Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Das Themendossier "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Damned if You Do, Damned if You Don’t?: Experimental Evidence from Germany on Hiring Discrimination Against Mothers with Short Family Leave (2026)
Zitatform
Hipp, Lena (2026): Damned if You Do, Damned if You Don’t? Experimental Evidence from Germany on Hiring Discrimination Against Mothers with Short Family Leave. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 53, H. 2, S. 513-544. DOI:10.1177/07308884251360325
Abstract
"Can women overcome motherhood penalties by quickly returning to their jobs after childbirth? Do employers discriminate against fathers who take extended family leave? To answer these questions, I exploit some unique features of Germany's parental leave and job application system. My field experiment shows that mothers who only took the mandatory leave of two months are less likely to be invited to a job interview than mothers who stayed home for a year. There is, however, no difference between fathers who took short versus long periods of leave. The results of the supplementary laboratory experiment support my theoretical claim that women who “lean in” and violate the norm of being “a good mother” are judged more negatively than norm-violating men, who benefit from their culturally ascribed higher status in professional settings. My study hence underscores that women are required to enact traditional family roles to “fit in” but men are not. Fathers have more leeway in their behaviors and are evaluated according to a more flexible range of criteria than mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender-Specific Application Behaviour, Matching, and the Residual Gender Earnings Gap (2026)
Zitatform
Lochner, Benjamin & Christian Merkl (2026): Gender-Specific Application Behaviour, Matching, and the Residual Gender Earnings Gap. In: The Economic Journal, Jg. 136, H. 673, S. 97-124., 2025-05-08. DOI:10.1093/ej/ueaf037
Abstract
"This paper examines how gender-specific application behavior, firms’ hiring practices, and flexibility demands relate to the gender earnings gap, using linked data from the German Job Vacancy Survey and administrative records. Women are less likely than men to apply to high-wage firms with high flexibility requirements, although their hiring chances are similar when they do. We show that compensating differentials for firms’ flexibility demands help explain the residual gender earnings gap. Among women, mothers experience the largest earnings penalties relative to men in jobs with high flexibility requirements." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
- frühere (möglicherweise abweichende) Version erschienen u.d.T. "Gender-Specific Application Behavior, Matching, and the Residual Gender Earnings Gap" als: LASER discussion papers, 139
- frühere (möglicherweise abweichende) Version erschienen u.d.T. "Gender-Specific Application Behavior, Matching, and the Residual Gender Earnings Gap" als: IAB-Discussion Paper, 22/2022
- frühere (möglicherweise abweichende) Version erschienen als: CESifo working paper, 11813
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Literaturhinweis
Update: Identifying mothers in administrative data (2026)
Zitatform
Müller, Dana, Andreas Filser, Corinna Frodermann & Arnim Seidlitz (2026): Update: Identifying mothers in administrative data. (FDZ-Methodenreport 01/2026 (en)), Nürnberg, 13 S. DOI:10.5164/IAB.FDZM.2601.en.v1
Abstract
"Die administrativen Daten der Bundesagentur für Arbeit bieten eine wichtige Datenbasis für die Arbeitsmarktforschung. Welche Informationen gesammelt werden, ist über die Aufgaben der Bundesagentur für Arbeit definiert. Daher sind nicht alle Informationen in den Daten enthalten, die für verschiedene Forschungsfragen relevant sind. Das betrifft zum Beispiel Informationen zu der Geburt von Kindern, die wichtig für die Analyse der Erwerbsbiografien von Frauen sein können. Nach wie vor unterbrechen insbesondere Mütter ihre Erwerbstätigkeit, um sich der Kinderbetreuung zu widmen. Diese Erwerbsunterbrechungen können unterschiedliche Effekte auf die Erwerbsbiografien von Müttern haben, wie z.B. Lohneinbußen, Karrierenachteile oder vermehrte Teilzeitbeschäftigung. Die FDZ-Methodenreports 13/2017 und 02/2022 (Müller/Strauch 2017; Müller et al. 2022) zeigten eine Möglichkeit, familienbedingte Erwerbsunterbrechungen mit Hilfe indirekter Identifikatoren in den administrativen Daten zu ermitteln. Mit dem vorliegenden FDZ-Methodenreport wurde diese Identifikationsstrategie aktualisiert und an neue Datensatzversionen angepasst. Wir validieren unsere Identifikationsstrategie mit Hilfe offizieller Geburtsstatistiken. Der Programmcode wird als Anhang zur Verfügung gestellt und kann nach Bedarf angepasst werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Ähnliche Treffer
ursprüngliche Version -
Literaturhinweis
Occupational earning potential: a new measure of social hierarchy in Europe and the US (2026)
Zitatform
Oesch, Daniel, Oliver Lipps, Roujman Shahbazian, Erik Bihagen & Katy Morris (2026): Occupational earning potential: a new measure of social hierarchy in Europe and the US. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 42, H. 3, S. 421-441. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcaf035
Abstract
"Social stratification is interested in unequal life chances and assumes the existence of a hierarchy of more or less advantageous occupations. Yet occupations are not easily translated into a linear hierarchical measure. Influential scales combine multiple indicators and lack intuitive interpretation. We therefore present a new scale based on occupations’ earnings potential (OEP). OEP measures the median earnings of occupations and expresses them as percentiles of the overall earnings structure: if mechanics earn the national median wage, their OEP is 50. We construct national OEP scales using annual microdata pooled over several decades for Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the US. Consistent with the Treiman constant, these national scales are highly correlated over time and across countries, justifying the use of one common OEP scale. When applied to another European dataset, the common OEP scale explains a quarter of the variance in earnings—and works as well for men as women and as well for countries used to construct the scale as for other countries. Moreover, it is associated with the causes (education) and consequences (social mobility) that the theory expects. OEP thereby provides a simple and parsimonious indicator of economic advantage that can be meaningfully interpreted." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Being the boss at work and at home – Self-employment and conflicts between partners (2026)
Zitatform
Schneck, Stefan (2026): Being the boss at work and at home – Self-employment and conflicts between partners. In: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, Jg. 121. DOI:10.1016/j.socec.2025.102506
Abstract
"The self-employed are their own bosses and make independent decisions on how to achieve their goals. We ask if the self-employed not only make professional decisions but also interfere in the private decisions of their partners. Using unique German panel data designed to study intimate relationships, we show a positive relationship between complaints about interference and the self-employment status of partners, which indicates that the self-employed dominate in business and private life. Estimates explaining the frequency of disagreements and quarrels between partners reveal that tensions are more commonly reported by respondents with self-employed partners. Moreover, we show that partners exercising control over their partners are a major source of conflicts at home. In this regard, the significant effect of having a self-employed partner can be attributed to the degree of governance the partner exercises over the respondent’s life. This study is the first to suggest that decision autonomy in the work sphere is associated with dominance in private life, harming relationships." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2026 The Author.Published by Elsevier Inc.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Job Task Penalty for Motherhood (2026)
Zitatform
Schulz, Wiebke & Gundula Zoch (2026): The Job Task Penalty for Motherhood. In: Journal of Marriage and Family, Jg. 88, H. 3, S. 697-708. DOI:10.1111/jomf.70046
Abstract
"Objective: This study examines how childbirth affects women's job tasks. Background: Motherhood remains a key source of gendered inequalities in the labor market. Yet little is known about how it reshapes women's work content, even though job tasks are critical for job quality, skill development, and long-term career trajectories. Method: Using panel data from the German National Educational Panel Study (2011–2020), we analyze within-person changes in job tasks following childbirth among 1978 women, applying individual fixed-effects models. Results: After childbirth, mothers engage in fewer analytic, complex, and interactive tasks. These reductions are concentrated among those who decrease their working hours, while no differences emerge by occupational mobility or leave duration. Conclusion: The findings support perspectives emphasizing work–family strain rather than explanations based on occupationalmobility or length of leave. Implications: By documenting task-based motherhood penalties, this study highlights a critical yet often overlooked dimension of gendered labor market inequality. The results underscore the need for work–family policies and workplace practices that safeguard not only mothers' labor market participation but also their access to career-enhancing tasks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Policy configurations and the elasticity of gendered patterns of paid and unpaid work-evidence from comparative conjoint analyses (2026)
Zitatform
Stadelmann-Steffen, Isabelle, Dominique Oehrli & Meret Lütolf (2026): Policy configurations and the elasticity of gendered patterns of paid and unpaid work-evidence from comparative conjoint analyses. In: Social forces. DOI:10.1093/sf/soag038
Abstract
"A considerable number of scholars have discussed the role that family policies play in shaping the gendered division of labor within households. The majority of this research has focused on childcare and parental leave policies and their relationship with maternal employment. In this article, we adopt a more holistic approach to study gender-specific pathways toward more equalized work patterns by investigating the role of various family policy conditions, both past and future, on paid and unpaid work patterns among men and women. We present novel survey data from five countries, including conjoint analyses, which enables us to consider that the elasticity of households to move toward more equal divisions of work may be contingent on the gender regime in which individuals live as well as on their desire and opportunity to change. Our results demonstrate that the elasticity to change strongly depends on current work patterns both at the household and the country level. Moreover, long parental leave for men and financial incentives have the strongest potential to trigger changes in work intentions. Nevertheless, significant discrepancies in the impact of policy measures between countries, as well as between women and men, can be discerned." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Take it or leave it: how maternal leave duration affects societal perceptions of women in Germany and Israel (2026)
Zitatform
Stertz, Anna M. & Ronit Waismel-Manor (2026): Take it or leave it: how maternal leave duration affects societal perceptions of women in Germany and Israel. In: Community, work & family, S. 1-9. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2026.2621075
Abstract
"This research investigates how the duration of parental leave taken by working mothers influences ‘ideal worker’ and ‘good mother’ norms perceptions in two distinct cultural and policy contexts: Germany (N\u2009=\u2009262; main activity: 65.9% university students, 26.7% paid work) and Israel (N\u2009=\u2009504; main activity: 100% university students, of whom 79.0% also engaged in paid work). In experimental online studies, participants evaluated a fictitious mother based on a vignette. Leave length was experimentally manipulated across four conditions: 4, 6, 12, and 36 months (the latter only in Germany). The results yielded similar trends in both countries. Mothers are more likely to be viewed as better parents if they take the longest leave offered, and as better workers if they take short periods of leave. Nevertheless, our results show that in both countries, the decision to take parental leave of any given length does not substantially harm evaluations toward working mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Ceilings: Gender Inequality in Hours, Earnings and Health (2026)
Strazdins, Lyndall ; Doan, Tinh ; Leach, Liana ; Pollmann-Schult, Matthias ; Kaiser, Till ; Li, Jianghong ;Zitatform
Strazdins, Lyndall, Tinh Doan, Liana Leach, Jianghong Li, Matthias Pollmann-Schult & Till Kaiser (2026): Ceilings: Gender Inequality in Hours, Earnings and Health. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 182. DOI:10.1007/s11205-026-03820-0
Abstract
"One reason gender earning gaps persist is that well-paid jobs presume long work hours, and these are incompatible with family care. Long hours also harm health, and the risks may increase for workers with care and domestic workloads, adding a gendered health penalty. Using representative, longitudinal data from Australia and Germany (144,430–153,659 observations for HILDA and SOEP surveys, respectively, 2002–2022), we model the interconnections between hours and health among men and women aged 25–64 years. Our models include hours spent on care and domestic work, to estimate the points at which working more gains earnings but incurs risks for health and how this may differ by gender. The results show that average health ceilings mirror standard work hours (38 to 43 h per week) in both countries, but this masks wide gender differences. Gender stratified models reveal that long work hours are relatively less harmful for men compared to women, and as work hours lengthen, the penalty to women’s physical and mental health increases. We further show how these differential health harms are linked to extra time spent on family care and domestic work. Our study extends theory on how gender inequality is maintained in organisations and in the labour market, and the need for policy action to limit long work hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Revisiting the association between women's employment and separation: An analysis of harmonised longitudinal surveys in six countries (2026)
Zitatform
Turek, Konrad & Matthijs Kalmijn (2026): Revisiting the association between women's employment and separation: An analysis of harmonised longitudinal surveys in six countries. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 54, S. 1009-1050. DOI:10.4054/demres.2026.54.32
Abstract
"BACKGROUND Much debate exists about how women’s employment interacts with divorce and separation, with conflicting findings and opposing theoretical interpretations. OBJECTIVE This study revisits the employment–separation link froma dynamic perspective, examining how employment influences separation risk (independence), whether women increase employment before separation (anticipation), and how they adjust work hours afterward (adjustment). METHODS Data come from the Comparative Panel File (harmonised panel data) from six countries (Australia, Germany, Russia, South Korea, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom), covering the 1990–2021 period, 73,213 married or cohabiting women, and 9,847 separations. Discrete-time event-history models estimate separation risks, and longitudinal growth models track employment changes before and after separation. RESULTS Across all countries, employed women – especially women employed full-time – face a higher separation risk than non-employed women. These associations persist after controlling for potential confounders such as household income, health, life satisfaction, and religiosity. Part-time work shows weaker but still positive associations with separation. Employment trajectories indicate limited changes around separation, though modest pre-separation increases in work engagement appear in some contexts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Occupational and familial long-term effects of gender role attitudes (2026)
Zitatform
Ullrich, Ricarda, Michael Becker & Jan Scharf (2026): Occupational and familial long-term effects of gender role attitudes. In: International Journal of Behavioral Development, S. 1-16. DOI:10.1177/01650254261428033
Abstract
"Gender role attitudes can explain gender differences in occupational success and familial and domestic responsibilities. These attitudes are especially salient during emerging adulthood as young adults lay the first foundations for their future career paths and familial decisions. We aim to determine whether gender role attitudes in young adulthood have long-term consequences for occupational success and familial and household responsibilities 9 (M age = 31) and 18 years (M age = 40) later. The question will be addressed by using three waves of a longitudinal dataset from Germany (N = 4,812). Gender role attitudes were assessed in young adulthood in 2000/2001 (M age = 22), while the occupational success indicators, full-time employment, income, occupational prestige, and sector, as well as familial and household responsibilities, were assessed in the year 2009/2010 (M age = 31) and 2018 (M age = 40). The results show positive bivariate associations between young women’s gender role attitudes and their income and prestige at ages 31 and 40. For men, more egalitarian gender role attitudes were linked to lower income at age 31 when accounting for background characteristics. A positive significant bivariate association emerged between men’s early gender role attitudes and their occupational prestige at ages 31 and 40." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Parental Leave Benefits and Gender Inequality: Evidence from a Benefits Cap for High-Earning Mothers (2026)
Zitatform
Waights, Sevrin (2026): Parental Leave Benefits and Gender Inequality: Evidence from a Benefits Cap for High-Earning Mothers. In: The Economic Journal, Jg. 136, H. 675, S. 965-996. DOI:10.1093/ej/ueaf078
Abstract
"I use the universe of tax returns in Germany and a regression kink design to estimate the impacts of mothers’ parental leave benefit amounts on couple earnings inequality. I make use of a benefits cap to estimate the causal impacts for high-earning women; a group for which earnings inequality is particularly large. A lower mothers’ benefit amount results in a reduced gender gap in earnings that persists beyond the benefit period for at least nine years after the birth. The longer-term impacts are driven by couples where the mother earned more than her partner pre-birth. Simulations suggest that a 10% reduction in the benefit amount could reduce long-run child penalties in sample couples from 63 to 46%." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fertility and Family Leave Policies in Germany: Optimal Policy Design in a Dynamic Framework (2026)
Zitatform
Wang, Hanna (2026): Fertility and Family Leave Policies in Germany: Optimal Policy Design in a Dynamic Framework. (RF Berlin - CReAM Discussion Paper Series 2026,29), Berlin, 71 S.
Abstract
"I develop and estimate a life-cycle discrete-choice model of fertility and female labor supply to study the optimal design of a range of child-related policies. First, I examine two German reforms that introduced wage-contingent parental leave payments and expanded access to low-cost public childcare. I find that both reforms raised completed fertility, with the parental leave reform having a particularly strong impact on highly educated women. Second, I solve for a budget-neutral optimal policy portfolio that maximizes either aggregate welfare or fertility, while ensuring that welfare and fertility do not decline for any education group. I consider four prominent child subsidies as well as the degree of tax jointness. My results show that optimal policy has the potential to increase welfare by 0.5% or fertility by 5.7%. While the solutions are qualitatively similar, they prioritize different policy instruments depending on the specific objective being targeted." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Das Arbeitskräftepotenzial von Frauen - ein Weg aus dem Fachkräftemangel? (2026)
Zitatform
Wanger, Susanne (2026): Das Arbeitskräftepotenzial von Frauen - ein Weg aus dem Fachkräftemangel? In: S. Bothfeld, C. Hohendanner, P. Schütt & A. Yollu-Tok (Hrsg.) (2026): Geschlechtergerecht gestalten. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Arbeitsmarkt- und Sozialpolitik, S. 75-90, 2025-02-11.
