu experimentieren, um das Engagement und Wohlbefinden ihrer Angestellten zu erhöhen und das Phänomen des sog. Präsentismus (das Ableisten überflüssiger Arbeitsstunden) zu verringern. Fallstudien zeigen, dass eine Vier-Tage-Woche in ausgewählten Fällen Vorteile mit sich bringen würde. Jedoch bestehen ernsthafte Hindernisse im Hinblick auf die politische Umsetzung.
-
Literaturhinweis
Are flexible work arrangements associated with lower levels of chronic stress-related biomarkers?: A study of 6025 employees in the UK household longitudinal study (2019)
Zitatform
Chandola, Tarani, Cara L Booker, Meena Kumari & Michaela Benzeval (2019): Are flexible work arrangements associated with lower levels of chronic stress-related biomarkers? A study of 6025 employees in the UK household longitudinal study. In: Sociology, Jg. 53, H. 4, S. 779-799. DOI:10.1177/0038038519826014
Abstract
"Debates around the benefits of flexible work arrangements for employee well-being are limited by a lack of empirical analyses on whether flexible working enables employees with work or family stressors to cope with their levels of stress. This study examines whether the availability and use of different flexible work arrangements are associated with lower allostatic load (an index of chronic stress-related biomarkers) in a large representative study of UK adults. Male and female employees who made use of reduced hours working arrangements had lower levels of allostatic load. Among women caring for two or more children aged under 15, there was a difference of almost one unit of the allostatic load index (an additional biomarker risk) between women who used reduced hours flexible work and those without such arrangements. Reduced hours flexible work arrangements could enable women who combine work and family roles to reduce their levels of chronic stress." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
'Women's work penalty' in access to flexible working arrangements across Europe (2019)
Zitatform
Chung, Heejung (2019): 'Women's work penalty' in access to flexible working arrangements across Europe. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 23-40. DOI:10.1177/0959680117752829
Abstract
"Many assume that women and workers in female-dominated workplaces will have better access to flexible working arrangements. Some use this as justification for the low wages found in these workplaces. Yet, empirical results are mixed. I explore this question by examining workers' access to schedule control across 27 European countries, and find no discernible gender differences in access to schedule control when individual and company-level characteristics are taken into account. However, working in female-dominated jobs and/or sectors significantly reduces access to schedule control for both men and women. This 'women's work penalty' in female-dominated sectors varies across Europe but nowhere was the access better compared to sectors where both genders are equally represented. This raises concerns regarding the lack of favourable working conditions, in addition to low pay found in female-dominated workplaces." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Zero-hours contracts and labour market policy (2019)
Zitatform
Datta, Nikhil, Giulia Giupponi & Stephen Machin (2019): Zero-hours contracts and labour market policy. In: Economic Policy, Jg. 34, H. 99, S. 369-427. DOI:10.1093/epolic/eiz008
Abstract
"The evolving nature of atypical work arrangements is studied. A particular focus is placed on one such form of work relation: zero-hours contracts (ZHCs). The paper uses existing secondary data and new survey data collected for the specific purpose of studying alternative work arrangements to describe the nature of ZHC work in the UK labour market. The interaction with labour market policy is explored, in the context of the 2016 introduction of the UK's National Living Wage. ZHC work is shown to be an important feature of today's work arrangements, and the wage cost shock induced by the new, higher minimum wage resulted in an increased use of ZHCs in the UK social care sector, and in low wage sectors more generally." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Reasons to reduce: A vignette-experiment examining men and women's considerations to scale back following childbirth (2018)
Zitatform
Breeschoten, Leonie van, Anne Roeters & Tanja van der Lippe (2018): Reasons to reduce: A vignette-experiment examining men and women's considerations to scale back following childbirth. In: Social Politics, Jg. 25, H. 2, S. 169-200. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxy003
Abstract
