Zitatform

Bloemen, Hans (2016): Job search requirements for older unemployed workers. How do they affect re-employment rates and flows into states of inactivity for older unemployed workers? (IZA world of labor 235), Bonn, 10 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.235

Abstract

"Many OECD countries have, or have had, a policy that exempts older unemployed people from the requirement to search for a job. An aging population and low participation by older workers in the labor market increasingly place public finances under strain, and spur calls for policy measures that activate labor force participation by older workers. Introducing job search requirements for the older unemployed aims to increase their re-employment rates. Abolishing the exemption from job search requirements for these workers has been shown to initiate higher outflow rates from unemployment for the older unemployed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dubois, Hans, Georgiana Runceanu & Robert Anderson (2016): Extending working lives through flexible retirement schemes. Partial retirement. Dublin, 80 S. DOI:10.2806/004233

Abstract

"Many EU Member States have implemented reforms to improve the sustainability of their pension systems. However, the impact of discouraging early retirement and increasing the pension age on effective retirement ages is limited, as many people are unable or unmotivated to work until pension age. Reduction of working time is one approach to enabling people to work longer than would have been feasible if they continued working full time. But a barrier to reduction of hours is the loss of income. Partial retirement schemes address this barrier by substituting part of the income loss with a partial pension or benefits. This report investigates how partial retirement schemes can contribute to sustainable and adequate pension systems by enabling and motivating people to extend their working lives. It maps schemes at the national and sector levels in the EU and Norway, examines their characteristics and assesses their impact on the extension of working lives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lalé, Etienne (2016): Turbulence and the employment experience of older workers. (IZA discussion paper 10061), Bonn, 52 S.

Abstract

"This paper provides a unified account of the trends in unemployment and labor force participation pertaining to the employment experience of older male workers during the past half-century. We build an equilibrium life-cycle model with labor-market frictions and an operative labor supply margin, wherein economic turbulence à la Ljungqvist and Sargent (1998) interact with institutions in ways that deteriorate employment. The model explains simultaneously: (i) the fall in labor force participation in the United States, (ii) the similar but more pronounced decline in Europe alongside rising unemployment rates and (iii) differences across European countries in the role played respectively by unemployment and labor force participation. The model also shows that policies that fostered early retirement may have exacerbated the deterioration of European labor markets: raising early retirement incentives to reduce unemployment among older workers tends to increase unemployment at younger ages, especially in turbulent economic times and under stringent employment protection legislation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2016): OECD pensions outlook 2016. (OECD pensions outlook 03), Paris, 181 S. DOI:10.1787/pens_outlook-2016-en

Abstract

"Die Rentensysteme in den OECD Ländern stehen immer noch den Herausforderungen gegenüber, die eine alternde Bevölkerung, die Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise sowie das wirtschaftliche Umfeld des geringen Wachstums und der niedrigen Zinsen mit sich bringen.
Der 'OECD Pensions Outlook 2016' analysiert Strategien zur Stärkung der Rentensysteme. Dazu gehören unter anderem verschiedene Pensionspläne, steuerliche Anreize zur Rentenversicherung oder die finanzielle Bildung und Beratung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Albanese, Andrea & Bart Cockx (2015): Permanent wage cost subsidies for older workers. An effective tool for increasing working time and postponing early retirement? (IZA discussion paper 8988), Bonn, 43 S.

