Arbeitszeit: Verlängern? Verkürzen? Flexibilisieren?
Verkürzung, Verlängerung oder Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit stehen immer wieder im Zentrum der Debatten. Was wünschen sich Unternehmen und Beschäftigte? Wie kann Arbeitszeitpolitik die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze und die Sicherung vorhandener Arbeitsplätze unterstützen?
Dieses Themendossier bietet Publikationen zur Entwicklung der Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland auch im internationalen Vergleich, zur betrieblichen Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit und zu den Arbeitszeitwünschen der Beschäftigten.
Publikationen zur kontroversen Debatte um die Einführung der Vier-Tage-Woche finden Sie in unserem Themendossier Vier-Tage-Woche – Arbeitszeitmodell der Zukunft?
Im Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
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Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Flexibility of Working Time Arrangements and Female Labor Market Outcome (2021)
Zitatform
Magda, Iga & Katarzyna Lipowska (2021): Flexibility of Working Time Arrangements and Female Labor Market Outcome. (IZA discussion paper 14812), Bonn, 18 S.
Abstract
"We use data from the 2019 EU Labor Force Survey to study gender and parenthood gaps in two dimensions of flexibility in working time arrangements in 25 European countries. We find that overall in Europe, there is no statistically significant gender difference in access to flexible work arrangements. However, women are less likely than men to have flexible working hours in the Central-Eastern and Southern European countries, whereas this gender gap is reversed in Continental Europe. At the same time, women are less likely than men to face demands from their employers that they work flexible hours. We also find that both mothers and fathers are more likely than their childless colleagues to have access to flexible working hours, but that fathers' workplaces are more likely than mothers' workplaces to demand temporal flexibility from employees. In addition, we find that working in a female-dominated occupation decreases the probability of having access to flexible work arrangements, and that this effect is stronger for women than for men. At the same time, we observe that both men and women who work in female-dominated occupations are less exposed to flexibility demands from employers than their counterparts who work in male-dominated or gender-neutral occupations. Finally, we find that compared to employers in other Europeans countries, employers in the Central and Eastern European countries are less likely to offer flexible working hours, especially to women, and with no additional flexibility being offered to parents; whereas employers in Continental and Nordic countries are more likely to offer flexible work arrangements, and with no gender gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Extreme work hours in Western Europe and North America: diverging trends since the 1970s (2020)
Burger, Anna S.;Zitatform
Burger, Anna S. (2020): Extreme work hours in Western Europe and North America: diverging trends since the 1970s. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 1065-1087. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwy020
Abstract
"This article presents a political economy analysis of extreme work hours in 18 advanced Western economies since the 1970s. Empirically, it shows that the culture of long work hours has gained significance not only in the Anglo-Saxon but also in most Continental European welfare states. Theoretically, it provides an institutionalist argument against the neoclassical, or supply-side, point of view on the drivers of long work hours in post-industrial labour markets. It demonstrates that the choice to work long hours is not entirely, or even mainly, left to the preference of the individual. Instead, individual choices are constrained by labour market policies, collective bargaining institutions and new labour market structures, the pattern and trends of which do not necessarily follow the contours of the regime typology. Data on extreme work hours was compiled from the Luxembourg Income Study and the Multinational Time Use Study micro-data collections." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Non-standard Schedules, Work–Family Conflict, and the Moderating Role of National Labour Context: Evidence from 32 European Countries (2020)
Zitatform
Taiji, Riley & Melinda C. Mills (2020): Non-standard Schedules, Work–Family Conflict, and the Moderating Role of National Labour Context. Evidence from 32 European Countries. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 36, H. 2, S. 179-197. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcz048
Abstract
"A wide body of research over the past 30 years links non-standard work schedules to increased work–family conflict (WFC), but often only within single country contexts. A relatively under-explored question is the extent to which the effects of non-standard schedules on family life might vary by country or be buffered by institutional context. Building on past research, this study uses multilevel modelling techniques on 2004 and 2010 European Social Survey data to explore whether the effects of non-standard schedules on WFC vary across 32 countries in Europe, and if so, whether this contextual variation can be explained by labour regulations and industrial relations characteristics measured at the country level. Findings show that while non-standard work hours and days are associated with increased WFC across the majority of sampled countries, the strength of this association varies significantly between countries. The strongest factor shaping the social consequences of non-standard schedules is the degree to which workers are covered under collective bargaining agreements in a country, which explains as much as 17% of the observed between-country variation in the effects of non-standard schedules on WFC. These findings highlight collective agreements as one of the central mechanisms through which family-friendly regulations on working times and conditions are generated for non-standard schedule workers across Europe. More broadly, findings suggest that when studying the social consequences of non-standard schedules, these arrangements must be contextualized in the broader institutional frameworks within which they are organized and regulated." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work-life imbalance in extended working lives: domestic divisions of labour and partners' perceptions of job pressures of non-retiring older workers (2019)
Zitatform
Cebulla, Andreas, Nathan Hudson-Sharp, Lucy Stokes & David Wilkinson (2019): Work-life imbalance in extended working lives. Domestic divisions of labour and partners' perceptions of job pressures of non-retiring older workers. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 68, H. 4, S. 289-311. DOI:10.3790/sfo.68.4.289
Abstract
"Die Verlängerung des Arbeitslebens verschiebt auch die bestehende Arbeitszeit- oder das Familienleben zu späteren Zeitpunkten im Leben. Die Analyse der Daten des European Social Survey zeigt, dass sich die ungleiche Arbeitsteilung in Haushalten mit Arbeitnehmern, die über das Renteneintrittsalter hinaus beschäftigt sind, ausweitet. Wir untersuchen, wie Partner den Arbeitsdruck älterer Arbeitnehmer, die kurz vor oder nach Erreichen des typischen Renteneintrittsalter stehen, wahrnehmen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Besorgnis der Partner älterer Beschäftigter über die Verantwortung und den Druck nicht unmittelbar mit einer ungleichen Verteilung von Hausarbeit verbunden ist, sondern mit dem Ausmaß, in dem die Arbeitenden ihren Arbeitstag selbst organisieren können und insbesondere auch mit der Müdigkeit nach der Arbeit. In dem Papier wird argumentiert, dass diese Bedenken zur Kenntnis genommen werden sollten, insoweit sie auf ein Risiko von Stress innerhalb der Beziehung hindeuten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Hours worked across the world: facts and driving forces (2019)
Zitatform
Fuchs-Schündeln, Nicola (2019): Hours worked across the world. Facts and driving forces. In: National Institute Economic Review, Jg. 247, H. 1, S. R3-R9. DOI:10.1177/002795011924700110
Abstract
"I summarise new facts on hours worked differences across countries and their driving forces. The facts are derived from a comprehensive analysis of micro data sets. First, hours worked are substantially higher in poor than in rich countries. Second, lower hours worked in Europe than in the US can partly be explained by differences in vacation weeks and partly by differences in the demographic structure. Moreover, employment rates tend to be higher and weekly hours worked lower in Western Europe and Scandinavia than in the US, with the opposite being true in Eastern and Southern Europe. Last, among core-aged individuals, married women form the group that exhibits the largest differences in hours worked across countries. International differences in taxation, and especially in the tax treatment of married couples, are an important driver of these differences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Telework in the 21st Century: An Evolutionary Perspective (2019)
Messenger, Jon C.;Zitatform
Messenger, Jon C. (Hrsg.) (2019): Telework in the 21st Century. An Evolutionary Perspective. (The ILO Future of Work series), Cheltenham: Elgar, 352 S. DOI:10.4337/9781789903751
Abstract
"Technological developments have enabled a dramatic expansion and also an evolution of telework, broadly defined as using ICTs to perform work from outside of an employer’s premises. This volume offers a new conceptual framework explaining the evolution of telework over four decades. It reviews national experiences from Argentina, Brazil, India, Japan, the United States, and ten EU countries regarding the development of telework, its various forms and effects. It also analyses large-scale surveys and company case studies regarding the incidence of telework and its effects on working time, work-life balance, occupational health and well-being, and individual and organizational performance." (Author's abstract, © Edward Elgar Publishing) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Variabilität der Arbeitszeit und Unfallrisiko (2019)
Nachreiner, Friedhelm; Arlinghaus, Anna; Greubel, Jana;Zitatform
Nachreiner, Friedhelm, Anna Arlinghaus & Jana Greubel (2019): Variabilität der Arbeitszeit und Unfallrisiko. In: Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft, Jg. 73, H. 4, S. 369-379. DOI:10.1007/s41449-019-00172-z
Abstract
"In der letzten Zeit werden Forderungen nach mehr Flexibilität und größerer Anpassbarkeit der Arbeitszeiten, insbesondere an die betrieblichen Anforderungen aber auch an die Anforderungen der Beschäftigten, immer deutlicher und zwar deutlich weitergehend, als das derzeitige Arbeitszeitgesetz in der BRD zulässt. Konfligierend damit legen erste Studien einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Variabilität der Arbeitszeit und dem Unfallrisiko nahe. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde im Rahmen einer Analyse vorliegenden Datenmaterials einer europäischen Umfrage (European Working Conditions Survey 2010) mit Hilfe statistisch den vorzufindenen Verteilungen angemessener logistischer Regressionsansätze der Steigerung des Unfallrisikos und des Risikos von unfallbedingten Ausfalltagen nachgegangen. Die Variabilität der Arbeitszeitsysteme wurde dabei mit Hilfe eines faktorenanalytisch gewonnenen Indizes abgebildet, ebenso wie die Kontrollvariablen zur körperlichen und zur psychischen Belastung wie zur Autonomie bei der Gestaltung der Arbeitsbedingungen. Die Autonomie bei der Gestaltung der eigenen Arbeitszeit wurde durch eine eigene, separate Frage abgebildet.
Die Ergebnisse belegen eine signifikante und deutliche Steigerung des Unfallrisikos durch variable Arbeitszeiten, mit Odds-Ratios im Bereich um 1,25 und damit rund 25 %, und zwar unter Kontrolle potentiell konfundierender Bedingungen wie der berichteten Belastung, dem a priori Risiko der Tätigkeit, der Dauer der Arbeitszeit, Schichtarbeit, sowie weiterer Variablen. Autonomie in der Gestaltung der eigenen Arbeitszeiten senkt das Risiko leicht, allerdings nicht substantiell. Im Prinzip erweist sich damit die Variabilität der Arbeitszeit als bedeutsamer Risiko-Faktor, unabhängig davon, wer sie verursacht oder von wem sie ausgeht.
Grund für diese Risikosteigerung könnte eine Desynchronisierung (oder Anstöße dazu) mit biologischen oder sozialen Rhythmen sein. Aus arbeitswissenschaftlicher Sicht erscheint daher bei der Erhöhung der Flexibilität und damit der Variabilität der Arbeitszeiten erhebliche Vorsicht geboten. Dies gilt auch für Veränderungen der normativen Regelungen zur Gestaltung der Arbeitszeiten.
Praktische Relevanz Die Variabilität der Arbeitszeit, insbesondere bei flexiblen Arbeitszeiten, sollte trotz weitergehender Forderungen nach größerer Flexibilisierung auf ein erträgliches Maß begrenzt werden. So können variabilitätsbedingte Anstöße zur Desynchronisation von biologischen und sozialen Rhythmen und darüber ausgelöste Beeinträchtigungen, wie etwa ein erhöhtes Unfallrisiko, vermieden werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
Underemployment in the US and Europe (2018)
Zitatform
Bell, David N.F. & David G. Blanchflower (2018): Underemployment in the US and Europe. (NBER working paper 24927), Cambrige, Mass., 44 S. DOI:10.3386/w24927
Abstract
"Large numbers of part-time workers around the world, both those who choose to be part-time and those who are there involuntarily and would prefer a full-time job report they want more hours. Full-timers who say they want to change their hours mostly say they want to reduce them. When recession hit in most countries the number of hours of those who said they wanted more hours, rose sharply and there was a fall in the number of hours that full-timers wanted their hours reduced by. Even though the unemployment rate has returned to its pre-recession levels in many advanced countries, underemployment in most has not.
We produce estimates for a new, and better, underemployment rate for twenty-five European countries. In most underemployment remains elevated. We provide evidence for the UK and the US as well as some international evidence that underemployment rather than unemployment lowers pay in the years after the Great Recession. We also find evidence for the US that falls in the home ownership rate have helped to keep wage pressure in check. Underemployment replaces unemployment as the main influence on wages in the years since the Great Recession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Dualization and the access to occupational family-friendly working-time arrangements across Europe (2018)
Zitatform
Chung, Heejung (2018): Dualization and the access to occupational family-friendly working-time arrangements across Europe. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 52, H. 2, S. 491-507. DOI:10.1111/spol.12379
Abstract
"This article examines outsiders' relative access to occupational level family-friendly policies. I use data from the European Working Conditions Survey of 2015 across 30 European countries examining workers' access to two types of family-friendly working-time arrangements (WTAs): flexitime, and time off work for personal reasons. The article focuses on women with care responsibilities given that their demands for family-friendly policies, as well as their outcomes, have been shown to be distinct from the rest of the working population. In addition to the outsider definition used in the labor market dualization and occupational segmentation literature, i.e., low-skilled workers and those without a permanent contract, this article also defines outsiders as those perceiving their job as insecure. The results of the analysis show a segmentation between workers in their access to family-friendly policies. Unlike statutory policies, occupational policies seem to be selectively provided mostly to workers where employers have a vested interest, i.e., insiders, resulting in a dualized system for most countries. However, rather than their contract status, the skill-level of the job/workers, and their perceived insecurity were found to be important. The results further show that although Northern European and some continental European countries are those where family-friendly WTAs are more readily available, it is in these countries where the division between insiders and outsiders is the greatest. The results of the article contribute to the literature by showing a need to move beyond the national level when examining family-friendly policies, and to examine a more diverse definition of outsiders when examining dualization of working conditions." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in den Arbeitszeiten: Fortschritt auf der einen, Stagnation auf der anderen Seite (2018)
Kümmerling, Angelika;Zitatform
Kümmerling, Angelika (2018): Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in den Arbeitszeiten. Fortschritt auf der einen, Stagnation auf der anderen Seite. (IAQ-Report 2018-08), Duisburg, 23 S. DOI:10.17185/duepublico/47961
Abstract
"Zwischen 2010 und 2016 sind die durchschnittlichen Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland stabil geblieben. Im Mittel arbeiteten abhängig Beschäftigte 2016 35,2 Stunden in der Woche. Von einem unterschiedlichen Niveau ausgehend, haben sich die Arbeitszeiten von Männern seit 2010 leicht verringert, während Frauen heute länger arbeiten. Als Folge davon hat sich der Gender Time Gap (von 9,3 Std. auf 8,7 Std.) deutlich reduziert. Grund hierfür ist ein Trend zu längerer Teilzeit bei den Frauen, insbesondere bei Müttern. Frauen und Männer und vor allem Mütter und Väter haben weiterhin grundsätzlich andere Arbeitszeitrealitäten. Teilzeit hat sich dabei als die Arbeitszeitform von Müttern weiter manifestiert. Im EU-Vergleich sind die Arbeitszeiten von Frauen in Deutschland die zweitkürzesten. Nur in den Niederlanden arbeiten Frauen weniger Stunden in der Woche. Mütter in Deutschland sind im EU-Vergleich deutlich schlechter in den Arbeitsmarkt eingebunden als Frauen ohne Kinder. Kinder zu haben stellt also einen Risikofaktor für die Erwerbstätigkeit und finanzielle Absicherung von Frauen dar. Das Ehegattensplitting steht im Widerspruch zu familienpolitischen Maßnahmen wie KiTa-Ausbau und Elterngeld und erweist sich als Hemmschuh für eine gleichberechtigte Arbeitsteilung von Frauen und Männern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Working time flexibility and parental 'Quality Time' spent with children (2018)
Zitatform
Magda, Iga & Roma Keister (2018): Working time flexibility and parental 'Quality Time' spent with children. (IZA discussion paper 11507), Bonn, 37 S.
Abstract
"The aim of our paper is to analyse the relationship between working time flexibility and parental time devoted to children. Using data from a large panel survey of Polish households carried out in 2013 and 2014 (Determinants of Educational Decisions Household Panel Survey, UDE) we investigate whether and how various dimensions of working time flexibility affect the amount of time parents spend with their children reading, playing or teaching them new things. We account for employment status of parents, their socio-economic status and social and cultural norms they share. Our results show that employment status of parents and their working time arrangements are not statistically significant for the amount of parental 'quality time' devoted to children. We show that these are parental human and cultural capital and their values that are primary factors determining the amount of parental time investments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Parenthood and Life Satisfaction in Europe : The Role of Family Policies and Working Time Flexibility (2018)
Zitatform
Pollmann-Schult, Matthias (2018): Parenthood and Life Satisfaction in Europe : The Role of Family Policies and Working Time Flexibility. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 34, H. 3, S. 387-411. DOI:10.1007/s10680-017-9433-5
Abstract
"The life satisfaction of parents residing with dependent children varies greatly between countries. This article examines how country-level characteristics -- the provision of family allowances and formal child care, and the level of working time flexibility -- account for these cross-national differences, using data from the European Social Survey from 2004 and 2010 for 27 countries. Parents report greater life satisfaction in countries that offer generous financial benefits to families, high child care provision, and high working time flexibility than parents residing in counties with low levels of support. Results also show that these national contextual factors are associated with lower levels of financial strain and work - life conflicts among parents. These findings suggest that the mitigating effect of family benefits, child care provision, and working time flexibility on the psychosocial and financial burdens of parenthood is a key mechanism in the association between national contextual factors and parental life satisfaction." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Die Rushhour des Lebens: Auswege und Lösungsmodelle (2016)
Bertram, Hans;Zitatform
Bertram, Hans (2016): Die Rushhour des Lebens: Auswege und Lösungsmodelle. In: Archiv für Wissenschaft und Praxis der sozialen Arbeit, Jg. 47, H. 2, S. 16-33.
Abstract
"Aus der Rushhour des Lebens, in der berufliche Anforderungen und die Fürsorge für Kinder vereinbart werden müssen, gibt es keine einfachen Auswege. Viele Lösungsmodelle scheitern daran, dass die notwendige Zeit für Kinder nicht beliebig disponibel ist und dass noch immer strukturelle Einkommensunterschiede zwischen Männern und Frauen bestehen. Zudem benachteiligen sie Alleinerziehende. In diesem Beitrag werden die zeitlichen Belastungen von Eltern im europäischen Vergleich untersucht und auf dieser Grundlage flexible Arbeitszeiten im Lebenslauf als mögliche Lösung vorgestellt." (Autorenreferat, © Deutscher Verein für öffentliche und private Fürsorge e.V.)
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Literaturhinweis
Hours worked in Europe and the US: new data, new answers (2016)
Zitatform
Bick, Alexander, Bettina Brüggemann & Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln (2016): Hours worked in Europe and the US. New data, new answers. (IZA discussion paper 10179), Bonn, 44 S.
Abstract
"We use national labor force surveys from 1983 through 2011 to construct hours worked per person on the aggregate level and for different demographic groups for 18 European countries and the US. We find that Europeans work 19% fewer hours than US citizens. Differences in weeks worked and in the educational composition each account for one third to one half of this gap. Lower hours per person than in the US are in addition driven by lower weekly hours worked in Scandinavia and Western Europe, but by lower employment rates in Eastern and Southern Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working time options over the life course: new regulations and empirical findings in five European countries (2016)
Klenner, Christina; Haskova, Hana ; Kyzlinková, Renata; Lott, Yvonne ; Sümer, Sevil ; Anxo, Dominique; Szelewa, Dorota ; Dulk, Laura den ; Dulk, Laura den ;Zitatform
Dulk, Laura den (2016): Working time options over the life course. New regulations and empirical findings in five European countries. (WSI study 07), Düsseldorf, 136 S.
Abstract
"Sie stellt den aktuellen Stand der Regulierung von Arbeitszeitoptionen für eine lebensphasenorientierte Arbeitszeitgestaltung in fünf europäischen Ländern vor: Wissenschaftler/innen aus den Niederlanden, Schweden, Norwegen, Polen und der Tschechischen Republik gehen auf das Angebot an flexiblen Arbeitszeitarrangements per Gesetz und per Tarifvertrag ein und zeigen Zusammenhänge zur Geschlechtergleichstellung auf.
Zu finden sind die neuesten Daten zur Verfügbarkeit von Teilzeit, Elternzeit, Vaterschaftsurlaub und anderer Auszeiten. Die Wissenschaftler/innen stellen Forschungsergebnisse zur Nutzung der Optionen in den jeweiligen Ländern vor und behandeln die Veränderungen der letzten Jahre.
So gibt es in Ländern, in denen bisher feste Arbeitszeiten vorherrschten (Polen und Tschechische Republik) eine gewisse Zunahme von Arbeitszeitoptionen. Auch in diesen Ländern wird ein zunehmender Druck deutlich, das alte Arbeitszeitregime zu flexibilisieren.
In allen Ländern (Ausnahme: Schweden) zeigen sich Bestrebungen, flexible Arbeitszeiten (noch stärker) für wirtschaftliche Ziele nutzbar zu machen, das heißt, arbeitgeber- oder betriebsbezogene Flexibilität auszuweiten.
Die wenigen Studien, die zur Praxis der Nutzung von Arbeitszeitoptionen vorliegen, deuten darauf hin, dass in vielen Fällen die Einführung der Optionen nicht von einer Veränderung der betrieblichen Kultur begleitet war." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
Who cares? A counterfactual analysis of household work intensity in households with disabled family members (2016)
Nys, Annemie; Meeusen, Leen; Corluy, Vincent;Zitatform
Nys, Annemie, Leen Meeusen & Vincent Corluy (2016): Who cares? A counterfactual analysis of household work intensity in households with disabled family members. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 128, H. 2, S. 675-691. DOI:10.1007/s11205-015-1050-2
Abstract
"Disability policy has been dominated by two views, namely the medical and the social model. Employment policies stemming from these two models differ substantially. Yet, both models share an exclusive focus on the disabled individual and his labour market integration. Recent developments in labour market studies show that a household perspective offers new insights in the relationship between employment outcomes and social inequality. In this paper we argue that the dominant focus on individual employment of the current models falls short in depicting the full picture. We apply the notion of household work intensity and apply a polarization index to examine the distribution of employment over households with disabled family members, using EU-SILC data for 2005 - 2009. We find that the success of disability-related employment policies depend to a large extent on which unit of interest, i.e., the disabled individual or the household, is taken into account. More jobless households exist than would be expected in the case employment was randomly distributed. This reveals that the low employment rates of disabled household members only partially explain the low household work intensity. Shared socio-demographic traits have a mixed effect in explaining the excess joblessness. A more complex framework is therefore needed to account for household level mechanisms that influence household work intensity in families with disabled members." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Marriage stability, taxation and aggregate labor supply in the U.S. vs. Europe (2015)
Zitatform
Chakraborty, Indraneel, Hans A. Holter & Serhiy Stepanchuk (2015): Marriage stability, taxation and aggregate labor supply in the U.S. vs. Europe. In: Journal of monetary economics, Jg. 72, H. May, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2015.01.001
Abstract
"Americans work more than Europeans. Using micro-data from the United States and 17 European countries, we document that women are typically the largest contributors to the cross-country differences in work hours. We also show that there is a negative relation between taxes and annual hours worked, driven by men, and a positive relation between divorce rates and annual hours worked, driven by women. In a calibrated life-cycle model with heterogeneous agents, marriage and divorce, we find that the divorce and tax mechanisms together can explain 45% of the variation in labor supply between the United States and the European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Why do Europeans work less than Americans?: public consumption and welfare benefits as a cause of the north-atlantic divide (2015)
Zitatform
Hall, Axel & Gylfi Zoega (2015): Why do Europeans work less than Americans? Public consumption and welfare benefits as a cause of the north-atlantic divide. (CESifo working paper 5264), München, 26 S.
Abstract
"We propose an explanation of why Europeans choose to work fewer hours than Americans and also suffer higher rates of unemployment. Labor market regulations, unemployment benefits, and high levels of public consumption in many European countries reduce, ceteris paribus, the gains from being employed, which makes employed workers ask for higher wages relative to productivity. The higher wages make firms offer fewer vacancies, as well as raising the opportunity cost of working by enabling employed workers to enjoy time-consuming consumption activities. We find empirical support for our thesis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Flexiblework and immigration in Europe (2015)
Zitatform
Raess, Damian & Brian Burgoon (2015): Flexiblework and immigration in Europe. In: BJIR, Jg. 53, H. 1, S. 94-111. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12022
Abstract
"Immigration has risen substantially in many European economies, with farreaching if still uncertain implications for labour markets and industrial relations. This article investigates such implications, focusing on employment flexibility, involving both 'external flexibility' (fixed-term or temporary agency and/or involuntary part-time work) and 'internal flexibility' (overtime and/or balancing-time accounts). The article identifies reasons why immigration should generally increase the incidence of such flexibility, and why external flexibility should rise more than internal flexibility. The article supports these claims using a dataset of establishments in 16 European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The gender informal care gap (2015)
Zitatform
Roit, Barbara Da, Marcel Hoogenboom & Bernhard Weicht (2015): The gender informal care gap. In: European Societies, Jg. 17, H. 2, S. 199-218. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2015.1007153
Abstract
"This article investigates the relationship between the 'gender informal care gap' - the relative contributions of women to informal care for non-co-resident relatives and other members of social networks, compared to men - and public care policies, level of care needs, labour market position and gendered care attitudes. Since the literature suggests that none of these factors alone can explain the gender informal care gap, we develop a model based on fuzzy-set/qualitative comparative analysis in order to identify patterns in the relationship between the factors. The analysis conducted at the macro-national level in 13 European countries, suggests that at the macro-level, the availability of public care services is crucial to understanding the gender informal care gap, while women's labour market position, the presence or absence of gendered care attitudes and the level of care needs play no or a relatively minor role." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
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Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug