Niedriglohnarbeitsmarkt
Der Ausbau des Niedriglohnsektors sollte Ende der 1990er Jahre die hohe Arbeitslosigkeit reduzieren. Als Niedriglohn gilt ein Arbeitsentgelt, das trotz Vollzeitbeschäftigung keine angemessene Existenzsicherung gewährleistet – die OECD definiert den ihn als einen Bruttolohn, der unterhalb von zwei Dritteln des nationalen Medianbruttolohns aller Vollzeitbeschäftigten liegt. Betroffen von Niedriglöhnen sind überdurchschnittlich häufig Personen ohne beruflichen Abschluss, jüngere Erwerbstätige und Frauen.
Bietet der Niedriglohnsektor eine Chance zum Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt oder ist er eine Sackgasse? Das IAB-Themendossier erschließt Informationen zum Forschungsstand.
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- Theorie
- Politik und Maßnahmen
- Arbeitsmarkt- und Lohnentwicklung
- Arbeitswelt, Personalpolitik
- Personengruppen
- Wirtschaftszweige
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
- Alter
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Literaturhinweis
Mind the gap: Net incomes of minimum wage workers in the EU and the US (2012)
Zitatform
Marx, Ive, Sarah Marchal & Brian Nolan (2012): Mind the gap: Net incomes of minimum wage workers in the EU and the US. (IZA discussion paper 6510), Bonn, 25 S.
Abstract
"This paper focuses on the role of minimum wages, tax and benefit policies in protecting workers against financial poverty, covering 21 European countries with a national minimum wage and three US States (New Jersey, Nebraska and Texas). It is shown that only for single persons and only in a number of countries, net income packages at minimum wage level reach or exceed the EU's at-risk-of poverty threshold, set at 60 per cent of median equivalent household income in each country. For lone parents and sole breadwinners with a partner and children to support, net income packages at minimum wage are below this threshold almost everywhere, usually by a wide margin. This is the case despite shifts over the past decade towards tax relief and additional income support provisions for low-paid workers. We argue that there appear to be limits to what minimum wage policies alone can achieve in the fight against in-work poverty. The route of raising minimum wages to eliminate poverty among workers solely reliant on it seems to be inherently constrained, especially in countries where the distance between minimum and average wage levels is already comparatively small and where relative poverty thresholds are mostly a function of the dual-earner living standards. In order to fight in-work poverty new policy routes need to be explored. The paper offers a brief discussion of possible alternatives and cautions against 'one size fits all' policy solutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Expanding New York State's Earned Income Tax Credit Programme: the effect on work, income and poverty (2012)
Zitatform
Schmeiser, Maximilian D. (2012): Expanding New York State's Earned Income Tax Credit Programme. The effect on work, income and poverty. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 44, H. 16, S. 2035-2050. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2011.558478
Abstract
"Given its favourable employment incentives and ability to target the working poor, the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) has become the primary antipoverty programme at both the federal and state levels. However, when evaluating the effect of EITC programmes on income and poverty, governments generally calculate the effect using simple accounting, where the value of the state or federal EITC benefit is added to a person's income. These calculations omit the behavioural incentives created by the existence of these programmes, the corresponding effect on labour supply and hours worked, and therefore the actual effect on income and poverty. This article simulates the full effect of an expansion of the New York State EITC benefit on employment, hours worked, income, poverty and programme expenditures. These results are then compared to those omitting labour supply effects. Relative to estimates excluding labour supply effects, the preferred behavioural results show that an expansion of the New York State EITC increases employment by an additional 14?244 persons, labour earnings by an additional $95.8 million, family income by an additional $84.5 million, decreases poverty by an additional 56?576 persons and increases costs to the State by $29.7 million." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Low-wage lessons (2012)
Schmitt, John;Zitatform
Schmitt, John (2012): Low-wage lessons. Washington, DC, 13 S.
Abstract
"Over the last two decades, high - and, in some countries, rising - rates of low-wage work have emerged as a major political concern. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), in 2009, about one-fourth of U.S. workers were in low-wage jobs, defined as earning less than two-thirds of the national median hourly wage. About one-fifth of workers in the United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, and Germany were receiving low wages by the same definition. In all but a handful of the rich OECD countries, more than 10 percent of the workforce was in a low-wage job.