Abstract

"In several OECD countries age-targeted wage subsidies have been introduced to increase the employment of older workers, but evidence on their effectiveness is scarce. This paper examines the effects of a permanent wage cost subsidy in Belgium on the employment rate, working time and hourly wage. We estimate these effects by integrating Inverse Probability Weighting in a, possibly trend-adjusted, Difference-in-Differences of endogenously sampled repeated cross sections. We find small positive short-run impacts on working time and larger ones on the employment rate, but only for employees at high risk of leaving to early retirement. The wage is not affected." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Belloni, Michele, Agar Brugiavini, Elena Meschi & Giacomo Pasini (2015): Does training help retaining older workers into employment? Evidence from the SHARE survey. In: A. Börsch-Supan, T. Kneip, H. Litwin, M. Myck & G. Weber (Hrsg.) (2015): Ageing in Europe - Supporting policies for an inclusive society, S. 257-266. DOI:10.1515/9783110444414-025

Abstract

"The long-term increase in longevity, coupled with the progressive compression of morbidity experienced in Europe in the last decades, improved the well-being of many older individuals. However, a failure to adjust the retirement age has exposed poor households to financial distress (Angelini et al. 2009). Staying longer in the labour force may be a solution to preserve an adequate level of resources and limit the risk of economic deprivation, it is also an effective mean to maintain social ties and foster an active life. However, working longer requires investment in human capital over the life cycle (Mahyew & Rjkers 2004), as acquired skills become obsolete as time goes by. The rapid technological progress prevailing in many sectors makes training the older workforce the only effective policy to prevent skills obsolescence (Bishop 1997, Belloni & Villosio 2014).
The aim of this chapter is to investigate whether participation in training helps keeping older workers (aged 50 - 65) in employment. In particular, we use Wave 4 and Wave 5 of SHARE to test the effect of training participation in 2010 (Wave 4) on changes in labour market status between 2010 and 2012 (Wave 5), controlling for a rich set of observable individual characteristics. Information on self-reported current economic status allows us to distinguish between six labour force states: employed or self-employed, unemployed, permanently sick or disabled, retired, homemaker and 'other'. To measure training participation we exploit a question in Wave 4 (part of the module 'Activities') which asks respondents whether they attended any educational or training course in the last twelve months.
The main result of this chapter is that individuals who took part in training activities in the year prior to the 2010 (2009 for Estonia) interview are significantly less likely to leave the labour market. Training older workers may therefore prevent them from being exposed to the risk of poverty and social exclusion. This chapter is organised as follows: the next section reports the descriptive evidence regarding labour market status in the last two waves of SHARE and participation in training activities. The following section presents the results of a multivariate analysis, which aims at capturing the effect of training on the probability of exiting the labour market. The last section concludes the chapter, providing some policy implications of our analysis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ebbinghaus, Bernhard & Jonas Radl (2015): Pushed out prematurely? Comparing objectively forced exits and subjective assessments of involuntary retirement across Europe. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 41, H. September, S. 115-130. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2015.04.001

Abstract

"Given the efforts in raising the statutory pension age in an aging Europe, this cross-national analysis investigates constrained retirement from a comparative perspective. Based on a conceptualization of retirement transitions as a multi-faceted phenomenon, the study distinguishes objective (external) constraints and the subjective self-assessment of involuntary retirement. Exploiting two survey items from the fifth round of the European Social Survey (ESS Round 5, 2010/2011), we examine which workers were objectively forced to retire due to economic or health reasons as well as which workers subjectively evaluate their retirement as involuntary as they would have wished to work longer. Using multilevel modeling, the study investigates the impact of national context conditions on both the individual risk to be objectively forced to terminate work and the subjective perception of retirement as occurring too early. We analyze institutional factors such as statutory pension ages and pension generosity, but also explore the role of structural factors such as unemployment and health. At the individual level, the empirical analysis reveals that objectively forced exits and subjective involuntariness do not always overlap. Objectively forced exits are more readily explained by socio-economic characteristics like social class and unemployment experience. At the macro level, there are considerable cross-national variations that cannot be explained by compositional factors only. Relevant predictors of international differences in constrained retirement include early retirement options, statutory pension conditions, unemployment rates, labor market regulation and life expectancy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Friedenstab, Carolin, Wolfgang Schulz-Weidner & Niko Väänänen (2015): Tätigkeitsbezogene Frührentensysteme in Europa. Die Bewertung besonderer beruflicher Belastungen. In: Deutsche Rentenversicherung, Jg. 70, H. 3, S. 183-199.

Abstract

"Im europäischen Vergleich der Alterssicherungssysteme spielen Sonderregelungen für 'schwere Berufe' immer noch - oder teilweise inzwischen wieder - eine nicht zu vernachlässigende Rolle. Vor allem sollen sie den Betroffenen unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen einen vorgezogenen Übergang in den Ruhestand ermöglichen - mit oder ohne Abschläge. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt zunächst einen exemplarischen, das heißt keineswegs kompletten Überblick über einschlägige europäische Entwicklungen. Anschließend werden aus finnischer Sicht die grundsätzlichen und administrativen Probleme dargestellt, die mit der Einführung eines entsprechenden Systems einhergehen. Sie geben Anlass zur Forderung, anstatt des 'Exits Vorruhestand' lieber unter Einsatz aller Akteure ein Verbleiben im Arbeitsmarkt zu fördern. Dass aber auch dieser Ansatz jedenfalls in der Praxis auf seine Grenzen stoßen kann, zeigt abschließend eine von der EU-Kommission geförderte gewerkschaftliche Studie." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Riedel, Monika, Helmut Hofer & Birgit Wögerbauer (2015): Determinants for the transition from work into retirement in Europe. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 4, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1186/s40174-014-0027-5

Abstract

"We use the labor force ad hoc module 'transition from work into retirement' to analyze the link between individual as well as pension system characteristics and planned retirement age within the European Union. We find that timing of retirement is correlated between partners who are, already at the stage of retirement planning. In richer countries of the EU15, standard retirement age seems to have a larger effect on planned retirement age than in poorer EU15 states or in new EU member states. The effect of pension wealth is largest in the new EU member states and smallest in rich EU15 countries. Furthermore, industry and occupation effects differ by country type." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Vendramin, Patricia & Gérard Valenduc (2014): A gender perspective on older workers' employment and working conditions. (Working paper / European Trade Union Institute 2014,03), Brüssel, 65 S.

Abstract

"This working paper aims to give a structured gender analysis of the working and employment conditions of older workers (aged 50 and over). While working and employment conditions are increasingly recognised as key issues in ageing at work, gender disparities do still not get enough attention." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Hiring subsidies are an important measure, extensively used by Member States, to promote employment in disadvantaged-worker categories such as young and older people, the long-term unemployed and women. This review maps out the design of such subsidies, and identifies good and effective practices in targeting, funding, monitoring and integrating incentives with other policies. It is intended as a source of mutual learning and transfer of good practices between Member States." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ebbinghaus, Bernhard & Dirk Hofäcker (2013): Reversing early retirement in advanced welfare economies. A paradigm shift to overcome push and pull factors. In: Comparative Population Studies, Jg. 38, H. 4, S. 807-840. DOI:10.12765/CPoS-2013-24en

Abstract

"Jüngere Reformbemühungen moderner Wohlfahrtsstaaten hatten eine Umkehr des Frühverrentungstrends zum Ziel und waren mit einer Erhöhung der Regelaltersgrenze für den Übergang in den Ruhestand verbunden. Dieser Paradigmenwechsel geschah häufig gegen den Protest von Gewerkschaften, Unternehmen und deren Mitarbeitern. Infolge des zunehmenden Ausbaus von Wohlfahrtsstaaten sowie als Reaktion auf die wirtschaftlichen Herausforderungen seit den 1970er Jahren hatte sich der frühe Erwerbsausstieg zu einer weitverbreiteten Praxis entwickelt. Die Frühverrentung stellte dabei einen wesentlichen Bestandteil des kontinentaleuropäischen Problems der 'Wohlfahrt ohne Arbeit' dar, während die skandinavischen Wohlfahrtsstaaten, die liberalen englischsprachigen Volkswirtschaften und der japanische Wohlfahrtsstaat höhere Beschäftigungsquoten älterer Arbeitnehmer aufrechterhalten konnten. Seit den 1990er Jahren entstand ein internationaler Konsens zwischen internationalen Organisationen und nationalen Politikexperten im Hinblick auf die Notwendigkeit einer Trendwende bei der Frühverrentung. Auf der Basis einer vergleichenden historischen Analyse ausgewählter OECD-Länder untersuchen wir im Rahmen dieser Studie anhand von Makroindikatoren über Frühverrentungstrends und stilisierten Daten über institutionelle Strukturen die länderübergreifenden Unterschiede im Hinblick auf die Institutionalisierung von Frühverrentungssystemen sowie die jüngste Trendwende in diesem Bereich. Durch einen Vergleich des Zusammenspiels von Sozialpolitik und wirtschaftlichen Institutionen untersuchen wir die länderübergreifenden Unterschiede zwischen wohlfahrtsstaatlichen 'Pull'-Faktoren und wirtschaftlichen 'Push'-Faktoren, die zu einem frühen Erwerbsausstieg beigetragen haben. Gleichzeitig befasst sich der Beitrag mit den potentiellen Auswirkungen des Rückbaus wohlfahrtsstaatlicher Leistungen sowie der Bedeutung von 'Integrationsfaktoren' (wie etwa Aktivierungsmaßnahmen) im Hinblick auf eine Reduzierung frühzeitiger Erwerbsausstiege." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"With the average age of the population rising, people aged 55 - 64 make up an increasing share of workers in Europe. This demographic shift, as well as ongoing threats to the sustainability of national welfare and pension systems, has increased pressure for reforms to encourage longer careers. This report maps initiatives at national or sectoral level taken by governments and social partners to keep older workers in the labour market. Some measures involve financial incentives to work longer while others look at ways to enhance working conditions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Pench, Lucio, Etienne Sail, Giuseppe Carone, Alexander Schwan, Luigi Giamboni, Christoph Schwierz, Veli Laine, Ana Xavier, Joao Medeiros, Barbara Lipszyc, Peter Part, Per Eckefeldt & Philippe Gudin De Vallerin (sonst. bet. Pers.) (2012): The 2012 ageing report. Economic and budgetary projections for the 27 EU member states (2010-2060). (European economy 2012/02), Brüssel, 470 S. DOI:10.2765/19991

Abstract

"The EPC and the Commission (Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs - DG ECFIN) developed a work programme with broad arrangements to organise the budgetary projection and reach agreement on its assumptions and methodologies. The projections of all government expenditure items are made on the basis of common macroeconomic assumptions endorsed by the EPC and a 'no policy change' assumption, i.e. reflecting only already enacted legislation. Reforms legislated after December 2011 have not been taken into account in the projections. This report presents the expenditure projections covering pensions, health care, long-term care, education and unemployment transfers for all Member States." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

(2012): OECD pensions outlook 2012. (OECD pensions outlook 01), Paris, 230 S. DOI:10.1787/9789264169401-en

Abstract

"In den entwickelten Volkswirtschaften wird in den nächsten 50 Jahren die Lebenserwartung bei der Geburt voraussichtlich alle sieben Jahre um ein zusätzliches Jahr steigen. In 28 von 34 OECD-Ländern ist eine Anhebung des Renteneintrittsalters bereits beschlossen oder geplant. Allerdings hält die Erhöhung nicht immer Schritt mit der Steigerung der Lebenserwartung. Die Regierungen sollten daher erwägen, das Renteneintrittsalter formell an die Lebenserwartung zu koppeln, wie dies in Dänemark und Italien bereits der Fall ist. Darüber hinaus sollte die private Altersvorsorge stärker gefördert werden.
Der 'OECD Pensions Outlook 2012' untersucht die im Wandel befindliche Rentenlandschaft. Der Bericht befasst sich unter anderem mit Rentenreformen während der Krise und darüber hinaus, mit der Gestaltung automatischer Anpassungsmechanismen, mit dem Erfassungsgrad privater Rentensysteme sowie den Garantien im Rahmen der Rentensysteme mit Beitragsprimat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

(2012): Active ageing. Report. (Special Eurobarometer 378), Brüssel, 261 S.

Abstract

"The main themes addressed in this report are:
Overall perceptions of age and older people - perceptions of and attitudes towards older people, the potential role for older people in society and the impact of the ageing population in the future.
Older people in the workplace - attitudes towards older people in the workplace and potential barriers to continuing work.
Retirement and pensions - attitudes towards the official retirement age and pension payments and whether any changes are appropriate.
Voluntary work and support for older people - establishing the level of personal participation in voluntary work and care of older people.
Age friendly environment - identifying the countries/areas best adapted to the needs of older people and how improvements can be made in those most poorly adapted." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

(2012): Working and ageing. The benefits of investing in an ageing workforce. (CEDEFOP reference series), Thessaloniki, 315 S. DOI:10.2801/904

Abstract

"Slowly but steadily, the attitude towards population ageing is changing in Europe. Early reports had described it as a demographic time bomb with negative consequences for economies and societies. But these changes are increasingly seen as harbingers of opportunity and the emerging 'silver economy' as a driver of future growth.
This publication, which marks the European Year 2012 for active ageing and solidarity between generations, contributes to the debate by providing new insights that are based on the latest research and best practices in Europe and the Member States.
The evidence points towards the importance of demonstrating the benefits of learning to all stakeholders and developing the capacity of organisations to make the best of their employees' abilities at any age." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ebbinghaus, Bernhard (2011): The role of trade unions in European pension reforms. From 'old' to 'new' politics? In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 17, H. 4, S. 315-331. DOI:10.1177/0959680111420208

Abstract

"Trade unions played a substantial role in the 'old politics' of expanding pension systems in Europe; they are still active in the 'new politics' of pension reforms. Given the electoral impact and political veto points, governments may seek to overcome reform blockage in political decisionmaking and implementation by seeking social consensus with trade unions and employers. Various modes of social governance in addition to political interest politics allow trade union influence: institutionalized forms of self-administration of pension insurance, self-regulation via negotiated occupational pensions, institutional consultation of interest groups and tripartite concertation (or social pacts) between government and the social partners." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Eichhorst, Werner (2011): The transition from work to retirement. (IZA discussion paper 5490), Bonn, 25 S.

Abstract

"The European Employment Strategy has set the goal of raising the retirement age of workers in the EU through a strategy of 'active ageing'. Yet despite some progress over the last decade, empirical data show persistent diversity across EU member states. Institutional arrangements of social and labor market policies can be seen as the core factors behind cross-national diversity. Hence, institutional change is crucial to explain structural changes. The paper tries to assess the role of supranational policy initiatives and national politicoeconomic factors in shaping the transition from work to retirement in EU member states which is still governed by the national political economy. Taking the German case as an example in point, the paper shows the dynamic interaction between policy changes, in particular in benefit systems and activation, and changes in the approach of firms and workers to early retirement. Policy changes influence actors' behavior in the medium run and open up opportunities for subsequent reforms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blake, Helene & Marc Sangnier (2010): Senior activity rate, retirement incentives and labor relations. (Paris-Jourdan Science Economiques. Working paper 2010-04), Paris, 33 S.

Abstract

"How is it that populations react so differently to policy incentives among developed countries? We noticed that senior employment rates not only differ in level strikingly from one country to another, they also differ in their reaction to retirement incentives set by governments. We show the importance of trust given to the employer in wage negotiations by a simple trade-off model. According to this model, reaction of the senior activity rate to policy changes depends on the properties of the distribution of trust to employers at the country level. We then identify these properties by an empirical study based on panel data for nineteen OECD countries from 1980 to 2004. We show that the elasticity of senior males labor force participation rate to retirement incentives is stronger in countries with better and more homogeneously distributed working conditions. This results also applies to countries with higher generalized trust." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))