Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Ältere
Die Förderung der Beschäftigung Älterer steht wieder auf der politischen Agenda. Wir benötigten angesichts des demografischen Wandels eine Arbeitsmarktpolitik, die der Arbeitskräfteknappheit in den Betrieben entgegenwirkt.
Das Themendossier geht auf die arbeitsmarkt- und beschäftigungspolitischen Aspekte der Entwicklung des Arbeitsmarktes für Ältere ein.
- Erwerbstätigkeit und Arbeitslosigkeit Älterer
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Arbeitsmarkt- und beschäftigungspolitische Maßnahmen
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Initiativen und Kampagnen gegen Altersdiskriminierung
- Vermittlung und Beratung, Coaching
- Arbeitsbedingungen und Gesundheitsschutz
- Qualifizierung
- Subventionierung von Beschäftigung
- Lohnersatzleistungen, Bürgergeld, Arbeitslosengeld I und II
- Berufsausstieg, Übergang in Rente
- Arbeits- und Sozialrecht
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Ageing and unused capacity in Europe: is there an early retirement trap? (2009)
Zitatform
Angelini, Viola, Agar Brugiavini & Guglielmo Weber (2009): Ageing and unused capacity in Europe: is there an early retirement trap? In: Economic policy, Jg. 24, H. 59, S. 463-508.
Abstract
"We address the issue of how early retirement may interact with limited use of financial markets in producing financial hardship later in life, when some risks (such as long-term care) are not insured. We argue that the presence of financially attractive early retirement schemes in a world of imperfect financial and insurance markets can lead to an 'early retirement trap'. Indeed, Europe witnesses many (early) retired individuals in financial distress. In our analysis we use data on 10 European countries, which differ in their pension and welfare systems, in prevailing retirement age and in households' access to financial markets. We find evidence that an early retirement trap exists, particularly in some Southern and Central European countries: people who retired early in life are more likely to be in financial hardship in the long run. Our analysis implies that governments should stop making early retirement attractive, let retirees go back to work, improve access to financial markets and make sure long-term care problems are adequately insured." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Social security programs and retirement around the world: the relationship to youth employment. Introduction and summary (2009)
Zitatform
Gruber, Jonathan, Kevin Milligan & David A. Wise (2009): Social security programs and retirement around the world. The relationship to youth employment. Introduction and summary. (NBER working paper 14647), Cambridge, Mass., 74 S. DOI:10.3386/w14647
Abstract
"This is the introduction and summary to the fourth phase of an ongoing project on Social Security Programs and Retirement Around the World. The first phase described the retirement incentives inherent in plan provisions and documented the strong relationship across countries between social security incentives to retire and the proportion of older persons out of the labor force. The second phase documented the large effects that changing plan provisions would have on the labor force participation of older workers. The third phase demonstrated the consequent fiscal implications that extending labor force participation would have on net program costs-reducing government social security benefit payments and increasing government tax revenues. This volume presents the results of analyses of the relationship between the labor force participation of older persons and the labor force participation of younger persons in twelve countries. Why countries introduced plan provisions that encouraged older persons to leave the labor force is unclear. After the fact, it is now often claimed that these provisions were introduced to provide more jobs for the young, assuming that fewer older persons in the labor force would open up more job opportunities for the young. Now, the same reasoning is often used to argue against efforts in the same countries to reduce or eliminate the incentives for older persons to leave the labor force, claiming that the consequent increase in the employment of older person would reduce the employment of younger persons. The validity of such claims is addressed in this volume." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does the welfare state make older workers unemployable? (2009)
Saint-Paul, Gilles;Zitatform
Saint-Paul, Gilles (2009): Does the welfare state make older workers unemployable? (IZA discussion paper 4440), Bonn, 48 S.
Abstract
"This paper discusses the specificities of the labor market for older workers. It discusses the implications of those specificities for the effect of labor market institutions on the employability of those workers. It shows that while unemployment benefits indexed backwards and hiring costs are likely to harm these workers more than the average worker, the converse is true for employment protection, provided it is uniform across workers and not specifically higher for older workers. It provides some evidence on the impact of labor market institutions on older workers by comparing their outcome in the United States and France. It discusses how the welfare state can be reformed in order to improve outcomes for older workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Les seniors et l'emploi en France: la fin de l'ajustement par l'âge? (2009)
d'Autume, Antoine;Zitatform
d'Autume, Antoine (2009): Les seniors et l'emploi en France. La fin de l'ajustement par l'âge? In: Travail et emploi H. 118, S. 77-81.
Abstract
"The situation of senior workers in France exemplifies the difficulty to implement, in this country, the employment strategy which the OECD advocated for the last decade. Various rigidities on the labor market as well as conflicts between the necessary unemployment compensation and adequate incentives are especially acute on this segment of the labor market. They led to a situation where age became the main adjustment parameter to regulate this market. As a consequence, France is unable to raise its employment rate of 55-64 year-old workers, whereas other European countries have made striking progress in this respect. The only way to achieve similar results is to modify firms and workers incentives, and to implement strong policies favoring a longer working period." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Beschäftigungspolitik für Ältere: Deutschland und die Nachbarn (2008)
Kraatz, Susanne; Sproß, Cornelia;Zitatform
Kraatz, Susanne & Cornelia Sproß (2008): Beschäftigungspolitik für Ältere. Deutschland und die Nachbarn. In: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte H. 18/19, S. 15-23.
Abstract
"Der demographische Wandel hat in Europa eine Abkehr von der Politik der Frühverrentung bewirkt. Im Vergleich von Deutschland mit den Niederlanden, Österreich und Frankreich werden Unterschiede in Ausgangsbedingungen und Reformpfaden kontinentaler Wohlfahrtsstaaten aufgezeigt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Integration in Beschäftigung: Bewertung aus deutscher Sicht (2006)
Eichhorst, Werner;Zitatform
Eichhorst, Werner (2006): Integration in Beschäftigung. Bewertung aus deutscher Sicht. In: C. Sproß (Hrsg.) (2006): Beschäftigungsförderung älterer Arbeitnehmer in Europa (Beiträge zur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, 299), S. 227-234.
Abstract
"Die Beispiele aus Großbritannien und Dänemark in diesem Beitrag liefern wertvolle Hinweise für die Neuausrichtung der institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen für eine stärkere Arbeitsmarktintegration und einen höheren Beschäftigungsstand älterer Arbeitskräfte. Zahlreiche Studien zeigen, dass die Beschäftigung älterer Arbeitskräfte vor allem von zwei Stellgrößen abhängt: Auf der einen Seite stellt das Angebot von staatlichen Transferleistungen für ein vorzeitiges Ausscheiden aus dem Erwerbsleben einen starken Anreiz dar, den Arbeitsmarkt zu verlassen und nicht mehr der Arbeitsvermittlung zur Verfügung zu stehen. Diese Möglichkeit eröffnet auch den Betrieben die Option, ihre Belegschaften auf Kosten des Sozialstaates zu verjüngen und zu verschlanken. Auf der anderen Seite hängt die Beschäftigungsfähigkeit älterer Arbeitskräfte vor allem davon ab, ob ihr Humankapital den Anforderungen einer sich wandelnden Volkswirtschaft entspricht. Dies wiederum wird sehr stark von der Partizipation an betriebs- oder berufsspezifischer und allgemeiner Weiterbildung im Verlauf des Erwerbslebens beeinflusst. Gleichzeitig hängen beide Faktoren zusammen: Investitionen in Weiterbildung gehen mit dem Lebensalter stark zurück, wenn Möglichkeiten eines vorgezogenen Ruhestands eingeräumt werden. Die Beispiele Großbritanniens und Dänemarks zeigen die zentrale Bedeutung einer Beschränkung von Leistungen für das vorzeitige Ausscheiden aus dem Erwerbsleben, einer konsequenteren Aktivierung und Vermittlung auch älterer Arbeitskräfte sowie einer Strategie der Investition in die Entwicklung, Pflege und Anpassung von Humankapital durch Weiterbildung im gesamten Verlauf des Erwerbslebens." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The perverse effects of partial employment protection reform: experience rating and French older workers (2005)
Zitatform
Behaghel, Luc, Bruno Crépon & Béatrice Sédillot (2005): The perverse effects of partial employment protection reform. Experience rating and French older workers. (IZA discussion paper 1679), Bonn, 37 S.
Abstract
"French firms laying off workers aged 50 and above have to pay a tax to the unemployment insurance system, known as the Delalande tax. This is an original case of experience rating in the European context, restricted to older workers, whose employment prospects are particularly bad. We evaluate its impact on layoff (firing) as well as on hiring, taking advantage of several changes in the measure since its introduction in 1987. We find particularly strong evidence of an adverse effect of the tax on the firms' propensity to hire older workers, thanks to a legislative change in 1992, when workers hired after the age of 50 stopped being liable for the tax. Chances to find a job increased significantly for unemployed workers older than 50, compared to workers just below 50 who remained liable for the tax. We estimate that before 1992, the tax reduced the probability that an unemployed worker aged 50 find a job by as much as 25%. Evidence on the effect on layoffs is less clear cut.! The impact is sizeable only for the most stringent tax schedule, after 1998, but it is also imprecisely estimated." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Contribution Delalande et transitions sur le marché du travail (2005)
Zitatform
Behaghel, Luc, Bruno Crépon & Béatrice Sédillot (2005): Contribution Delalande et transitions sur le marché du travail. In: Economie et Statistique H. 372, S. 61-88.
Abstract
"Die 1987 eingeführte Delalande-Steuer ist eine Abgabe, die die Unternehmen davon abhalten soll, Arbeitnehmer von über 50 Jahren zu entlassen. Ein solches System kann aber auch kontraproduktiv sein. Denn es kann insbesondere dazu führen, dass die Unternehmen keine älteren Arbeitnehmer einstellen, um später diese Abgabe nicht zahlen zu müssen. In diesem Artikel werden die verschiedenen Effekte auf die Einstellungen und Entlassungen empirisch analysiert, wobei den zahlreichen Änderungen, die diese Maßnahme erfahren hat, Rechnung getragen wird. Es wird untersucht, welche Auswirkungen auf die Beschränkung der Einstellung älterer Arbeitnehmer eine Änderung von 1992 hat, der zufolge Arbeitnehmer, die bei ihrer Einstellung über 50 Jahre alt sind, nicht unter diese Maßnahme fallen. Gemäß den theoretischen Vorhersagen lässt sich dann feststellen, dass sich die Chancen eines über 50-jährigen Arbeitslosen im Vergleich zu einem unter 50-jährigen Arbeitslosen, wieder eine Beschäftigung zu finden, verbessern. Diese Entwicklung ist - so scheint es - nicht auf andere gleichzeitig vorgenommene Änderungen zurückzuführen, wie beispielsweise die Einführung speziell geförderter Arbeitsverträge insbesondere für Arbeitslose von über 50 Jahren. Dagegen ist der Effekt auf die Entlassungen geringer oder zumindest schwerer zu ermitteln: demnach hätten starke Schwankungen der Sätze der Delalande-Abgabe nur wenig Einfluss auf die Entscheidungen der Unternehmen, Arbeitnehmer zu entlassen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Les politiques en faveur des seniors: quelles reformes?: comparaison Allemagne, France, Royaume-Uni, Suede (2005)
Zitatform
Courtioux, Pierre & Christine Erhel (2005): Les politiques en faveur des seniors: quelles reformes? Comparaison Allemagne, France, Royaume-Uni, Suede. In: Travail et emploi H. 102, S. 107-118.
Abstract
"Under the impulse of the EU since the 1980s, European states have implemented policies which attempt to raise the level of employment among seniors. Despite the common gaol, national policies remain heterogeneous, as they are linked to existing systems of employment and of social protection. Policies range from those inspired by a liberal logic (the UK) to those of a universalistic logic (Sweden). Germany and France demonstrate the importance of the effect of institutional systems (competition and the substitution of mechanisms). The authors give details of the reforms carried out by France, Sweden, Germany and the UK, analysing very closely the two institutionalist approaches: the first of these in terms of local justice, which highlights the different dimensions of public policy choices, the second approach functions with the analysis of institutional change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Part-time early retirement in France: why did it fail? (2005)
Zitatform
Courtioux, Pierre (2005): Part-time early retirement in France. Why did it fail? (TLM.NET working paper 2005-16), Amsterdam, 18 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyses the use of part-time early retirement programmes in France during the period from 1995 to1999. Based on UNEDIC data, the research is primarily concerned with older participants in labour market policies. Two econometric methods - logit models and Cox semi-parametric models - are used to estimate the impact of individual characteristics on programme participation. Two noteworthy results emerged from the statistical analysis. First, it appears that during the period, part-time early retirement programmes functions to keep more 'employable' older workers inside internal labour markets. Second, competition between early retirement programmes leads to a change in the profile of part-time early retirement programme participants. In effect, a type of crowding out effect (cannibalisation) occurs that reduces the share of part-time workers who take early retirement, especially in large tertiary firms. These results suggest that employer strategies concerning older workers should be analysed with regard to public policies, and particularly the possibility for workers and employers to utilise specific labour market policy programmes. Overall, results support the idea that a kind of competition is possible between labour market policy programmes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Jobs and older workers (2005)
Durand, Martine; Sonnet, Anne;Zitatform
Durand, Martine & Anne Sonnet (2005): Jobs and older workers. In: OECD observer H. 251, S. 30-34.
Abstract
"France's labour market is a two-sided coin. On one side, it boasts one of the highest productivity rates per employed worker in the OECD, but an the other, there are whole sections of the adult population not in work. Apart from unemployment, which is stubbornly high, the employment of older people is now absorbing considerable public attention. Mobilising these people into the labour market would not only help strengthen French economic performance further, but reduce pressure an pensions and public finances." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labour force participation of the elderly in Europe: the importance of being healthy (2005)
Zitatform
Kalwij, Adriaan & Frederic Vermeulen (2005): Labour force participation of the elderly in Europe. The importance of being healthy. (IZA discussion paper 1887), Bonn, 30 S.
Abstract
"In this paper we study labour force participation behaviour of individuals aged 50-64 in 11 European countries. The data are drawn from the new Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The empirical analysis shows that health is multi-dimensional, in the sense that different health indicators have their own significant impact on individuals' participation decisions. Health effects differ markedly between countries. A counterfactual exercise shows that improved health conditions may yield over 10 percentage points higher participation rates for men in countries like Austria, Germany and Spain, and for females in the Netherlands and Sweden. Moreover, we show that the declining health condition with age accounts considerably for the decline in participation rates with age." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
National accord on older workers (2005)
Zitatform
(2005): National accord on older workers. In: European Industrial Relations Review H. 383, S. 26-28.
Abstract
"A new national agreement aims to increase the labour market participation rate of older workers in France. The agreement focuses an changing attitudes to older workers, ensuring career development by means of training and adapting jobs to suit the worker, and encouraging people to return to the labour market by eliminating discrimination and examining arrangements for workers to receive pensions alongside pay. It is hoped that these provisions will allow France to meet the EU target of a 50% older workers' participation rate by 2010." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Vieillissement et politiques d'emploi: France (2005)
Zitatform
(2005): Vieillissement et politiques d'emploi. France. (Ageing and employment policies), Paris, 171 S. DOI:10.1787/9789264008878-en
Abstract
"In the face of rapid population ageing and the trend towards early retirement, there is a need to promote better employment opportunities for older people. Much has been said about the need for reform of old-age pensions and early retirement schemes but this may not be sufficient to raise employment rates for older people significantly or to reduce the future risk of labour shortages. Both governments and firms will need to take active measures to adapt wage-setting practices to ageing workforces, to address the extent to which other welfare schemes act as pathways to early retirement, to tackle age discrimination and to improve the job skills and working conditions of older workers. In addition, older workers will need to change their own attitudes towards working longer and acquiring new skills. In France, an overall strategy is needed: 1. Better mobilising the players on the ground; 2. Promoting employment for older people and offering them greater choice when they take retirement; 3.Removing obstacles to continuing employment and recruitment after the age of 50; 4. Promoting the employability of workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Ageing and the transition to retirement: a comparative analysis of European welfare states (2004)
Zitatform
(2004): Ageing and the transition to retirement. A comparative analysis of European welfare states. (New perspectives on ageing and later life), Aldershot u.a.: Asgate, 295 S.
Abstract
"There are two conflicting trends in Europe: a demographic shift towards population ageing, and a massive decrease in the labour force participation of older workers (aged 50 years and over). This book offers a refined and authoritative understanding of these trends and the two socio-economic concerns of most European welfare states that have been re-enforced as a consequence. These are: the increasing costs for welfare states to finance 'pathways' from employment to official retirement, and the threat of labour market shortages in the near future as a result of both the ageing process and the early exit of older workers. A variety of new policy initiatives can be observed emerging from these changes in many European countries - this book examines the different welfare state arrangements in nine EU countries plus Hungary, Slovenia and Norway. It considers ways of integrating older workers in the labour market along with differing perspectives on the relation between ageing and work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbstätigkeit und Arbeitslosigkeit Älterer
-
Arbeitsmarkt- und beschäftigungspolitische Maßnahmen
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Initiativen und Kampagnen gegen Altersdiskriminierung
- Vermittlung und Beratung, Coaching
- Arbeitsbedingungen und Gesundheitsschutz
- Qualifizierung
- Subventionierung von Beschäftigung
- Lohnersatzleistungen, Bürgergeld, Arbeitslosengeld I und II
- Berufsausstieg, Übergang in Rente
- Arbeits- und Sozialrecht
- geografischer Bezug