"The reduction of working hours can help avoid work-family conflict, yet many people who would like to scale back do not actually do so. This vignette-experiment examines which considerations are most important in men and women's decision-making whether to scale back following childbirth. About 2,464 vignettes were conducted in the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Results indicate that men find the income of their partner and career consequences most important, while women focus mainly on partner income and collegial support. Swedes, however, differ from their Dutch and British counterparts, and express more counter-gender-normative behavior." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Women's employment patterns after childbirth and the perceived access to and use of flexitime and teleworking (2018)
Zitatform
Chung, Heejung & Mariska van der Horst (2018): Women's employment patterns after childbirth and the perceived access to and use of flexitime and teleworking. In: Human Relations, Jg. 71, H. 1, S. 47-72. DOI:10.1177/0018726717713828
Abstract
"This article sets out to investigate how flexitime and teleworking can help women maintain their careers after childbirth. Despite the increased number of women in the labour market in the UK, many significantly reduce their working hours or leave the labour market altogether after childbirth. Based on border and boundary management theories, we expect flexitime and teleworking can help mothers stay employed and maintain their working hours. We explore the UK case, where the right to request flexible working has been expanded quickly as a way to address work - life balance issues. The dataset used is Understanding Society (2009 - 2014), a large household panel survey with data on flexible work. We find some suggestive evidence that flexible working can help women stay in employment after the birth of their first child. More evidence is found that mothers using flexitime and with access to teleworking are less likely to reduce their working hours after childbirth. This contributes to our understanding of flexible working not only as a tool for work - life balance, but also as a tool to enhance and maintain individuals' work capacities in periods of increased family demands. This has major implications for supporting mothers' careers and enhancing gender equality in the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Normalarbeit: Nur Vergangenheit oder auch Zukunft? (2018)
Zitatform
Muckenhuber, Johanna, Josef Hödl & Martin Griesbacher (Hrsg.) (2018): Normalarbeit. Nur Vergangenheit oder auch Zukunft? (Gesellschaft der Unterschiede 37), Bielefeld: Transcript, 357 S.
Abstract
"Im Zuge der breit und kontinuierlich geführten Debatte um 'atypische' Beschäftigungsverhältnisse als gesellschaftliche Herausforderung ist das 'typische' Normalarbeitsverhältnis zunehmend aus dem Fokus des Interesses gerückt. Doch was verstehen wir unter Normalarbeit? Welche Erwartungen sind mit ihr verbunden? Ist sie ein Bild der Vergangenheit oder ein Weg in die Zukunft der Arbeit?
Die Beiträge des Bandes liefern eine vertiefte kritisch-interdisziplinäre Auseinandersetzung mit dem Konzept und der Wirklichkeit von 'Normalarbeit' und behandeln ihre begrifflichen Rahmenlinien und Entstehungsbedingungen. Aspekte der Arbeitszeit und Besonderheiten der Kompetenzanforderungen sowie beruflichen Qualifikation werden ebenso thematisiert wie interessenpolitische Perspektiven." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis und Leseprobe vom Verlag -
Literaturhinweis
Good, bad and very bad part-time jobs for women?: re-examining the importance of occupational class for job quality since the 'Great Recession' in Britain (2018)
Zitatform
Warren, Tracey & Clare Lyonette (2018): Good, bad and very bad part-time jobs for women? Re-examining the importance of occupational class for job quality since the 'Great Recession' in Britain. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 32, H. 4, S. 747-767. DOI:10.1177/0950017018762289
Abstract
"Britain has long stood out in Europe for its extensive but poor-quality part-time labour market dominated by women workers, who are concentrated in lower-level jobs demanding few skills and low levels of education, offering weak wage rates and restricted advancement opportunities. This article explores trends in part-time job quality for women up to and beyond the recession of 2008/9, and asks whether post-recessionary job quality remains differentiated by occupational class. A pre-recessionary narrowing of the part-time/full-time gap in job quality appears to have been maintained for the women in higher-level part-time jobs, while part- and full-timers in lower-level jobs suffered the worst effects of the recession, signalling deepening occupational class inequalities among working women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Beschäftigungsregime im Vergleich: Arbeitsqualität von Teilzeitbeschäftigung in Deutschland, Schweden und dem Vereinigten Königreich (2017)
Zitatform
Fritz, Martin (2017): Beschäftigungsregime im Vergleich. Arbeitsqualität von Teilzeitbeschäftigung in Deutschland, Schweden und dem Vereinigten Königreich. (Bonner Reihe der empirischen Sozialforschung 01), Opladen: Budrich, 277 S.