Abstract
"Trotz zunehmender Erwerbstätigkeit bleibt die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen hinter deren Präferenzen zurück. Das unausgeschöpfte Erwerbspotenzial von teilzeitbeschäftigten Frauen, die ihre Arbeitszeit ausdehnen möchten, entspricht derzeit knapp 700.000 Vollzeitäquivalenten. Die Realisierung der Arbeitszeitwünsche und die Ausschöpfung des ungenutztem Arbeitsvolumens bei Frauen verlangt jedoch die Schaffung von günstigen Rahmenbedingungen, wie etwa bedarfsgerechte Kinderbetreuung und stärkere finanzielle Anreize für eine gleichmäßigere Aufteilung der Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Gender differences in employers' promotion preferences? The role of working time, care obligations, and work-family policies (2026)
Zitatform
Wehner, Caroline, Paula Protsch & Andries de Grip (2026): Gender differences in employers' promotion preferences? The role of working time, care obligations, and work-family policies. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 104. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2026.101154
Abstract
"Despite considerable changes in recent decades, women and men still have different careers, fostering gender inequality in paid work. Women work more often part-time and have more care obligations, which are typically regarded as incongruent with leadership roles and might lead to career penalties. We investigate employers’ gender-related promotion preferences. Using a large factorial survey experiment across organizations in Germany enables us to disentangle employer preferences regarding gender from their promotion preferences on employees’ working time and care obligations. We find career penalties for working part-time as well as having care obligations, instead of gender as such. Work–family policies do not appear to equalize the promotion probability between employees having care obligations and those without any care obligations. These findings reflect the impact of gender inequality in the household on the career opportunities of women. They suggest that the lower promotion chances for women compared to men that are observed in practice are due to unequal distributions of care obligations and working part-time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede in Sachsen – Regionale Unterschiede und Entwicklung (2026)
Zitatform
Weyh, Antje, Michaela Fuchs & Anja Rossen (2026): Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede in Sachsen – Regionale Unterschiede und Entwicklung. (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Sachsen 01/2026), Nürnberg, 32 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.RES.2601
Abstract
"Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht den Gender Pay Gap und seine Bestimmungsfaktoren in den Jahren 2019 und 2024 im regionalen Vergleich zwischen Deutschland, Ostdeutschland, Sachsen und den sächsischen Kreisen. Die zentrale Datenbasis dafür bildet die Beschäftigtenhistorik des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. In Sachsen lag der unbereinigte Gender Pay Gap für Vollzeitbeschäftige in 2024 mit 6,7 Prozent über dem Wert für Ostdeutschland mit 5,1 Prozent, allerdings deutlich unterhalb des gesamtdeutschen Wertes von 17,2 Prozent. Gegenüber 2019 ging er sowohl in Sachsen, in Ostdeutschland als auch deutschlandweit weiter zurück. Insgesamt nehmen dabei sowohl die Unterschiede zwischen den Regionen, als auch die Unterschiede zwischen den Gender Pay Gap nach ausgewählten individuellen und betrieblichen Merkmalen weiter ab. Um ein detaillierteres Bild der Einflussgrößen des Gender Pay Gap zu erhalten, werden diese individuellen und betrieblichen Merkmale sowie eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Faktoren zudem im Rahmen einer Oaxaca-Blinder-Zerlegung betrachtet. Diese zeigt im erklärten Teil, dass vor allem die berufliche Orientierung von Frauen und Männern, geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in der Qualifikation, die betriebliche Lohnstruktur und die Lohnhöhe nach wie vor entscheidende Einflussfaktoren auf die Höhe der Lohnlücke sind. Der unerklärte Teil der Zerlegung entspricht dem bereinigten Gender Pay Gap. Dieser fällt im Gegensatz zu Deutschland, in Ostdeutschland und Sachsen höher aus als der unbereinigte Gender Pay Gap. Frauen müssten aufgrund der messbaren, lohnbestimmenden Faktoren in Ostdeutschland und Sachsen somit mehr als Männer verdienen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Alt, krank, weiblich: Abwertung im Betrieb verhindert die Ausschöpfung von Erwerbspotenzialen (2026)
Windscheid-Profeta, Eike;Zitatform
Windscheid-Profeta, Eike (2026): Alt, krank, weiblich: Abwertung im Betrieb verhindert die Ausschöpfung von Erwerbspotenzialen. In: WSI-Blog Work on Progress, Jg. 20.
Abstract
"Die Erwerbsteilhabe, z.B. von Frauen und Müttern, soll ausgebaut werden, um Fachkräfte zu gewinnen und Wertschöpfung zu steigern. Statt Integration und Anerkennung erfahren diese Beschäftigten im Betrieb jedoch oft Abwertung und Diskriminierung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The Gender Pay Gap in University Student Internships (2025)
Zitatform
Antoni, Manfred, Hans-Dieter Gerner, Robert Jäckle & Stefan Schwarz (2025): The Gender Pay Gap in University Student Internships. In: German Economic Review. DOI:10.1515/ger-2024-0130
Abstract
"Internships are an important and often mandatory part of academic education. They offer valuable insights into the labor market but can also expose students to negative aspects of the working world, such as gender pay disparities. We provide first evidence of a gender pay gap in mandatory internships, with women earning up to 21 % less per hour than men. This gap is not due to women choosing higher-quality internships over higher pay. Factors such as field of study, risk aversion, competitiveness, the focus of the internship, and firm characteristics account for a large share of the gap. Further analyses show that the internship pay gap is broadly similar to the wage gap at labor market entry among graduates. We discuss potential mechanisms through which the internship pay gap may be related to the entry wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © DeGruyter Brill) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Reducing the child penalty by incentivizing maternal part-time work? (2025)
Zitatform
Baertsch, Laurenz & Malte Sandner (2025): Reducing the child penalty by incentivizing maternal part-time work? In: Labour Economics, Jg. 95, 2025-07-08. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102759
Abstract
"Governments worldwide are discussing ways to increase maternal labor market participation and to reduce the child penalty. This study analyzes the long run effects of a paid parental leave reform in Germany, a country characterized by high rates of maternal part-time employment after childbirth. The reform introduced additional financial incentives for mothers to engage in part-time work during the first two years following childbirth. Using German social security records, we exploit the fact that only mothers whose child is born in or after July 2015 are eligible for the new part-time parental leave option in a Difference-in-Differences strategy. We find that the policy increased the probability that high-income mothers return to work during the first year after child birth by 2.1–2.8 percentage points (≈ 15%–20%).However, the policy does not affect maternal employment along the extensive or intensive margin (part-time or full-time work) in the long run (i.e. up to 4.5 years after child). This indicates that while the reform successfully encourages early part-time return to work among high-income mothers, it does not significantly reduce the child penalty. However, it does also not trap mothers in part-time employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
- frühere (möglicherweise abweichende) Version erschienen u.d.T. "Reducing the Child Penalty by Incentivizing Part-Time Work? : Evidence from a Paid Parental Leave Reform in Germany" in: Verein für Socialpolitik (Hrsg.) (2023): Growth and the "sociale Frage". Beiträge zur Jahrestagung des Vereins für Socialpolitik 2023
- frühere (möglicherweise abweichende) Version erschienen als: IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit, 17109
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Literaturhinweis
Immigration and Adult Children's Care for Elderly Parents: Evidence from Western Europe (2025)
Zitatform
Berlanda, Andrea, Elisabetta Lodigiani & Lorenzo Rocco (2025): Immigration and Adult Children's Care for Elderly Parents: Evidence from Western Europe. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17984), Bonn, 41 S.
Abstract
"In this paper, we use the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), complemented with register data on the share of the foreign population in the European regions, to examine the effects of migration on the level of informal care provided by children to their senior parents. Our main results show that migration decreases informal care among daughters with a university degree, while it increases the provision of informal care among daughters with low-to-medium levels of education. Viceversa, migration has practically no effect on sons’ care provision who remain little involved in care activities. These results depend on the combination of two supply effects. First, migration increases the supply of domestic and personal services, making formal care more affordable and available. Second, as immigrants compete with low-to-medium-educated native workers, while improve the labor market opportunities of the better educated, the supply of informal care can increase among the less educated daughters and decrease among the more educated." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug