Abstract

"Der hier vorliegende Neunte Familienbericht ist in einer Zeit intensiver familien- und gesellschaftspolitischer Diskurse und Initiativen entstanden, die unter dem Eindruck vielfältiger Aspekte sozialen Wandels, nach wie vor ungelöster gesellschaftlicher Herausforderungen und markanter Ereignisse stehen. Die Endphase seiner Fertigstellung fiel zusammen mit der Covid-19-Pandemie, die ab März 2020 eine der größten Krisen seit der Wirtschaftskrise vor mehr als zehn Jahren auslöste. Der teilweise lange anhaltende Lockdown zur Abwehr einer übergroßen Ausbreitung des Virus und damit einer Überforderung des Gesundheitssystems hat auch in Deutschland weite Bereiche der Wirtschaft zum Stillstand gebracht, und viele Familien sahen sich in der Betreuung und Beschulung der Kinder auf sich selbst gestellt. Dies hat einzelne Themen noch stärker in den Vordergrund gerückt, als es bei der Konzeption dieses Berichts und der Hauptphase seiner Erarbeitung absehbar war. Fragen der wirtschaftlichen Stabilität, die gelebten Erwerbsmodelle und die damit verbundenen Risiken haben an zentraler Bedeutung gewonnen, ebenso wie Fragen ungleicher Bildungschancen, die durch den zeitweisen Ausfall institutioneller Bildung und Betreuung entscheidend akzentuiert wurden. Bereits vor der Corona-Pandemie mussten viele Familien mit einem kleinen Einkommen wirtschaften und sahen ihre Teilhabechancen, vor allem aber auch die Bildungschancen ihrer Kinder beschränkt. Trotz massiver Bemühungen, das Bildungssystem zu reformieren und der in Deutschland starken „sozialen Vererbung“ von Bildungsressourcen entgegenzuwirken und trotz starker Initiativen zur Entwicklung eines inklusiven Bildungssystems, fallen die Bildungserfolge von Kindern und Jugendlichen je nach sozialer Herkunft und je nach individuellen Beeinträchtigungen noch immer sehr unterschiedlich aus. Darüber hinaus wird im Bereich der Bildungspolitik auf die nach wie vor schwächeren Bildungschancen von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund hingewiesen. Schon seit der Anwerbung von Arbeitsmigrantinnen und -migranten in den 1950er-Jahren steht die Diskussion über eine geeignete Integrationspolitik im Raum, die in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten und insbesondere durch die intensive Zuwanderung von Geflüchteten seit 2015 deutlich an Intensität gewonnen hat. Dabei wird zunehmend deutlich, dass sich Integrationsbemühungen auch an Eltern richten müssen und von einer stärkeren Familienorientierung diesbezüglicher Regelungen und Maßnahmen profitieren können. Parallel hierzu hat sich durch die Digitalisierung aller Lebensbereiche das Zusammenleben merklich verändert. Neue Kommunikationstechnologien erleichtern den Austausch im privaten Kreis und in erweiterten sozialen Netzen, helfen bei der raschen Informationssuche, und prägen auch zunehmend die Lern- und Arbeitsbedingungen in Schule, Ausbildung, Studium und Beruf. Gleichzeitig sind neue Anforderungen an Medienkompetenzen entstanden, mit denen alle Nutzenden und vor allem Eltern in ihrer Verantwortung für Kinder und Jugendliche konfrontiert sind. Nicht nur an dieser Stelle wachsen Kita und Schule neue Aufgaben zu, um Kinder und Jugendliche zum kompetenten Umgang mit Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien in der digitalisierten Gesellschaft zu befähigen, sondern auch Eltern Information und Orientierung zu bieten." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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(2020): Frauen in Führungspositionen deutscher Aktiengesellschaften. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion der FDP (Drucksache 19/21945). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 19/22359), 4 S.

Abstract

Die Bundesregierung antwortet auf die Anfrage der FDP-Fraktion zu vorhandenen und geplanten Maßnahmen zur Stärkung der Gleichberechtigung von Frauen in Führungspositionen deutscher Aktiengesellschaften. (IAB-Doku)

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(2020): 4. Atlas zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland. (Atlas zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland 04), Berlin, 98 S.

Abstract

"Der nun vorliegende 4. Atlas ist eine aktualisierte Version des erstmals 2009 herausgegebenen Atlas. Ziel des Atlas ist es, die Entwicklung im Zeitverlauf zu verfolgen.1 Mit jeder Aktualisierung waren auch eine Weiterentwicklung des Atlas verbunden sowie die Aufnahme neuer Indikatoren. Im 4. Atlas hat sich dadurch die Struktur des Atlas noch einmal verändert. Indikatoren mit Bezug zum Spannungsfeld „Erwerbsarbeit und Sorgearbeit“ sind jetzt zu einem eigenständigen Kapitel zusammengefasst." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Struffolino, Emanuela & Michele Raitano (2019): Did early-career complexity increase after labour market deregulation? Heterogeneity by gender and education across cohorts in Italy. (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Discussion papers SP 1 2019-602), Berlin, 23 S.

Abstract

"This article considers the complexity of early employment life-courses focusing on the heterogeneity by gender and education. We construct 7-year-long early employment trajectories by using a unique longitudinal dataset that combines administrative records on employment episodes and survey data from the Italian module of the EU-SILC. This enables the application of advanced methods in sequence analysis to calculate the complexity of employment trajectories following labour market entry. Complexity reflects the instability of early-careers by considering the number of transitions between employment states and the length of each episode. We compare several cohorts of Italian workers who entered the labour market between 1974 and 2001 in institutional contexts characterized by different levels of deregulation. The results demonstrate that earlycareer complexity increased across cohorts, but mostly for medium and lower-educated individuals. This dynamic is particularly pronounced for women, and complexity is the highest for recent cohorts, especially among those with less human capital." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wyrwich, Michael (2019): Historical and current spatial differences in female labour force participation. Evidence from Germany. In: Papers in regional science, Jg. 98, H. 1, S. 211-239. DOI:10.1111/pirs.12355

Abstract

"Female labour force participation (FLFP) increased significantly in the 20th century. Nevertheless, there are persisting spatial differences in FLFP. Using data from Germany, this paper demonstrates that regional differences in the degree of industrialization in the 1920s explain spatial variation in FLFP at that time and almost 100 years later. The latter finding is not explained by persisting industry structures. Additionally, there is evidence that regions with historically high FLFP have a higher social acceptance of working women. Together these results suggest that policies to increase FLFP should account for the historical context of each region" (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Barker, Andrew (2018): Increasing inclusiveness for women, youth and seniors in Canada. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1519), Paris, 63 S. DOI:10.1787/83cb8b8d-en

Abstract

"Women, youth and seniors face barriers to economic inclusion in Canada, with considerable scope to improve their labour market outcomes. There has been no progress in shrinking the gender employment gap since 2009, and women, particularly mothers, continue to earn significantly less than men, in part due to a large gap in unpaid childcare responsibilities. Outside the province of Québec, low (but increasing) rates of government support for childcare should be expanded considerably, as should fathers' low take-up of parental leave. Skills development should be prioritised to arrest declining skills among youth and weak wage growth among young males with low educational attainment. Fragmented labour market information needs to be consolidated to address wage penalties associated with the widespread prevalence of qualifications mismatch. Growth in old-age poverty should be tackled through further increases in basic pension payments over time. Linking changes in the age of eligibility for public pensions to life expectancy would boost growth by increasing employment of older Canadians still willing and able to work. For all three groups, well-targeted expansions of in-work tax benefits and active labour market spending have the potential to increase employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Beblo, Miriam & Evelyn Korn (2018): Mütterliche Erwerbsbeteiligung - eine Überzeugungsfrage? In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 67, H. 7, S. 525-548. DOI:10.3790/sfo.67.7.525

Abstract

"In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland werden zahlreiche politische Instrumente der Familienförderung eingesetzt. Inwiefern diese Instrumente in positiver oder negativer Weise auf mütterliche Erwerbsbeteiligung wirken, wird sowohl in der Wissenschaft als auch der Politik intensiv diskutiert. Wir weisen in diesem Beitrag auf eine weitere Facette des institutionellen Rahmens hin, in dem Erwerbsentscheidungen getroffen werden: Gesellschaftliche Einstellungen zur Vereinbarkeit von Elternschaft (insbesondere Mutterschaft) und Berufstätigkeit beeinflussen sowohl die Erwerbsmöglichkeiten als auch -wünsche von Frauen erheblich. Hierzu stellen wir einen theoretischen Rahmen für die Verknüpfung von Überzeugungen und Erwerbsentscheidungen vor und unterfüttern diesen mit einer empirischen Analyse zur Entwicklung von Überzeugungen. Als Anwendungsfall betrachten wir das 'natürliche Experiment' der deutschen Teilung und Wiedervereinigung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bodart, Vincent, Muriel Dejemeppe & Bruno Van der Linden (2018): The labor market in Belgium, 2000-2016. Beyond satisfactory average performances lies a strongly segmented labor market with long-term challenges. (IZA world of labor 428), Bonn, 12 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.428

Abstract

"Viele Arbeitsmarktindikatoren deuten darauf hin, dass sich Belgien weitgehend und ohne eine Zunahme der Ungleichheit von der Großen Rezession erholt hat. Diese Entwicklungen wurden jedoch durch staatliche Lohnreglementierung, einen leichten Rückgang des real verfügbaren Einkommens und eine Zunahme der Armut unter Arbeitslosen begleitet. Zwar hat sich die Arbeitsmarktposition von Frauen im Durchschnitt verbessert, doch es bleiben dennoch große langfristige Herausforderungen bestehen. Vor allem die hohe Jugend- und Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit sowie die niedrige Erwerbsbeteiligung älterer Menschen stellen eine ernsthafte Bedrohung für den sozialen Zusammenhalt und die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung dar." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Borgonovi, Francesca, Álvaro Choi & Marco Paccagnella (2018): The evolution of gender gaps in numeracy and literacy between childhood and adulthood. (OECD education working papers 184), Paris, 27 S. DOI:10.1787/0ff7ae72-en

Abstract

"Numeracy and literacy skills have become increasingly important in modern labour markets. The large gender differences that several studies have identified have therefore sparked considerable attention among researchers and policy makers. Little is known about the moment in which such gaps emerge, how they evolve and if their evolution differs across countries. We use data from large-scale international assessments to follow representative samples of birth-cohorts over time, and analyse how gender gaps in numeracy and literacy evolve from age 10 to age 27. Our results suggest that, across the countries examined, males' advantage in numeracy is smallest at age 10 and largest at age 27. The growth in magnitude of the gender gap is particularly pronounced between the age of 15 and 27. Such evolution stands in sharp contrast with the evolution of the gender gap in literacy, which is small at age 10, large and in favour of females at age 15, and negligible by age 27." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Campos, Francisco, Michael Frese, Markus Goldstein, Leonardo Iacovone, Hillary C. Johnson, David McKenzie & Mona Mensmann (2018): Is personal initiative training a substitute or complement to the existing human capital of women? Results from a randomized trial in Togo. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 108, S. 256-261. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20181026

Abstract

"Personal initiative training - a psychology-based mindset training program - delivers lasting improvements for female business owners in Togo. Which types of women benefit most? Theories of dynamic complementarity would suggest training should work better for those with higher pre-existing human capital, but there are also reasons why existing human capital might inhibit training participation or substitute for its effects. We examine the heterogeneity in treatment impact according to different types of human capital. We find little evidence of either complementarities or substitutability, suggesting this new business training approach can work for a wide range of human capital levels." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Grigoli, Francesco, Zsóka Kóczán & Petia Topalova (2018): A cohort-based analysis of labor force participation for advanced economies. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 264), Maastricht, 23 S.

Abstract

"Advanced economies are in the midst of a major demographic transition, with the number of elderly rising precipitously relative to the working-age population. Yet, despite the acceleration in demographic shifts in the past decade, advanced economies experienced markedly different trajectories in overall labor force participation rates and the workforce attachment of men and women. Using a cohort-based model of labor force participation for 17 advanced economies estimated over the 1985-2016 period, we document a significant role of common patterns of participation over the life cycle and shifts in these patterns across generations for aggregate labor supply, especially in the case of women. The entry of new cohorts of women led to upward shifts in the age participation profile, boosting aggregate participation rates. However, this process plateaued in most advanced economies, with signs of reversal in some. Using the model's results to forecast future participation trends, we project sizable declines in aggregate participation rates over the next three decades due to the aging of the population. Illustrative simulations show that implementing policies encouraging labor supply can help attenuate but may not fully offset demographic pressures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Grigoli, Francesco, Zsóka Kóczán & Petia Topalova (2018): Drivers of labor force participation in advanced economies. Macro and micro evidence. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 265), Maastricht, 39 S.

Abstract

"Despite significant headwinds from population aging in most advanced economies (AEs), labor force participation rates show remarkably divergent trajectories both across countries and across different groups of workers. Participation increased sharply among prime-age women and, more recently, older workers, but fell among the young and prime-age men. This paper investigates the determinants of these trends using aggregate and individual-level data. We find that the bulk of the dramatic increase in the labor force attachment of prime-age women and older workers in the past three decades can be explained by changes in labor market policies and institutions, structural transformation, and gains in educational attainment. Technological advances such as automation, on the other hand, weighed on the labor supply of prime-age and older workers. In light of the dramatic demographic shifts expected in the coming decades in many AEs, our findings underscore the need to invest in education and training, reform the tax system, reduce early retirement incentives, improve the job-matching process, and help individuals combine family and work life in order to alleviate the pressures from aging on labor supply." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Müller, Kai-Uwe, Michael Neumann & Katharina Wrohlich (2018): Labor supply under participation and hours constraints. An extended structural model for policy evaluations. (IZA discussion paper 12003), Bonn, 50 S.

Abstract

"The paper extends a static discrete-choice labor supply model by adding participation and hours constraints. We identify restrictions by survey information on the eligibility and search activities of individuals as well as actual and desired hours. This provides for a more robust identification of preferences and constraints. Both, preferences and restrictions are allowed to vary by and are related through observed and unobserved characteristics. We distinguish various restrictions mechanisms: labor demand rationing, working hours norms varying across occupations, and insufficient public childcare on the supply side of the market. The effect of these mechanisms is simulated by relaxing different constraints at a time. We apply the empirical frame- work to evaluate an in-work benefit for low-paid parents in the German institutional context. The benefit is supposed to increase work incentives for secondary earners. Based on the structural model we are able to disentangle behavioral reactions into the pure incentive effect and the limiting impact of constraints at the intensive and extensive margin. We find that the in-work benefit for parents substantially increases working hours of mothers of young children, especially when they have a low education. Simulating the effects of restrictions shows their substantial impact on employment of mothers with young children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Müller, Kai-Uwe, Michael Neumann & Katharina Wrohlich (2018): Labor supply under participation and hours constraints. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1758), Berlin, 50 S.

Abstract

"The paper extends a static discrete-choice labor supply model by adding participation and hours constraints. We identify restrictions by survey information on the eligibility and search activities of individuals as well as actual and desired hours. This provides for a more robust identification of preferences and constraints. Both, preferences and restrictions are allowed to vary by and are related through observed and unobserved characteristics. We distinguish various restrictions mechanisms: labor demand rationing, working hours norms varying across occupations, and insufficient public childcare on the supply side of the market. The effect of these mechanisms is simulated by relaxing different constraints at a time. We apply the empirical framework to evaluate an in-work benefit for low-paid parents in the German institutional context. The benefit is supposed to increase work incentives for secondary earners. Based on the structural model we are able to disentangle behavioral reactions into the pure incentive effect and the limiting impact of constraints at the intensive and extensive margin. We find that the in-work benefit for parents substantially increases working hours of mothers of young children, especially when they have a low education. Simulating the effects of restrictions shows their substantial impact on employment of mothers with young children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Richiardi, Matteo, Brian Nolan & Lane Kenworthy (2018): The US labour force participation debacle. Learning from the contrast with Britain. (ISER working paper 2018-12), Colchester, 48 S.

Abstract

"This paper uses the marked divergence in labour force participation trends between the US and the UK to probe underlying drivers and implications for recent US poor performance. Contrary to a common US narrative, our comparative perspective suggests that the relative decline in US labour force participation is not confined to the (white) male population: the divergence in female participation rate is even more pronounced. We also do not find evidence that the poor US performance is linked to some structural changes brought about by the financial crisis; instead, it is a more pervasive, longer-run phenomenon. Our multivariate analysis seeks to disentangle age, cohort, and period effects, and shows that the US is particularly ill-equipped to deal with the looming ageing of the Baby Boom generation. An Oaxaca decomposition shows that the relative decline of US participation rates with respect to the UK is roughly equally attributable to characteristics, which have become less favourable over time, and the impact of those characteristics, which have become more adverse to participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wilkens, Mathijn, Jorge Cabrita, Jean-Marie Jungblut & Robert Anderson (2018): Striking a balance: Reconciling work and life in the EU. Working conditions. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, IV, 70 S. DOI:10.2806/560184

Abstract

"How to combine work with life is a fundamental issue for many people, an issue that policymakers, social partners, businesses and individuals are seeking to resolve. Simultaneously, new challenges and solutions are transforming the interface between work and life: an ageing population, technological change, higher employment rates and fewer weekly working hours. This report aims to examine the reciprocal relationship between work and life for people in the EU, the circumstances in which they struggle to reconcile the two domains, and what is most important for them in terms of their work - life balance. The report draws on a range of data sources, in particular the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) and the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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herausgegeben von T. Johnson (Hrsg.); Wuiame, Nathalie (2018): Female (un)employment and work-life balance. A discussion paper from the Employment Thematic Network. (ESF technical dossier 08), Brüssel, 37 S. DOI:10.2767/022588

Abstract

"The objective of this paper is to give an updated overview of the different situations of men and women in the labour market. It examines what the contribution of the Structural and Investment Funds - and especially the ESF - can be, in terms of both female employment and work life balance initiatives. The report concludes with some recommendations on how current and future European funds can better support female employment and gender equality through fighting gender stereotypes and gender segregation, changing the prevalent working culture, providing high-quality and affordable care solutions, and supporting women in specific situations such as victims of domestic violence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"While digital technologies offer leapfrog opportunities and help empower women, gender-based digital exclusion remains widespread and has many causes. The report Bridging the Digital Divide: Include, Upskill, Innovate is an effort by the OECD, working with the G20, that aims to provide policy directions for consideration by all governments. It analyses a range of drivers at the root of the digital gender divide in order to draw attention to critical areas for policy action." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bernhardt, Janine (2017): Geschlechter(un)gerechtigkeit: Zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. In: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, Jg. 67, H. 30/31, S. 28-33.

Abstract

"Während sich viele Mütter mehr Teilhabe am Erwerbsleben wünschen, wollen viele Väter mehr Zeit für Familie haben. Die geschlechts-spezifische Aufteilung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit hat gravierende Folgen für Geschlechterungleichheiten im Lebensverlauf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bisello, Martina & Massimiliano Mascherini (2017): The gender employment gap. Costs and policy responses. In: Intereconomics, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 24-27. DOI:10.1007/s10272-017-0638-y

Abstract

"This paper will firstly investigate the economic and the social costs associated with the observed gender employment gap. It will then discuss key aspects of the needed policy responses to foster and promote labour market participation among women." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))