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Evaluation der Arbeitsmarktpolitik

Arbeitsmarktpolitik soll neben der Wirtschafts- und Strukturpolitik sowie der Arbeitszeit- und Lohnpolitik einen Beitrag zur Bewältigung der Arbeitslosigkeit leisten. Aber ist sie dabei auch erfolgreich und stehen die eingebrachten Mittel in einem angemessenen Verhältnis zu den erzielten Wirkungen? Die Evaluationsforschung geht der Frage nach den Beschäftigungseffekten und den sozialpolitischen Wirkungen auf individueller und gesamtwirtschaftlicher Ebene nach. Das Dossier bietet weiterführende Informationen zu Evaluationsmethoden und den Wirkungen von einzelnen Maßnahmen für verschiedene Zielgruppen.

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Active inclusion as an organisational challenge: integrated anti-poverty policies in three European countries (2014)

    Heidenreich, Martin ; Petzold, Norbert; Natili, Marcello ; Panican, Alexandru;

    Zitatform

    Heidenreich, Martin, Norbert Petzold, Marcello Natili & Alexandru Panican (2014): Active inclusion as an organisational challenge. Integrated anti-poverty policies in three European countries. In: Journal of international and comparative social policy, Jg. 30, H. 2, S. 180-198. DOI:10.1080/21699763.2014.934901

    Abstract

    "Active inclusion aims at the reduction of poverty by strengthening the agency of excluded persons by the provision of a minimum income, activation and social services. The contribution to poverty alleviation is determined by expenditure levels and the organisation of these three policy fields. This can be shown by three examples: The comprehensive Swedish regime is characterised by high expenditures; the redistributive German regime is characterised by lower service levels and in Italy, all three dimensions are least developed. In addition, the organisation of services differs: Decentralised and discretionary system for the provision of services in Sweden, 'creaming and parking' effects in Germany and fragmented providers in Italy. As a result of different expenditure levels and organisational patterns, the selectivity of active inclusion strategies is low in Sweden, medium in Germany and high in Italy. Both the financial and organisational dimensions of active inclusion therefore are decisive for poverty alleviation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Public employment services, employers and the failure of placement of low-skill workers in six European countries (2011)

    Larsen, Christian Albrekt ; Vesan, Patrik ;

    Zitatform

    Larsen, Christian Albrekt & Patrik Vesan (2011): Public employment services, employers and the failure of placement of low-skill workers in six European countries. (Working Papers on the Reconciliation of Work and Welfare in Europe. REC-WP 02/2011), Edinburgh, 29 S.

    Abstract

    "The paper explains why across Europe very few job matches are facilitated by public employment services (PES), looking at the existence of a double-sided asymmetric information problem on the labour market. It is argued that although a PES potentially reduces search costs, both employers and employees have strong incentives not to use the PES. The reason is that employers try to avoid the 'worst' employees, and employees try to avoid the 'worst' employers. Therefore PES get caught in a low-end equilibrium that is almost impossible to escape. The mechanisms leading to this low-end equilibrium are illustrated by means of qualitative interviews with 40 private employers in six European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Labor market policy: a comparative view on the costs and benefits of labor market flexibility (2010)

    Kahn, Lawrence M. ;

    Zitatform

    Kahn, Lawrence M. (2010): Labor market policy. A comparative view on the costs and benefits of labor market flexibility. (IZA discussion paper 5100), Bonn, 36 S.

    Abstract

    "I review theories and evidence on wage-setting institutions and labor market policies in an international comparative context. These include collective bargaining, minimum wages, employment protection laws, unemployment insurance (UI), mandated parental leave, and active labor market policies (ALMPs). Since it is unlikely that an unregulated private sector would provide the income insurance these institutions do, these policies may enhance economic efficiency. However, to the extent that unemployment or resource misallocation results from such measures, these efficiency gains may be offset. Overall, Scandinavia and Central Europe follow distinctively more interventionist policies than the English speaking countries in the Northern Hemisphere. Possible explanations for such differences include vulnerability to external market forces and ethnic homogeneity. I then review evidence on the impacts of these policies and institutions. While the interventionist model appears to cause lower levels of wage inequality and high levels of job security to incumbent workers, it also in some cases leads to the relegation of new entrants (disproportionately women, youth and immigrants) as well as the less skilled to temporary jobs or unemployment. Making labor markets more flexible could bring these groups into the regular labor market to a greater extent, at the expense of higher levels of economic insecurity for incumbents and higher levels of wage inequality. The Danish model of loosening employment protections while providing relatively generous UI benefits with strict job search requirements holds out the possibility of reducing barriers for new entrants and the less skilled while maintaining some level of income insurance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The effectiveness of European active labor market programs (2010)

    Kluve, Jochen;

    Zitatform

    Kluve, Jochen (2010): The effectiveness of European active labor market programs. In: Labour economics, Jg. 17, H. 6, S. 904-918. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2010.02.004

    Abstract

    "Active Labor Market Programs are widely used in European countries, but despite many econometric evaluation studies analyzing particular programs no conclusive cross-country evidence exists regarding 'what program works for what target group under what (economic and institutional) circumstances?'. This paper aims at answering this question using a meta-analysis based on a data set that comprises 137 program evaluations from 19 countries. The empirical results of the meta-analysis are surprisingly clear-cut: Rather than contextual factors such as labor market institutions or the business cycle, it is almost exclusively the program type that seems to matter for program effectiveness. While direct employment programs in the public sector frequently appear detrimental, wage subsidies and 'Services and Sanctions' can be effective in increasing participants' employment probability. Training programs - the most commonly used type of active policy - show modestly positive effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Can employment subsidies and greater labour market flexibility increase job opportunities for youth?: revisiting the Italian on-the-job training programme (2009)

    Tattara, Giuseppe ; Valentini, Marco ;

    Zitatform

    Tattara, Giuseppe & Marco Valentini (2009): Can employment subsidies and greater labour market flexibility increase job opportunities for youth? Revisiting the Italian on-the-job training programme. In: Zeitschrift für ArbeitsmarktForschung, Jg. 42, H. 3, S. 197-212. DOI:10.1007/s12651-009-0016-8

    Abstract

    "Das CFL-Programm (Betriebsausbildungsprogramm) wurde 1985 mit dem Ziel, die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit zu reduzieren, in Italien eingeführt. Das neue Programm bot Arbeitgebern zwei große Vorteile: es befreite sie fast gänzlich von Lohnsteuerzahlungen und bot ihnen praktisch die einzige Möglichkeit, Arbeitnehmer auf Basis befristeter Verträge einzustellen. Die Abhandlung beleuchtet die Auswirkungen des Programms auf das Beschäftigungsverhältnis anhand einer Untergruppe geeigneter Arbeiter in den norditalienischen Provinzen Treviso und Vicenza und stellte fest, dass an dem Programm teilnehmende Firmen die Anzahl der Arbeitsplätze um fast 5 % erhöhten im Vergleich zu Firmen, die nicht daran teilnahmen. Die Arbeitgeber zeigten eine stark positive Reaktion auf den Lohnkostenzuschuss und die Lockerung der streng reglementierten Einstellungsgesetze. Der Auswirkung des Programms auf die Jugendarbeit in Treviso und Vicenza war im Allgemeinen jedoch begrenzt. Die Anzahl der Einstellungen stieg nur um 1 %, vor allem, weil etwa 80 % der Firmen nicht am Programm teilnahmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The effect of extending the duration of eligibility in an Italian labour market programme for dismissed workers (2008)

    Paggiaro, Adriano ; Trivellato, Ugo; Rettore, Enrico ;

    Zitatform

    Paggiaro, Adriano, Enrico Rettore & Ugo Trivellato (2008): The effect of extending the duration of eligibility in an Italian labour market programme for dismissed workers. (IZA discussion paper 3633), Bonn, 34 S.

    Abstract

    "Liste di mobilità (LM) is an Italian labour market programme targeted to dismissed workers. There is a 'passive' component granting monetary benefits to employees dismissed by firms larger than 15 employees, and an 'active' component providing an employment subsidy to any firm hiring workers from the LM. Eligibility duration varies with the worker's age at dismissal. We exploit the variability of these provisions to evaluate the impact of extending the duration of eligibility on re-employment probabilities and wages over the 36 months subsequent to enrolment in the programme. The average treatment effect is identified via a Regression Discontinuity Design. A major negative impact emerges for workers aged 50 or more granted the monetary benefit." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The latin model of welfare: do 'insertion contracts' reduce long-term dependence? (2006)

    Ayala, Luis ; Rodriguez, Magdalena;

    Zitatform

    Ayala, Luis & Magdalena Rodriguez (2006): The latin model of welfare. Do 'insertion contracts' reduce long-term dependence? In: Labour economics, Jg. 13, H. 6, S. 799-822. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2005.10.008

    Abstract

    "This paper aims to present an assessment of the welfare policies implemented in most South European countries. Welfare programs in these countries try to combine a basic level of economic protection and measures favoring life and labor skills ('insertion benefits') of low-income households. We focus on a specific program set up with the twofold strategy of cash and 'insertion benefits' (Madrid's IMI) and, more precisely, on the so-called 'insertion projects', consisting in a gradual mix of job search assistance, training and subsidized jobs. We evaluate the effects of these 'insertion projects' on welfare recidivism and the duration of off-welfare spells using propensity score-matching methods. Our results suggest that propensity score estimators appear to reduce selectivity due to non-random participation. Both recidivism rates as well as the duration of off-welfare spells suggest potentially successful interventions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Unemployment insurance in Europe: unemployment duration and subsequent employment stability (2006)

    Tatsiramos, Konstantinos ;

    Zitatform

    Tatsiramos, Konstantinos (2006): Unemployment insurance in Europe. Unemployment duration and subsequent employment stability. (IZA discussion paper 2280), Bonn, 43 S.

    Abstract

    "The empirical literature on unemployment insurance has focused on its direct effect on unemployment duration, while the potential indirect effect on employment stability through a more efficient matching process, as the unemployed can search for a longer period, has attracted much less attention. In the European context this is surprising as reform proposals of the unemployment insurance system aiming at reducing high European unemployment rates should consider both effects. This paper provides evidence on the effect of unemployment benefits on unemployment and employment duration in Europe, using individual data from the European Community Household Panel for eight countries. Country specific estimates based on a multivariate discrete proportional hazard model, controlling for observed and unobserved individual heterogeneity, suggest that even if receiving benefits has a direct negative effect increasing the duration of unemployment spells, there is also a positive indirect! effect of benefits on subsequent employment duration. This indirect effect is pronounced in countries with relatively generous benefit systems, and for recipients who have remained unemployed for at least six months. In terms of the magnitude of the effect, recipients remain employed on average two to four months longer than non-recipients. This represents a ten to twenty per cent increase relative to the average employment duration, compensating for the additional time spent in unemployment. These findings are in line with theories suggesting a matching effect of unemployment insurance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Integrative' or 'defensive' youth activation in nine European welfare states (2005)

    Harsløf, Ivan ;

    Zitatform

    Harsløf, Ivan (2005): Integrative' or 'defensive' youth activation in nine European welfare states. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 8, H. 4, S. 461-481. DOI:10.1080/13676260500431792

    Abstract

    "Young unemployed persons are a prioritised group in active labour market programmes. Such programmes can be regarded as 'integrative', facilitating integration into the labour market for young people in accordance with their own preferences. However, such programmes can also be regarded as 'defensive', discouraging young unemployed persons from claiming transfer incomes and urging them to lower their sights when looking for jobs. The article examines the conceptions of the young participants themselves, analysing whether activation programmes are experienced in ways endorsing the integrative or the defensive perspective across different European welfare states. Survey data from these countries indicate that activation programmes for youth are at the integrative end of the spectrum. This is especially the case in the universal welfare regime countries, which are also the group of countries in which youth activation schemes are most widespread. Participant's scheme evaluations are least favourable in Scotland, in line with expectations of a liberal welfare regime approach. Most conservative welfare regime countries fall in between." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Youth unemployment and social exclusion: a comparative study (2003)

    Hammer, Torild;

    Zitatform

    Hammer, Torild (Hrsg.) (2003): Youth unemployment and social exclusion. A comparative study. Bristol: The Policy Press, 233 S.

    Abstract

    "Throughout the European Union rates of unemployment among young people tend to be higher than among the general population and there is a serious risk of marginalisation and exclusion. This book presents the findings of the first comparative study of unemployed youth in Europe using a large and original data set. It addresses some of the key questions around the issue including: -How do young people cope with unemployment? -Does unemployment lead to social exclusion of young people, implying a withdrawal from society, financial deprivation and social isolation? Drawing on a research sample of over 17.000 young unemployed people in 10 European countries, the book examines how different welfare strategies and labour market policies in different countries influence the risk of social exclusion among unemployed youth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Econometric evaluation of labour market policies (2001)

    Lechner, Michael ; Gavosto, Andrea; Heckman, James J. ; Fougere, Denis; Spengler, Hannes; Almus, Matthias; Pfeiffer, Friedhelm ; Berger, Mark C.; Heshmati, Almas ; Brodaty, Thomas; Imbens, Guido W. ; Engström, Lars-Gunnar; Lechner, Michael ; Battistin, Erich ; Ours, Jan C. van; Crépon, Bruno ; Pfeiffer, Friedhelm ; Black, Dan; Rettore, Enrico ; Vytlacil, Edward J.; Smith, Jeffrey A. ;

    Zitatform

    Lechner, Michael & Friedhelm Pfeiffer (Hrsg.) (2001): Econometric evaluation of labour market policies. (ZEW economic studies 13), Heidelberg u.a.: Physica-Verl., 242 S.

    Abstract

    Der Band enthält die folgenden Beiträge zur Evaluation der Arbeitsmarktpolitik:
    1. Instrumental variables, selection models, and tight bounds on the average treatment effect (James J. Heckman, Edward J. Vytlacil)
    2. Some remarks on instrumental variables (Guido W. Imbens)
    3. Identification and estimation of causal effects of multiple treatments under the conditional independence assumption (Michael Lechner)
    4. Evaluating profiling as a means of allocating government service (Mark C. Berger, Dan Black, Jeffrey A. Smith)
    5. Using matching estimators to evaluate alternative youth employme programs: Evidence from France, 1986-1988 (Thomas Brodaty, Bruno Crepon, Denis Fougere)
    6. Do active labor market policies help unemployed workers to find keep regular jobs? (Jan C. van Ours)
    7. Why do subsidised firms survive longer? An evaluation of a program promoting youth entrepreneurship in Italy (Erich Battistin, Andrea Gavosto, Enrico Rettore)
    8. Estimating the effect of vocational rehabilitation programs in Sweden (Almas Heshmati, Lars-Gunnar Engström)
    9. The impact of non-profit temping agencies on individual labour market success (Michael Lechner, Friedhelm Pfeiffer, Hannes Spengler, Matthias Almus). (IAB2)

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