Atypische Beschäftigung
Der deutsche Arbeitsmarkt wird zunehmend heterogener. Teilzeitbeschäftigung und Minijobs boomen. Ebenso haben befristete Beschäftigung und Leiharbeit an Bedeutung gewonnen und die Verbreitung von Flächentarifverträgen ist rückläufig. Diese atypischen Erwerbsformen geben Unternehmen mehr Flexibilität.
Was sind die Konsequenzen der zunehmenden Bedeutung atypischer Beschäftigungsformen für Erwerbstätige, Arbeitslose und Betriebe? Welche Bedeutung haben sie für die sozialen Sicherungssysteme, das Beschäftigungsniveau und die Durchlässigkeit des Arbeitsmarktes? Die IAB-Themendossier bietet Informationen zum Forschungsstand.
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
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Atypische Beschäftigung insgesamt
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Erosion des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses
- Prekäre Beschäftigung
- Politik, Arbeitslosigkeitsbekämpfung
- Arbeits- und Lebenssituation atypisch Beschäftigter
- Betriebliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Rechtliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Gesundheitliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Beschäftigungsformen
- Qualifikationsniveau
- Alter
- geographischer Bezug
- Geschlecht
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Literaturhinweis
Dependence and Precarity in the Gig Economy: A Longitudinal Analysis of Platform Work and Mental Distress (2025)
Zitatform
Guo, Ya, Sizhan Cui, Zhuofei Lu & Senhu Wang (2025): Dependence and Precarity in the Gig Economy: A Longitudinal Analysis of Platform Work and Mental Distress. In: The British journal of sociology, Jg. 76, H. 5, S. 1169-1187. DOI:10.1111/1468-4446.70028
Abstract
"While there is a growing body of literature examining platform dependence and its implications for mental health, much of the research has focused on gig workers with small sample sizes. The lack of large-scale quantitative research, particularly using longitudinal representative data, limits a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic relationship between platform dependence and mental distress. This study uses nationally representative data from the UK and fixed effects models to explore the heterogeneity of gig work, specifically examining differences in mental distress between high-dependence workers (those solely engaged in gig work) and low-dependence workers (those also employed in other jobs). The findings reveal that high-dependence gig workers have greater mental distress compared to low-dependence and full-time workers, with their mental well-being similar to those with no paid work. Low-dependence gig workers have lower mental distress than those without paid work. Financial precarity and loneliness partly explain these differences, with the impact stronger for highly educated high-dependence workers and less educated low-dependence workers. These findings highlight the significance of recognizing the heterogeneity of gig work in addressing future well-being challenges in a post-pandemic economy, as well as broadening the scope of the latent deprivation model to encompass the unique dynamics of gig work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Befristungen bei Neueinstellungen 2024 (2025)
Zitatform
Gürtzgen, Nicole, Alexander Kubis & Martin Popp (2025): Befristungen bei Neueinstellungen 2024. (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Aktuelle Daten und Indikatoren), Nürnberg, 9 S.
Abstract
"Im Rahmen der IAB-Stellenerhebung gaben die Betriebe an, im Jahr 2024 in Deutschland rund 4,4 Mio. sozialversicherungspflichtige Neueinstellungen (ohne Auszubildende und ohne MiniJobs) vorgenommen zu haben. Hiervon waren 25 Prozent, also rund 1,1 Mio. Stellen (zunächst) befristet (Tabelle 1). Die Befristung von Neueinstellungen ermöglicht den Betrieben, die Fähigkeiten von Bewerberinnen und Bewerbern zu überprüfen, bevor ein unbefristetes Arbeitsverhältnis eingegangen wird. Durch den Abschluss von befristeten Arbeitsverträgen können Betriebe ohne langfristige Mittelbindung häufig auch Jobs anbieten, die sonst vielleicht nicht finanzierbar gewesen wären. Darüber hinaus haben Befristungen für Betriebe zudem den Vorteil, dass sie (Entlassungs-)Kosten vermeiden können, die gegebenenfalls im Rahmen des allgemeinen oder tarifvertraglich erweiterten Kündigungsschutzes entstehen können (Bossler et al. 2017). Als weiteres wichtiges betriebliches Motiv für befristete Neueinstellungen ist zudem ein vorübergehender Mehrbedarf an Arbeitskräften etwa infolge temporärer Auftragsspitzen zu nennen (siehe hierzu z.B. Gürtzgen und Küfner 2023). Die Tatsache, dass Betriebe befristete Neueinstellungen vornehmen können, kann u.a. darin begründet sein, dass Betriebe über Marktmacht verfügen, die den Abschluss von befristeten Verträgen erleichtert (Bassanini et al. 2024). Zu beachten ist, dass die Befristungsquoten bei Neueinstellungen deutlich oberhalb des Anteils befristeter Beschäftigung an der Gesamtbeschäftigung liegen. Rund 2,6 Millionen Beschäftigte in Deutschland hatten laut IAB-Betriebspanel im Jahr 2022 einen befristeten Arbeitsvertrag. Das