Arbeitszeit: Verlängern? Verkürzen? Flexibilisieren?
Verkürzung, Verlängerung oder Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit stehen immer wieder im Zentrum der Debatten. Was wünschen sich Unternehmen und Beschäftigte? Wie kann Arbeitszeitpolitik die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze und die Sicherung vorhandener Arbeitsplätze unterstützen?
Dieses Themendossier bietet Publikationen zur Entwicklung der Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland auch im internationalen Vergleich, zur betrieblichen Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit und zu den Arbeitszeitwünschen der Beschäftigten.
Publikationen zur kontroversen Debatte um die Einführung der Vier-Tage-Woche finden Sie in unserem Themendossier Vier-Tage-Woche – Arbeitszeitmodell der Zukunft?
Im Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
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Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Working time regulation, unequal lifetimes and fairness (2016)
Leroux, Marie-Louise; Ponthiere, Gregory;Zitatform
Leroux, Marie-Louise & Gregory Ponthiere (2016): Working time regulation, unequal lifetimes and fairness. (CESifo working paper 6271), München, 30 S.
Abstract
"We examine the redistributive impact of working time regulations in an economy with unequal lifetimes. It is shown that uniform working time reductions, when uncompensated (i.e. constant hourly wage), can reduce inequalities in realized lifetime well-being between short-lived and long-lived persons with respect to the laissez-faire, but at the cost of making the short-lived worse off. When compensated (i.e. constant labour earnings), uniform working time reductions make the short-lived better off, but at the cost of raising inequalities. Then, we characterize the ex post egalitarian optimum, where the realized lifetime well-being of the worst off is maximized, and show that this social optimum involves an increasing age profile in terms of worked hours. We examine the decentralization of that social optimum, and we provide a second-best egalitarian argument for age-dependent working time regulation, which can make the short-lived better off and reduce inequalities in realized lifetime well-being." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What mothers want: The impact of structural and cultural factors on mothers' preferred working hours in Western Europe (2016)
Zitatform
Pollmann-Schult, Matthias (2016): What mothers want: The impact of structural and cultural factors on mothers' preferred working hours in Western Europe. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 29, H. September, S. 16-25. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2015.11.002
Abstract
"This study investigates how social policies, gender norms, and the national working time regime shape mothers' preferred working hours. Using data from the European Social Survey (ESS) for 15 countries across Western Europe, the study reveals that generous public child care and cultural support for gender equality are associated with smaller gaps in the preferred working hours between mothers and childless women. High levels of financial support for families, in contrast, predict larger gaps in preferred working hours. The analysis also indicates that a low prevalence of non-standard work and high levels of work-time flexibility reduce the differences in preferred employment hours between mothers and non-mothers. Individual characteristics such as education, gender ideology, and the partners' socioeconomic status greatly impact women's preferred employment hours; however, they do not modify the effect of motherhood. This study concludes that the impact of parenthood on women's employment hours is highly contingent upon various institutional and cultural factors." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
What is your couple type? Gender ideology, housework sharing, and babies (2015)
Zitatform
Aassve, Arnstein, Giulia Fuochi, Letizia Mencarini & Daria Mendola (2015): What is your couple type? Gender ideology, housework sharing, and babies. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 32, S. 835-858. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2015.32.30
Abstract
"Background: It is increasingly acknowledged that not only gender equality but also gender ideology plays a role in explaining fertility in advanced societies. In a micro perspective, the potential mismatch between gender equality (i.e., the actual sharing taking place in a couple) and gender ideology (i.e., attitudes and beliefs regarding gender roles) may drive childbearing decisions.
Objective: This paper assesses the impact of consistency between gender equality in attitudes and equality in the division of household labour on the likelihood of having another child, for different parities.
Methods: Relying on two-wave panel data of the Bulgarian, Czech, French, Hungarian, and Lithuanian Generations and Gender Surveys, we build a couple typology defined by gender attitudes and housework-sharing. The typology identifies four types of couple: 1) gender-unequal attitudes and gender-unequal housework-sharing; 2) gender-equal attitudes and gender-unequal housework-sharing; 3) gender-unequal attitudes and gender-equal housework-sharing; 4) gender-equal attitudes and gender-equal housework-sharing. The couple types enter into a logistic regression model on childbirth.
Results: The impact of the typology varies with parity and gender: taking as reference category the case of gender-equal attitudes and gender-equal division of housework, the effect of all the other couple types on a new childbirth is strong and negative for the second child and female respondents.
Conclusions: The consistency between gender ideology and actual partners' housework-sharing is only favourable for childbearing as long as there is gender equality in both the dimensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Evaluating the impact of a working time regulation on capital operating time: the French 35-hour work week experience (2015)
Gilles, Fabrice;Zitatform
Gilles, Fabrice (2015): Evaluating the impact of a working time regulation on capital operating time. The French 35-hour work week experience. In: Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 62, H. 2, S. 117-148. DOI:10.1111/sjpe.12067
Abstract
"In this article, we evaluate the impact of diminishing weekly working hours on capital operating time using the French 35-hour working week experience. We merge the French survey on Capital Operating Time (COT, Banque de France, Central Bank of France; 1989 - 2004) and administrative Working Time Reduction agreements files (WTR, DARES, French Ministry of Labour; May 2003). We construct shift-work-based capital operating time indicators. Using differences-in-differences econometric models, we show that the implementation of the 35-hour work week did not induce any reduction in COT. Hence, firms increased shift-work to compensate for the decrease in working hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Long workweeks and strange hours (2015)
Zitatform
Hamermesh, Daniel S. & Elena Stancanelli (2015): Long workweeks and strange hours. In: ILR review, Jg. 68, H. 5, S. 1007-1018. DOI:10.1177/0019793915592375
Abstract
"U.S. workweeks are long compared to workweeks in other rich countries. Much less well-known is that Americans are more likely to work at night and on weekends. The authors examine the relationship between these two phenomena using the American Time Use Survey and time-diary data from France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Only small portions of the U.S. - European differences are attributable to observable characteristics. Adjusting for demographic and occupational differences, Americans' incidence of night and weekend work would drop by no more than 10% if the average European workweek prevailed. Even if no Americans worked long hours, the incidence of unusual work times in the United States would far exceed those in continental Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The gender informal care gap (2015)
Zitatform
Roit, Barbara Da, Marcel Hoogenboom & Bernhard Weicht (2015): The gender informal care gap. In: European Societies, Jg. 17, H. 2, S. 199-218. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2015.1007153
Abstract
"This article investigates the relationship between the 'gender informal care gap' - the relative contributions of women to informal care for non-co-resident relatives and other members of social networks, compared to men - and public care policies, level of care needs, labour market position and gendered care attitudes. Since the literature suggests that none of these factors alone can explain the gender informal care gap, we develop a model based on fuzzy-set/qualitative comparative analysis in order to identify patterns in the relationship between the factors. The analysis conducted at the macro-national level in 13 European countries, suggests that at the macro-level, the availability of public care services is crucial to understanding the gender informal care gap, while women's labour market position, the presence or absence of gendered care attitudes and the level of care needs play no or a relatively minor role." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working-time configurations: a framework for analyszing diversity across countries (2014)
Zitatform
Berg, Peter, Gerhard Bosch & Jean Charest (2014): Working-time configurations: a framework for analyszing diversity across countries. In: ILR review, Jg. 67, H. 3, S. 805-837. DOI:10.1177/0019793914537452
Abstract
"In this introductory article, we examine working time through the lens of the employment relationship and the interests of various actors. We discuss how the decline in the old standard working-time model has opened the door to greater diversity in working time. As the demands of employers and employees encourage new working-time practices, we find the responses to these demands differ substantially across countries. These differences reflect variations in labor market institutions and diverse power relations between labor and management." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Women's part-time jobs: "Flexirisky" employment in five European countries (2014)
Blazquez-Cuesta, Maite; Moral Carcedo, Julian;Zitatform
Blazquez-Cuesta, Maite & Julian Moral Carcedo (2014): Women's part-time jobs: "Flexirisky" employment in five European countries. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 150, H. 2, S. 269-292. DOI:10.1111/j.1564-913X.2014.00204.x
Abstract
"European countries currently have segmented labour markets with flexible but insecure - 'flexirisky' - jobs, resulting in significant inequality between different categories of workers. Part-time jobs are one example: their flexibility may help workers reconcile work and family life, and increase women's labour force participation, but part-time employment can also result in new forms of inequality, thereby undermining EU equal opportunity policies. Empirically analysing labour market transitions in Denmark, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain, this article Shows part-timers - who are mostly women - to be at higher risk of unemployment. lt calls for strengthening equality between part-time and full-time workers in terms of employment stability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The detaxation of overtime hours: lessons from the French experiment (2014)
Zitatform
Cahuc, Pierre & Stéphane Carcillo (2014): The detaxation of overtime hours. Lessons from the French experiment. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 361-400. DOI:10.1086/674987
Abstract
"In October 2007, France introduced an exemption on the income tax and social security contributions that applied to wages received for hours worked overtime. The goal of the policy was to increase the number of hours worked. This article shows that this reform has had no significant impact on hours worked. Conversely, it has had a positive impact on the overtime hours declared by highly qualified wage earners, who have opportunities to manipulate the overtime hours they declare in order to optimize their tax situation since the hours they work are difficult to verify." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Long workweeks and strange hours (2014)
Zitatform
Hamermesh, Daniel S. & Elena Stancanelli (2014): Long workweeks and strange hours. (NBER working paper 20449), Cambridge, Mass., 14 S. DOI:10.3386/w20449
Abstract
"American workweeks are long compared to other rich countries'. Much less well-known is that Americans are more likely to work at night and on weekends. We examine the relationship between these two phenomena using the American Time Use Survey and time-diary data from 5 other countries. Adjusting for demographic differences, Americans' incidence of night and weekend work would drop by about 10 percent if European workweeks prevailed. Even if no Americans worked long hours, the incidence of unusual work times in the U.S. would far exceed those in continental Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work and well-being of informal caregivers in Europe (2014)
Zitatform
Heger, Dörte (2014): Work and well-being of informal caregivers in Europe. (Ruhr economic papers 512), Essen, 55 S. DOI:10.4419/86788587
Abstract
"Informelle Pflegerinnen und Pfleger leisten einen wertvollen Beitrag zu der Pflege älterer Menschen. Welche Folgen die Erbringung von Pflege auf die pflegende Person hat, ist jedoch noch nicht vollständig bekannt. Diese Studie verdeutlicht den Zusammenhang zwischen Pflegeerbringung, Arbeit, kognitiven Fähigkeiten und Gesundheit in einem theoretischen Modell und schätzt die Auswirkung von Pflegeerbringung anhand von Längsschnittdaten aus 13 europäischen Ländern. Dabei wird insbesondere der Einfluss institutioneller Faktoren auf die Auswirkungen von Pflegeerbringung analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Pflegeerbringung die Erwerbstätigkeit in Ländern mit einem geringeren professionellen Pflegeangebot stark reduziert. Dagegen leiden in allen Ländern pflegende Personen häufiger an depressiven Symptomen. Die Ergebnisse für kognitive Fähigkeiten und Gesundheit sind gemischt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
It's a long way from norms to normality: the 35-hour week in France (2014)
Lehndorff, Steffen;Zitatform
Lehndorff, Steffen (2014): It's a long way from norms to normality. The 35-hour week in France. In: ILR review, Jg. 67, H. 3, S. 838-863. DOI:10.1177/0019793914537453
Abstract
"The present overview on existing research addresses the double implication of working-time standards as legal (or contractual) norms, on the one hand, and socially established normality, on the other. Looking primarily at the evidence on die statutory 35-hour week in France, the author discusses the question of how changes in norms as stipulated by law or collective agreements may affect working-time practices in the society. Given the specific institutional and policy tradition of statist intervention in France, a comparison with die effects of the contractual 35-hour week on actual hours in die West German metal industry highlights particular strengths and weaknesses of the French approach. While the empirical evidence underscores the crucial importance of statutory norms and die interaction between governments and social actors, it equally reveals die increasing difficulties to set limits to normal hours for growing shares of the workforce just by setting statutory or collective norms. The transformation of new working-time norms into normality leading to a generalized shorter standard workweek is a long-term social process that requires continual intervention of actors at various levels and must be embedded in agreements both at die workplace and within households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment, late-life work, retirement, and well-being in Europe and the United States (2014)
Zitatform
Nikolova, Milena & Carol Graham (2014): Employment, late-life work, retirement, and well-being in Europe and the United States. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 3, S. 1-30. DOI:10.1186/2193-9012-3-5
Abstract
"Flexible work arrangements and retirement options provide one solution for the challenges of unemployment and underemployment, aging populations, and unsustainable public pension systems in welfare states around the world. We examine the relationships between well-being and job satisfaction on the one hand and employment status and retirement, on the other, using Gallup World Poll data for several European countries and the United States. We find that voluntary part-time workers are happier, experience less stress and anger, and have higher job satisfaction than other employees. Using statistical matching, we show that late-life workers under voluntary part-time or full-time arrangements have higher well-being than retirees. There is no well-being premium for involuntary late-life work and self-employment compared to retirement, however. Our findings inform ongoing debates about the optimal retirement age and the fiscal burdens of public pension systems." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working time regulation in France from 1996 to 2012 (2013)
Zitatform
Askenazy, Philippe (2013): Working time regulation in France from 1996 to 2012. In: Cambridge Journal of Economics, Jg. 37, H. 2, S. 323-347. DOI:10.1093/cje/bes084
Abstract
"France, which is often seen as an unusual country with a rigid 35-hour working week, has experienced massive changes in its regulation of working time in recent decades, including a progressive removal of 35-hour working week laws. These changes have affected and continue to affect workplace organisation, working conditions, job creation, productivity and wages. The 35-hour working week policy represents a reduction in working time as well as a complex package that restructured French labour law and that opened up a great deal of space for social bargaining. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of working time regulation and its political roots. It discusses the studies evaluating the 35-hour working week and examines some of the basic consequences of reversing this policy since 2002. It also highlights unexplored lines of research on this topic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labour market adjustments during the crisis: the role of working time arrangements (2013)
Zitatform
Boulin, Jean-Yves & Gilbert Cette (2013): Labour market adjustments during the crisis. The role of working time arrangements. In: Transfer, Jg. 19, H. 4, S. 475-487. DOI:10.1177/1024258913502624
Abstract
"Depending on the country in question, the crisis has had different impacts on employment. We will analyse the main reasons for these differences and scrutinize the main characteristics of the policies that have been implemented in reaction to the crisis. The analysis focuses mainly on a comparison between France and Germany. This leads us to stress the differences between these two countries in the ability of social partners to find ways to prevent redundancies through job protection agreements. It appears that the gap between job protection and employment protection can be overcome when certain conditions are met in dealing with employees working short time, with training as a paramount consideration. We highlight the role of new working time arrangements and regulations - among them working time accounts - for promoting flexibility and security for both employers and employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
EU employers take family-friendly working seriously (2013)
Broughton, Andrea;Zitatform
Broughton, Andrea (2013): EU employers take family-friendly working seriously. Dublin, 12 S.
Abstract
"A survey investigating family-friendly working policies in companies in six European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Sweden, UK) finds that employers take family-friendly working seriously and have put in place a range of policies to support this, especially in areas such as flexible working and parental support. The main driver for this in most countries was compliance with legislation or collective agreements. The economic crisis has had little impact on the provision of family-friendly working policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The macroeconomic effects of the 35-h workweek regulation in France (2013)
Zitatform
Du, Zaichao, Hua Yin & Lin Zhang (2013): The macroeconomic effects of the 35-h workweek regulation in France. In: The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, Jg. 13, H. 1, S. 1-21. DOI:10.1515/bejm-2012-0073
Abstract
"The 35-h workweek regulation, fully adopted in France in 2000, has been one of the most significant regulatory shocks imposed on any large economy. Yet the effects of the regulation remain controversial. In this paper, we evaluate the effects of the 35-h workweek regulation on unemployment and real GDP in France using a counterfactual analysis. We exploit the dependence of unemployment and GDP growth among different economic entities and construct the counterfactuals using data from countries other than France. We find that the 35-h workweek regulation reduced France's annual unemployment rate by 1.58% and raised the real GDP by 1.36% from 2000 to 2007." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Management und Teilzeitarbeit: Wunsch und Wirklichkeit (2013)
Zitatform
Hipp, Lena & Stefan Stuth (2013): Management und Teilzeitarbeit. Wunsch und Wirklichkeit. (WZBrief Arbeit 15), Berlin, 6 S.
Abstract
"Manager und Managerinnen arbeiten in Europa selten Teilzeit. Auch auf Führungsebene ist Teilzeit 'Frauendomäne'. Teilzeitarbeit im Management wird stark von der Arbeitszeit- und Geschlechterkultur in den Ländern beeinflusst." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Conflict between work and family: An investigation of four policy measures (2013)
Zitatform
Ruppanner, Leah (2013): Conflict between work and family: An investigation of four policy measures. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 110, H. 1, S. 327-347. DOI:10.1007/s11205-011-9929-z
Abstract
"Welfare states enact a range of policies aimed at reducing work-family conflict. While welfare state policies have been assessed at the macro-level and work-family conflict at the individual-level, few studies have simultaneously addressed these relationships in a cross-national multi-level model. This study addresses this void by assessing the relationship between work-family and family-work conflict and family-friendly policies in 10 countries. Applying a unique multi-level data set that couples country-level policy data with individual-level data (N=7,895) from the 2002 International Social Survey Programme, the author analyzes the relationship between work-family and family-work conflict and four specific policy measures: family leave, work scheduling, school scheduling, and early childhood education and care. The results demonstrate that mothers and fathers report less family-work and mothers less work-family conflict in countries with more expansive family leave policies. Also, in countries with longer school schedules mothers report less and women without children more work-family conflict." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The motherhood penalty in cross-national perspective: the importance of work-family policies and cultural attitudes (2012)
Zitatform
Budig, Michelle J., Joya Misra & Irene Boeckmann (2012): The motherhood penalty in cross-national perspective. The importance of work-family policies and cultural attitudes. In: Social Politics, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 163-193. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxs006
Abstract
"Mothers' employment and earnings partly depend on social policies and cultural norms supporting women's paid and unpaid work. Previous research suggests that work-family policies are deeply shaped by their cultural context. We examine country variation in the associations between motherhood and earnings, in cultural attitudes surrounding women's employment, and in childcare and parental leave policies. We model how cultural attitudes moderate the impact of policies on women's earnings across countries. Parental leaves and public childcare are associated with higher earnings for mothers when cultural support for maternal employment is high, but have less positive or even negative relationships with earnings where cultural attitudes support the male breadwinner/female caregiver model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug