Abstract

Der Bericht gibt einen Überblick über die wirtschaftliche Situation der Leiharbeitsbranche weltweit. Auf der Grundlage von Daten aus dem Jahr 2009 wird die Verbreitung und der Umsatz von Leiharbeitsunternehmen sowie die Anzahl und Struktur der Leiharbeitnehmer dargestellt. Dabei wird auf die Alterstruktur, die Bildungsstruktur und die sektorale Verteilung von Leiharbeitnehmern eingegangen sowie auf ihre Motive und ihre Zufriedenheit mit der Arbeit. Außerdem wird thematisiert, warum Unternehmen Leiharbeit einsetzen und welche wirtschaftliche Bedeutung von Leiharbeit zukommt. Weitweit gibt es 72.000 Leiharbeitsunternehmen mit 741.000 Beschäftigten, die insgesamt im Jahr 2009 einen Umsatz von rund 203 Milliarden Euro erwirtschafteten. Japan und die USA liegen dabei mit jeweils über 20 Prozent des Gesamtumsatzes an der Spitze; auf Europa entfallen rund 40 Prozent des Umsatzes. Infolge der weltweiten Wirtschaftskrise hat auch die Leiharbeitsbranche einen Einbruch erlitten, sie hat sich jedoch mit dem Aufschwung wieder deutlich erholt. Die Bedeutung von Leiharbeit wird darin gesehen, dass sie die Flexibilität und Durchlässigkeit von Arbeitsmärkten erhöht: Es werden neue Arbeitsplätze geschaffen, und Leiharbeit kann für Arbeitslose ein Sprungbrett in den Arbeitsmarkt darstellen. Somit wird Leiharbeit als ein Mittel zur Bekämpfung von Arbeitslosigkeit und Schwarzarbeit betrachtet. (IAB)

Zitatform

Hommerich, Carola (2009): Freeter und "Generation Praktikum" - Arbeitswerte im Wandel? Ein deutsch-japanischer Vergleich. (Monographien aus dem Deutschen Institut für Japanstudien 45), München: Iudicium Verlag, 293 S.

Abstract

"Seit der Rezession der 1990er Jahre erfährt der Arbeitsmarkt in Japan und Deutschland eine Umstrukturierung: die Zahl der Arbeitslosen und nicht-regulär Beschäftigter nimmt zu. In Japan entstand dadurch mit den 'Freetern' ein neuer Typ junger nicht-regulär Beschäftigter. In Deutschland gerieten hoch qualifizierte Berufseinsteiger, die beim Übergang in den Beruf Phasen atypischer Beschäftigung in Kauf nehmen müssen, unter dem Schlagwort 'Generation Praktikum' in die öffentliche Diskussion. Welche Auswirkungen hat der erschwerte Zugang zur gewünschten Berufstätigkeit für die Betroffenen? Welche Wertansprüche stellen sie und inwiefern sehen sie diese als erfüllt an? Unterscheiden sich Berufseinsteiger zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts in ihren beruflichen Wertorientierungen von solchen vor zwanzig Jahren? Gewinnen für sie angesichts erhöhter Arbeitsmarktrisiken Aspekte materieller Sicherheit gegenüber beruflicher Selbstentfaltung und angenehmer Arbeitsbedingungen an Bedeutung? Mit diesen Fragen beschäftigt sich der Band. Er zeigt, inwiefern eine vergleichbare Arbeitsmarktentwicklung in verschiedenen kulturellen Kontexten mit ähnlichen beruflichen Wertorientierungen einhergeht und wo es interkulturelle Differenzen gibt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Morozumi, Michiyo (2009): Balanced treatment and bans on discrimination: Significance and issues of the Revised Part-Time Work Act. In: Japan labor review, Jg. 6, H. 2, S. 39-55.

Abstract

"In Japan, the Part-Time Work Act was enacted in 1993 with the purpose of promoting improvements in the treatment of persons engaged in part-time labor. While this act was not meant to impose legal restrictions on employers, it underwent major revision with the legislation approved in May 2007, against a backdrop of the quantitative increases and qualitative changes in part-time workers in recent years (the revised version of the Act has been in force since April 1, 2008). The Revised Part-Time Work Act represents a step forward in furnishing essential legal regulation relating to the treatment of part-time workers. It strengthens the obligations of business operators with regard to the elucidation of labor conditions, the provision of balanced treatment and the conversion of part-time workers to full-time workers, with penal provisions introduced in connection with certain stipulations. The Act notably bans the discrimination against part-time workers who fullfill certain conditions in comparison to full-time workers. Parts I and II of this article introduce the background and contents of the revised Act. Part III examines the proper approach to rules banning discrimination on grounds of being a part-time worker, and Part IV examines the revised Act from the perspective of legislative policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Okunishi, Yoshio (2009): Perceptions of pay and work by standard and non-standard workers. In: Japan labor review, Jg. 6, H. 4, S. 116-134.

Abstract

"Using a unique internet survey of standard and non-standard workers in Japan, the author studied the determinants of their perceived wage equity and job satisfaction by employment category. The primary finding was that distinctions of employment category and workers' career concerns are more influential in determining perceived wage equity than wages and job contents per se. Secondly, the determinants of job satisfaction are rather common in each employment category, although a notable difference exists in the components of wage satisfaction. Satisfaction with wages, job security, training and working hours are all important in determining overall job satisfaction, which in turn contributes to organizational performance. Thirdly, measurements of capability show somewhat disadvantageous positions for non-standard workers, particularly those of contractual/temp-agency workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Shimizu, Naomi (2009): Career formation and utilization of temporary agency workers. In: Japan labor review, Jg. 6, H. 4, S. 72-92.

Abstract

"There is a possibility that white-collar temporary agency workers have been core workforce recently due to relaxation of the Worker Dispatching Act, lowering of dispatching fees, increase in the number of highly-educated temporary agency workers, etc. Therefore, this paper analyzed (i) the extent to which utilization of temporary agency workers has progressed and (ii) whether or not skills are developed and utilization progresses by developing career as temporary agency work. Regarding (i), it became clear that temporary agency workers have been core workforce to a large extent at white-collar workplaces. Regarding (ii), the longer the experience as temporary agency workers becomes, the more their skills are developed regardless of 'fixed-type' workers who work for one company only or 'transverse-type' workers who work from company to company in the short term. However, fixed-type workers show a higher degree of this tendency than transverse-type ones due to the difference of business formation between them. Therefore, it is necessary for developing skills of transverse-type temporary agency workers to select user firms so that a wide range of skills can be developed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Vosko, Leah F., Martha MacDonald & Iain Campbell (Hrsg.) (2009): Gender and the contours of precarious employment. (Routledge IAFFE Advances in feminist economics), Abingdon: Routledge, 280 S.

Abstract

"Precarious employment presents a monumental challenge to the social, economic, and political stability of labour markets in industrialized societies and there is widespread consensus that its growth is contributing to a series of common social inequalities, especially along the lines of gender and citizenship. The editors argue that these inequalities are evident at the national level across industrialized countries, as well as at the regional level within federal societies, such as Canada, Germany, the United States, and Australia and in the European Union. This book brings together contributions addressing this issue which include case studies exploring the size, nature, and dynamics of precarious employment in different industrialized countries and chapters examining conceptual and methodological challenges in the study of precarious employment in comparative perspective. The collection aims to yield new ways of understanding, conceptualizing, measuring, and responding, via public policy and other means - such as new forms of union organization and community organizing at multiple scales - to the forces driving labour market insecurity." (text exerp, IAB-Doku)
Content:
Leah F. Vosko, Martha Macdonald, Iain Campbell: Introduction: Gender and the concept of precarious employment (1-25);
Leah F. Vosko, Lisa F. Clark: Canada: Gendered precariousness and social reproduction (26-42);
Francoise Carre; James Heintz: The United States: Different sources of precariousness in a mosaic of employment arrangements (43-59);
Iain Campbell, Gillian Whithouse, Janeen Baxter: Australia: Casual employment, part-time employment and the resilience of the male-breadwinner model (60-75);
Heidi Gottfried: Japan: The reproductive bargain and the making of precarious employment (76-91);
Julia S. O'Connor: Ireland: Precarious employment in the context of the European Employment Strategy (92-107);
Jacqueline O'reilly, John Macinnes, Tizana Nazio, Jose M. Roche: The United Kingdom: From flexible employment to vulnerable workers (108-126);
Susanne D. Burri: The Netherlands: Precarious employment in a context of flexicurity (127-142);
Jeanne Fagnani, Marie-Therese Letablier: France: Precariousness, gender and the challenges for labour market policy (143-158);
John Macinnes: Spain: Continuity and change in precarious employment (159-176);
Claudia Weinkopf: Germany: Precarious employment and the rise of mini-jobs (177-193);
Inger Jonsson Anita Nyberg: Sweden: Precarious work and precarious unemployment (194-210);
Martha Macdonald. Spatial dimensions of gendered precariousness: Challenges for comparative analysis (211-225);
Sylvia Fuller: investigating longitudinal dimensions of precarious employment: Conceptual and practical issues (226-239);
Wallace Clement, Sophie Mathieu, Steven Prus Emre Uckardesler: Precarious lives in the new economy: Comparative intersectional analysis (240-255);
Pat Armstrong, Hugh Armstrong: Precarious employment in the health-care sector (256-270)

Zitatform

Keizer, Arjan B. (2008): Non-regular employment in Japan. Continued and renewed dualities. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 22, H. 3, S. 407-425. DOI:10.1177/0950017008093478

Abstract

"Previous analyses of Japanese employment practices have often focused almost exclusively on regular employment, relegating non-regular employment to a role as employment buffer. However, recent years have seen a rise in non-regular employment which requires a renewed analysis of its role and importance. This article provides such an analysis and presents two major findings. First, it argues that a renewed duality in the labour market indicates important advantages to non-regular employment, not just in terms of flexibility, as suggested by previous interpretations and dual labour market theories, but mostly in terms of costs. However, the importance of this advantage differs between industries. Second, the article discusses the consequences of this duality. It argues particularly that the duality constrains the employment opportunities for women in spite of regulatory changes to strengthen their position. The article concludes with general insights into labour market dualism." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gleason, Sandra E. (Hrsg.) (2006): The shadow workforce: Perspectives on contingent work in the United States, Japan, and Europe. Kalamazoo: Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 349 S.

Abstract

"This book provides a comprehensive overview of the state of nonstandard employment and its impact on employees, businesses, unions, and public policy. It not only reveals how nonstandard employment operates in the United States, Japan, and Europe, it also highlights the important similarities and differences in the labor market issues faced in those areas. Key recurring concepts in the book, such as how the nonstandard workforce is measured and the meaning of labor force flexibility, are explained in the introduction. Ensuing discussions summarize and synthesize the current body of scholarly literature on the facts and challenges of nonstandard employment, and an array of tables and graphs presents a complete picture of the demographic, occupational, and industry characteristics of the nonstandard labor force. This makes the book a one-stop, easy-to-use resource for anyone interested in learning about the characteristics of the contingent labor forces in the United States, Japan, and Europe, and the legal frameworks that guide the use of nonstandard workers in those labor markets. It also offers the reader insights into how employees, employers, unions, and policymakers perceive nonstandard employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Dufour, Christian, Yannick Fondeur, Adelheid Hege, Annie Jolivet, Florence Lefresne, Christele Meilland, Maria Teresa Pignoni, Bernard Thomann, Carole Tuchszirer, Catherine Vincent & Marie Wierinck (2005): Précarisation de l'emploi et représentation syndicale. In: Chronique Internationale de l'IRES H. 97, S. 1-142.

Abstract

Die Sonderausgabe der 'Chronique internationale de l'IRES' widmet sich dem Verhältnis von prekärer Beschäftigung und Gewerkschaftspolitik. Die Erosion des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses, der Trend zur atypischen Beschäftigung und der Ausgleich zwischen Flexibilität und Sicherheit stellen neue Herausforderungen an gewerkschaftliche Politik dar. Neun Länderstudien werden durch zwei Überblicksartikel ergänzt, die sich Querschnittsfragen widmen. (IAB)