Abstract

"This study on jobs in green and healthy transport has been carried out in the context of the ongoing Partnership on Jobs in Green and Healthy Transport within the Transport, Health and Environment Pan-European Programme (THE PEP). The study continues the work of THE PEP on evaluating the job creation potential of green and healthy transport by reviewing the economy-wide employment implications of an accelerated shift towards greener land transport. The study shows how changes towards green and healthy transport alter the structure of sectors and jobs across ECE member States and also in other parts of the world, given that greening the transport sector activates different national, regional and global value chains and employment in different industries and areas of the world." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2020): Corona-Überbrückungshilfen. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion der FDP (Drucksache 19/23288). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 19/23896 (03.11.2020)), 14 S.

Abstract

Die Bundesregierung antwortet auf die Anfrage der FDP-Fraktion zu Corona-Überbrückungshilfen u.a. mit Tabellen zur Anzahl der Unternehmen, welche in den einzelnen Bundeländern Anträge auf Überbrückungshilfe gestellt haben, zur Höhe der zugewiesenen Mittel an die jeweiligen Länder sowie zur Summe von beantragtem förderfähigen Volumen an Überbrückungshilfen. (IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

(2020): Quarterly Review of Employment and Social Developments in Europe (ESDE) - March 2020. (Employment and social developments in Europe : Quarterly review), Brüssel, 38 S.

Abstract

"This is the first quarterly review since the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic and public health crisis, which has led to an abrupt change of employment developments and social outlook in the EU as well as globally. This review is based on the latest data available until the end of January 2020. It can hence not yet depict the most recent developments related to the pandemic and its socio-economic consequences. The available data show that developments until January 2020 have been positive, with 209 million people in employment in the EU in 2019, of which 160 million in the euro area. Compared to spring 2013, this meant 15 and 12 million, respectively, more jobs. In January 2020, in the EU there was about 2.1 million fewer young people unemployed compared to the peak of February 2013." (Authors's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

(2020): Wirtschaft im Bann der Corona-Epidemie. In: Konjunktur aktuell, Jg. 8, H. 1, S. 2-22.

Abstract

"Die Corona-Epidemie blockiert die konjunkturelle Erholung in Deutschland. Im Jahr 2020 beträgt der Produktionszuwachs unter der Annahme, dass die Epidemie in den fortgeschrittenen Volkswirtschaften noch zeitnah eingedämmt werden kann, 0,6%. Dabei dürfte die Expansion in Ostdeutschland mit 1% höher ausfallen als in Westdeutschland. Sollte die Ausbreitung der Krankheit nicht drastisch reduziert werden können, ist mit einer Rezession in Deutschland zu rechnen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"With the spread of the covid-19, countries are implementing emergency plans to slow down and limit the spread of the virus –and prepare for a possible longer term disruption of school and university attendance. Every week of school closure will imply a massive loss in the development of human capital with significant long-term economic and social implications. While this is a strong stress test for education systems, this is also an opportunity to develop alternative education opportunities. China, which was hit first by the corona virus, is already well advanced in providing a large share of its students with access to online learning opportunities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Die Beschränkungen zur Eindämmung der Corona-Pandemie im Frühjahr 2020 haben Familien besonders betroffen. Wie sich die Lebenssituation von Eltern mit Kindern unter 15 Jahren in dieser Zeit verändert hat und wie sie mit den Herausforderungen umgegangen sind, zeigen Ergebnisse einer repräsentativen Allensbach-Befragung vom April/Mai 2020." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Viele Unternehmen reduzierten in der Pandemie die Anzahl der übernommenen Azubis – und auch der eingestellten neuen Lehrlinge. Das zeigt die aktuelle Randstad-ifo-Personalleiterbefragung. Jedes zehnte Unternehmen hat im Ausbildungsjahr 2019/2020 weniger Auszubildende übernommen als geplant. In großen Unternehmen mit mehr als 500 Mitarbeitern wurde die Planung noch häufiger angepasst. Hier korrigierten mehr als ein Fünftel die Anzahl der geplanten Übernahmen nach unten (22%). Zu diesem Ergebnis kommt die aktuelle Randstad-ifo-Personalleiterbefragung, die im 3. Quartal 2020 Personalverantwortliche zur Ausbildung während der Corona-Pandemie befragte." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

(2020): Wirtschaft unter Schock – Finanzpolitik hält dagegen. Projektgruppe Gemeinschaftsdiagnose. (Gemeinschaftsdiagnose 140), Berlin, 86 S.

Abstract

"Die Gemeinschaftsdiagnose enthält eine detaillierte Kurzfristprognose bis zum Jahr 2021 sowie eine mittelfristige Projektion der Wirtschaftsentwicklung bis zum Jahr 2024. In einem Schwerpunktthema setzen sich die Institute mit der Schwäche der deutschen Automobilindustrie auseinander. Die Konjunktur in Deutschland bricht als Folge der Corona- Pandemie drastisch ein. Um die Infektionswelle abzubremsen, hat der Staat die wirtschaftliche Aktivität in Deutschland stark eingeschränkt. Deshalb dürfte das Bruttoinlandsprodukt in diesem Jahr um 4,2% schrumpfen. Die Rezession hinterlässt deutliche Spuren auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und im Staatshaushalt. In der Spitze wird die Arbeitslosenquote auf 5,9% und die Zahl der Kurzarbeiter auf 2,4 Millionen hochschnellen. Die finanzpolitischen Stabilisierungsmaßnahmen führen in diesem Jahr zu einem Rekorddefizit im gesamtstaatlichen Haushalt von 159 Mrd. Euro. Nach dem Shutdown wird sich die Konjunktur schrittweise erholen. Entsprechend fällt der Anstieg des Bruttoinlandsprodukts im kommenden Jahr mit 5,8% kräftig aus. Mit dieser Prognose sind erhebliche Abwärtsrisiken verbunden, etwa, weil sich die Pandemie deutlich langsamer abschwächen lässt, oder weil das Wiederhochfahren der wirtschaftlichen Aktivität schlechter gelingt als angenommen bzw. eine erneute Ansteckungswelle auslöst. Insgesamt löst die Corona-Pandemie eine schwerwiegende Rezession in Deutschland aus. Die Beeinträchtigungen durch die Pandemie selbst dürften jedoch nach ein bis zwei Jahren überwunden sein. Deutschland bringt gute Voraussetzungen mit, den wirtschaftlichen Einbruch zu verkraften und mittelfristig wieder das wirtschaftliche Niveau, das sich ohne die Krise ergeben hätte, zu erreichen. Die günstige fiskalische Ausgangssituation ermöglicht es dem Staat, weitgehende Maßnahmen zur Abfederung der kurzfristigen negativen Folgen für Unternehmen und private Haushalte zu ergreifen. Dennoch werden die gesamtwirtschaftlichen Einbußen mit individuell sehr unterschiedlichen Lasten verbunden sein, über deren finale Verteilung noch zu entscheiden sein wird." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Was verbirgt sich hinter „SURE“ und warum schlägt die Kommission dieses Instrument vor? Das neue Instrument zur vorübergehenden Unterstützung bei der Minderung von Arbeitslosigkeitsrisiken in Ausnahmesituationen (SURE - Support mitigating Unemployment Risks in Emergency) soll dazu beitragen, durch die Coronavirus-Pandemie bedrohte Arbeitsplätze und Erwerbstätige zu schützen. Die finanzielle Unterstützung soll sich auf insgesamt bis zu 100 Mrd. EUR belaufen und den Mitgliedstaaten in Form von EU-Darlehen zu günstigen Bedingungen gewährt werden. Solche Darlehen sollen den Mitgliedstaaten dabei helfen, den plötzlichen Anstieg der öffentlichen Ausgaben zu bewältigen, der mit ihren Beschäftigungserhaltungsmaßnahmen einhergeht. Sie sollen es den Mitgliedstaaten insbesondere ermöglichen, die Kosten zu decken, die ihnen unmittelbar durch die Einführung oder Ausweitung nationaler Kurzarbeitsregelungen sowie ähnlicher Maßnahmen für Selbstständige entstehen, die sie in Reaktion auf die derzeitige Coronavirus-Pandemie ergriffen haben." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Nachdem sich der Zeitarbeitsmarkt 2019 bereits deutlich abgekühlt hatte, wird für 2020 ein massiver Einbruch von bis zu 30 Prozent erwartet. Das geht aus der Umfrage Zeitarbeitsbranche aktuell 2020 hervor, die die Wirtschaftsprüfungs- und Beratungsgesellschaft PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) erstellt hat. Zwischen dem 12. März und dem 30. April 2020 hat PwC dazu die Geschäftsführer von 200 deutschen Zeitarbeitsunternehmen in Deutschland mit einem Jahresumsatz zwischen zehn Millionen und drei Milliarden Euro befragt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

(2020): Corona-Pandemie in Deutschland – Auswirkungen der Schutzmaßnahmen der ersten Monate auf den Arbeitsmarkt. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion der AfD (Drucksache 19/21779). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 19/22994 (30.09.2020)), 21 S.

Abstract

Die Bundesregierung antwortet auf die Anfrage der Abgeordneten Jörg Schneider, Norbert Kleinwächter, Jürgen Pohl, weiterer Abgeordneter und der Fraktion der AfD zu Auswirkungen der Schutzmaßnahmen der ersten Monate im Rahmen der Corona-Pandemie auf den Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland. (IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Noy, Ilan & Sharlan Shields (2019): The 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Epidemic. A Retroactive Examination of Economic Costs. (ADB economics working paper series 591), Manila, 15 S. DOI:10.22617/WPS190469-2

Abstract

"The 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic was the first epidemic of the 21st century to pose a threat to global health and generate considerable panic across the globe. Fortunately, due to the rapid containment of the epidemic, both the harm to the public’s health and economic losses were not as considerable as many feared they might be. After a short period of economic turmoil, lasting a few months, normal patterns of economic activity were resumed. However, during this period there were dramatic reductions in air travel and tourism, and leisure and/or hospitality services in the areas affected by SARS. These losses were driven by public avoidance, which contributed to a disproportionate aggregate disease prevention cost. This has led to concerns that an outbreak exhibiting higher mortality rates could result in a catastrophic impact on the global economy caused by even more drastic behavioral responses. These behavioral responses were related to individual perspectives about the risk of contraction and death, as well as the perceived costs and benefits of disease avoidance measures. How individuals form these avoidance responses has a significant role in determining the pathway of an epidemic. When situating these considerations within the trend of increasing emergence of zoonotic diseases and increasing globalization, analyses of the behavioral reaction to the SARS epidemic are potentially important. With this in mind, critical analysis of government intervention mechanisms is considered to address how cost-effective intervention might alter behavioral responses to lead to more positive outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Noy, Ilan, Nguyen Doan, Benno Ferrarini & Donghyun Park (2019): Measuring the economic risk of epidemics. (CESifo working paper 8016), München, 18 S.

Abstract

"We measure the economic risk of epidemics at a geo-spatially detailed resolution. In addition to data about the epidemic hazard prediction, we use data from 2014-2019 to compute measures for exposure, vulnerability, and resilience of the local economy to the shock of an epidemic. Using a battery of proxies for these four concepts, we calculate the hazard (the zoonotic source of a possible epidemic), the principal components of exposure and vulnerability to it, and of the economy's resilience (its ability of the recover rapidly from the shock). We find that the economic risk of epidemics is particularly high in most Africa, the Indian subcontinent, China, and Southeast Asia. These results are consistent when comparing an ad-hoc (equal) weighting algorithm for the four components of the index, with one based on an estimation algorithm using Disability-Adjusted Life Years associated with communicable diseases." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hauck, Katharina (2018): The economics of infectious diseases. In: Oxford research encyclopedias. Economics and finance Oxford: Oxford University Press, Oxford, Oxford University Press S. 1-30. DOI:10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.013.251

Abstract

"Economics can make immensely valuable contributions to our understanding of infectious disease transmission and the design of effective policy responses. The one unique characteristic of infectious diseases makes it also particularly complicated to analyze: the fact that it is transmitted from person to person. It explains why individuals’ behavior and externalities are a central topic for the economics of infectious diseases. Many public health interventions are built on the assumption that individuals are altruistic and consider the benefits and costs of their actions to others. This would imply that even infected individuals demand prevention, which stands in conflict with the economic theory of rational behavior. Empirical evidence is conflicting for infected individuals. For healthy individuals, evidence suggests that the demand for prevention is affected by real or perceived risk of infection. However, studies are plagued by underreporting of preventive behavior and non-random selection into testing. Some empirical studies have shown that the impact of prevention interventions could be far greater than one case prevented, resulting in significant externalities. Therefore, economic evaluations need to build on dynamic transmission models in order to correctly estimate these externalities. Future research needs are significant. Economic research needs to improve our understanding of the role of human behavior in disease transmission; support the better integration of economic and epidemiological modeling, evaluation of large-scale public health interventions with quasi-experimental methods, design of optimal subsidies for tackling the global threat of antimicrobial resistance, refocusing the research agenda toward underresearched diseases; and most importantly to assure that progress translates into saved lives on the ground by advising on effective health system strengthening." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Adda, Jérôme (2016): Economic Activity and the Spread of Viral Diseases. Evidence from High Frequency Data. In: The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Jg. 131, H. 2, S. 891-941. DOI:10.1093/qje/qjw005

Abstract

"Viruses are a major threat to human health, and - given that they spread through social interactions - represent a costly externality. This article addresses three main questions: (i) what are the unintended consequences of economic activity on the spread of infections; (ii) how efficient are measures that limit interpersonal contacts; (iii) how do we allocate our scarce resources to limit the spread of infections? To answer these questions, we use novel high frequency data from France on the incidence of a number of viral diseases across space, for different age groups, over a quarter of a century. We use quasi-experimental variation to evaluate the importance of policies reducing interpersonal contacts such as school closures or the closure of public transportation networks. While these policies significantly reduce disease prevalence, we find that they are not cost-effective. We find that expansions of transportation networks have significant health costs in increasing the spread of viruses, and that propagation rates are pro-cyclically sensitive to economic conditions and increase with inter-regional trade." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fan, Victoria Y., Dean T. Jamison & Lawrence H. Summers (2016): The Inclusive Cost of Pandemic Influenza Risk. (NBER working paper 22137), Cambridge, Mass., 24S. DOI:10.3386/w22137

Abstract

"Estimates of the long-term annual cost of global warming lie in the range of 0.2-2% of global income. This high cost has generated widespread political concern and commitment as manifested in the Paris agreements of December, 2015. Analyses in this paper suggest that the expected annual cost of pandemic influenza falls in the same range as does that of climate change although toward the low end. In any given year a small likelihood exists that the world will again suffer a very severe flu pandemic akin to the one of 1918. Even a moderately severe pandemic, of which at least 6 have occurred since 1700, could lead to 2 million or more excess deaths. World Bank and other work has assessed the probable income loss from a severe pandemic at 4-5% of global GNI. The economics literature points to a very high intrinsic value of mortality risk, a value that GNI fails to capture. In this paper we use findings from that literature to generate an estimate of pandemic cost that is inclusive of both income loss and the cost of elevated mortality. We present results on an expected annual basis using reasonable (although highly uncertain) estimates of the annual probabilities of pandemics in two bands of severity. We find: 1. Expected pandemic deaths exceed 700,000 per year worldwide with an associated annual mortality cost of estimated at $490 billion. We use published figures to estimate expected income loss at $80 billion per year and hence the inclusive cost to be $570 billion per year or 0.7% of global income (range: 0.4-1.0%). 2. For moderately severe pandemics about 40% of inclusive cost results from income loss. For severe pandemics this fraction declines to 12%: the intrinsic cost of elevated mortality becomes completely dominant. 3. The estimates of mortality cost as a % of GNI range from around 1.6% in lower-middle income countries down to 0.3% in high-income countries, mostly as a result of much higher pandemic death rates in lower-income environments. 4. The distribution of pandemic severity has an exceptionally fat tail: about 95% of the expected cost results from pandemics that would be expected to kill over 7 million people worldwide." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Verikios, George, Maura Sullivan, Pane Stojanovski, James Giesecke & Gordon Woo (2016): Assessing Regional Risks From Pandemic Influenza. A Scenario Analysis. In: The World Economy, Jg. 39, H. 8, S. 1225-1255. DOI:10.1111/twec.12296

Abstract

"We analyse the economic risks from two influenza pandemics that represent extremes along the virulence‐infectiousness continuum of possible pandemics: a high virulence - low infectiousness event and a low virulence - high infectiousness event. Our analysis involves linking an epidemiological model and a quarterly computable general equilibrium model. We find that global economic activity is more strongly affected by a pandemic with high infection rates rather than high virulence rates, all else being equal. Regions with a higher degree of economic integration with the world economy face greater risks of negative effects than less integrated regions." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

James, Steven & Tim Sargent (2007): The Economic Impact of an Influenza Pandemic. (Working paper. Department of Finance 2007-04), Ottawa, 88 S.

Abstract

"In this paper we examine the potential impact of an influenza pandemic on the economy. We use historical data to understand how past pandemics affected human health, human behaviour and the economy while also accounting for subsequent relevant economic and social changes. We find that previous pandemics and SARS had limited economic effects and that a 1918-type pandemic would likely reduce annual GDP growth by up to 1 percentage point in the pandemic year. Economic and social changes since 1918 would not likely imply significantly greater impacts today than in 1918. The demand and absenteeism impacts of a pandemic would be unevenly distributed across sectors. Small work units in which employees engage in a high degree of social interaction could expect higher peak absenteeism than larger work units with less social interaction. The natural resilience of market economies as well as reallocations of spending across sectors and across time would tend to mitigate the aggregate economic effects of a pandemic. If a pandemic were to occur, human suffering and loss of life would outweigh economic concerns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))