Niedriglohnarbeitsmarkt
Der Ausbau des Niedriglohnsektors sollte Ende der 1990er Jahre die hohe Arbeitslosigkeit reduzieren. Als Niedriglohn gilt ein Arbeitsentgelt, das trotz Vollzeitbeschäftigung keine angemessene Existenzsicherung gewährleistet – die OECD definiert den ihn als einen Bruttolohn, der unterhalb von zwei Dritteln des nationalen Medianbruttolohns aller Vollzeitbeschäftigten liegt. Betroffen von Niedriglöhnen sind überdurchschnittlich häufig Personen ohne beruflichen Abschluss, jüngere Erwerbstätige und Frauen.
Bietet der Niedriglohnsektor eine Chance zum Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt oder ist er eine Sackgasse? Das IAB-Themendossier erschließt Informationen zum Forschungsstand.
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- Theorie
- Politik und Maßnahmen
- Arbeitsmarkt- und Lohnentwicklung
- Arbeitswelt, Personalpolitik
- Personengruppen
- Wirtschaftszweige
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
- Alter
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Literaturhinweis
Context matters: economic marginalization of low-educated workers in cross-national perspective (2011)
Zitatform
Gesthuizen, Maurice, Heike Solga & Ralf Künster (2011): Context matters: economic marginalization of low-educated workers in cross-national perspective. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 27, H. 2, S. 264-280. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcq006
Abstract
"This article explains the different extent of economic marginalization of low-educated persons in different countries. Research on economic marginalization mainly studies the so-called displacement mechanism: the higher the high-skill supply is in relation to the high-skill demand, the higher is the risk of being unemployed for low-educated workers. In this article, we examine their economic marginalization in terms of status position. This research expands the explanation of economic marginalization of low-educated workers by scrutinizing additional causes, such as negative social selection, negative cognitive competence selection, and the increasing negative signal of being low educated (discredit). The results of the country comparison, using multilevel estimation techniques with inclusion of cross-level interactions, depict that, indeed, educational differences in socio-economic status attainment are larger in countries where the average competence of the group is low, the social composition is unfavourable, and the size of the low-educated group is relatively small. By considering these additional explanations, we are now better able to understand the economic vulnerability of low-educated people in educationally expanded countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Public employment services, employers and the failure of placement of low-skill workers in six European countries (2011)
Zitatform
Larsen, Christian Albrekt & Patrik Vesan (2011): Public employment services, employers and the failure of placement of low-skill workers in six European countries. (Working Papers on the Reconciliation of Work and Welfare in Europe. REC-WP 02/2011), Edinburgh, 29 S.
Abstract
"The paper explains why across Europe very few job matches are facilitated by public employment services (PES), looking at the existence of a double-sided asymmetric information problem on the labour market. It is argued that although a PES potentially reduces search costs, both employers and employees have strong incentives not to use the PES. The reason is that employers try to avoid the 'worst' employees, and employees try to avoid the 'worst' employers. Therefore PES get caught in a low-end equilibrium that is almost impossible to escape. The mechanisms leading to this low-end equilibrium are illustrated by means of qualitative interviews with 40 private employers in six European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The unequal incidence of non-standard employment across occupational groups: an empirical analysis of post-industrial labour markets in Germany and Europe (2011)
Zitatform
Marx, Paul (2011): The unequal incidence of non-standard employment across occupational groups. An empirical analysis of post-industrial labour markets in Germany and Europe. (IZA discussion paper 5521), Bonn, 23 S.
Abstract
"The paper addresses an often neglected question in labour market research: to which extent do outcomes aggregated on the national level disguise occupational diversity in employment conditions? In particular, how and why do occupational groups differ with regard to the incidence of non-standard employment? To explore these questions, the paper derives a detailed occupational scheme from the literature, capturing the variety of labour market outcomes within countries. In a second step, the scheme is theoretically linked to the topic of non-standard work. It is argued that different degrees of skill specificity across occupational groups produce diverging incentives for flexible and long-term employment, respectively. This leads to the expectation of (some) service-sector occupations showing stronger tendencies towards non-standard employment than those in the industrial sector. Based on European and German micro data, the categorisation is used to decompose various labour market indicators. The results clearly demonstrate the unequal incidence of non-standard employment along the lines of the suggested categorisation. Moreover, the longitudinal perspective suggests that traditionally functioning occupational groups will be crowded out by more destandardised ones." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender gaps across countries and skills: supply, demand and the industry structure (2011)
Olivetti, Claudia; Petrongolo, Barbara;Zitatform
Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2011): Gender gaps across countries and skills. Supply, demand and the industry structure. (CEP discussion paper 1093), London, 42 S.