If low-wage jobs act as a stepping stone to higher-paying work, then even a relatively high share of low-wage work may not be a serious social problem. If, however, as appears to be the case in much of the wealthy world, low-wage work is a persistent and recurring state for many workers, then low-wages may contribute to broader income and wealth inequality and constitute a threat to social cohesion. This report draws five lessons on low-wage work from the recent experiences of the United States and other rich economies in the OECD." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Time binds: US antipoverty policies, poverty, and the well-being of single mothers (2011)
Zitatform
Albelda, Randy (2011): Time binds: US antipoverty policies, poverty, and the well-being of single mothers. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 17, H. 4, S. 189-214. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2011.602355
Abstract
"Many US antipoverty programs and measures assume mothers have little, intermittent, or no employment and therefore have sufficient time to care for children, perform household tasks, and apply for and maintain eligibility for these programs. Employment-promotion policies directed toward low-income mothers since the late 1980s have successfully increased their time in the labor force. However, low wages and insufficient employer-based benefits often leave employed single mothers with inadequate material resources to support families and less time to care for their children. The lack of consideration given to the value of poor women's time in both the administration and benefit levels of antipoverty government support, as well as the measures used to calculate poverty, place more binds on poor and low-income mothers' time. Ignoring these binds causes researchers and policymakers to overestimate single mothers' well-being and reduces the effectiveness of the policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment, hours of work and the optimal taxation of low income families (2011)
Zitatform
Blundell, Richard & Andrew Shephard (2011): Employment, hours of work and the optimal taxation of low income families. (IZA discussion paper 5745), Bonn, 48 S.
Abstract
"The optimal design of low income support is examined using a structural labour supply model. The approach incorporates unobserved heterogeneity, fixed costs of work, childcare costs and the detailed non-convexities of the tax and transfer system. The analysis considers purely Pareto improving reforms and also optimal design under social welfare functions with different degrees of inequality aversion. We explore the gains from tagging and also examine the case for the use of hours-contingent payments. Using the tax schedule for lone parents in the UK as our policy environment, the results point to a reformed non-linear tax schedule with tax credits only optimal for low earners. The results also suggest a welfare improving role for tagging according to child age and for hours-contingent payments, although the case for the latter is mitigated when hours cannot be monitored or recorded accurately by the tax authorities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Anatomy of welfare reform evaluation: announcement and implementation effects (2011)
Zitatform
Blundell, Richard, Marco Francesconi & Wilbert van der Klaauw (2011): Anatomy of welfare reform evaluation. Announcement and implementation effects. (IZA discussion paper 6050), Bonn, 60 S.
Abstract
"This paper formulates a simple model of female labor force decisions which embeds an in-work benefit reform and explicitly allows for announcement and implementation effects. We explore several mechanisms through which women can respond to the announcement of a reform that increases in-work benefits, including sources of intertemporal substitution, human capital accumulation, and labor market frictions. Using the model's insights and information of the precise timing of the announcement and implementation of a major UK in-work benefit reform, we estimate its effects on single mothers' behavior. We find important announcement effects on employment decisions. We show that this finding is consistent with the presence of short-run frictions in the labor market. Evaluations of this reform which ignore such effects produce impact effect estimates that are biased downwards by 15 to 35 percent." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Workforce or workfare? (2011)
Brett, Craig; Jacquet, Laurence;Zitatform
Brett, Craig & Laurence Jacquet (2011): Workforce or workfare? (CESifo working paper 3463), München, 16 S.
Abstract
"This article explores the use of workfare as part of an optimal tax mix when labor supply responses are along the extensive margin. Particular attention is paid to the interaction between workfare and an earned income tax credit, two policies that are designed to provide additional incentives for individuals to enter the labor force. This article shows that, despite their common goal, these policies are often at odds with each other." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Helping more parents move into work: an evaluation of the extension of New Deal Plus for Lone Parents and In Work Credit. Final report (2011)
Zitatform
Griffiths, Rita (2011): Helping more parents move into work. An evaluation of the extension of New Deal Plus for Lone Parents and In Work Credit. Final report. (Department for Work and Pensions. Research report 732), London, 136 S.
Abstract
"This report presents findings from the second and final phase of a two part qualitative evaluation of a series of Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) policy measures targeted at lone and couple parents, which aimed to increase parental employment as well as reduce child poverty.
The aim of the evaluation overall was to explore whether the measures offered an adequate package of support to parents, in London and non-London New Deal Plus for Lone Parents (ND+fLP) pilot areas, and if the measures, either collectively or singly, encouraged them to enter and sustain work.
This final phase of the research aimed to follow up issues raised in the first phase of the research (and published in a separate accompanying report). It examined the effects of In Work Credit (IWC) and other policy measures on parents' work-related decision making and behaviours, looking in particular at whether the measures encouraged and supported work entry, work retention and work progression. A related area of investigation explored how parents were able to balance work and childcare.
The research consisted of 66 face-to-face interviews with parents in two case study areas in the spring and summer of 2010 - 43 couple parents and 23 lone parents. Sixteen of the couple parents had been interviewed in the first phase of the research. Face-to-face and telephone interviews were also held with Jobcentre Plus staff in the two case study areas." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Does a higher minimum wage enhance the effectiveness of the Earned Income Tax Credit? (2011)
Zitatform
Neumark, David & William Wascher (2011): Does a higher minimum wage enhance the effectiveness of the Earned Income Tax Credit? In: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Jg. 64, H. 4, S. 712-746.
Abstract
"The authors estimate the effects of the interactions between the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and minimum wages on labor market outcomes. They use information on policy variation from the Department of Labor's Monthly Labor Review, reports published by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, and data on individuals and families from the Current Population Survey to assess the economic impact of minimum wages and the EITC on families. Their results indicate that for single women with children, the EITC boosts employment and earnings, and coupling the EITC with a higher minimum wage enhances this positive effect. Conversely, for less-skilled minority men and for women without children, employment and earnings are more adversely affected by the EITC when the minimum wage is higher. Turning from individuals to families, for very poor families with children a higher minimum wage increases the positive impact of the EITC on incomes, so that a higher minimum wage appears to enhance the effects of the EITC. Whether the policy combination of a high EITC and a high minimum wage is viewed as favorable or unfavorable depends in Part on whom policymakers are trying to help." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Earned Income Tax Credit recipients: income, marginal tax rates, wealth, and credit constraints (2010)
Zitatform
Athreya, Kartik B., Devin Reilly & Nicole B. Simpson (2010): Earned Income Tax Credit recipients: income, marginal tax rates, wealth, and credit constraints. In: Economic Quarterly, Jg. 96, H. 3, S. 229-258.
Abstract
"The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) has evolved into the largest anti-poverty program in the United States by providing tax credits for low and moderate income working families. In this paper, we describe the characteristics of EITC recipients at various ages using Current Population Survey data. In addition, we discuss the relevance of the EITC in affecting marginal income tax rates in the United States and discuss the effects of the EITC on household labor supply decisions. Lastly, using data from the Survey of Consumer Finances, we estimate wealth distributions for EITC recipients and analyze the extent to which EITC recipients are credit constrained." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement?: final impacts for twelve models. The Employment Retention and Advancement Project (2010)
Hendra, Richard; Williams, Sonya; Martinson, Karin; Lundquist, Erika; Dillman, Keri-Nicole; Hill, Aaron; Hamilton, Gayle; Wavelet, Melissa;Zitatform
Hendra, Richard, Keri-Nicole Dillman, Gayle Hamilton, Erika Lundquist, Karin Martinson & Melissa Wavelet (2010): How effective are different approaches aiming to increase employment retention and advancement? Final impacts for twelve models. The Employment Retention and Advancement Project. Washington, D.C., 540 S.
Abstract
"Research completed since the 1980s has yielded substantial knowledge about how to help welfare recipients and other low-income individuals prepare for and find jobs. Many participants in these successful job preparation and placement programs, however, ended up in unstable, low-paying jobs, and little was known about how to effectively help them keep employment and advance in their jobs. The national Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project sought to fill this knowledge gap, by examining over a dozen innovative and diverse employment retention and advancement models developed by states and localities for different target groups, to determine whether effective strategies could be identified.
Using a random assignment research design, the ERA project tested the effectiveness of programs that attempted to promote steady work and career advancement for current and former welfare recipients and other low-wage workers, most of whom were single mothers. The programs -- generally supported by existing public funding, not special demonstration grants -- reflected state and local choices regarding target populations, goals, ways of providing services, and staffing. The ERA project is being conducted by MDRC, under contract to the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, with additional funding from the U.S. Department of Labor. This report presents the final effectiveness findings, or impacts, for 12 of the 16 ERA programs, and it also summarizes how the 12 programs were implemented and individuals' levels of participation in program services." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Who benefits from the Earned Income Tax Credit?: incidence among recipients, coworkers and firms (2010)
Zitatform
Leigh, Andrew (2010): Who benefits from the Earned Income Tax Credit? Incidence among recipients, coworkers and firms. (IZA discussion paper 4960), Bonn, 45 S.
Abstract
"How are hourly wages affected by the Earned Income Tax Credit? Using variation in state EITC supplements, I find that a 10 percent increase in the generosity of the EITC is associated with a 5 percent fall in the wages of high school dropouts and a 2 percent fall in the wages of those with only a high school diploma, while having no effect on the wages of college graduates. Given the large increase in labor supply induced by the EITC, this is consistent with most reasonable estimates of the elasticity of labor demand. Although workers with children receive a much larger EITC than childless workers, and the effect of the credit on labor force participation is larger for those with children, the hourly wages of both groups are similarly affected by an EITC increase. As a check on this strategy, I also use federal variation in the EITC across gender-age-education groups, and find that those demographic groups that received the largest EITC increases also experienced a drop in their hourly wages, relative to other groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Paths to advancement for single parents: the Employment Retention and Advancement Project (2010)
Miller, Cynthia; Deitch, Victoria; Hill, Aaron;Zitatform
Miller, Cynthia, Victoria Deitch & Aaron Hill (2010): Paths to advancement for single parents. The Employment Retention and Advancement Project. New York, NY, 84 S.
Abstract
"Between 2000 and 2003, the Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project identified and implemented a diverse set of innovative models designed to promote employment stability and wage or earnings progression among low-income individuals, mostly current or former welfare recipients. While the main objective of ERA was to test a range of program approaches, the data collected as part of the evaluation provide an important opportunity to look in depth at the work experiences over a three-year period of the more than 27,000 single parents targeted by the programs. As single parents - most of whom were current or former welfare recipients - many of them faced considerable barriers to work and advancement.
This report augments the ERA project's experimental findings by examining the work, education, and training experiences of single parents targeted by the programs studied. Specifically, these analyses identify the single parents in the study who advanced, and it compares their experiences with the experiences of parents who did not advance. Although the analyses are descriptive only and cannot be used to identify the exact causes of advancement, examining the characteristics of single parents who advance and the pathways by which they do so can inform the design of the next generation of retention and advancement programs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Can altering the structure of financial support payments aid work retention amongst lone parents?: qualitative evaluation of the In Work Retention Pilot (2010)
Ray, Kathryn; Bertram, Christine; Davidson, Rosemary; Durante, Lucia;Zitatform
Ray, Kathryn, Christine Bertram, Rosemary Davidson & Lucia Durante (2010): Can altering the structure of financial support payments aid work retention amongst lone parents? Qualitative evaluation of the In Work Retention Pilot. (Great Britain, Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 708), London, 104 S.
Abstract
"Wage supplementations in the form of temporary 'in-work credits' have been introduced in recent years for a number of claimant groups entering work, to encourage enhanced work entry and retention rates. For lone parents, the In Work Credit was piloted from April 2004 and then rolled out nationally in April 2008. It is a wage supplement paid at £40 a week (£60 in London) for 12 months to eligible lone parents moving in to work. From July 2008 to June 2010, a variant on this, the In Work Retention Pilot (IWRP), was trialled in two Jobcentre Plus districts. The IWRP was intended to test the effectiveness of using In Work Credit payments as an aid to job retention and progression, by changing the payment structure of the credits and offering additional advisory support on retention and advancement.
This report presents findings from a qualitative evaluation of the IWRP, examining the delivery of the pilot and the views of lone parents and Jobcentre Plus staff on: the distinctive IWRP payment structure; the retention and progression challenges facing lone parents and the support received; and whether and how the IWRP made a difference to work behaviour and decisions. The study is based on interviews, focus groups and observations with Jobcentre Plus delivery staff and participating lone parents." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Supporting lone parents' journey off benefits and into work: a qualitative evaluation of the role of In Work Credit (2010)
Sims, Lorraine; Casebourne, Jo; Bell, Laurie; Davies, Malen;Zitatform
Sims, Lorraine, Jo Casebourne, Laurie Bell & Malen Davies (2010): Supporting lone parents' journey off benefits and into work. A qualitative evaluation of the role of In Work Credit. (Great Britain, Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 712), London, 91 S.
Abstract
"In Work Credit (IWC) is a non-taxable weekly payment of £40 (£60 in London districts). It is paid for a maximum of 52 weeks to lone parents moving into paid employment of 16 hours per week or more, who have had a period of 12 months or more on out-of-work benefits. The policy intent of IWC is to increase lone parent employment rates by encouraging more lone parents to look for work and to move from benefits into work, as well as to contribute to the Government's target of reducing child poverty. Since it was rolled out nationally in April 2008, 118,100 individuals have received IWC (April 2008 to the end of March 2010. Source: Department for Work and Pensions (DWP)).
The Centre for Economic and Social Inclusion was commissioned by the DWP to carry out a qualitative evaluation of the delivery of IWC since national roll-out, investigate the effect on retention after the end of IWC and examine differences between those who completed their claim and those who did not. In addition, the research examined the wider impact of being in work on lone parents and their children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Optimal income taxation of lone mothers: an empirical comparison of the UK and Germany (2009)
Zitatform
Blundell, Richard, Mike Brewer, Peter Haan & Andrew Shephard (2009): Optimal income taxation of lone mothers. An empirical comparison of the UK and Germany. In: The economic journal, Jg. 119, H. 535, S. F101-F121. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02261.x
Abstract
"Optimal tax rules are used to evaluate the optimality of taxation for lone mothers in Germany and Britain. The theoretical model is combined with elasticities derived from the structural estimation of lone mothers' labour supply. For both countries we do not find that in-work credits with marginal tax rates are optimal. However we show that when the government has a low taste for redistribution, out-of-work transfers and transfer for the working poor are very similar, implying very low marginal tax rates. Further, the current tax and transfer systems in both countries are shown to be optimal only if governments have a much higher welfare value for income received by the non-workers than the working poor." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Stepping stone or dead end? The effect of the EITC on earnings growth (2009)
Dahl, Molly; Schwabish, Jonathan; DeLeire, Thomas;Zitatform
Dahl, Molly, Thomas DeLeire & Jonathan Schwabish (2009): Stepping stone or dead end? The effect of the EITC on earnings growth. (IZA discussion paper 4146), Bonn, 33 S.
Abstract
"While many studies have found that the EITC increases the employment rates of single mothers, no study to date has examined whether the jobs taken by single mothers as a result of the EITC incentives are 'dead-end' jobs or jobs that have the potential for earnings growth. Using a panel of administrative earnings data linked to nationally representative survey data, we find no evidence that the EITC expansions between 1994 and 1996 induced single mothers to take 'dead-end' jobs. If anything, the increase in earnings growth during the mid-to-late 1990s for single mothers who were particularly affected by the EITC expansion was higher than it was for other similar women. The EITC encourages work among single mothers, and that work continues to pay off through future increases in earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Lone mothers, workfare and precarious employment: time for a Canadian basic income? (2009)
Evans, Patricia M.;Zitatform
Evans, Patricia M. (2009): Lone mothers, workfare and precarious employment. Time for a Canadian basic income? In: International social security review, Jg. 62, H. 1, S. 45-64. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.2008.01321.x
Abstract
"The growth of precarious employment poses significant challenges to current social assistance income support policies yet it remains largely neglected in policy-making arenas. Drawing upon qualitative data from a study in Ontario, Canada, this paper examines the particular implications of these challenges for lone mothers, who figure prominently both in non-standard employment and as targets for workfare policies. In the context of changing labour markets, the article considers the potential strengths and limitations of Basic Income approaches to achieving economic security for lone mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Hidden costs of the welfare state: employers' compliance costs and the Working Tax Credit (2009)
Godwin, Michael; Lawson, Colin;Zitatform
Godwin, Michael & Colin Lawson (2009): Hidden costs of the welfare state: employers' compliance costs and the Working Tax Credit. In: Social policy and society, Jg. 8, H. 2, S. 185-195. DOI:10.1017/S1474746408004715
Abstract
"This paper explores the impact of the decision to make the Working Tax Credit (WTC) payable via the employer, until March 2006. A unique survey shows the unequal distribution of compliance costs across firms and industries. It also suggests that the arrangement had some unanticipated results, and may have damaged the effectiveness of the WTC. Some employers' compliance costs may have been shifted to employees. So from a social policy perspective administration is policy - the delivery system affects outcomes. However the switch to payments through HMRC from April 2006 does not remove all compliance costs from employers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Working Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit 2003-08: a critical analysis (2009)
Godwin, Michael; Lawson, Colin;Zitatform
Godwin, Michael & Colin Lawson (2009): The Working Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit 2003-08. A critical analysis. In: Benefits : the journal of poverty and social justice, Jg. 17, H. 1, S. 3-14.
Abstract
"This article examines the policy, administrative and compliance issues that have arisen with the UK Working Tax Credit (WTC) and Child Tax Credit (CTC). It provides a critical commentary on overpayments; underpayments; error and fraud; take-up; and employer compliance costs. From a social policy perspective, these problems have damaged the effectiveness of tax credits, and from public policy and public finance viewpoints, they have damaged the reputation of HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) and HM Treasury. There is a strong case for a re-examination of the programme and its administration, to see if realistic reforms could deliver a more effective system." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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- Theorie
- Politik und Maßnahmen
- Arbeitsmarkt- und Lohnentwicklung
- Arbeitswelt, Personalpolitik
- Personengruppen
- Wirtschaftszweige
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
- Alter