entspricht einem Anteil an allen Beschäftigten (ohne Auszubildende) von 6,6 Prozent (Hohendanner / IAB 2023). Die Diskrepanz zwischen dem Anteil befristeter Neueinstellungen und dem Befristungsanteil aller Beschäftigter zeigt, dass befristete Beschäftigungsverhältnisse in nennenswertem Ausmaß in unbefristete Arbeitsverträge umgewandelt werden (Müller et al. 2017). Bedingt durch die COVID-19-Pandemie sank 2020 der Anteil an Umwandlungen in unbefristete Beschäftigungsverhältnisse (Hohendanner 2021). Auch der Anteil befristeter Neueinstellungen stieg im Jahr 2020 gegenüber dem Vorjahr kurzfristig auf 33 Prozent. Aktuell setzt sich der seit 2004 beobachtete rückläufige Trend auch im Jahr 2024 fort. Die Befristungsquote erreicht mit 25 Prozent einen neuen Tiefststand. Der im Rahmen der Erhebung 2004 gemessene Höchststand war mit 54 Prozent mehr als doppelt so hoch." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Career expectations and outcomes: Evidence (on gender gaps) from the economics job market (2025)
Helppie-McFall, Brooke; Parolin, Eric; Zafar, Basit;Zitatform
Helppie-McFall, Brooke, Eric Parolin & Basit Zafar (2025): Career expectations and outcomes: Evidence (on gender gaps) from the economics job market. In: Journal of Public Economics, Jg. 248. DOI:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2025.105437
Abstract
"This paper investigates gender gaps in long-term career expectations and outcomes of PhD candidates in economics. For this purpose, we match rich survey data on PhD candidates (from the 2008–2010 job market cohorts) to public data on job history and publication records through 2022. We document four novel empirical facts: (1) there is a robust gender gap in career expectations, with females about 10 percentage points less likely to ex-ante expect to get tenure or publish regularly; (2) the gender gap in expectations is remarkably similar to the gap observed for academic outcomes; (3) expectations are similarly predictive of outcomes for males and females, and (4) gender gaps in expectations can explain about 22 % and 14 % of the ex-post gaps in tenure and publications, respectively. In addition, leveraging variation in relationship status at the time expectations are reported, we show that: conditional on gender, (1) expectations regarding tenure and publications do not differ systematically by relationship status, and (2) the predictive power of expectations does not differ by the relationship status of the individual." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Schwieriger Weg raus aus der Stütze: Nicht alle Betriebe bieten gute Chancen auf eine stabile Beschäftigung (2025)
Zitatform
Hohendanner, Christian & Sarah Bernhard (2025): Schwieriger Weg raus aus der Stütze: Nicht alle Betriebe bieten gute Chancen auf eine stabile Beschäftigung. In: IAB-Forum H. 09.07.2025, 2025-07-07. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20250709.01
Abstract
"Wie stabil Beschäftigungsverhältnisse von Personen sind, die zuvor Grundsicherungsleistungen bezogen haben, hängt von vielen Faktoren ab. Dabei spielen neben individuellen Merkmalen wie Qualifikation und Berufserfahrung auch betriebliche und branchenspezifische Faktoren eine wichtige Rolle. Auch wenn Leistungsbeziehende eine Beschäftigung finden, ist diese häufig nicht stabil. Entscheidend für längerfristigen Erfolg sind Merkmale wie die wirtschaftliche Perspektive des Betriebs, Größe, Tarifbindung oder Weiterbildungsangebote." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitslos - und dann? Die neuen Jobs sind meistens atypische Beschäftigungen (Serie "Bürgergeld") (2025)
Zitatform
Hohmeyer, Katrin & Torsten Lietzmann (2025): Arbeitslos - und dann? Die neuen Jobs sind meistens atypische Beschäftigungen (Serie "Bürgergeld"). In: IAB-Forum H. 07.05.2025, 2025-05-06. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20250507.01
Abstract
"Was passiert, nachdem Menschen arbeitslos geworden sind? Tatsächlich sind die weiteren Erwerbsverläufe höchst unterschiedlich. Der dauerhafte Sprung in eine unbefristete Vollzeitbeschäftigung gelingt den meisten Betroffenen zunächst nicht. Vielmehr findet sich die Mehrzahl in den ersten vier Jahren nach Eintritt der Arbeitslosigkeit in atypischen Beschäftigungsverhältnissen wie befristeter Beschäftigung, Teilzeit, Leiharbeit oder Minijobs wieder, nicht selten unterbrochen von Phasen erneuter Arbeitslosigkeit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Why does temporary work increase disability insurance inflow? (2025)
Zitatform
Koning, Pierre, Paul Muller & Roger Prudon (2025): Why does temporary work increase disability insurance inflow? In: Labour Economics, Jg. 96. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102719
Abstract
"We show that workers with fixed-term contracts are substantially more likely to apply for and be awarded disability insurance (DI) benefits than permanent workers. We study whether this differential can be explained by (i) selection of worker types into contracts, (ii) the relation between contract type and the risk of illness, (iii) differences in employer support during illness, and (iv) differences in labour market prospects of ill workers. We find that selection actually masks part of the differential, whereas the impact of contract type on health is limited. In contrast, the difference in employer support during illness is a significant cause of the heightened DI risk of temporary workers, especially in slack labour markets. We therefore conclude that, conditional on being ill, workers with fixed-term contracts face different support structures and incentives that make them more likely to ultimately apply for and be awarded DI." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Part-time work, job satisfaction, employee well-being and organisational restructuring (2025)
Zitatform
Krutova, Oxana (2025): Part-time work, job satisfaction, employee well-being and organisational restructuring. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 45, H. 5/6, S. 511-528. DOI:10.1108/ijssp-01-2025-0004
Abstract
"Purpose: As a result of the ageing population, the pandemic, the war in Ukraine and the energy crisis, the labor market has experienced unprecedented expressions of external and internal change. In working life, nothing is the same, especially regarding the mobility of the workforce, the forms of work organisation and the employees’ influence and well-being. Considering these factors, in this article, we aim to investigate the connections between part-time work, well-being and the attractiveness of work for employees from the perspective of organizational restructuring. Design/methodology/approach The data for this study were based on the European Working Conditions Survey from 1991 to 2015. Since its launch in 1990, the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) has provided an overview of working conditions in Europe. The data for Finland contained 5,646 respondents. A gneralised linear model (GLM) was used with the Gaussian family for odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Findings The results showed that workers in restructured organizations are less satisfied with working conditions than workers in organizations without restructuring. These associations were even higher if the number of hours (OR 1.15, CI 1.06, 1.24), salary (OR 1.14, CI 1.06, 1.23) and the amount of influence over your work (OR 1.15, CI 1.07, 1.24) have changed during the last 12 months. These associations were slightly lower in the models, and they were additionally adjusted for the existence of part-time work. Originality/value In restructured organizations, part-time work seems to be associated with worsening job satisfaction but improving employee well-being." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labour and social protection gaps impacting the health and well-being of workers in non-standard employment: An international comparative study (2025)
Kvart, Signild ; Cuervo, Isabel; Muntaner, Carles ; Julià, Mireia ; Gunn, Virginia; Ivarsson, Lars; Davis, Letitia; Lewchuk, Wayne ; Bosmans, Kim ; Bodin, Theo ; Baron, Sherry L.; Gutiérrez-Zamora, Mariana; Vílchez, David; Diaz, Ignacio; Vänerhagen, Kristian; Bolíbar, Mireia ; O'Campo, Patricia; Álvarez-López, Valentina; Escrig-Piñol, Astrid; Ahonen, Emily Q.; Vignola, Emilia F.; Zaupa, Alessandro; Vos, Mattias ; Östergren, Per-Olof ; Vives, Alejandra ; Ruiz, Marisol E.; Padrosa, Eva ;Zitatform
Kvart, Signild, Isabel Cuervo, Virginia Gunn, Wayne Lewchuk, Kim Bosmans, Letitia Davis, Astrid Escrig-Piñol, Per-Olof Östergren, Eva Padrosa, Alejandra Vives, Alessandro Zaupa, Emily Q. Ahonen, Valentina Álvarez-López, Mireia Bolíbar, Ignacio Diaz, Mariana Gutiérrez-Zamora, Lars Ivarsson, Mireia Julià, Carles Muntaner, Patricia O'Campo, Marisol E. Ruiz, Kristian Vänerhagen, Emilia F. Vignola, David Vílchez, Mattias Vos, Theo Bodin & Sherry L. Baron (2025): Labour and social protection gaps impacting the health and well-being of workers in non-standard employment: An international comparative study. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 20. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0320248
Abstract
"Background: World economies increasingly rely on non-standard employment arrangements, which has been linked to ill health. While work and employment conditions are recognized structural determinants of health and health equity, policies aiming to protect workers from negative implications predominantly focus on standard employment arrangements and the needs of workers in non-standard employment may be neglected. The aim of this study is to explore workers’ experiences of gaps in labour regulations and social protections and its influence on their health and well-being across 6 countries with differing policy approaches: Belgium, Canada, Chile, Spain, Sweden, and the United States. Methods: 250 semi-structured interviews with workers in non-standard employment were analyzed thematically using a multiple case-study approach. Results: There are notable differences in workers’ rights to protection across the countries. However, participants across all countries experienced similar challenges including employment instability, income inadequacy and limited rights and protection, due to policy-related gaps and access-barriers. In response, they resorted to individual resources and strategies, struggled to envision supportive policies, and expressed low expectations of changes by employers and policymakers. Conclusions: Policy gaps threaten workers’ health and well-being across all study countries, irrespective of the levels of labour market regulations and social protections. Workers in non-standard employment disproportionately endure economic risks, which may increase social and health inequality. The study highlights the need to improve social protection for this vulnerable population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unemployed and then? The role of non-standard employment in labour market trajectories after unemployment (2025)
Zitatform
Lietzmann, Torsten & Katrin Hohmeyer (2025): Unemployed and then? The role of non-standard employment in labour market trajectories after unemployment. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 34, H. 2, 2024-08-30. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12698
Abstract
"Non-standard employment (NSE) might offer employment opportunities for unemployed workers, who would not find a job otherwise and can improve their human capital while working in NSE instead of being unemployed. NSE thus could serve as a bridge to regular, permanent employment. However, these stepping stone effects might not occur in a segmented labor market, when the accumulated human capital is not useful for regular jobs or NSE is not a positive signal to potential employers. Using German administrative data and sequence and cluster analysis, this article examined the labor market trajectories of initially unemployed individuals between 2012 and 2015 over a 4-year period with a focus on four common forms of NSE. The results indicate that NSE is not limited to marginal groups but 62% of the initially unemployed belong to a cluster with a substantial share of NSE. Furthermore, while most individuals stay in NSE, some regular full-time employment occurs after NSE." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Wiley) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of precarious employment on suicidal ideation: A serial mediation model with contractual temporality and job insecurity (2025)
Llosa, José Antonio ; Agulló-Tomás, Esteban ; Iglesias-Martínez, Enrique ; Oliveros, Beatriz ; Menéndez-Espina, Sara;Zitatform
Llosa, José Antonio, Enrique Iglesias-Martínez, Esteban Agulló-Tomás, Sara Menéndez-Espina & Beatriz Oliveros (2025): The effect of precarious employment on suicidal ideation: A serial mediation model with contractual temporality and job insecurity. In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 46, H. 1, S. 239-255. DOI:10.1177/0143831X241240616
Abstract
"Suicidal ideation is a variable prior to suicidal behavior and one of the main producers of risk of death by suicide. The sample consisted of a total of 1,288 people living in Spain who at the time of answering the questionnaire were in active employment. Contractual status is a significant variable for the prediction of suicidal ideation. Contractual temporality is a risk factor for suicidal ideation, whereas permanent employment is a protective factor. In suicidal ideation, job insecurity is a mediating risk factor and a key dimension of job precariousness because of the adverse effects on mental health it causes. Job insecurity interacts with objective causes of precariousness and is presented as a necessary variable for understanding the relationship between these material causes and suicidal thoughts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Computer Use and Digital Frustration in German Workplaces: Is There a Gendered Part-Time Gap? (2025)
Zitatform
Lott, Yvonne & Andreas Hövermann (2025): Computer Use and Digital Frustration in German Workplaces: Is There a Gendered Part-Time Gap? In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 39, H. 6, S. 1440-1462. DOI:10.1177/09500170251351265
Abstract
"The digital transformation may disproportionately disadvantage female part-time workers, as they are affected by the flexibility stigma and career penalties. In this article, we ask: Is there a gendered part-time gap in work-related computer use and digital frustration in Germany? Latent class analysis and multivariate analysis, based on data from Wave 12 (2019/20) of the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) Starting Cohort 6 – Adults, showed that women – and part-time working women in particular – were less likely than men to be classified as ‘advanced users’. Furthermore, part-time working women felt least well prepared for using networked digital technologies at work and were thus more at risk of experiencing digital frustration. These findings suggest that the triadic association between technology, power and masculinity postulated by feminist technology theory should be extended to include full-time work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Intertwined precariousness and precarity: Disentangling a phenomenon that characterises Spanish youth (2025)
Zitatform
Maestripieri, Lara, Alba Lanau, Roger Soler‐i‐Martí & Míriam Acebillo‐Baqué (2025): Intertwined precariousness and precarity: Disentangling a phenomenon that characterises Spanish youth. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. e12709. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12709
Abstract
"The growth of non-standard employment has emerged as a crucial factor that contributes to delays and difficulties in young people's transitions to adulthood. Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of multidimensional measures of precariousness. This paper aims to investigate the phenomenon of precariousness holistically, using an original database of respondents in Spain from 20 to 34 years of age. Using a mixed-methods approach, we explore young people's understandings of precariousness and examine its key determinants and consequences. The findings illustrate the multidimensional nature of feelings of precariousness, with economic insecurity and work conditions being core elements. Our results point to precarity stemming from a combination of inextricably intertwined objective and subjective components, as well as work and economic dimensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Role of Care Paradoxes in Maintaining Precariousness: A Case Study of Australia's Aged Care Work (2025)
Zitatform
McEwen, Celina (2025): The Role of Care Paradoxes in Maintaining Precariousness: A Case Study of Australia's Aged Care Work. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 32, H. 4, S. 1482-1494. DOI:10.1111/gwao.13240
Abstract
"The paper examines why despite many inquiries and government reforms, the working conditions of aged care workers have remained precarious. The study draws on an analysis of Australian workforce survey data, government documents, and hearing transcripts from a recent Royal Commission into the sector's workforce and care practices. The results paint a complex and nuanced picture of how the government and providers rely on older or culturally and linguistically diverse women to carry out high standards of quality care with minimal worker benefits and protection while devaluing their work as unprofessional. The analysis also highlights the coexistence of four types of precariousness in aged care work: precariousness as a social category, a shared experience, a set of work practices, and management. Further, I find that a series of paradoxes rooted in cultural perceptions of care and older and/or diverse women maintain precariousness at work by constructing workers as the problem, entrenching disadvantage borne from intersectionality and shifting the burden of responsibility and part of the cost of caring for older people onto workers. I suggest that little improvement is possible until the systemic and sociocultural issues around care and the workers engaged in the transaction of care are tackled together as a whole." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work arrangements in digitally mediated care and domestic work (2025)
Zitatform
Molitor, Friederike (2025): Work arrangements in digitally mediated care and domestic work. In: Community, work & family, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2025.2523863
Abstract
"As the need for care has grown, paid care and domestic work in the private home is increasingly being organized on the market. Today, digital platforms serve as intermediaries for care and domestic services but systematic research on the resulting work arrangements between workers and clients remains limited. By understanding platform-mediated care and domestic work arrangements as a (social) exchange of ‘love and money’ between workers and clients, the study explores the working conditions and the worker-client relationships that emerge. Drawing on unique survey data collected on a large digital platform in Germany in 2019, the study shows that care and domestic workers who offer their services on digital platforms often experience informal work arrangements characterized by low working hours and irregular shifts. The worker-client relationships are described as amicable more than professional. They are often built on continuity, long-termism and reliability, which are essential for a lasting relationship. This challenges the on-demand, economic logic characterising other forms of platform work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Low-pay work and the risk of poverty: a dynamic analysis for European countries (2025)
Zitatform
Mussida, Chiara & Dario Sciulli (2025): Low-pay work and the risk of poverty: a dynamic analysis for European countries. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 23, H. 4, S. 1173-1196. DOI:10.1007/s10888-025-09666-9
Abstract
"This paper explores how householders’ and partners' low-pay conditions affect the risk of poverty ofEuropean households. We use 2016–2019 longitudinal European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions data, model poverty and labour market outcomes, and account for possible endogeneity of low-pay work in the poverty equation. Low-pay work is defined on gross hourly wage basis. We find that low-pay work increases the risk of poverty compared to high-pay conditions. Notably, when compared to non-employment, the effect of low-pay work on poverty differs between householders and partners. The effect tends to be stronger for the former and smaller for the latter, which stresses the leading role of householders in income formation and the added-worker role of partners in households. The risk of poverty for low-pay workers is even reinforced by their higher probability of being employed in job positions with fewer annual working hours, such as part-time and temporary contracts. The magnitude of low-pay effects on poverty appears to be associated with institutions capable of sustaining the wage floor, earnings and income inequalities, and the generosity of social transfers. We find evidence of feedback effects from poverty on future labour market outcomes, suggesting a self-reinforcing mechanism between poverty and poor labour conditions, which along with limited upward mobility in the labour markets, may lead societies toward persistent income segmentation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unbefristet Beschäftigte haben im Schnitt 30 Urlaubstage pro Jahr - fast zwei mehr als befristet Beschäftigte (2025)
Zitatform
Wanger, Susanne & Yasemin Isabel Yilmaz (2025): Unbefristet Beschäftigte haben im Schnitt 30 Urlaubstage pro Jahr - fast zwei mehr als befristet Beschäftigte. In: IAB-Forum H. 01.12.2025. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20251201.01
Abstract
"In Deutschland beträgt der gesetzliche Mindesturlaub vier Wochen, in den meisten Betrieben gelten tarifvertraglich aber deutlich höhere Urlaubsansprüche. Bei drei Viertel der sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten lag der Urlaubsanspruch im Jahr 2023 bei 30 Tagen. Allerdings gibt es je nach Beschäftigtengruppe signifikante Unterschiede." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Non-standard employment, low standard of living? The role of labor market and social policy measures in preventing material deprivation in different employment trajectories in Europe (2025)
Zitatform
Wolf, Fridolin (2025): Non-standard employment, low standard of living? The role of labor market and social policy measures in preventing material deprivation in different employment trajectories in Europe. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. e12689. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12689
Abstract
"While the poverty risks of non-standard employment have been explored extensively, this study focuses on the role of activation-oriented social policy in alleviating material deprivation for persons with non-standard employment histories. Using EU-SILC data, individuals over a four-year period were analyzed. I focused on substantial earners and distinguished between six non-standard employment histories expected to benefit from activation measures. Multi-level models revealed that compared to standard employment histories, all non-standard employment histories had higher material deprivation risks but to substantially different extents. At the macro level, participation in activation measures, expenditures in formal childcare and minimum income protection reduced material deprivation. Participation in training can be interpreted as an equaliser, as the deprivation gap between standard and most non-standard employment history types diminished. As expenditure- and participation-based measures differed significantly, evaluating the success of activation strategies in reducing inequalities and alleviating poverty highly depends on the measurement of activation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What if it is not just an additional income? Poverty risks of non-standard employment histories in Germany (2025)
Zitatform
Wolf, Fridolin (2025): What if it is not just an additional income? Poverty risks of non-standard employment histories in Germany. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. e12676. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12676
Abstract
"While the poverty risks associated with transitions to and from different forms of non-standard employment (NSE) have been studied extensively, poverty research on NSE histories remains fuzzy. Therefore, this study focuses on persons with NSE histories whose earnings contribute significantly to the household income, asking to what extent they are exposed to income poverty risks during their main career phase and examining the role of employment, family and sociodemographic characteristics. Employment histories were observed over 10 years using German Socio-Economic Panel data from 2001 to 2020. A sequence cluster analysis identified four NSE clusters with increased poverty risks, namely, those with increasing and permanent low-part-time work, those who were mainly temporary agency-employed or had long episodes of fixed-term employment. Multivariate regressions considering employment-specific, care-related and sociodemographic characteristics revealed a network of cumulative disadvantages related to gender, occupational position, care obligations and structural disadvantages for those clusters." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Mothers’ Nonstandard Work Schedules, Economic Hardship, and Children’s Outcomes (2025)
Zitatform
Zilanawala, Afshin & Anika Schenck-Fontaine (2025): Mothers’ Nonstandard Work Schedules, Economic Hardship, and Children’s Outcomes. In: Socius, Jg. 11, S. 1-17. DOI:10.1177/23780231251332979
Abstract
"The authors investigate the moderating role of three dimensions of economic hardship on the relationship between maternal nonstandard work schedules (working evening, nights, or weekends) and children’s behavioral and cognitive outcomes at age five in the United Kingdom. The literature on the relationship between nonstandard work and child development in early childhood has not taken into consideration the potentially important role of families’ economic circumstances. Economic circumstances may reduce or amplify the potential consequences of maternal nonstandard work schedules for young children. Using the Millennium Cohort Study, a nationally representative birth cohort from the United Kingdom, and residualized change models, the authors test associations between children’s cognitive and behavioral outcomes at age five from contemporaneous maternal nonstandard work schedules. Mothers who worked nonstandard schedules had more economic hardship relative to mothers working standard schedules. Nonstandard work schedules were related to higher internalizing behavior scores at age five. The authors examined if observed associations were moderated by income poverty, financial stress, and material hardship, separately, and found that the interaction of nonstandard work with higher levels of financial stress at age five was related to higher internalizing behavior scores. The results highlight a potentially challenging work-family interface in the context of working nonstandard schedules and experiencing economic hardship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Non-standard and precarious work across Europe: An overview and mapping of national actions (2025)
Zitatform
Zwysen, Wouter (2025): Non-standard and precarious work across Europe. An overview and mapping of national actions. (Report / European Trade Union Institute 2025,03), Brüssel, 39 S.
Abstract
"This paper describes different aspects of precarious and non-standard work across Europe. These are jobs that offer less security or reduced rights to workers and which dump greater uncertainty on them. There is some discrepancy between, on the one hand, the relatively positive trends in the statistics which, for instance, show non-standard work declining at EU level; and, on the other, a wider sense of greater precarity and uncertainty. Partly, this reflects some precarious types of work, such as platform work, bogus self-employment or different types of subcontracting, not being well captured by the existing large-scale surveys. The paper seeks to support the discussion of precarious and non-standard work in Europe by adding further descriptive detail including the opinions of trade union specialists. It makes use of two sources to describe the spread of precarious work. First, a cross-national quantitative overview of different types of non-standard and precarious work patterns across Europe and their evolution over time based on micro-data from the Labour Force Survey. This shows that non-standard work is associated with worse labour market outcomes and is concentrated among more vulnerable workers. Second, as precarious work can take many different forms, some severely underreported or not captured at all, it further reports information from an original survey among trade union affiliates of the ETUC, its standing committees and the European trade union federations to analyse: (1) the key aspects of precarious work they see; (2) the drivers and context shaping this; (3) changes over time; and (4) policy avenues to address precarious work. This survey highlights that there are several different types of precarious work that are widespread, with the key types differing by country. It also highlights that enforcement of the existing rules is often a problematic point, as is a weakening of collective bargaining. The paper ends by highlighting proposed and possible actions. Partly, these lie in the transposition of European directives such as the Platform Work Directive or the Directive on Adequate Minimum Wages. There may also be calls for greater collaboration and more information campaigns across borders as several of the challenges, particularly as regards the vulnerability of international and posted workers, are shared and go beyond a single country." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
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Atypische Beschäftigung insgesamt
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Erosion des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses
- Prekäre Beschäftigung
- Politik, Arbeitslosigkeitsbekämpfung
- Arbeits- und Lebenssituation atypisch Beschäftigter
- Betriebliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Rechtliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Gesundheitliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Beschäftigungsformen
- Qualifikationsniveau
- Alter
- geographischer Bezug
- Geschlecht