Abstract
"The gender wage gap varies widely across countries and across skill groups within countries. Interestingly, there is a positive cross-country correlation between the unskilled-to-skilled gender wage gap and the corresponding gap in hours worked. Based on a canonical supply and demand framework, this positive correlation would reveal the presence of net demand forces shaping gender differences in labor market outcomes across skills and countries. We use a simple multi-sector framework to illustrate how differences in labor demand for different inputs can be driven by both within-industry and between-industry factors. The main idea is that, if the service sector is more developed in the US than in continental Europe, and unskilled women tend to be over-represented in this sector, we expect unskilled women to suffer a relatively large wage and/or employment penalty in the latter than in the former. We find that, overall, the between-industry component of labor demand explains more than half of the total variation in labor demand between the US and the majority of countries in our sample, as well as one-third of the correlation between wage and hours gaps. The between-industry component is relatively more important in countries where the relative demand for unskilled females is lowest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender wage gap: a semi-parametric approach with sample selection correction (2011)
Zitatform
Picchio, Matteo & Chiara Mussida (2011): Gender wage gap. A semi-parametric approach with sample selection correction. In: Labour economics, Jg. 18, H. 5, S. 564-578. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2011.05.003
Abstract
"Sizeable gender differences in employment rates are observed in many countries. Sample selection into the workforce might therefore be a relevant issue when estimating gender wage gaps. We propose a semi-parametric estimator of densities in the presence of covariates which incorporates sample selection. We describe a simulation algorithm to implement counterfactual comparisons of densities. The proposed methodology is used to investigate the gender wage gap in Italy. We find that, when sample selection is taken into account, the gender wage gap widens, especially at the bottom of the wage distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Statistical discrimination and employers' recruitment practices for low-skilled workers (2010)
Zitatform
Bonoli, Giuliano & Karl Hinrichs (2010): Statistical discrimination and employers' recruitment practices for low-skilled workers. (Working Papers on the Reconciliation of Work and Welfare in Europe. REC-WP 10/2010), Edinburgh, 26 S.
Abstract
"This paper deals with the recruitment strategies of employers in the low-skilled segment of the labour market. We focus on low-skilled workers because they are overrepresented among jobless people and constitute the bulk of the clientele included in various activation and labour market programmes. A better understanding of the constraints and opportunities of interventions in this labour market segment may help improve their quality and effectiveness. On the basis of qualitative interviews with 41 employers in six European countries, we find that the traditional signals known to be used as statistical discrimination devices (old age, immigrant status and unemployment) play a somewhat reduced role, since these profiles are overrepresented among applicants for low skill positions. On the other hand, we find that other signals, mostly considered to be indicators of motivation, have a bigger impact in the selection process. These tend to concern the channel through which the contact with a prospective candidate is made. Unsolicited applications and recommendations from already employed workers emit a positive signal, whereas the fact of being referred by the public employment office is associated with the likelihood of lower motivation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
In-work poverty and labour market segmentation in the EU: key lessons. Synthesis report (2010)
Frazer, Hugh; Marlier, Eric;Zitatform
Frazer, Hugh & Eric Marlier (2010): In-work poverty and labour market segmentation in the EU. Key lessons. Synthesis report. Brüssel, 64 S.
Abstract
"Until now in-work poverty and labour market segmentation have not received sufficient attention in the EU's efforts to tackle poverty and social exclusion. However, given that the 17 million working poor in the EU represent about 15% of the new Europe 2020 social inclusion target, this is likely to become a more important issue in the future. The analysis of in-work poverty and labour market segmentation presented here is a first step to fill this gap and to suggest how progress can be made on this issue. It is also intended as a contribution to the monitoring of the EU 'Active Inclusion' process, which was launched at the end of 2008 and which is a crucial part of the EU's efforts to tackle poverty and social exclusion.
The Network Core Team's Synthesis Report is based on individual country reports prepared by members of the EU Network of Independent Experts on Social Inclusion. The experts' reports cover three elements. First, they provide a general statistical overview of the situation in their country in a comparative perspective, presenting some of the agreed indicators used to monitor the Social Open Method of Coordination and European Employment Strategy objectives. This is complemented with any available national data. Secondly, they examine the main explanatory factors for inwork poverty and labour market segmentation by undertaking a critical review of national studies by Governments and researchers. They also highlight the political debate at national level on these issues. Thirdly, they present and analyse policies in Member States to address in-work poverty and labour market segmentation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Low-wage employment and the role of education and on-the-job training (2009)
Zitatform
Blázquez Cuesta, Maite & Wiemer Salverda (2009): Low-wage employment and the role of education and on-the-job training. In: Labour, Jg. 23, H. s1 - special Issue, S. 5-35. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2008.00431.x
Abstract
"General education and on-the-job training are major forces determining earnings. This contribution analyses the effects of general education and on-the-job training, relative to each other, on workers' relative earnings and on the probability of making an upwards transition in the earnings distribution. The analysis is done for Denmark, the Netherlands, Italy, and Spain, using the European Community Household Panel (1995-2001). Our results reveal that in all countries on-the-job training and high levels of general education reduce the risk of being in a low-pay situation, whereas they increase the probability of escaping from low-paid jobs to better-paid jobs. However, the relative contributions differ significantly, on-the-job training being relatively more important for upward mobility in Italy and Spain and tertiary education more important for reducing the risk of being in low pay in Denmark and the Netherlands" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Low pay persistence in European countries (2009)
Zitatform
Clark, Ken & Nikolaos C. Kanellopoulos (2009): Low pay persistence in European countries. (IZA discussion paper 4183), Bonn, 34 S.
Abstract
"Using panel data for twelve European countries over the period 1994-2001 we estimate the extent of state dependence in low pay. Controlling for observable and unobservable heterogeneity as well as the endogeneity of initial conditions we find positive, statistically significant state dependence in every single country. The magnitude of this effect varies by country, however this variation is not systematically related to labour market institutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Low pay persistence in European countries (2009)
Zitatform
Clark, Ken & Nikolaos C. Kanellopoulos (2009): Low pay persistence in European countries. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 205), Berlin, 34 S.
Abstract
"Using panel data for twelve European countries over the period 1994-2001 we estimate the extent of state dependence in low pay. Controlling for observable and unobservable heterogeneity as well as the endogeneity of initial conditions we find positive, statistically significant state dependence in every single country. The magnitude of this effect varies by country, however this variation is not systematically related to labour market institutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA discussion paper , 4183 -
Literaturhinweis
The working poor in Europe: employment, poverty and globalization (2008)
Andreß, Hans-Jürgen ; Kuivalainen, Susan ; Halleröd, Björn; Verbist, Gerlinde ; Lohmann, Henning; Biolcati-Rinaldi, Ferruccio; Larsson, Daniel; de Boom, Jan; Marx, Ive ; Giesselmann, Marco ; Niemelä, Mikko ; Connolly, Sara ; Nolan, Brian ; Airio, Ilpo; Podestà, Federico ; Engbersen, Godfried; Snel, Erik ;Zitatform
Andreß, Hans-Jürgen & Henning Lohmann (Hrsg.) (2008): The working poor in Europe. Employment, poverty and globalization. Cheltenham: Elgar, 323 S.
Abstract
"For a long time in-work poverty was not associated with European welfare states. Recently, the topic has gained relevance as welfare state retrenchment and international competition in globalized economies has put increasing pressures on individuals and families. This book provides explanations as to why in-work poverty is high in certain countries and low in others. Much of the present concern about the working poor has to do with recent changes in labour market policies in Europe. However, this book is not primarily about low pay. Instead, it questions whether gainful employment is sufficient to earn a living - both for oneself and for one's family members. There are, however, great differences between European countries. This book argues that the incidence and structure of the working poor cannot be understood without a thorough understanding of each country's institutional context. This includes the system of wage-setting, the level of decommodification provided by the social security system and the structure of families and households. Combining cross-country studies with in-depth analyses from a national perspective, the book reveals that in-work poverty in Europe is a diverse, multi-faceted phenomenon occurring in equally diverse institutional, economic and socio-demographic settings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Erwerbslosigkeit, Aktivierung und soziale Ausgrenzung: Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich (2008)
Zitatform
Konle-Seidl, Regina & Werner Eichhorst (2008): Erwerbslosigkeit, Aktivierung und soziale Ausgrenzung. Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich. (WISO Diskurs), Bonn, 76 S.
Abstract
"Vier Fragen stehen im Mittelpunkt dieser Analyse:
1) Ist das Risiko sozialer Ausgrenzung in Deutschland gewachsen, und wie stellt es sich im Vergleich mit anderen Ländern dar?
2) Wird soziale Inklusion über eine kompensatorische oder eher über eine arbeitsmarktorientierte und beschäftigungsfördernde Sozialpolitik befördert?
3) Können politische Maßnahmen, insbesondere die 'aktivierende' Ausgestaltung von sozialen Sicherungssystemen und das 'Fördern und Fordern' von Erwerbslosen soziale Ausgrenzung vermindern?
4) Gibt es hierzu vorbildliche Praktiken in anderen Ländern?
Einerseits soll geklärt werden, ob die in der Wissenschaft und in der beschäftigungspolitischen Diskussion etablierten Einschätzungen von beschäftigungspolitisch erfolgreichen Ländern zutreffend sind. Treffen sie auch noch zu, wenn es nicht allein um den Abbau von Arbeitslosigkeit, sondern um die Integration von Langzeiterwerbslosen und Inaktiven geht? Oder werden hier bei relativ ähnlichem Niveau der Ausgrenzung aus dem Erwerbsleben lediglich unterschiedliche Verteilungen auf die Transfersysteme erreicht? Welche Rolle kommt dabei der konkreten Ausgestaltung sozialer Sicherungssysteme zu? Annahmen über die Stärken und Schwächen der einzelnen Länder bzw. Wohlfahrtsstaatstypen werden in Bezug auf Inklusion einer empirischen Bewertung unterzogen.
Andererseits soll untersucht werden, ob es Erfolg versprechende Ansätze zur Integration von nichterwerbstätigen Transferbeziehern mit geringer Beschäftigungsfähigkeit gibt, von denen die Politik in Deutschland lernen kann. Insbesondere soll es um die Identifikation von Reformansätzen gehen, die in der gegenwärtigen Situation zu Einstiegen in den Arbeitsmarkt von Inaktiven und Erwerbslosen sowie zu einer verbesserten Chance auf Aufwärtsmobilität führen können.
Die Studie umfasst zehn Länder mit unterschiedlichen Beschäftigungs- und Sozialstaatsmodellen:
1. Deutschland, Frankreich und Niederlande, die nach den gängigen Wohlfahrtstypologien dem kontinentalen Typ zugeordnet werden,
2. Spanien und Italien als Vertreter einer mediterranen Variante des kontinentaleuropäischkonservativ geprägten Sozialmodells,
3. Großbritannien und die USA, welche für das angelsächsisch-liberale Modell stehen,
4. die skandinavischen Wohlfahrtsstaaten Dänemark und Schweden,
5. sowie Polen als neues EU-Mitgliedsland und Vertreter post-kommunistischer Transitionsländer." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
Earnings mobility among Italian low-paid workers (2007)
Zitatform
Cappellari, Lorenzo (2007): Earnings mobility among Italian low-paid workers. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 20, H. 2, S. 465-482. DOI:10.1007/s00148-006-0065-z
Abstract
"This paper uses Italian panel data to analyse low pay transitions since the early 1990s. Results indicate that having more human capital reduces the probability of falling into low pay, but there is little impact on raising exit rates from low pay. Human capital effects are found to be larger for women than for men. There is considerable state dependence: the experience of low pay raises the probability of subsequent low pay episodes. Also, there is substantial unobserved heterogeneity associated with factors such as initial conditions, mobility out of the earnings distribution and educational attainment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitsanreize im Kontext des Steuer-Transfer-Systems: ein ausgewählter internationaler Vergleich (2006)
Düll, Herbert;Zitatform
Düll, Herbert (2006): Arbeitsanreize im Kontext des Steuer-Transfer-Systems. Ein ausgewählter internationaler Vergleich. In: Bundesarbeitsblatt H. 4, S. 4-16.
Abstract
"Die Bundesregierung will die Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten von gering Qualifizierten und Langzeitarbeitslosen verbessern. Im bestehenden Niedriglohnsektor soll möglicherweise ein Kombilohn-Modell eingeführt und dabei die bestehenden staatlichen Lohnergänzungen besser aufeinander abgestimmt werden. Vor der Herausforderung, einen eventuellen Kombilohn möglichst in das bestehende Steuer-Transfer-System einzupassen, standen und stehen auch andere Industrieländer. Der Beitrag wirft einen Blick auf die Erfahrungen dieser Länder mit Arbeitsanreizen im Niedriglohnbereich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitsanreize im Niedriglohnbereich - ein ausgewählter internationaler Vergleich. Gutachten (2006)
Kaltenborn, Bruno; Böttcher, Carina; Knerr, Petra; Heller, Dominik; Gabrielli, Bianca; Maier, Anne;Zitatform
Kaltenborn, Bruno & Petra Knerr (2006): Arbeitsanreize im Niedriglohnbereich - ein ausgewählter internationaler Vergleich. Gutachten. (Beiträge zur Wirtschaftsforschung und Politikberatung 30), Berlin, 232 S.
Abstract
"In Deutschland werden ebenso wie in anderen westlichen Industrieländern Strategien zur Ausweitung der als unzureichend erachteten Beschäftigung von Personen mit geringem Verdienstpotenzial diskutiert. Eine Beschäftigung setzt insbesondere ein entsprechendes Arbeitsangebot eines Arbeitnehmers, eine dazu passende Arbeitsnachfrage eines Unternehmens und die Kenntnis beider voneinander voraus. Entsprechend gibt es mehrere Ansatzpunkte für Strategien zur Ausweitung der Beschäftigung. Derartige Strategien werden unter anderem für den Niedriglohnbereich diskutiert und auch bereits verfolgt. Die Strategien lassen sich einerseits nach ihrem Ansatzpunkt (Arbeitsangebot von Arbeitnehmern, Arbeitsnachfrage von Unternehmen sowie Matching von Arbeitsangebot und -nachfrage) und andererseits nach der Leistungsart (Geldleistungen, Sach- und Dienstleistungen, Rahmenbedingungen) klassifizieren.
Die nähere Betrachtung erfolgt unter zwei Gesichtspunkten:
- Einerseits erfolgt eine detaillierte Betrachtung einzelner ausländischer Steuer-Transfer- Systeme, um Gestaltungsoptionen aufzuzeigen (Kapitel 2). Dies ist angesichts des Aufwandes nur für einzelne Länder möglich. Für die notwendigen Details der jeweiligen Steuer-Transfer-Systeme am aktuellen Rand ist in der Regel eine Auswertung nationaler Quellen in der jeweiligen Landessprache erforderlich. Insgesamt wurden hierfür fünf Staaten ausgewählt (Italien, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Irland und die USA).
- Andererseits ist das Resultat des komplexen Zusammenspiels der Steuer-Transfer- Systeme unterschiedlicher Länder hinsichtlich der Anreize im Niedriglohnbereich von Interesse (Kapitel 3). Für eine derartige Betrachtung ist ebenfalls eine detaillierte Auswertung der jeweiligen Steuer-Transfer-Systeme erforderlich. Da hier auf Vorarbeiten der OECD zurückgegriffen werden kann, können über die fünf bereits in Kapitel 2 betrachteten Staaten hinaus weitere in die Analyse einbezogen werden. Insgesamt werden 15 westliche Industrieländer berücksichtigt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
Arbeitsanreize im Niedriglohnbereich: ein internationaler empirischer Überblick. Expertise (2006)
Kaltenborn, Bruno; Schiwarov, Juliana; Wielage, Nina;Zitatform
Kaltenborn, Bruno, Juliana Schiwarov & Nina Wielage (2006): Arbeitsanreize im Niedriglohnbereich. Ein internationaler empirischer Überblick. Expertise. (Beiträge zur Wirtschaftsforschung und Politikberatung 31), Berlin, 40 S.
Abstract
Der Effekt von Steuer-Transfer-Systemen auf das Arbeitsangebot lässt sich weder aus Beschreibungen des Steuer-Transfer-Systems noch aus theoretischen Überlegungen eindeutig ableiten. "Hierfür sind vielmehr empirische Untersuchungen erforderlich. Die Kenntnis der tatsächlichen Effekte ist essenziell für den Erfolg von Strategien zur Ausweitung des Arbeitsangebots von Personen mit geringem Verdienstpotenzial. Entsprechende empirische Studien sind nicht nur aufwändig, sondern kommen teilweise zu uneinheitlichen Ergebnissen. Daher liegt es nahe, die Ergebnisse vorliegender Untersuchungen vergleichend auszuwerten. Derartige Studien liegen vor allem für die USA, in eingeschränktem Maße aber auch für Großbritannien und Frankreich vor. Für Italien und Irland können keine empirischen Untersuchungen zu den Wirkungen einzelner Elemente des Steuer-Transfer-Systems ermittelt werden. Deshalb werden hilfsweise Ergebnisse von Studien zu den Reaktionen des Arbeitsangebots auf Lohnvariationen referiert. Diese können als Indiz für die Sensitivität des Arbeitsangebots gegenüber Änderungen des Steuer-Transfer-Systems herangezogen werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The minimum wage debate (2005)
Zitatform
(2005): The minimum wage debate. In: European Industrial Relations Review H. 380, S. 17-21.
Abstract
"In the second of our two-part feature on minimum wage systems around Europe, we examine the main areas of focus and debate.The majority of EU member states have a statutory minimum wage, while sector-level collective bargaining plays a prominent role in minimum wage setting in others. We look at issues surrounding the introduction, implementation and uprating of minimum rates of pay." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Policies for low wage employment and social exclusion (1998)
Zitatform
Lucifora, Claudio & Wiemer Salverda (Hrsg.) (1998): Policies for low wage employment and social exclusion. Mailand: Angeli, 169 S.
Abstract
"The last two decades have been a period of significant change in the functioning of European labour markets. Increasing earnings inequalities, as well as growing rates of unemployment have raised concern for those individuals placed at the margin of the labour market and at the bottom end of the earnings distribution, who appear to have been most strongly affected by the changing economic conditions. More flexible employment contracts and working time arrangements, less stringent controls on employers' hiring and firing practices and the associated reduction in the degree of job protection, growing decentralisation of the bargaining process, are some of the facets of the deregulation process that has affected labour markets throughout Europe. The patterns described above are of crucial importance in the process of European integration and are central to any discussion on policy designs aimed at supporting the increased flexibility and insecurity in working life. The contributions contained in this book address different issues, looking first at the implication for the welfare of the less skilled and the low paid and second trying to investigate to what extent these forms of social exclusion can be tackled by means of appropriate social welfare policies and active labour market intervention. In this context, it is suggested that minimum wage policies can prove an effective device to provide protection for vulnerable workers and, under certain conditions, may also help reducing poverty and discrimination on the labour market. Tax reductions and different forms of means tested benefits are also considered as an alternative way to alleviate the burden of low pay employment and enhance the living standards of low income working families. Education and training play an important role in the job opportunities people have, such that educational policies as well as re-training schemes can be effectively used as instruments to reduce low wage employment and help people out of low pay. Finally, it is argued that Government policies should aim at expanding demand in those service industries - such as retail trade or personal services - but also try to regulate pay and employment conditions therein.
Content:
Claudio Lucifora and Wiemer Salverda , Introduction
Richard B. Freeman , Low-Wage Employment: Is More or Less Better?
Minimum Wages: Causes and Consequences
Mark Keese , Are Statutory Minimum Wages an Endagered Species?
Stephen Bazen , Minimum Wages and Low-Wage Employment
Coen Teulings , The Contribution of Minimum Wages to Increasing Wage Inequality
Labour Market Institutions, Unemployment and the Role of Demand
Stephen Nickell , Labour Market Institutions and Economic Performance
Marco Buti, Lucio Pench and Paolo Sestino , European Unemployment: Contending Theories and Institutional Complexities. A Summary of the Policy Arguments
Lex Borghans, Andres de Grip. Peter J. Sloane , Underutilisation of Skills, Bumping Down and Low-Wages
Carlo Dell'Aringa and Claudio Lucifora , Labour Market Flexibility, Wage Dispersion and Unemployment: What Policies for Europe?
Wiemer Salverda , The Significance of Product Demand for Low-Wage Employment
Welfare Reforms, Gender Equity and Poverty
Tito Boeri, Piero Tedeschi , Long Run Unemployment in a Dual Economy
Brian Nolan , Low Pay, Poverty and Policy
Heather Joski , Gender Equity and Low Pay: a Note Based on Britain
Chris Giles, Julian McCrae , Reforms to In-work Transfer Payments in the U.K
Abigail McKnight , Social Insurance, Low-Pay and Long-Term Disadvantage
LoWER, Aims Activities and Membership of the Network" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Theorie
- Politik und Maßnahmen
- Arbeitsmarkt- und Lohnentwicklung
- Arbeitswelt, Personalpolitik
- Personengruppen
- Wirtschaftszweige
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
- Alter