Abstract
"Brauchen wir mehr und bessere Teilzeitjobs? Ausgehend von der gesellschaftspolitischen Diskussion um eine Verringerung der Arbeitszeit thematisiert der Autor die Arbeitsqualität von Teilzeitbeschäftigten in Deutschland, Schweden und dem Vereinigten Königreich. Seine Analysen führen dabei nicht nur zu empirisch fundierten Zahlen und Fakten und zuverlässigen Ergebnissen. Durch die Integration familienpolitischer Aspekte entwickelt er zudem das Konzept der Beschäftigungsregime weiter und macht es für praktisches politisches Handeln fruchtbar." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis bei der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek -
Literaturhinweis
Paths towards family-friendly working time arrangements: comparing workplaces in different countries and industries (2017)
Zitatform
Wiß, Tobias (2017): Paths towards family-friendly working time arrangements. Comparing workplaces in different countries and industries. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 51, H. 7, S. 1406-1430. DOI:10.1111/spol.12270
Abstract
"Although studies have examined the distribution and conditions of employer-provided work - family arrangements, we still lack a systematic investigation of how these vary for different countries and industries. Based on the European Working Conditions Survey 2010, this study examines the conditions under which firms provide family-friendly working time arrangements and what the differences are across four countries (Austria, Denmark, Italy and the UK) and four industries. The impact of employee representatives, employee involvement, manager support and female managers varies across countries and industries because of the institutional environment (prevailing family model, industrial relations) and workforce composition (gender). The impact of employee representatives depends on their co-determination rights, and the direction of their effect on the prevailing family model (e.g. negative in conservative countries such as Austria) and the gender composition of the workforce (negative in male-dominated production, but positive in services). Employee involvement in the work organization is significantly positive in Austria and Denmark (both with co-operative industrial relations), while manager support has the strongest effect in the UK (liberal regime). At the industry level, female supervisors are positively associated with family-friendly working time arrangements only in the male-dominated production industry. These findings suggest that the effects of agency variables and their direction vary depending on the institutional context." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Hours worked in Europe and the US: new data, new answers (2016)
Zitatform
Bick, Alexander, Bettina Brüggemann & Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln (2016): Hours worked in Europe and the US. New data, new answers. (IZA discussion paper 10179), Bonn, 44 S.
Abstract
"We use national labor force surveys from 1983 through 2011 to construct hours worked per person on the aggregate level and for different demographic groups for 18 European countries and the US. We find that Europeans work 19% fewer hours than US citizens. Differences in weeks worked and in the educational composition each account for one third to one half of this gap. Lower hours per person than in the US are in addition driven by lower weekly hours worked in Scandinavia and Western Europe, but by lower employment rates in Eastern and Southern Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
What mothers want: The impact of structural and cultural factors on mothers' preferred working hours in Western Europe (2016)
Zitatform
Pollmann-Schult, Matthias (2016): What mothers want: The impact of structural and cultural factors on mothers' preferred working hours in Western Europe. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 29, H. September, S. 16-25. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2015.11.002
Abstract
"This study investigates how social policies, gender norms, and the national working time regime shape mothers' preferred working hours. Using data from the European Social Survey (ESS) for 15 countries across Western Europe, the study reveals that generous public child care and cultural support for gender equality are associated with smaller gaps in the preferred working hours between mothers and childless women. High levels of financial support for families, in contrast, predict larger gaps in preferred working hours. The analysis also indicates that a low prevalence of non-standard work and high levels of work-time flexibility reduce the differences in preferred employment hours between mothers and non-mothers. Individual characteristics such as education, gender ideology, and the partners' socioeconomic status greatly impact women's preferred employment hours; however, they do not modify the effect of motherhood. This study concludes that the impact of parenthood on women's employment hours is highly contingent upon various institutional and cultural factors." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Working hours, work identity and subjective wellbeing (2015)
Zitatform
Bryan, Mark & Alita Nandi (2015): Working hours, work identity and subjective wellbeing. (ISER working paper 2015-21), Colchester, 43 S.
Abstract
"Following theories of social and economic identity, we use representative data containing measures of personal identity to investigate the interplay of work identity and hours of work in determining subjective wellbeing (job satisfaction, job-related anxiety and depression, and life satisfaction). We find that for a given level of hours, having a stronger work identity is associated with higher wellbeing on most measures. Working long hours is associated with lower wellbeing and working part-time is associated with higher wellbeing, but for men hours mainly affect their job-related anxiety and depression rather than reported satisfaction. The relationships between hours and wellbeing are generally strengthened when controlling for identity implying that individuals sort into jobs with work hours that match their identities. Work identity partially mitigates the adverse effects of long hours working on job satisfaction and anxiety (for women) and on life satisfaction (for men). The effects of both work hours and identity are substantial relative to benchmark effects of health on wellbeing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Informal caring and labour market outcomes within England and Wales (2015)
Zitatform
Drinkwater, Stephen (2015): Informal caring and labour market outcomes within England and Wales. In: Regional studies, Jg. 49, H. 2, S. 273-286. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2013.766320
Abstract
"Landesinterne Analysen der Verknüpfungen zwischen informeller Pflege und den Auswirkungen auf den Arbeitsmarkt wurden bisher nur in begrenztem Umfang durchgeführt, obwohl bei der informellen Pflege starke regionale Schwankungen auftreten. Dieses Thema ist von Bedeutung, weil die Gebiete mit dem höchsten Ausmaß von informeller Pflege in der Regel von relativ geringer Wirtschaftsaktivität und niedrigen Beschäftigungsquoten gekennzeichnet sind. Trotz der starken Schwankungen bei der informellen Pflege weisen die Auswirkungen auf den Arbeitsmarkt für verschiedene Pflegekategorien in England und Wales keine ausgeprägten Unterschiede auf. Allerdings sind die Auswirkungen auf den Arbeitsmarkt für Männer und Frauen, die in großem Umfang Pflegedienste leisten, insbesondere in den Tälern von Südwales starken Einflüssen ausgesetzt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Long workweeks and strange hours (2015)
Zitatform
Hamermesh, Daniel S. & Elena Stancanelli (2015): Long workweeks and strange hours. In: ILR review, Jg. 68, H. 5, S. 1007-1018. DOI:10.1177/0019793915592375
Abstract
"U.S. workweeks are long compared to workweeks in other rich countries. Much less well-known is that Americans are more likely to work at night and on weekends. The authors examine the relationship between these two phenomena using the American Time Use Survey and time-diary data from France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Only small portions of the U.S. - European differences are attributable to observable characteristics. Adjusting for demographic and occupational differences, Americans' incidence of night and weekend work would drop by no more than 10% if the average European workweek prevailed. Even if no Americans worked long hours, the incidence of unusual work times in the United States would far exceed those in continental Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The gender gap in employment hours: do work-hour regulations matter? (2015)
Zitatform
Landivar, Liana Christin (2015): The gender gap in employment hours. Do work-hour regulations matter? In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 550-570. DOI:10.1177/0950017014568139
Abstract
"In all developed countries, women, especially mothers, work fewer paid hours than their spouses. However, the magnitude of the gender gap varies significantly by country, ranging from 2 to 20 hours per week in this study. Using data from the 2002 International Social Survey Programme, this article investigates whether work-hour regulations have a significant effect on household allocation of paid labour and gender work-hour inequality. Two main types of work-hour regulations are examined: standard weekly work hours and the maximum allowable weekly work hours. Results show that households in countries with shorter maximum weekly work hours had less work-hour inequality between spouses, as each additional allowable overtime hour over the standard working week increased the work-hour gap between couples by 20 minutes. These results indicate that couples' inequality in work hours and gender inequality in labour supply are associated with country-level work-hour regulations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender, age and flexible working in later life (2015)
Zitatform
Loretto, Wendy & Sarah Vickerstaff (2015): Gender, age and flexible working in later life. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 233-249. DOI:10.1177/0950017014545267
Abstract
"In many countries economic and social concerns associated with ageing populations have focused attention onto flexible forms of working as key to encouraging people to work longer and delay retirement. This article argues that there has been a remarkable lack of attention paid to the role of gender in extending working lives and contends that this gap has arisen because of two, inter-related, oversights: little consideration of relationships between gender and flexible working beyond the child-caring phase of life; and the prevailing tendency to think of end of working life and retirement as gender-neutral or following a typical male trajectory. The findings of a qualitative study of people aged 50+ in the UK challenge some of the key assumptions underpinning the utility of flexible work in extending working lives, and provide insight into the ways in which working in later life is constructed and enacted differently for men and women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Working-time flexibility and autonomy: a European perspective on time adequacy (2015)
Zitatform
Lott, Yvonne (2015): Working-time flexibility and autonomy. A European perspective on time adequacy. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 259-274. DOI:10.1177/0959680114543604
Abstract
"This study examines the effect of working-time flexibility and autonomy on time adequacy, using the 2010 European Working Conditions Survey. It addresses gender differences and institutional contexts in the UK, Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands, and reveals that time arrangements have gendered meanings. While working-time flexibility and autonomy are positively related to time adequacy for women, for men they tend to imply overtime and work intensification. Furthermore, working-time regimes also shape time arrangements. In the UK, employees have time adequacy primarily when they work fixed hours, while in the Netherlands, employees profit most from working-time autonomy. Moreover, unlike in Germany and the UK, men and women in the Netherlands and Sweden benefit more equally from working-time flexibility and autonomy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug